Kudikanwa kweKuongorora Kupokana NezveEsplanade Inoera yeJerusarema
ziviso
Mukati memiganhu ine gakava yeIsrael mune Sacred Esplanade yeJerusarema (SEJ).[1] Imba yeGomo reTemberi / Noble Sanctuary, iyo SEJ inzvimbo yakagara ichionekwa setsvene nemaJuda, maMuslim, uye maKristu. Inzvimbo ine gakava renyika, pakati peguta, uye yakaturikidzana nezvaikosha zvekare zvechitendero, zvenhoroondo, uye zvekuchera matongo. Kwemakore anopfuura zviuru zviviri, vanhu vakararama, vakakunda, uye vakaita nzendo kunyika iyi kuti vape izwi kuminamato yavo nokutenda.
Kudzora kweSEJ kunokanganisa kuzivikanwa, chengetedzo, uye chishuwo chemweya chenhamba huru dzevanhu. Iri inyaya yakakosha yemakakatanwa eIsrael-Palestine neIsrael-Arab, ayo anobatsira mukusagadzikana kwedunhu nepasirese. Kusvika pari zvino, vanotaurirana uye vangave vanoita runyararo vatadza kubvuma chikamu cheSEJ chekupokana segakava pamusoro penyika inoera.
Kuongororwa kwemakakatanwa kweSEJ kunofanirwa kuitwa kuti kujekese nezvemikana uye zvipingamupinyi zvekuita runyararo muJerusarema. Ongororo iyi inosanganisira maonero evatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, vatungamiriri vezvitendero, veruzhinji vanotevedzera, uye nhengo dzepasirese munharaunda. Nekuvhenekera zvakakosha zvinobatika uye zvisingabatike nyaya, iyo SEJ gakava ongororo yaizopa ruzivo uye kurudziro kune vanogadzira mitemo, uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, inopa hwaro hwenhaurirano dzinouya.
Kudiwa Kwekuongorora Kupokana Kwevayananisi
Kunyangwe makumi emakore ekuedza, nhaurirano dzechibvumirano cherunyararo chekugadzirisa gakava reIsrael nePalestine rakatadza. Nemaonero eHobbesian neHuntingtonian pamusoro pechitendero, vakurukuri venhaurirano nevayananisi vane chekuita nerunyararo kusvika parizvino vatadza kunyatsogadzirisa chikamu chinoera chenyika.[2] Ongororo yevayananisi inodiwa kuona kana mikana iripo yekugadzira mhinduro kuzvinhu zvinobatika zveSEJ, mukati mezvimiro zvavo zvinoera. Pakati pezvakawanikwa muongororo iyi kungave kutsunga kwekukwanisa kuunganidza vatungamiriri vezvitendero, vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, vanozvipira, uye vepasirese kuti vapinde munhaurirano dzine chinangwa chekugadzira mubatanidzwa wevagari vemo - nyika apo vanopokana vanobatana, kunyangwe vachiramba vaine zvitendero zvakasiyana. , nokupindira zvakadzama muzvikonzero zvekukonana kwavo.
Jerusarema seNyaya yeKusagadzikana
Kunyangwe zvakajairika kuti vayananisi vemakakatanwa akaomarara vavake simba rekusvika pazvibvumirano pazvinhu zvinoita sezvisingagadzirike nekusvika zvibvumirano zvenguva pfupi pazvinhu zvisina kuoma, nyaya dzeSEJ dzinoita sedzinovhara chibvumirano pachibvumirano cherunyararo cheIsrael nePalestine. Nekudaro, iyo SEJ inofanirwa kutariswa zvizere pakutanga kwenhaurirano kuitira kuti chibvumirano chekupera-kwe-kukonana chigoneke. Mhinduro kunyaya dzeSEJ dzinogona, kuzivisa uye kukanganisa mhinduro kune zvimwe zvikamu zvegakava.
Kuongorora kwakawanda kwekukundikana kwe2000 Camp David nhaurirano kunosanganisira kusakwanisa kwevanotaurirana kuti vataure zvinobudirira nyaya dzine chekuita neSEJ. Negotiator Dennis Ross anoratidza kuti kutadza kutarisira nyaya idzi kwakakonzera kuputsika kwenhaurirano dzeCamp David dzakakokwa neMutungamiri Clinton. Pasina kugadzirira, Ross akagadzira sarudzo mukupisa kwenhaurirano dzakanga dzisingagamuchirwi naMutungamiriri Bharaki kana Sachigaro Arafat. Ross nevamwe vake vakazozivawo kuti Arafat haaigona kuzvipira kune chero zvibvumirano zvine chekuita neSEJ pasina rutsigiro kubva kunyika dzeArab.[3]
Zvirokwazvo, mukutsanangura gare gare nzvimbo yeCamp David yeIsrael kuna Mutungamiri George W. Bush, Mutungamiriri weIsrael Ehud Barak akati, “Gomo reTemberi ndiro mavambo enhorondo yevaJudha uye hapana nzira yandingasaina nayo gwaro rinotamisa hutongi pamusoro peGomo reTemberi. kuvaPalestine. Kuna Israeri, kwaizova kusatendeka kweNzvimbo Tsvene-tsvene.”[4] Mazwi ekuonekana aArafat kuMutungamiri Clinton pakupera kwenhaurirano aive akaperera saizvozvi: “Kundiudza kuti ndinofanira kubvuma kuti kune temberi pasi pe mosque? Handifi ndakazviita izvozvo.”[5] Muna 2000, Mutungamiriri weEgipita panguva iyoyo Hosni Mubarak akanyevera kuti, “kubvumirana kupi nokupi pamusoro peJerusarema kuchaita kuti nharaunda yacho iputike nenzira isingagoni kudzorwa, uye ugandanga huchamukazve.”[6] Ava vatungamiriri venyika vaiva nezivo yakati pamusoro pesimba rokufananidzira reSacred Esplanade yeJerusarema nokuda kwavanhu vavo. Asi vakanga vasina mashoko aidikanwa kuti vanzwisise revo yezvikarakadzo, uye chinokosha zvikurusa, vakanga vasina chiremera chokududzira mirairo yorudzidziso nokuda kworugare. Nyanzvi dzorudzidziso, vatungamiriri vorudzidziso, uye vatendiwo zvavo vangadai vakanzwisisa dikanwo yokuvimba nezviremera zvorudzidziso nokuda kwetsigiro mukati mekurukurirano dzakadaro. Kana pamberi penhaurirano, kuongororwa kwegakava kwakaratidza vanhu vakadai uye kwakajekesa nzvimbo dzagadzirira nhaurirano pamwe nenyaya dzekudzivisa, vatauri vanogona kunge vakawedzera nzvimbo yesarudzo mukati mekufamba.
Muzvinafundo Ruth Lapidoth akapa zano rekufungidzira panguva yenhaurirano dzeCamp David: “Magadzirisiro ake kugakava reGomo reTemberi yaive yekupatsanura uchangamire pamusoro penzvimbo iyi kuita zvinhu zvinoshanda sezvenyama nezvemweya. Nokudaro rimwe bato ringawana uchangamire chaihwo pamusoro peGomo, kusanganisira kodzero dzakadai sokudzora mapindiro kana kuti mapurisa, nepo rimwe racho richiwana uchangamire hwomudzimu, hunobatanidza maruramiro okusarudza minamato netsika. Zvinotova nani, nokuti zvekunamata ndizvo zvainyanya kukwikwidzwa pavaviri ava, Prof. Lapidoth akataura kuti mativi egakava racho abvume nzira yaiti uchangamire hwomudzimu pamusoro peGomo reTemberi ndehwaMwari.”[7] Tariro yakanga iri yokuti kupfurikidza nokuva nechitendero nouchangamire muchivako chakadaro, vakurukuri vaigona kuwana pokugara panhau dzinooneka dzine chokuita nomutoro, chiremera, uye kodzero. Zvisinei, sezvinokarakadza Hassner, uchangamire hwaMwari hune revo chaiyoiyo munzvimbo tsvene.[8], somuenzaniso, mapoka api anosvika pakunyengetera kupi uye rini. Naizvozvo, chikumbiro chacho chakanga chisina kukwana.
Kutya uye Kushora Chitendero Zvinokonzera Kusagadzikana
Vazhinji venhaurirano nevayananisi havana kuita zvakafanira chikamu chinoera chevhu chegakava. Vanoratidzika kuva vanotora zvidzidzo kuna Hobbes, vachidavira kuti vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanofanira kushandisa simba iro vatendi vanopa kuna Mwari, ndokurishandisa kusimudzira kuterama. Vatungamiriri venyika dzokuMadokero vanoratidzikawo kuva vakamanikidzirwa neHuntingtonian yazvino uno, vachitya kusanzwisisa kwechitendero. Vanowanzoona chitendero neimwe yenzira mbiri dziri nyore. Chitendero chingave chakavanzika, uye nekudaro chinofanira kuramba chakaparadzana nenhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika, kana kuti chakadzika midzi muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvekuti chinoita sechishuwo chisina musoro chinogona kukanganisa nhaurirano zvachose.[9] Chokwadi, pamisangano yakawanda,[10] MaIsrael nemaPalestine vanotamba mune iyi pfungwa, vachikurudzira kuti kudoma chero chikamu chegakava sechinobva muchitendero kuchaita kuti kusagoneke uye kuita kuti kugadzirisa kusagoneke.
Uye zvakadaro, nhamburiko dzokutaurirana chibvumirano chorugare chakakwana, pasina tsinhiro inobva kuvateveri vorudzidziso navatungamiriri vavo, yakundikana. Runyararo runoramba rwusina, dunhu rinoramba riine kusagadzikana, uye vanonyanya kuzvipira mune zvechitendero vanoramba vachityisidzira nekuita mhirizhonga mukuyedza kuchengetedza hutongi hweSEJ kuboka ravo.
Kutenda mukutsoropodza kwaHobbes nemazuva ano aHuntington kunoita sekupofumadza vatungamiri venyika kuti vasaone kukosha kwekuita vanozvipira, kufunga zvavanotenda, uye kubata masimba ezvematongerwo enyika evatungamiriri vavo vezvitendero. Asi kunyangwe Hobbes angadai akatsigira vatungamiriri vezvitendero vanobatana mukutsvaga zvigadziriso zvezvinhu zvinobatika zveSEJ. Angadai akaziva kuti pasina rubatsiro rwevafundisi, vatendi havazopiwi zvisungo zvine chekuita nenyaya dzenzvimbo inoera. Pasina tsinhiro nebetsero zvinobva kuvafundisi, vanozvipira vaizova vanonyanyoitira hanya “kutya zvinhu zvisingaoneki” uye tapuro yokusafa muupenyu hwapashure porufu.[11]
Tichifunga kuti chitendero chinogona kunge chiri simba muMiddle East mune ramangwana rinofanoona, vatungamiriri venyika vanofanirwa kufunga nezve nzira yekubatanidza vatungamiriri vezvitendero nevatendi mukutsvaga kugadziriswa kwenyaya dzine chekuita neJerusarema sechikamu chekuyedza kuzadzisa, kupera-kwe. - chibvumirano chekusawirirana.
Zvakadaro, hapasati pave nekukakavadzana kwekuongorora kwakaitwa neboka renyanzvi rekuyananisa kuti rione zvinobatika uye zvisingabatike SEJ nyaya dzinozoda kutaurirana, uye kubata vatungamiriri vezvitendero vangangoda kubatsira kuvaka mhinduro uye kugadzira mamiriro ekuita kuti mhinduro idzi dzigamuchirwe. kune vanotenda. Kuongorora kwakadzama kwemakakatanwa enyaya, masimba, vanobatana, kupokana kwekutenda, uye sarudzo dzazvino maererano neSacred Esplanade yeJerusarema inodiwa kuita kudaro.
Vayananisi vezvematongerwo enyika vanowanzoita ongororo yemakakatanwa kuti vape ongororo yakadzama yemakakatanwa akaomarara. Ongororo iyi kugadzirira nhaurirano dzakadzama uye inotsigira nzira yenhaurirano nekuona zvichemo zvebato rega rega rakazvimirira pane mamwe, uye kutsanangura izvo zvichemo pasina mutongo. Kubvunzurudza kwakadzama nevanobatanidzwa zvikuru kunounza maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro, ayo anobva agadzirwa kuva mushumo unobatsira kuronga mamiriro ezvinhu ose maererano nezvinonzwisisika uye zvinovimbika kune vose vari mugakava.
Ongororo yeSEJ icharatidza mapato ane zvichemo kuSEJ, inotsanangura nhoroondo dzadzo dzine chekuita neSEJ, uye nyaya dzakakosha. Hurukuro nevatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika nevezvitendero, vafundisi, vadzidzi, uye vateveri vezvitendero zvechiJudha, zveMuslim, uye zvechiKristu, zvichapa kunzwisisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwenyaya uye simba rinoenderana neSEJ. Ongororo iyi ichaongorora nyaya muchimiro chekusiyana kwekutenda, asi kwete kukakavara kukuru kwezvidzidzo zvouMwari.
Iyo SEJ inopa tarisiro inobatika yekuunza kune pamusoro pekutenda misiyano kuburikidza nenyaya dzakadai sekutonga, hutongi, chengetedzo, kuwana, munamato, kuwedzera kune, uye kuchengetedza, zvimiro, uye zviitiko zvekuchera matongo. Kuwedzera kunzwisiswa kwenyaya idzi kunogona kujekesa nyaya chaidzo dziri mugakava uye, pamwe, mikana yekugadziriswa.
Kuramba kutadza kunzwisisa zvikamu zvechitendero zvegakava uye kukanganisa kwazvinoita pagakava rose reIsrael nePalestine zvinozongokonzera kutadza kuenderera mberi kwerunyararo, sezvinoratidzwa nekupunzika kwehurongwa hwerunyararo rweKerry, uye zvinofungidzirika zviri nyore, zvinokonzeresa mhirizhonga uye zvakakosha. kudzikamisa kwakatevera.
Kuita Ongororo yeVayananisi Kunetsana
Iyo SEJ Conflict Assessment Boka (SEJ CAG) yaizosanganisira timu yekuyananisa uye kanzuru yezano. Chikwata chekuyananisa chichaumbwa nevayananisi vane ruzivo vane zvitendero zvakasiyana, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika nemagariro avo vanozoshanda sevabvunzurudzo nekubatsira zvakasiyana siyana zvinosanganisira kuzivisa vanenge vachibvunzurudzwa, kuongorora hurongwa hwekubvunzurudza, kukurukura zvakawanikwa pakutanga, kunyora nekuongorora zvinyorwa zvemubvunzurudzo. mushumo wekuongorora. Dare rekupa mazano raizosanganisira nyanzvi dzechitendero, sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika, mhirizhonga yeMiddle East, Jerusarema, uye SEJ. Vaizobatsira muzviitiko zvese kusanganisira kuraira timu yekuyananisa mukuongorora zvakabuda mubvunzurudzo.
Kuunganidza Background Research
Ongororo yacho yaizotanga netsvakiridzo yakadzama yekuona uye kupesanisa akawanda angangoita maonero ekutamba paSEJ. Tsvakurudzo yaizoguma neruzivo rwekumashure kwechikwata uye pekutangira kutsvaga vanhu vanogona kubatsira kuziva vekutanga kubvunzurudzwa.
Kuziva Vachabvunzurudzwa
Chikwata chekuyananisa chaizosangana nevanhu, vakaonekwa neSEJ CAG kubva mukutsvagisa kwayo, avo vaizobvunzwa kuti vatarise runyorwa rwekutanga rwevabvunzurudzwa. Izvi zvingangosanganisira vatungamiriri vepamutemo uye vasina kurongeka mukati mezvitendero zveMuslim, zvechiKristu nechiJudha, vadzidzi, nyanzvi, nyanzvi, vezvematongerwo enyika, vamiriri, vanhuwo zvavo, veruzhinji nevezvenhau. Mumwe nemumwe anobvunzurudzwa anokumbirwa kuti akurudzire vamwe vanhu. Inenge mazana maviri kusvika ku200 kubvunzurudzwa kwaizoitwa.
Kugadzirira Hurukuro Protocol
Zvichienderana netsvakiridzo yekumashure, chiitiko chekare chekuongorora, uye zano kubva kuboka revanopa mazano, SEJ CAG yaizogadzirira bvunzurudzo protocol. Protocol yaizoshanda sepokutangira uye mibvunzo yaizokwenenzverwa mukati mebvunzurudzo kuti iwane zvinobudirira kunzwisisa kwevakabvunzurudzwa kwakadzama kwenyaya dzeSEJ nemasimba. Mibvunzo yaizonangana nerondedzero yemubvunzurudzo wega wega, kusanganisira zvinorehwa neSEJ, nyaya dzakakosha uye zvikamu zvezvichemo zvemapoka avo, pfungwa dzekugadzirisa zvinopokana zveSEJ, uye manzwiro ane chekuita nezvinorehwa nevamwe.
Kuitisa mabvunzurudzo
Nhengo dzechikwata chekuyananisa dzaiita kubvunzurudza vakatarisana nevanhu pasi rese, sezvo mapoka evabvunzurudzo achionekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Vaizoshandisa musangano wevhidhiyo kana kubvunzurudzwa kwechiso nechiso kusingagoneke.
Nhengo dzechikwata cheMedition dzaizoshandisa chirongwa chebvunzurudzo chakagadzirirwa segwara uye kukurudzira mubvunzurudzo kuti ape nyaya yake nemanzwisisiro. Mibvunzo yaizoshanda sechimbichimbi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti vanobvunzurudzwa vanowana nzwisiso yezvavanoziva zvakakwana kubvunza. Pamusoro pezvo, nekukurudzira vanhu kuti vataure nyaya dzavo, boka rekuyananisa raizodzidza zvakawanda nezvezvinhu zvavangadai vasina kuziva kubvunza. Mibvunzo yaizowedzera kuoma mukati menguva yese yekubvunzurudza. Nhengo dzeboka reMediation dzaizoitisa mabvunzurudzo nekunyengedzera kwakanaka, zvichireva kubvuma kuzere kwezvose zvataurwa uye pasina mutongo. Ruzivo rwunopihwa rwunozoongororwa maererano neruzivo rwunopihwa kune vese vakabvunzurudzwa mukuyedza kuona madingindira akafanana pamwe nemaonero akasiyana uye mazano.
Ichishandisa ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa panguva yebvunzurudzo, SEJ CAG yaizoongorora nyaya yega yega inobatika mukati memamiriro ega ega edzidziso nemaonero echitendero chega chega, pamwe nekuti iwo maonero anokanganiswa sei nekuvapo uye zvinotendwa nevamwe.
Munguva yenguva yekubvunzurudza, iyo SEJ CAG yaizove iri nguva dzose uye yakajairika kuonana kuti iongorore mibvunzo, matambudziko, uye zvinoonekwa kusawirirana. Nhengo dzaizotarisa pane zvakawanikwa, sezvo boka rekuyananisa richiunza pamusoro uye rinoongorora nyaya dzekutenda idzo dziri kuramba dzakavanzwa kuseri kwezvinzvimbo zvematongerwo enyika, uye izvo zvinoronga nyaya dzeSEJ semakakatanwa asingachinjiki.
Kugadzirira kweAssessment Report
Kunyora Mushumo
Dambudziko mukunyora mushumo wekuongorora nderekubatanidza huwandu hukuru hweruzivo kuti ive inonzwisisika uye ine maungira yakaumbwa yekukonana. Zvinoda kunzwisiswa kwakadzidzwa nekunatswa kwekukonana, masimba masimba, dzidziso yenhaurirano nekuita, pamwe nekubudirana pachena uye kuda kuziva kunoita kuti varevereri vadzidze nezvemamwe maonero enyika uye kubata maonero akasiyana-siyana panguva imwe chete.
Sezvo timu yekuyananisa ichiitisa kubvunzurudza, madingindira angangobuda panguva yekukurukurirana kweSEJ CAG. Izvi zvaizoedzwa panguva yekubvunzurudzwa kwaizotevera, uye semhedzisiro, kunatswa. Kanzuru yevapangamazano yaizoongorora madingindira achipesana nemanotsi ekubvunzurudza zvakare, kuona kuti madingindira ese akanyatsogadziriswa uye nemazvo.
Tsanangudzo yeChinyorwa
Chirevo ichi chingasanganisira zvinhu zvakaita se: sumo; chidimbu chekukonana; nhaurirano yemasimba makuru; rondedzero uye tsananguro yevakakosha vanofarira mapato; tsananguro yebato rega rega-yakavakirwa pakutenda SEJ rondedzero, masimba, zvirevo, uye zvipikirwa; Kutya kwebato rega rega, tariro, uye zvinoonekwa zvingaitika zveramangwana reSEJ; pfupiso yenyaya dzese; uye zvinoonekwa uye kurudziro zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa kubva muongororo. Chinangwa chinenge chiri chekugadzirira nganonyorwa dzekutenda dzine chekuita nenyaya dzinobatika dzeSEJ dzechitendero chega chega chinopindirana nevateveri, uye kupa vanogadzira mitemo kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinotendwa, zvinotarisirwa, uye zvinopindirana mumapoka ezvitendero.
Advisory Council Ongororo
Advisory Council yaizoongorora zvinyorwa zvakawanda zveshumo. Nhengo chaidzo dzinozokumbirwa kuti dzipe ongororo yakadzama uye tsinhiro pamusoro pezvikamu zvemushumo zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi hwavo. Mushure mekuwana zvirevo izvi, munyori weshumo yekuongorora anotungamira anotevera navo, sezvinodiwa, kuti ave nechokwadi chekunzwisisa kwakajeka kwedzokororo dzakarongwa uye kugadzirisa gwaro remushumo zvichibva pane izvo zvataurwa.
Ongororo yevabvunzurudzo
Mushure mekunge zvakataurwa nedare rezano zvabatanidzwa mugwaro regwaro, zvikamu zvakakodzera zvegwaro remushumo zvichatumirwa kune mumwe nemumwe anobvunzurudzwa kuti aongororwe. Maonero avo, gadziridzo, uye tsananguro zvaizodzoserwa kuchikwata chekuyananisa. Nhengo dzechikwata dzaizodzokorora chikamu chega chega votevera vamwe vanenge vabvunzurudzwa nerunhare kana videoconferencing, sezvinodiwa.
Final Conflict Assessment Report
Mushure mekuongorora kwekupedzisira nedare revanopa mazano neboka rekuyananisa, mushumo wekuongorora kusawirirana waizopedzwa.
mhedziso
Kana zvemazuva ano zvisina kubvisa chitendero, kana vanhu vachiramba vaine “kutya zvinhu zvisingaoneki,” kana vatungamiriri vezvitendero vachikurudzirwa mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye kana vezvematongerwo enyika vakashandisa chitendero nechinangwa chezvamatongerwe enyika, saka chokwadi kuongorora kweSacred Esplanade yeJerusarema kunodiwa. Idanho rinodikanwa kuenda kunhaurirano dzerunyararo dzinobudirira, sezvo dzichinyomba nyaya dzinobatika dzezvematongerwo enyika nezvido pakati pezvitendero nemaitiro echitendero. Pakupedzisira, zvinogona kutungamirira kune pfungwa dzaimbova dzisingafungidzirwe uye mhinduro dzegakava.
References
[1] Grabar, Oleg naBenjamin Z. Kedhari. Denga neNyika Zvinosangana: Nzvimbo Tsvene yeJerusarema, (Yad Ben-Zvi Press, University of Texas Press, 2009), 2.
[2] Ron Hassner, Hondo Panzvimbo Dzitsvene, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 70-71.
[3] Ross, Dennis. Runyararo Rwakashaikwa. (New York: Farrar, Straus naGiroux, 2004).
[4] Menahem Klein, Dambudziko reJerusarema: Kurwira kweChigarire Chimiro, (Gainesville: Yunivhesiti yeFlorida Press, 2003), 80.
[5] Curtis, Mary. “Nzvimbo Tsvene Inonyanya Kukosha Pakati Pezvipingamupinyi Kurugare KuMiddle East; Chitendero: Zvizhinji zvekukakavadzana kweIsrael-Palestine zvinodzika kune imwe nzvimbo ye36-acre muJerusarema, "(Los Angeles Times, Gunyana 5, 2000). A1.
[6] Lahoud, Lamia. "Mubarak: Jerusarema compromise zvinoreva mhirizhonga," (Jerusalem Post, Nyamavhuvhu 13, 2000), 2.
[7] "Kukurukurirana neNhoroondo: Ron E. Hassner," (California: Institute of International Studies, University of California Berkeley Events, February 15, 2011), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIb9iJf6DA8.
[8] Hassner, Hondo Panzvimbo Dzitsvene, 86 – 87.
[9] Ibid, XX.
[10]"Chitendero uye Kurwisana kweIsrael-Palestine," (Woodrow Wilson International Center yeVadzidzi, Gunyana 28, 2013),, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/religion-and-the-israel-palestinian-conflict. Tufts.
[11] Negretto, Gabriel L. Revhiatani yaHobhisi. Simba Risingadzivisiki raMwari Anofa, Analisi e 2001, (Torino: 2002), http://www.giuri.unige.it/intro/dipist/digita/filo/testi/analisi_2001/8negretto.pdf.
[12] Sher, Giradhi. Kungopfuura Kusvika: Iyo Israel-Palestine Runyararo Hurukuro: 1999-2001, (Tel Aviv: Miskal-Yedioth Books and Chemed Books, 2001), 209.
[13] Hassner, Hondo Panzvimbo Dzitsvene.
Pepa iri rakapihwa paInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation's 1st Annual International Conference on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding wakaitirwa muNew York City, USA, musi wa1 Gumiguru 2014.
Title: “Kudikanwa Kwekuongorora Kukakavadzana NezveNzvimbo Inoera yeJerusarema”
Presenter: Susan L. Podziba, Policy Mediator, Muvambi uye Mukuru wePodziba Policy Mediation, Brookline, Massachusetts.
Moderator: Elayne E. Greenberg, Ph.D., Purofesa weMutemo Wekuita, Mutevedzeri weDhipatimendi weDhipatimendi Rekugadzirisa Nharo, uye Mutungamiriri, Hugh L. Carey Center yeKugadzirisa Kukakavadzana, St. John's University School of Law, New York.
