Christopher Columbus: Chiyereso Chinokakavara muNew York
ngovepo
Christopher Columbus, gamba rinoremekedzwa munhoroondo yekuEurope uyo ane nhoroondo huru yekuEurope anoti kuwanikwa kweAmerica, asi mufananidzo wake nenhaka yake zvinomiririra kuurayiwa kwevanhu vekuAmerica neCaribbean, ave munhu ane gakava. Iri bepa rinoongorora chinomiririra chinomiririra chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus kumativi ese ari maviri emakakatanwa - maAmerican ekuAmerica akaamisa paColumbus Circle muNew York City uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo kune rumwe rutivi, uye Indigenous Peoples of America uye Caribbean vane madzitateguru akaurayiwa nevapambi veEurope, kune imwe. Kuburikidza nemalenzi endangariro dzenhoroondo uye dzidziso dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana, bepa rinotungamirwa nehemeneutics - dudziro yakakosha uye kunzwisisa - kwechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus sezvandakazvionera panguva yekutsvagisa kwangu panzvimbo ino yendangariro. Pamusoro pezvo, makakatanwa nemakakatanwa aripo ayo kuvepo kwaro veruzhinji mumoyo weManhattan anomutsa anoongororwa zvakanyanya. Mukuita hermeneutical iyi sei ongororo yakaoma, mibvunzo mitatu mikuru inoongororwa. 1) Chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus sechiyeuchidzo chenhoroondo chine nharo chingadudzirwa nekunzwisiswa sei? 2) Ko dzidziso dzendangariro dzenhoroondo dzinotiudzei nezvechiumbwa chaChristopher Columbus? 3) Zvidzidzo zvipi zvatingadzidza kubva mundangariro dzenhoroondo idzi kuitira kudzivirira kana kugadzirisa zvirinani kusawirirana kwakafanana muneramangwana uye kuvaka Guta reNew York neAmerica rinosanganisirwa, rakaenzana uye rinoshivirira? Bepa rinopedzisa nekutarisa mune ramangwana reNew York City semuenzaniso weguta rine tsika dzakasiyana siyana muAmerica.
ziviso
Musi wa1 September 2018, ndakasiya imba yedu kuWhite Plains, New York, ndokuenda kuColumbus Circle muNew York City. Columbus Circle ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha muNew York City. Inzvimbo yakakosha kwete chete nekuti iri pamharadzano yemigwagwa ina mikuru muManhattan - West neSouth Central Park, Broadway, uye Eighth Avenue - asi zvakanyanya kukosha, pakati peColumbus Circle ndiyo imba yechifananidzo che. Christopher Columbus, gamba rinoremekedzwa munhoroondo yekuEurope uyo ane nhoroondo huru yekuEurope anoti kuwanikwa kweAmerica, asi mufananidzo wake nenhaka yake zvinomiririra kuurayiwa kwakanyarara kweIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean.
Senzvimbo yekurangarira nhoroondo muAmerica neCaribbean, ndakasarudza kuita tsvakiridzo yekutarisa pachivakwa chaChristopher Columbus paColumbus Circle muNew York City netariro yekudzamisa kunzwisisa kwangu kwaChristopher Columbus uye nei ave gakava. mufananidzo muAmerica neCaribbean. Naizvozvo chinangwa changu chaive chekunzwisisa chinomiririra chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus kumativi ese emakakatanwa - maAmerican maAmerican akaimisa paColumbus Circle uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo kune rumwe rutivi, uye Indigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean. madzitateguru avo akaurayiwa nevapambi veEurope, kune rumwe rutivi.
Kuburikidza nemalenzi endangariro dzenhoroondo uye dzidziso dzekugadzirisa gakava, fungidziro yangu inotungamirwa nehemeneutics - dudziro yakakosha uye kunzwisisa - kwechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus sezvandakazvionera panguva yekushanya kwesaiti yangu, ndichitsanangura kupokana uye nharo dzazvino kuti kuvepo kwayo pachena. mumoyo weManhattan inomutsa. Mukuita hermeneutical iyi sei kuongorora kwakadzama, mibvunzo mikuru mitatu inoongororwa. 1) Chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus sechiyeuchidzo chenhoroondo chine nharo chingadudzirwa nekunzwisiswa sei? 2) Ko dzidziso dzendangariro dzenhoroondo dzinotiudzei nezvechivakwa chaChristopher Columbus? 3) Zvidzidzo zvipi zvatingadzidza kubva mundangariro iyi ine gakava renhoroondo kudzivirira zvirinani kana kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakafanana muneramangwana uye kuvaka Guta reNew York neAmerica inosanganisirwa, yakaenzana uye inoshivirira?
Bepa rinopedzisa nekutarisa mune ramangwana reNew York City semuenzaniso weguta rine tsika dzakasiyana muAmerica.
Kuwanikwa paColumbus Circle
Guta reNew York ndiro rinonyungudika pasirese nekuda kwekusiyana kwaro kwetsika uye vanhu vakasiyana. Pamusoro pezvo, imusha kune akakosha mabasa ehunyanzvi, zviyeuchidzo uye mamaki anosanganisira akaunganidzwa enhoroondo ndangariro izvo zvinozoita kuti isu tiri maAmerican uye vanhu. Nepo dzimwe dzesaiti dzenhoroondo yekurangarira muNew York City dzakura, dzimwe dzakavakwa mu21st zana remakore rekurangarira zviitiko zvakakosha zvenhoroondo izvo zvakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pavanhu nerudzi rwedu. Nepo mamwe achifarirwa uye achiwanzoitwa nevanhu vekuAmerica nevashanyi vepasirese, mamwe haasisiri akakurumbira sezvaaimboita pavakatanga kumiswa.
Chirangaridzo cha9/11 muenzaniso wenzvimbo yakashanyirwa zvikuru yendangariro muNew York City. Nekuti ndangariro ye9/11 ichiri nyowani mupfungwa dzedu, ndakanga ndaronga kupira fungidziro yangu kwairi. Asi pandakatsvaga dzimwe nzvimbo dzekurangarira nhoroondo muNew York City, ndakaona kuti zviitiko muCharlottesville muna Nyamavhuvhu 2017 zvakapa "kurukurirano yakaoma" (Stone et al., 2010) pazvivakwa zvinoremekedzwa asi zvine nharo muAmerica. Kubva 2015 yakauraya vanhu vakawanda kupfura mukati meEmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church muCharleston, South Carolina, naDylann Roof, muteveri wechidiki weboka reWhite Supremacist uye mutsigiri akasimba weConfederate zviratidzo uye zviyeuchidzo, maguta mazhinji akavhota kuti abvise zvidhori nezvimwe zviyeuchidzo. zvinomiririra ruvengo nekudzvinyirirwa.
Nepo nhaurirano yedu yeruzhinji yakatarisana zvakanyanya neConfederate monuments uye mureza sezvakaitika muCharlottesville uko guta rakavhotera kubvisa chifananidzo chaRobert E. Lee kubva muEmancipation Park, muNew York City chinotariswa zvakanyanya pane chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus. uye zvarinofananidzira kune veIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean. SemuNew Yorker, ndakaona kuratidzira kwakawanda muna 2017 vachipokana nechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus. Varatidziri neVanhu Vechivanhu vakadaidzira kuti chivezwa chaColumbus chibviswe muColumbus Circle uye kuti chifananidzo chakakosha kana dombo rinomiririra Marudzi eMarudzi eAmerica ripihwe basa rekutsiva Columbus.
Sezvo kuratidzira kwanga kuchiitika, ndinorangarira ndichizvibvunza mibvunzo miviri iyi: sei zvakaitika kune Indigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean zvakavatungamirira pachena uye nechisimba kuti vabvise ngano yaizivikanwa munhoroondo, Christopher Columbus, uyo ainzi wawana America? Nezvikonzero zvipi izvo kuda kwavo kuchave kwakarurama muna 21st zana remakore reNew York City? Kuti nditsvage mhinduro kumibvunzo iyi, ndakafunga kufungisisa nezvechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus sezvachinoratidzwa kupasi rose kubva kuColumbus Circle muNew York City uye kuongorora kuti kuvapo kwacho munzvimbo yeruzhinji yeGuta kunorevei kune vese vemuNew York.
Sezvandakamira pedyo nechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus pakati peColumbus Circle, ndakashamiswa chaizvoizvo nemabatiro akaita Muvezi weItaly, Gaetano Russo, akatapa uye akamiririra upenyu nenzendo dzaChristopher Columbus ari mushongwe yakareba mamita 76. Rakavezwa muItari, chivako cheColumbus chakaiswa paColumbus Circle muna Gumiguru 13, 1892 kurangarira makore mazana mana ekusvika kwaColumbus muAmerica. Kunyange zvazvo ndisiri nyanzvi yokudhirowa kana mutyairi wengarava, ndaigona kuwana rondedzero ine udzame yerwendo rwaColumbus rwokunyika dzeAmerica. Somuenzaniso, Columbus anoratidzwa paichi chiyeuchidzo somutyairi wengarava ane mhare akamira mungarava yake achishamiswa nenhambo dzake uye kushamisika kwezvaakawana zvitsva. Pamusoro pezvo, chiyeuchidzo chine bhuronzi-senge inomiririra yezvikepe zvitatu zvakamisikidzwa pasi paChristopher Columbus. Pandaitsvaga kuti ndizive kuti ngarava idzi chii pawebhusaiti yeNew York City Department of Parks & Recreation, ndakaona kuti dzinonzi Nina, ivo Pinta, Uye Santa Maria - zvikepe zvitatu Columbus akashandisa parwendo rwake rwekutanga kubva kuSpain kuenda kuBahamas zvakabva musi waAugust 3, 1492 ndokusvika musi waOctober 12, 1492. Pazasi pechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus pane chisikwa chine mapapiro chinoratidzika sengirozi inorinda.
Zvakandishamisa, zvakadaro, uye mukusimbisa nekusimbisa rondedzero ine simba yekuti Christopher Columbus ndiye munhu wekutanga kuwana America, hapana chinhu pachivako ichi chinomiririra maNative kana maIndia aitogara muAmerica Columbus asati asvika. boka rake. Zvese zviri pachivakwa ichi ndezve Christopher Columbus. Zvese zvinoratidzira rondedzero yekuwanikwa kwake kwegamba reAmerica.
Sezvakakurukurwa muchikamu chinotevera, Columbus monument inzvimbo yekurangarira kwete chete kune avo vakaibhadhara nekuimisa - maAmerican maAmerican - asi zvakare inzvimbo yenhoroondo uye yekurangarira maNative America, nekuti ivo vanorangarira zvinorwadza. uye kusangana kunoshungurudza kwemadzitateguru avo naColumbus nevateveri vake pese pavanoona Christopher Columbus akasimudzwa mukati meNew York City. Zvakare, chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus kuColumbus Circle muNew York City chave icho terminus ad quo uye terminus ad quem (yekutanga uye yekupedzisira) yeColumbus Day Parade yega Gumiguru. Vazhinji vekuNew York vanoungana paColumbus Circle kuti vadzoke uye vaonezve naChristopher Columbus neboka rake kuwana kwavo nekupinda muAmerica. Nekudaro, sevanhu vekuItaly vekuAmerica - vakabhadharira nekuisa chiyeuchidzo ichi - uye maSpanish ekuAmerica ane madzitateguru akatsigira nzendo zhinji dzaColumbus kuenda kuAmerica uye nekudaro vakapinda uye vakabatsirikana kubva mukurwiswa uku, pamwe nevamwe vekuEurope vekuAmerica vanopemberera vachifara. Zuva reColumbus, chimwe chikamu chehuwandu hweAmerica - maNative kana maIndia ekuAmerica, varidzi chaivo venyika itsva asi yekare inonzi America - vanogara vachiyeuchidzwa nezvekuuraya kwavo kwevanhu netsika mumaoko evapambi veEurope, kuuraya kwakavanzika / kunyaradzwa. zvakaitika mukati uye pashure pemazuva aChristopher Columbus. Iyi gangaidzo inosanganisirwa nechivako cheColumbus ichangobva kukonzeresa kupokana kwakakomba uye gakava pamusoro pekukosha kwenhoroondo uye chiratidzo chechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus muNew York City.
Chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus: Chiyereso Chinokakavara muNew York City
Pandakanga ndakatarisa pachivezwa chaChristopher Columbus chiri paColumbus Circle muNew York City, ndaifungawo nezvenhaurirano dzakakakavadzana dzakaitwa nechiyeuchidzo ichi munguva pfupi yapfuura. Muna 2017, ndinoyeuka ndichiona varatidziri vazhinji paColumbus Circle vaida kuti chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus chibviswe. Nhepfenyuro dzeredhiyo neterevhizheni dzeNew York City dzose dzakanga dzichitaura pamusoro pemakakatanwa akapoteredza chivako cheColumbus. Semazuva ese, vezvematongerwo enyika veNew York State neGuta vakakamurwa kuti chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chibviswe here kana kugara. Sezvo Columbus Circle uye chifananidzo cheColumbus chiri mukati meNew York City nzvimbo yeruzhinji nepaki, zvinozofanira kuti New York City vakasarudzwa vakuru vanotungamirwa naMayor kusarudza nekuita.
On September 8, 2017, Meya Bill de Blasio akagadza Mayoral Advisory Commission paGuta Art, Monuments, uye Markers (Hofisi yaMayor, 2017). Komisheni iyi yakaita misangano, yakagamuchira zvichemo kubva kumapato uye neveruzhinji, uye yakaunganidza nharo dzepolarized pamusoro pekuti sei chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chaifanira kugara kana kubviswa. Ongororo yakashandiswawo kuunganidza mamwe data uye maonero everuzhinji nezvenyaya iyi ine gakava. Maererano ne chirevo cheMayoral Advisory Commission paGuta Art, Monuments, uye Makomisheni (2018), "kune kusawirirana kwakadzika mukati menguva dzese dziri ina panguva dzakatariswa mukuongororwa kwechiyeuchidzo ichi: hupenyu hwaChristopher Columbus, chinangwa panguva yekumisikidzwa kwechiyeuchidzo, zvazvinoita uye zvazvinoreva, uye ramangwana racho. nhaka” (p. 28).
Kutanga, kune makakatanwa akawanda kwazvo akatenderedza hupenyu hwaChristopher Columbus. Dzimwe dzenyaya huru dzine chekuita naye dzinosanganisira kuti Columbus akawana here America kana kuti America yakamuwana; kuti aibata here kana kuti kwete maIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean avo vakamugamuchira neboka rake uye akavapa mutsa, zvakanaka kana kuvabata zvisina kunaka; kuti iye nevaya vakamutevera vakauraya here kana kuti kwete maIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean; kuti zvakaitwa naColumbus muAmerica kana kuti kwete zvaienderana netsika dzechivanhu cheIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean; uye kuti Columbus nevaya vakamutevera vakatorera vanhu vekuAmerica neCaribbean nechisimba nyika yavo, tsika, tsika, chitendero, hurongwa hweutongi, uye zviwanikwa.
Chechipiri, nharo dzinopokana dzekuti chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chigare here kana kuti chibviswe chine hukama hwenhoroondo kunguva, uye chinangwa chekuisa / kutumira chiyeuchidzo. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus naColumbus Circle muNew York City, zvakakosha kuti titsanangure zvazvaireva kuva muAmerica wekuItaly kwete muNew York chete asiwo mune mamwe matunhu ese eUnited States muna 1892 apo Columbus. monument yakaiswa uye yakapihwa basa. Nei chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chakaiswa muNew York City? Chii chinomiririra iyo monument kune vekuItaly vekuAmerica vakaibhadhara uye vakaiisa? Nei chivako cheColumbus uye Zuva reColumbus vachidzivirirwa zvine mutsindo uye neshungu nemaItaria ekuAmerica? Pasina kutsvaga tsananguro dzisingaverengeke uye dzakawanda dzemibvunzo iyi, a mhinduro kubva kuna John Viola (2017), mutungamiri weNational Italian American Foundation, akakodzera kufungisisa nezve:
Kuvanhu vazhinji, kusanganisira vamwe vekuItaly-America, kupembererwa kwaColumbus kunoonekwa sekuzvidza kutambura kwevanhu veko neveEurope. Asi kuvanhu vasingaverengeki munharaunda yangu, Columbus, uye Columbus Day, vanomiririra mukana wekupemberera mipiro yedu kunyika ino. Kunyangwe kusati kwasvika nhamba huru yevatorwa vekuItaly mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, Columbus akanga ari munhu airatidzira achipokana nokupokana kwaivapo panguva iyoyo. (ndima. 3-4)
Zvakanyorwa pachivako cheColumbus muNew York City zvinoratidza kuti kugadzwa nekumisikidzwa kwechifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus kunobva pazano rekuziva neveAmerican American kuti vasimbise kuzivikanwa kwavo mukati merukova rukuru rweAmerica senzira yekupedza njodzi, hutsinye uye. rusarura rwavakanga vachisangana narwo panguva iyoyo. Vanhu vekuItaly vekuAmerica vakanzwa vachinangwa uye vachitambudzwa, uye saka vakashuva kubatanidzwa munyaya yeAmerica. Vakawana chiratidzo chezvavanofunga nezvenyaya yeAmerica, kubatanidzwa uye kubatana mumunhu waChristopher Columbus, anove muItaly. Sezvo Viola (2017) anoenderera mberi achitsanangura:
Zvakanga zviri mukuda kwekuuraya uku kwakaipisisa uko nharaunda yekutanga yekuItaly neAmerica muNew York yakaunganidza pamwe chete zvipo zvepachivande kuti vape chiyeuchidzo kuColumbus Circle kuguta ravo idzva. Saka chifananidzo ichi chave kunyadziswa sechiratidzo chekukunda kweEurope kubva pakutanga chaive chiratidzo chekuda nyika kubva munharaunda yevatorwa vari kunetsekana kuwana kugamuchirwa mumusha wavo mutsva, uye dzimwe nguva une hutsinye… Tinotenda kuti Christopher Columbus anomiririra hunhu hwekuwanikwa uye njodzi iri pamwoyo pechiroto cheAmerica, uye kuti ibasa redu senharaunda yakanyatso dyidzana nenhaka yake kuve pamberi penzira ine hunyanzvi uye inobata kumberi. (ndima. 8 ne10)
Kubatana kwakasimba uye kudada kwechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus icho maAmerican ekuAmerica vakaratidza zvakaratidzwawo kuMayoral Advisory Commission yeGuta Art, Monuments, uye Markers panguva yekunzwa kwavo kuruzhinji muna 2017. Zvinoenderana neshumo yeKomisheni (2018), "Columbus chiyeuchidzo chakavakwa muna 1892, gore rakatevera chimwe chezviito zvakaipisisa zvemhirizhonga yaipokana neItaly munhoroondo yeAmerica: kuuraiwa kweruzhinji kwevanhu gumi nemumwe vekuAmerica vaive vasina mhosva muNew Orleans” (p. 29) . Nechikonzero ichi, maAmerican maAmerican anotungamirwa neNational Italian American Foundation anopikisa zvakasimba uye zvakasimba kubviswa/kutamiswa kwechiumbwa cheColumbus kubva kuColumbus Circle. Mumashoko emutungamiri wesangano iri, Viola (2017), "Kuparadza nhoroondo" hakuchinje nhoroondo iyoyo" (para 7). Mukuwedzera, Viola (2017) uye National Italian American Foundation yake vanopikisa kuti:
Kune zvakawanda zviyeuchidzo kuna Franklin Roosevelt, uye kunyange akabvumira maJapan-America uye maItaly-America kuti apinzwe mukati mukati meHondo Yenyika II, isu seboka remadzinza hatisi kuda kuti zvidhori zvake zviparadzwe. Uye hatisi kuputsa mutero kuna Theodore Roosevelt, uyo, muna 1891, mushure mekunge 11 vakapomerwa zvenhema maSicilian-America akapondwa muhukuru hukuru hwenyuchi munhoroondo yeAmerica, akanyora kuti aifunga kuti chiitiko ichi "chinhu chakanaka. (ndima. 8)
Chechitatu, uye tichifunga nezvenhaurirano yapfuura, chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chinorevei nhasi kune vazhinji veNew Yorkers vasiri nhengo dzenharaunda yeItaly America? Christopher Columbus ndiani kuNative New Yorkers uye maIndia ekuAmerica? Kuvapo kwechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus kuColumbus Circle muNew York City kunei pavaridzi vekutanga veNew York City nevamwe vadiki, semuenzaniso, maNative/Indian America neAfrican Americans? Chirevo cheMayoral Advisory Commission pamusoro peCity Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018) inoratidza kuti "Columbus anoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chekupondwa kwemarudzi evanhu vekuAmerica uye kutanga kwekutengeswa kwevaranda kune transatlantic" (p. 28).
Sezvo masaisai eshanduko nekuzarurwa kwechokwadi chakavanzwa, chakatsikirirwa uye rondedzero dzakanyarara zvatanga kuvhuvhuta munyika dzeAmerica, mamiriyoni evanhu muNorth America neCaribbean akatanga kusava nechokwadi nerondedzero ine simba pamusoro, uye vakadzidza nhoroondo yaChristopher Columbus. Kune varatidziri ava, yave nguva yekubvisa izvo zvakambodzidziswa muzvikoro nehurukuro yavose kufarira chikamu chimwe chevagari vekuAmerica kuti vadzidzezve uye vabudise pachena chokwadi chakavigwa, chakafukidzwa, uye chakatsikirirwa. Mapoka mazhinji evaratidziri ave achiita nzira dzakasiyana dzekuburitsa zvavanofunga kuti ichokwadi nezvechiratidzo chaChristopher Columbus. Mamwe maguta ekuNorth America, semuenzaniso, Los Angeles, “akatsiva zviri pamutemo mhemberero dzayo dzeColumbus Day neIndigenous People’s Day” (Viola, 2017, ndima 2), uye kudiwa kumwe cheteko kwakaitwa muNew York City. Chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus muNew York City chave chichangobva kuiswa chiratidzo (kana kuti ruvara) chitsvuku chinomiririra ropa riri mumaoko aColumbus nevamwe vake vaaiongorora. Iyo yekuBaltimore yakanzi yakaparadzwa. Uye iyo iri muYonkers, New York, yakanzi yakange yave nechisimba uye "yakabviswa musoro zvisina tsarukano" (Viola, 2017, ndima 2). Mazano ese aya anoshandiswa nevaratidziri vakasiyana muAmerica mose ane chinangwa chimwe chete: kuputsa kunyarara; fukunura rondedzero yakavanzika; taura nyaya yezvakaitika kubva pamaonero evakashungurudzwa, uye vanoda kuti kururamisira mukudzoreredza - uko kunosanganisira kubvuma zvakaitika, muripo kana kudzoserwa, uye kuporeswa - zviitwe iye zvino kwete gare gare.
Chechina, kuti Guta reNew York rinoita sei nemakakatanwa akatenderedza munhu uye chivezwa chaChristopher Columbus chichaona nekutsanangura nhaka iyo Guta riri kusiira vanhu veNew York City. Panguva iyo maNative America, kusanganisira vanhu veLenape neAlgonquian, vari kuyedza kugadzira patsva, kuvaka patsva uye kudzoreredza chiziviso chavo chetsika nenzvimbo yenhoroondo, zvinove zvakakosha kuti New York City ipe zviwanikwa zvakakwana pakudzidza kwechiyeuchidzo ichi chinopokana, chii. inomiririra kumapoka akasiyana, uye kukakavara kunoparira. Izvi zvichabatsira Guta kuvandudza hurongwa hwekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye husingarerekeri hwekugadzirisa nyaya dzevhu, rusarura uye nhaka yeuranda kuitira kugadzira nzira yekururamisira, kuyananiswa, nhaurirano, kuporesa pamwe chete, kuenzana, uye kuenzana.
Mubvunzo unouya mumusoro pano ndewekuti: Guta reNew York ringakwanisa kuchengeta chiyeuchidzo chaChristopher Columbus paColumbus Circle pasina kuenderera mberi nekuremekedza “munhu ane nhoroondo ane zviito zvine chekuita nevanhu veMarudzi zvinomiririra kutanga kwekubvutwa, kuitwa varanda, uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu?” (Mayoral Advisory Commission paCity Art, Monuments, and Markers, 2018, p. 30). Zvinopokana nedzimwe nhengo dze Mayoral Advisory Commission paGuta Art, Monuments, uye Makomisheni (2018) iyo Columbus monument inomiririra:
chiito chekudzima hunhu neuranda. Avo vanokanganisika vanotakura mukati mavo zvakadzika zvakachengetwa zvendangariro uye nehupenyu hwehupenyu hunosangana pachiyeuchidzo… nzvimbo ine mukurumbira yechifananidzo inosimbisa pfungwa yekuti avo vanotonga nzvimbo vane simba, uye nzira chete yekurangarira zvakaringana nesimba iroro kubvisa kana kutamisa chifananidzo. Kuti vaende kururamisiro, nhengo dzeKomisheni idzi dzinoziva kuti kuenzana kunoreva kuti vanhu vakafanana havawanzo kunetseka, asi kuti iyi inyika yakagovaniswa. Ruramisiro zvinoreva kuti nhamo inogovaniswazve. (p. 30)
Hukama huri pakati pechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus uye ndangariro dzinoshungurudza dzenhoroondo yevanhu vekuAmerica neCaribbean pamwe neveAfrica America zvichatsanangurwa zvirinani uye kunzwisiswa kuburikidza neiyo theoretical lenses yenhoroondo ndangariro.
Ko Historical Memory Theories Inotiudzei nezveichi Chiyereso Chine nharo?
Kutorera vanhu nyika yavo kana midziyo uye kudzoreredza hakumbove chiito cherunyararo asi chinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nechisimba uye kumanikidza. Kune veIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean avo vakaratidza kuramba kwakawanda kuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza izvo zvakasikwa pavari, uye vakaurayiwa mukuita izvi, kuvatorera nyika yavo chiitiko chehondo. Mubhuku rake, Hondo isimba rinotipa zvarinoreva, Hedges (2014) vanofunga kuti hondo "inotonga tsika, kukanganisa ndangariro, kushatisa mutauro, uye kukanganisa zvese zvakaitenderedza ... Hondo inofumura kugona kwehuipi kusiri kure nepasi pedenga mukati medu tese. Ndosaka kuvazhinji, hondo ichinetsa kutaura kana yangopera” (p. 3). Izvi zvinoreva kuti ndangariro dzenhoroondo uye zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zveMarudzi eMarudzi eAmerica neCaribbean zvakapambwa, kudzvinyirirwa, uye kuendeswa mukukanganwa kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika nekuti vapari vemhosva vaisada kuti ndangariro dzinoshungurudza zvakadaro dziparadzirwe.
Sangano reIndigenous Peoples kutsiva chivako cheColumbus nechiyeuchidzo chinomiririra Marudzi, uye kuda kwavo kutsiva Columbus Day neIndigenous Peoples Day, zvinoratidza kuti nhoroondo yemuromo yevakabatwa iri kutaurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kuti ijekese zviitiko zvinoshungurudza uye zvinorwadza. vakatsungirira kwemazana emakore. Asi kune vapari vemhosva vanodzora nganonyorwa, Hedges (2014) anotsinhira achiti: “patinenge tichinamata uye tichichema vakafa vedu tinenge tisina hanya nevatinouraya” (p. 14). Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, maAmerican ekuAmerica akavaka nekuisa chivako cheColumbus pamwe nekukumbira Columbus Day kuitira kupemberera nhaka yavo nemipiro kunhoroondo yeAmerica. Nekudaro, sezvo hutsinye hwakaitirwa maIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean panguva uye mushure mekusvika kwaColumbus muAmerica husati hwataurwa pachena uye kubvumwa, ko kupembererwa kwaColumbus nechivako chake chakakwirira muguta rakasiyana siyana renyika. nyika isingapfuuriri kusava nehanya nekuramba ndangariro dzinorwadza dzeMarudzi enyika ino? Zvakare, pave nerutsidzo yeruzhinji kana kudzoserwa kweuranda uko kune hukama nekusvika kwaColumbus kuAmerica? Mhemberero yedivi rimwe kana dzidzo yendangariro dzenhoroondo inonyumwa zvikuru.
Kwemazana emakore, vadzidzisi vedu vakangodzokorora rondedzero yedivi rimwe pamusoro pekuuya kwaChristopher Columbus kuAmerica - ndiko kuti, rondedzero yeavo vane simba. Iyi nhoroondo yeEurocentric pamusoro paColumbus nekufamba kwake muAmerica yakadzidziswa muzvikoro, yakanyorwa mumabhuku, yakakurukurwa munharaunda dzeveruzhinji, uye yakashandiswa kuita sarudzo dzeveruzhinji pasina ongororo yakaoma uye kubvunza nezvechokwadi uye chokwadi. Yakava chikamu chenhoroondo yedu yenyika uye haina kukwikwidzwa. Bvunza mudzidzi wekutanga wegiredhi repuraimari aive munhu wekutanga kuwana America, uye achakuudza kuti ndiChristopher Columbus. Mubvunzo ndewokuti: Christopher Columbus akawana America kana America yakamuwana here? Mu "Context is everything: The Nature of Memory," Engel (1999) anokurukura pfungwa yekupikisa ndangariro. Denho ine chokuita nendangariro haisati ichingova nzira yokurangarira nokupfuudza nayo icho chinorangarirwa, asi mumwero mukuru, ndechokuti icho chinopfuudzwa kana kuti chinogoverwa navamwe—ndiko kuti, ingava nhau yomunhu kana kuti rondedzero—inopikiswa here kana kuti kwete; ingave inogamuchirwa sechokwadi kana kurambwa senhema. Tinogona here kuramba takabatirira kurondedzero yekuti Christopher Columbus ndiye munhu wekutanga kuwana America kunyangwe mumakumi maviri nerimwe.st zana remakore? Zvakadiniko naavo vakaberekerwamo vakanga vachitogara muAmerica? Zvinoreva here kuti vaisaziva kuti vaigara kuAmerica? Havana kuziva kwavaiva? Kana kuti havafungidzirwe sevanhu zvakakwana kuti vazive kuti vaive muAmerica?
Kuongorora kwakadzama uye kwakadzama kwenhoroondo yemuromo uye yakanyorwa yeIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean inosimbisa kuti maIndia aya aive netsika dzakasimukira uye nzira dzekugara nekutaurirana. Zviitiko zvavo zvinoshungurudza zveColumbus uye post-Columbus vapambi zvinotapurirwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukati memapoka evanhu verudzi rwechivanhu pamwe chete nevamwe vadiki, zvakawanda zvinorangarirwa nekufambiswa. Sezvo Engel (1999) anosimbisa, "yeuko imwe neimwe inozorora, neimwe nzira kana imwe, pane chiitiko chemukati chekurangarira. Nguva zhinji zvirevo zvemukati izvi zvine chokwadi zvinoshamisa uye zvinotipa ruzivo rwakapfuma” (p. 3). Dambudziko nderokuziva kuti "mumiririri wemukati" kana kuyeuka ndiani kwakarurama. Tinofanira kuramba tichigamuchira chimiro quo - nhoroondo yekare, ine simba pamusoro paColumbus nehugamba hwake? Kana kuti zvino tinofanira kuvhura peji yacho toona chokwadi nemaziso evaya vane nyika dzakatorwa nechisimba uye madzitateguru avo akatambura kuparadzwa kwevanhu netsika mumaoko aColumbus nevamwe vake? Semaonero angu, kuvapo kwechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chiri pakati peManhattan muNew York City kwamutsa imbwa yakarara kuti ihukure. Iye zvino tinogona kuteerera kune imwe nhoroondo kana nyaya pamusoro paChristopher Columbus kubva pakuona kweavo vane madzitateguru avo vakasangana naye uye vatevedzeri vake - Indigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean.
Kuti unzwisise kuti sei maIndigenous Peoples eAmerica neCaribbean vachikurudzira kubviswa kwechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus uye Zuva reColumbus uye nekutsiviwa kwavo neIndigenous Peoples Monument uye Indigenous Peoples Day, munhu anofanirwa kuongorora zvakare pfungwa dzekushungurudzika pamwe chete nekuchema. Mubhuku rake, Bloodlines. Kubva pakudada kwemarudzi kusvika kune hugandanga hwemarudzi, Volkan, (1997) anopa dzidziso yekukuvara kwakasarudzwa iyo ine chekuita nekuchema kusina kugadziriswa. Kushungurudzika kwakasarudzwa maererano naVolkan (1997) anotsanangura "kurangarira kweboka renjodzi yakambowira madzitateguru eboka. Icho … chinopfuura chirangaridzo chiri nyore; iratidziro yepfungwa inogoveranwa yezviitiko, izvo zvinosanganisira ruzivo rwechokwadi, tarisiro yefungidziro, manzwiro makuru, uye dziviriro papfungwa dzisingagamuchirwi” (p. 48). Kungonzwisisa izwi chete, akasarudzwa trauma, inoratidza kuti nhengo dzeboka dzakaita seIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean kana veAfrica America vakasarudza nokuzvidira zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvavakasangana nazvo mumaoko evaongorori vekuEurope vakaita saChristopher Columbus. Dai zviri izvo, ndingadai ndisina kubvumirana nemunyori sezvo isu tisingazvisarudzire zviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvakanangana kwatiri kuburikidza nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana njodzi inoitwa nevanhu. Asi pfungwa ye akasarudzwa trauma sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa nemunyori “kunoratidza kutsanangura kweboka guru nekusaziva kwaro kuburikidza nekutapurirana kwevanhu vakakuvara kubva kuchizvarwa kunopinzwa mundangariro yekukuvadzwa kwemadzitateguru” (p. 48).
Mhinduro yedu kuzviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvinongoerekana zvaitika uye kazhinji, hatizivi. Kazhinji, tinopindura nekuchema, uye Volkan (1997) anodoma mhando mbiri dzekuchema - dambudziko nhamo kunova kusuruvara kana kurwadziwa kwatinonzwa, uye basa rekuchema inova nzira yakadzama yekuita pfungwa yezvakaitika kwatiri - ndangariro yedu yenhoroondo. Nguva yekuchema inguva yekuporesa, uye kupora kunotora nguva. Zvisinei, matambudziko panguva iyi anogona kuvhurazve ronda racho. Kuvapo kwechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus mumoyo weManhattan, New York City uye mune mamwe maguta mhiri kweUnited States pamwe nemhemberero yegore negore yeColumbus Day inovhurazve maronda nekukuvara, zvinorwadza uye zvinoshungurudza zviitiko zvakaitirwa maNative/Indian neAfrica. nhapwa nevapambi veEurope muAmerica vachitungamirwa naChristopher Columbus. Kufambisa hurongwa hwekuporesa huzhinji hweVanhu veAmerica neCaribbean, zvinoda kuti chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chibviswe uye kutsiviwa neIndigenous Peoples Monument; uye kuti Zuva reColumbus ritsiviwa neIndigenous Peoples Day.
Sezvakataurwa naVolkan (1997), kuchema kweboka kwekutanga kunosanganisira dzimwe tsika - dzetsika kana dzechitendero - kuitira kuti vanzwisise zvakaitika kuboka. Imwe nzira yekuchema pamwe chete ndeyekuyeuka kuburikidza neicho chinonzi naVolkan (1997) chinobatanidza zvinhu. Kubatanidza zvinhu kunobatsira mukuzorodza ndangariro. Volkan (1997) anoti “kuvaka zviyeuchidzo mushure mekurasika kukuru kune nzvimbo yayo chaiyo mukuchema kwevanhu; zviito zvakadaro zvinenge zvichidiwa mupfungwa” (p. 40). Kungave kupfurikidza neidzi zvirangaridzo kana kuti nhau inotaurwa, ndangariro yezvakaitika inopfuudzwa kuchizvarwa chomunguva yemberi. "Nemhaka yekuti mifananidzo yakakuvadzwa yakapfuudzwa nenhengo dzeboka zvese zvinoreva njodzi imwe chete, vanova chikamu chekuzivikanwa kweboka, mucherechedzo wedzinza pajira retende remadzinza" (Volkan, 1997, p. 45). Mukuona kwaVolkan (1997), "yeuko yekutambudzika kwakapfuura kunoramba kuripo kwezvizvarwa zvakati wandei, zvakachengetwa mukati mepfungwa dzeDNA yenhengo dzeboka uye zvichibvumwa chinyararire mukati metsika - mumabhuku nehunyanzvi, semuenzaniso - asi zvinomuka zvine simba. chete pasi pezvimwe zvinhu” (p. 47). MaIndia eAmerica/MaNative America semuenzaniso havazokanganwi kuparadzwa kwemadzitateguru avo, tsika, uye kutorwa kwechisimba kwenyika dzavo. Chero chipi chinobatanidza chinhu chakadai sechiumbwa kana chifananidzo chaChristopher Columbus chinokonzeresa kurangarira kwavo kwese kuurayiwa kwevanhu netsika mumaoko evapambi veEurope. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera intergenerational trauma kana post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Kutsiva iyo Columbus Monument neIndigenous Peoples Monument kune rimwe divi uye kutsiva Columbus Day neIndigenous Peoples Day kune rimwe, hazvingobatsiri chete mukutaura nyaya yechokwadi nezve zvakaitika; zvinonyanya kukosha, kuita kwechokwadi uye kwekufananidzira kwakadaro kuchashanda sekutanga kwekudzorera, kuchema pamwe chete uye kuporesa, kukanganwira, uye nhaurirano yeruzhinji inovaka.
Kana nhengo dzeboka dzine ndangariro dzakagoverana dzenjodzi dzisingakwanisi kukunda pfungwa yavo yekusava nesimba uye kuvaka kuzviremekedza, ivo vanozoramba vari mukati memamiriro ekukuvadzwa nekushaya simba. Kubata nekushungurudzika kwevanhu pamwe chete, saka, panodiwa maitiro uye maitiro ezvinonzi Volkan (1997) enveloping uye kunze. Mapoka akakuvadzwa anofanira “kufukidzira maratidziro avo akakuvadzwa (akasungwa) ozvimiririra (mifananidzo) uye azviise kunze uye azvidzore kunze kwavo” (p. 42). Nzira yakanakisa yekuita izvi kuburikidza nezviyeuchidzo zveveruzhinji, zviyeuchidzo, mamwe mawebhusaiti enhoroondo yekurangarira uye kuita hurukuro neruzhinji pamusoro pavo pasina kutya. Kutumira Indigenous Peoples Monument uye kupemberera Zuva Revanhu Vechivanhu gore rega rega kuchabatsira maIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean kuburitsa kunze kwekushungurudzika kwavo pachinzvimbo chekuvaisa mukati pese pavanoona chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chakamira kureba pakati pemaguta eAmerica.
Kana kudiwa kweIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean kuchigona kutsanangurwa nekukwidza dzidziso yaVolkan (1997) yekushungurudzika kwakasarudzwa, vaongorori vekuEurope vanomiririrwa naChristopher Columbus ane chiyeuchidzo uye nhaka inochengetedzwa zvine rudo nenharaunda yekuItaly yekuAmerica. kunzwisisa? Muchitsauko chechishanu chebhuku rake, Bloodlines. Kubva pakudada kwemarudzi kusvika kune hugandanga hwemarudzi, Volkan, (1997) anoongorora dzidziso ye “chosern glory – we-ness: identification and shared reservoirs.” Dzidziso ye“kubwinya kwakasarudzwa” sekutsanangurwa kwazvakaitwa naVolkan (1997) inotsanangura “kumiririrwa mupfungwa kwechiitiko chekare chinoparira manzwiro ekubudirira uye kukunda” [uye kuti] “chinogona kuunza nhengo dzeboka guru pamwechete” (p. 81) . Kune vekuItaly vekuAmerica, nzendo dzaChristopher Columbus kuenda kuAmerica nezvese zvakauya nazvo igamba rekuita iro vanhu vekuItaly vekuAmerica vanofanira kudada naro. Panguva yaChristopher Columbus sezvazvaive pakaitwa chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus paColumbus Circle muNew York City, Christopher Columbus aive mucherechedzo werukudzo, hugamba, kukunda, uye kubudirira pamwe nemuenzaniso wenyaya yeAmerica. Asi zvakazarurwa zvezviito zvake muAmerica nevazukuru veavo vakasangana naye zvakaratidzira Columbus sechiratidzo chokuparadza rudzi nokubvisa hunhu. Sekureva kwaVolkan (1997), “Zvimwe zviitiko zvingaite sekukunda zvinozoonekwa sezvinonyadzisa. 'Kukunda' kweNazi Germany, semuenzaniso, kwakaonekwa sekupara mhosva nevazhinji vezvizvarwa zvakatevera zveGerman” (p. 82).
Asi, pave nekutongwa kwakaungana mukati menharaunda yeItaly yekuAmerica - vachengeti veColumbus Day uye chiyeuchidzo - nenzira iyo Columbus nevateveri vake vakabata maNative / maIndia muAmerica? Zvinotaridza kuti maAmerican ekuAmerica akagadzira chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus kwete kungochengetedza nhaka yaColumbus, asi zvakakosha kuti vasimudzire chiziviso chavo mukati menharaunda huru yeAmerica pamwe nekuishandisa senzira yekuzvibatanidza zvizere uye kutora nzvimbo yavo mukati. nyaya yeAmerica. Volkan (1997) anozvitsanangura zvakanaka achiti “mbiri dzakasarudzwa dzinodzokororwa senzira yekusimudzira kuzviremekedza kweboka. Sezvakangoita marwadzo akasarudzwa, vanova nengano huru nekufamba kwenguva” (p. 82). Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika neColumbus Monument uye Columbus Day.
mhedziso
Kufunga kwangu pamusoro pechiumbwa cheColumbus, kunyangwe chakatsanangurwa, chinogumira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati. Kunzwisisa nyaya dzenhoroondo dzakatenderedza kusvika kwaColumbus kuAmerica uye nezvakaitika zveIndigenous Peoples of America neCaribbean panguva iyoyo zvinoda nguva yakawanda nezviwanikwa zvekutsvagisa. Izvi ndinogona kuva nazvo kana ndikaronga kuwedzera patsvagurudzo iyi mune ramangwana. Nezvipimo izvi mupfungwa, chinyorwa ichi chakagadzirirwa kuwedzera pakushanya kwangu kuchivako cheColumbus kuColumbus Circle muNew York City kuti nditange fungidziro yakadzama pamusoro peichi chiyeuchidzo chine nharo uye musoro.
Kuratidzira, zvichemo, uye kushevedzera kubviswa kwechiyeuchidzo cheColumbus uye kubviswa kweColumbus Day munguva pfupi yapfuura kunosimbisa kukosha kwekunyatsofungisisa nezvenyaya iyi. Sezvinoratidzwa nerondedzero iyi inofungidzira, nharaunda yekuItaly yekuAmerica - muchengeti weColumbus Monument uye Columbus Day - inoshuvira kuti nhaka yaColumbus sezvakatsanangurwa munhoroondo ine simba ichengetwe sezvairi. Zvakadaro, Bato rinotsigira maIndigenous Peoples Movements riri kuda kuti chiyeuchidzo cheColumbus chitsiviwa neIndigenous Peoples Monument uye Columbus Day chitsiviwa neIndigenous Peoples Day. Kupokana uku, maererano neshumo yeMayoral Advisory Commission paGuta Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018), inosimbiswa mu "nguva dzese ina panguva dzakatariswa mukuongororwa kwechiyeuchidzo ichi: hupenyu hwaChristopher Columbus, chinangwa nguva yekugadzwa kwechiyeuchidzo, zvazvinoita uye zvazvinoreva, uye nhaka yaro yeramangwana” (p. 28).
Kupesana nerondedzero ine mukurumbira iyo yave kukwikwidzwa (Engel, 1999), zvakaratidzwa kuti Christopher Columbus mucherechedzo wekupondwa kwevanhu netsika kwevaNduna/maIndia muAmerica. Kutorera maIndigenous Peoples eAmerica neCaribbean nyika netsika dzavo kwaisava kuita kwerunyararo; chaiva chiito chechisimba nehondo. Nehondo iyi, tsika yavo, ndangariro, mutauro uye zvese zvavaive nazvo zvakadzorwa, zvakakanganiswa, zvakaora, uye kutapukirwa (Hedges, 2014). Saka zvakakosha kuti avo vane “kuchema kusati kwagadziriswa,” – kunonzi naVolkan (1997) “kushungurudzika kwakasarudzwa” – vapihwe nzvimbo yekuchema, vacheme, vaonekwe kunze kwekushungurudzika kwavo kwepazera, uye vapore. Ikoku imhaka yokuti “kuvaka zviyeuchidzo pashure pokurasikirwa kukuru kwakakomba kune nzvimbo yako imene inokosha mukuchema nzanga; zviito zvakadaro zvinenge chinhu chinodiwa chepfungwa” (Volkan (1997, p. 40).
The 21st zana remakore haisi nguva yekuzvirumbidza munguva yakapfuura, zvakaitwa nemasimba. Inguva yekudzorera, kuporeswa, kutendeseka uye kutaurirana pachena, kubvuma, kupiwa simba nekugadzirisa zvinhu. Ndinotenda izvi zvinogoneka muNew York City uye mune mamwe maguta mhiri kweAmerica.
References
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Hedges, C. (2014). Hondo isimba rinotipa zvarinoreva. New York, NY: Public Affairs.
Mayoral Advisory Commission paGuta Art, Monuments, uye Makomisheni. (2018). Taura kuguta yeNew York. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www1.nyc.gov/site/monuments/index.page
New York City Dhipatimendi rePaki & Varaidzo. (nd). Christopher Columbus. Yakadzorerwa 3 Gunyana 2018 kubva https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/columbus-park/monuments/298.
Hofisi yaMayor. (2017, Gunyana 8). Meya de Blasio anodoma meya wemazano komisheni pamifananidzo yeguta, zviyeuchidzo uye zviratidzo. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/582-17/mayor-de-blasio-names-mayoral-advisory-commission-city-art-monuments-markers
Stone, S., Patton, B., & Heen, S. (2010). Hurukuro dzakaoma: Matauriro ezvine basa vakawanda. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
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Volkan, V. (1997). Bloodlines. Kubva pakuzvikudza kwemarudzi kusvika kune hugandanga hwemarudzi. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Basil Ugorji, Ph.D. ndiye Mutungamiriri uye CEO weInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation, New York. Pepa iri rakatanga kusvitswa pa Runyararo uye Conflict Studies Journal Conference, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
