Kuita Zvemweya: Chinokonzeresa Shanduko Yemagariro

Chinangwa changu nhasi ndechekuongorora kuti kuchinja kwemukati kunokonzerwa nekuita zvemweya kunogona sei kutungamirira kune kusingaperi shanduko yekuchinja munyika.

Sezvamunongoziva mese, nyika yedu parizvino iri kusangana nematambudziko mazhinji munyika dzakasiyana, kusanganisira Ukraine, Ethiopia, mune dzimwe nyika muAfrica, kuMiddle East, Asia, South America, Caribbean, uye munharaunda dzedu muUnited States. States. Aya mamiriro ekunetsana anokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana izvo imi mese munoziva, zvinosanganisira kusarongeka, kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, COVID-19 uye hugandanga.

Isu tinokurirwa nekukamukana, ruvengo rwakazadzwa neruvengo, kukakavara, mhirizhonga, hondo, njodzi yevanhu uye mamiriyoni evapoteri vakakanganiswa vanotiza mhirizhonga, kutaurwa kusina kunaka nevezvenhau, mifananidzo yakasimudzwa yekukundikana kwevanhu mumagariro evanhu, nezvimwewo. Zvichakadaro, tinoona kusimuka kwevanonzi vagadzirisi, avo vanoti vane mhinduro kumatambudziko evanhu, uye pakupedzisira tsvina yavanoita vachiedza kutigadzirisa, pamwe chete nekudonha kwavo kubva pakubwinya kuenda kunyadzi.

Chinhu chimwe chava kuwedzera kuoneka kubva muruzha rwose runodzikatidza maitiro edu ekufunga. Nzvimbo inoera iri matiri - iro izwi remukati rinotaura zvinyoro kwatiri munguva yekudzikama nekunyarara -, isu tagara takafuratira. Kune vazhinji vedu isu takabatikana nemanzwi ekunze - izvo vamwe vanhu vari kutaura, kuita, kutumira, kugovana, kufarira, kana ruzivo rwatinodya zuva nezuva, tinokanganwa zvachose kuti munhu wese anopiwa simba remukati rakasiyana - iro remukati magetsi. izvo zvinopisa chinangwa chekuvapo kwedu -, quiddity kana hunhu hwekuvapo kwedu, izvo zvinogara zvichitiyeuchidza nezvekuvapo kwayo. Kunyangwe isu kazhinji tisingaterere, zvinotikoka nguva nenguva kuti titsvage chinangwa chainobatidza, kuti tiiwane, tishandurwe nayo, tiratidze shanduko yatakasangana nayo, uye kuva shanduko yatinotarisira kuona mukati. vamwe.

Kudavidza kwedu nguva dzose kune iyi kokero yekutsvaga chinangwa chedu muhupenyu mukunyarara kwemoyo yedu, kuteerera kune iro izwi rakapfava, remukati rinotiyeuchidza zvinyoro kuti tiri ani chaizvo, rinotipa nzira yakasarudzika iyo vanhu vakawandisa. kutya kutevera, asi rinogara richitiudza kutevera mugwagwa iwoyo, kufamba pauri, uye kutyaira nemumauri. Iko kusangana kunogara kuripo ne "ini" mu "ini" uye mhinduro yedu kumusangano uyu wandinotsanangura sekuita zvemweya. Tinoda kusangana uku kusingadzoreki, kusangana kunotora "ini" kubva pane zvakajairwa "ini" kutsvaga, kutsvaga, kutaurirana, kuteerera, uye kudzidza nezve "ini" chaiye, "ini" akapihwa zvisingaperi zvinogoneka uye mikana yekushandura.

Sezvaunofanirwa kunge waona, pfungwa yekuita zvemweya sezvandatsanangura pano yakasiyana nekuita zvechitendero. Mukuita zvechitendero, nhengo dzemasangano echitendero dzinonyatsotevera kana zvine mwero uye dzinotungamirwa nedzidziso, mitemo, nhungamiro, liturgy, uye nzira dzehupenyu. Dzimwe nguva, boka rega rega rechitendero rinozviona semumiriri waMwari akakwana uye uyo akasarudzwa Naye kunze kwemamwe tsika dzekutenda. Mune zvimwe zviitiko pane kuyedza nevemachechi kuti vabvume hunhu hwavanogovana uye zvakafanana, kunyangwe nhengo dzichikurudzirwa uye kutungamirwa nezvitendero zvavo nemaitiro echitendero chavo.

Kuita zvemweya kunonyanya kuenderana nemunhu. Iko kudana kune zvakadzika, mukati memunhu kuwanikwa uye shanduko. Shanduko yemukati (kana sekutaura kunoita vamwe, shanduko yemukati) yatinosangana nayo inoshanda sechinhu chinokonzeresa shanduko yemagariro (shanduko yatinoda kuona ichiitika munharaunda dzedu, munyika yedu). Hazvibviri kuvanza chiedza kana chichitanga kupenya. Chokwadi vamwe vachazviona vokweverwa kwazviri. Vazhinji vevatinowanzo ratidza nhasi sevatangi vetsika dzezvitendero dzakasiyana vakafemerwa kuti vagadzirise nyaya dzenguva yavo kuburikidza nekuita zvemweya vachishandisa maturusi ekutaurirana anowanikwa mutsika dzavo. Shanduko yekuchinja maitiro avo emweya akafemerwa munharaunda dzavaigara dzimwe nguva dzaipesana nehuchenjeri hwakajairika hwenguva iyoyo. Izvi tinozviona muhupenyu hwevanhu vakakosha mukati metsika dzechitendero chaAbrahama: Mosesi, Jesu, naMuhammad. Vamwe vatungamiriri vezvemweya, chokwadi, vaivepo, panguva uye mushure mekuvambwa kwechiJudha, chiKristu neIslam. Zvimwe chetezvo ndezvechokwadi nezvoupenyu, ruzivo uye zviito zvaBuddha muIndia, Siddhartha Gautama, muvambi wechiBuddha. Paive uye pachagara paine vamwe vavambi vezvitendero.

Asi kune musoro wenyaya yedu nhasi, kutaura nezvevamwe vanoita zvekururamisira mumagariro avo zviito zvakakanganiswa neshanduko yeshanduko yavakasangana nayo mukuita kwavo kwemweya kwakakosha. Isu tose tinoziva naMahatma Gandhi ane hupenyu hwakanyanya kupesvedzerwa nemaitiro ake ekunamata echiHindu uye anozivikanwa pakati pezvimwe zviito zvehutano hwemagariro ekutanga sangano risina chisimba rakaguma nekusununguka kweIndia kubva kuBritain muna 1947. Kudzokera kuUnited States , Kuita kwaGandhi kusina mhirizhonga mumagariro evanhu kwakakurudzira Dr. Martin Luther King Jr uyo akanga atove mune zvemweya uye akanga achishanda semutungamiri wechitendero - mufundisi. Kwaive shanduko idzi dzemweya dzakatsamwisa muna Dr. King uye zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva kubasa raGandhi zvakamugadzirira kutungamira bato rekodzero dzevanhu rema1950 nema1960 muUnited States. Uye kune rumwe rutivi rwepasi muSouth Africa, Rolihlahla Nelson Mandela, anozivikanwa nhasi seMucherechedzo Mukuru Werusununguko rweAfrica, akagadzirwa netsika dzekunamata dzechivanhu uye makore ake ari oga kuti atungamirire kurwisa rusaruraganda.

Ko zvino shanduko yeshanduko yakafemerwa nekuita zvemweya ingatsanangurwe sei? Tsananguro yechiitiko ichi ichapedzisa mharidzo yangu. Kuti ndiite izvi, ndinoda kubatanidza kuwirirana pakati pekuita zvemweya uye shanduko yeshanduko kunzira yesainzi yekuwana ruzivo rutsva, ndiko kuti, nzira yekugadzira dzidziso itsva inogona kubatwa seyechokwadi kwenguva yakati isati yasvika. inorambwa. Maitiro esainzi anoratidzwa nekufambira mberi kwekuyedza, kuramba uye shanduko - izvo zvinozivikanwa zvakanyanya separadigm shift. Kuita kururamisira kune tsananguro iyi, vanyori vatatu vakakosha uye vanofanirwa kutaurwa pano: 1) Basa raThomas Kuhn pachimiro chekuchinja kwesainzi; 2) Imre Lakatos 'Falsification uye Methodology yeScientific Research Programs; uye 3) Paul Feyerabend's Notes pamusoro peRelativism.

Kuti ndipindure mubvunzo uri pamusoro apa, ndichatanga nepfungwa yaFeyerabend yerelativism uye edza kuruka Kuhn's paradigm shift uye Lakatos 'science process (1970) pamwechete sezvakakodzera.

Pfungwa yaFeyerabend ndeyokuti zvakakosha kuti timbosuduruka zvishoma kubva pamaonero nemaitiro edu akasimba, mungave mune zvesainzi kana zvechitendero, kana mune imwe nzvimbo yechitendero chedu, kuti tidzidze kana kuedza kunzwisisa zvinotendwa nemumwe kana maonero enyika. Kubva pamaonero aya, zvinogona kupokana kuti ruzivo rwesainzi rune hukama, uye runoenderana nekusiyana kwemaonero kana tsika, uye hapana masangano, tsika, nharaunda kana vanhu vanofanirwa kutaura kuti vane "Chokwadi," vachizvidza vamwe.

Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru mukunzwisisa nhoroondo yechitendero nebudiriro yesainzi. Kubvira mumakore apakuvamba echiKristu, Chechi yaiti ine zvokwadi yose sezvakaziviswa naKristu uye muMagwaro nezvinyorwa zvedzidziso. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chakaita kuti avo vaiva nemaonero anopesana nezivo yakagadzwa seChechi vakadzingwa sevanyengeri - chaizvoizvo, pakutanga, vanyengeri vakaurayiwa; gare gare, vakangorambwa.

Nekubuda kweIslam mu7^th Kuburikidza neMuporofita Muhammad, ruvengo, ruvengo, uye kurwisana zvakakura pakati pevatsigiri vechiKristu nechiIslam. Sezvo Jesu akazvitora se“chokwadi, hupenyu, uye nzira chete, uye akatanga sungano itsva nemutemo zvakasiyana nezvisungo zvekare zvechiJudha, mitemo netsika dzechitendero,” Muporofita Muhammad anoti ndiye wekupedzisira weVaporofita kubva. Mwari, zvinoreva kuti avo vakamutangira vaive vasina chokwadi chose. Maererano nechitendero cheIslam, Muporofita Muhammed ane uye anoburitsa chokwadi chose icho Mwari vanoda kuti vanhu vadzidze. Idzi pfungwa dzechitendero dzakaratidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana ezvakaitika kare uye tsika.

Kunyange apo Chechi, ichitevera uzivi hwaAristotelian-Thomistic wezvakasikwa yaiti uye kudzidzisa kuti pasi rakanga rakamira apo zuva nenyeredzi zvaitenderera pasi rose, hapana munhu akatsunga kunyengedza kana kuramba iyi dzidziso yeparadigmatic, kwete chete nokuti yaitsigirwa ne yakavamba nzanga yesayenzi, yakasimudzirwa uye inodzidziswa neChechi, asi nemhaka yokuti yakanga iri “paradigm” yakagadzwa, inochengetwa murudzidziso noupofu navose, pasina kurudziro ipi neipi yokuona “kukanganisa” kupi nokupi uko kunga“tungamirira kunhamo; uye pakupedzisira kugadzirisa dambudziko neparadigm itsva,” sezvakataurwa naThomas Kuhn. Yakanga iri kusvika kuma16^th zana, chaizvo muna 1515 apo Fr. Nicolaus Copernicus, muprista wokuPoland, akawana, kupfurikidza nokuongorora kwesayenzi kwakafanana nokugadzirisa chirahwe kuti rudzi rwomunhu rwave rwuchirarama munhema kwemazana emakore, uye kuti nzanga yakatangwa yesayenzi yakanga isina kururama pamusoro penzvimbo yakamira pasi, uye izvo zvinopesana neizvi. pachinzvimbo, inyika zvechokwadi semamwe mapuraneti anotenderera zuva. Iyi “chinjo yepfungwa” yakanzi inhema nenzanga yakatangwa yesayenzi inotungamirirwa neChechi, uye avo vaidavira dzidziso yaCopernican pamwe chete naavo vaiidzidzisa vakatourawa kana kuti kudzingwa.

Muchidimbu, vanhu vakaita saThomas Kuhn vachapokana kuti dzidziso yeCopernican, maonero edenga rePasirose, yakaunza "shanduko yeparadigm" kuburikidza neshanduko yekuchinja yakatanga nekuzivikanwa kwe "anomaly" mumaonero aimboitwa pamusoro penyika nepasi. zuva, uye nekugadzirisa dambudziko rakaonekwa nesangano resainzi rekare.

Vanhu vakaita saPaul Feyerabend vanosimbirira kuti nharaunda yega yega, boka rega rega, munhu wega wega anofanira kuve akavhurika kudzidza kubva kune mumwe, nekuti hapana nharaunda imwe kana boka kana munhu ane ruzivo rwakakwana kana chokwadi. Maonero aya akakosha kunyangwe mu21^st zana remakore. Ini ndinotenda zvakasimba kuti maitiro ezvemweya ega ega haana kukosha chete pakujeka kwemukati uye kuwanikwa kwechokwadi nezve iwe nenyika, zvakakosha pakutyora neinodzvinyirira uye inomisa gungano kuitira kuunza shanduko inoshandura munyika yedu.

Sezvo Imre Lakatos akaisa muna 1970, ruzivo rutsva runobuda kuburikidza nemaitiro ekunyepa. Uye “kutendeseka kwesainzi kunosanganisira kudoma, pachine nguva, chiedzo kuitira kuti kana mhedzisiro yacho ichipokana nedzidziso, dzidziso yacho inofanira kuregwa” (p. 96). Kwatiri, ini ndinoona kuita kwemweya sechiyedzo chekuziva uye chisingachinji chekuongorora zvinotendwa zvinowanzobatwa, ruzivo uye makodhi ehunhu. Mhedzisiro yekuedza uku haizove kure neshanduko yekushandura - shanduko yeparadigm mumaitiro ekufunga uye kuita.

Ndatenda uye ndinotarisira kupindura mibvunzo yenyu.