Ethnic and Religious Identity Kugadzira Makwikwi eNyika Yakavakirwa Zviwanikwa: The Tiv Varimi uye Vafudzi Kunetsana muCentral Nigeria.
ngovepo
Iyo Tiv yepakati peNigeria ndivo varimi vazhinji varimi vane nzvimbo yekugara yakapararira yakaitirwa kuvimbisa kuwanikwa kweminda yepurazi. VaFulani venzvimbo yakaoma zvikuru, yekuchamhembe kweNigeria vafudzi vanotama-tama vanofamba nemwaka yegore negore yemvura uye yakaoma vachitsvaka mafuro emombe. Central Nigeria inokwezva vanotama nekuda kwemvura iripo uye mashizha pamahombekombe eRwizi Benue neNiger; uye kusavapo kwetse-tse kubhururuka mukati meCentral region. Kwemakore, mapoka aya akagara murunyararo, kusvika mukutanga kwema2000 apo kurwisana kwechisimba kwakamuka pakati pavo pamusoro pekuwana minda yekurima nemafuro. Kubva pauchapupu hwezvinyorwa uye nhaurirano dzeboka nekutarisa, kupokana kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kuderera kwehupfumi, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kusave kwemazuva ano kwemaitiro ekurima uye kusimuka kweIslamization. Kuvandudzwa kwekurima kwechizvino-zvino nekugadziridzwa kweutongi kune chivimbiso chekuvandudza hukama pakati pemarudzi nezvitendero.
ziviso
Mafungiro emazuva ano echimanje-manje muma 1950 ayo nyika dzaizongogara dzichiita zvechimanjemanje padzinenge dzave dzechimanjemanje dzakaongororwa patsva pachitariswa zviitiko zvenyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira dzichifambira mberi, kunyanya kubva pakazotevera chikamu che20.th zana remakore. Vemazuva ano vakaisa fungidziro yavo pamusoro pekupararira kwedzidzo uye maindasitiri, izvo zvaizokurudzira kuvandudzwa kwemaguta pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwaro mumamiriro ezvinhu eruzhinji (Eisendaht, 1966; Haynes, 1995). Neshanduko huru yemararamiro evagari vazhinji, kukosha kwezvinotendwa nezvitendero uye kuziva kwekuparadzana kwemarudzi semapuratifomu ekuunganidza mumakwikwi ekuwaniswa kwezvipo zvingapera. Zvakwana kuziva kuti dzinza nekubatana kwechitendero zvakange zvabuda semapuratifomu ekuzivikanwa akasimba ekukwikwidzana nemamwe mapoka kuti awane zviwanikwa zvevanhu, kunyanya izvo zvinodzorwa neHurumende (Nnoli, 1978). Sezvo nyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira dziine ruzhinji rwakaoma munzanga, uye kuzivikanwa kwadzo kwedzinza nechitendero kwakasimudzirwa neukoloni, kukwikwidzana mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakakuchidzirwa zvinotyisa nezvido zvemagariro nezvemari zvemapoka akasiyana. Zvizhinji zveidzi nyika dzichiri kusimukira, kunyanya muAfrica, dzaive padanho rekutanga rekuvandudza muma1950 kusvika kuma1960. Nekudaro, mushure memakumi emakumi emakore ekuvandudza, dzinza uye zvechitendero kuziva zvakatosimbiswa uye, mu21.st zana, iri kuwedzera.
Hunhu hwepakati hwehunhu hwemadzinza uye hwechitendero mune zvematongerwo enyika nehurukuro yenyika muNigeria hwakaramba huri pachena pamatanho ese munhoroondo yenyika. Kubudirira kuri pedyo kwehurongwa hwegutsaruzhinji mukutanga kwema1990 zvichitevera sarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika ya1993 inomiririra nguva iyo kutaura nezvechitendero nekuzivikanwa kwemarudzi munhaurirano yezvematongerwo enyika yaive yakadzikira. Nguva iyoyo yekubatana kwehuwandu hweNigeria yakapera nekukanzurwa kwesarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika yaChikumi 12, 1993 umo Chief MKO Abiola, wekuYoruba wekuSouth Western Nigeria akange akunda. Kurambidzwa uku kwakakanda nyika mumhirizhonga iyo yakakurumidza kutora nzira dzechitendero (Osaghae, 1998).
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vezvitendero nevemadzinza vakawana mugove mukuru webasa remakakatanwa anokonzerwa nezvematongerwo enyika, hukama pakati pemapoka kazhinji kazhinji hwave huchitungamirirwa nezvikonzero zvechitendero nemarudzi. Kubva pakadzoka hutongi hwejekerere muna 1999, hukama hwemapoka muNigeria hwakanyanya kukanganiswa nekuzivikanwa kwemarudzi nechitendero. Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, saka, inogona kuve iripo kukwikwidza kwezviwanikwa zvevhu pakati pevarimi veTiv nevafudzi veFulani. Kubva kare, mapoka maviri aya akataurirana zvine runyararo nekunetsana uko neuko asi pamwero wakaderera, uye nekushandisa kwavo nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana, runyararo rwaiwanzowanikwa. Kubuda kwehutsinye hwakapararira pakati pemapoka maviri aya hwakatanga muma1990, muTaraba State, pamusoro penzvimbo dzemafuro uko mabasa ekurima nevarimi veTiv akatanga kudzikamisa nzvimbo dzemafuro. Maodzanyemba pakati peNigeria yaizove nhandare yemakwikwi pakati pe2000s, apo kurwiswa nevafudzi vemombe veFulani pavarimi veTiv nemisha yavo nezvirimwa kwakava chinhu chinogara chiripo chehukama hwemapoka mukati menzvimbo uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika. Kurwisana uku kwakawedzera mumakore matatu apfuura (2011-2014).
Iri bepa rinotsvaga kujekesa hukama pakati pevarimi veTiv nevafudzi veFulani uhwo hwakaumbwa nehurudzi nechitendero, uye kuyedza kudzikisira kusawirirana kwemakwikwi ekuwana nzvimbo dzemafuro uye zviwanikwa zvemvura.
Kutsanangura maContours eKukonana: Kuzivikanwa Hunhu
Central Nigeria ine nyika nhanhatu, dzinoti: Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Nasarawa, Niger neKwara. Nzvimbo iyi inodaidzwa zvakasiyana-siyana kuti 'bhandi repakati' (Anyadike, 1987) kana iyo inocherechedzwa nebumbiro remutemo, 'north-central geo-political zone'. Nzvimbo iyi ine heterogeneity uye kusiyana kwevanhu netsika. Central Nigeria imusha kune ruzhinji rwakaoma rwemadzinza madiki anoonekwa sevanhu veko, nepo mamwe mapoka akadai sevaFulani, Hausa neKanuri vanoonekwa sevatorwa vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Mapoka mashoma ane mukurumbira munzvimbo iyi anosanganisira Tiv, Idoma, Eggon, Nupe, Birom, Jukun, Chamba, Pyem, Goemai, Kofyar, Igala, Gwari, Bassa etc. Bhandi repakati rakasiyana senzvimbo ine huwandu hukuru hwemadzinza madiki. Munyika.
Central Nigeria inoratidzwawo nekusiyana kwezvitendero: Chikristu, chiIslam uye zvitendero zvechinyakare zveAfrica. Huwandu hwenhamba hunogona kunge husingaverengeki, asi chiKristu chinoratidzika kunge chakanyanya, chichiteverwa nekuvapo kwevaMuslim pakati pevaFulani neHausa vanotama. Central Nigeria inoratidza kusiyana uku kuri girazi rehuwandu hweNigeria hwakaoma. Dunhu iri zvakare rinofukidza chikamu cheKaduna neBauchi nyika, inozivikanwa seSouthern Kaduna neBauchi, zvichiteerana (James, 2000).
Central Nigeria inomiririra shanduko kubva kuSavanna yeNorthern Nigeria kuenda kuSouthern Nigeria sango mudunhu. Naizvozvo ine geographical elements of both climatic zones. Nzvimbo iyi yakanyatsokodzera hupenyu hwekugara uye, nekudaro, kurima ndiro basa guru. Midzi mbesa dzakaita sembatatisi, yam uye mufarinya zvinorimwa zvakanyanya mudunhu rese. Zviyo zvakaita semupunga, guinea corn, mapfunde, chibage, benniseed nesoya bhinzi zvakare zvinorimwa zvakanyanya uye ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha pakuwana mari. Kurimwa kwembesa idzi kunoda mapani akatambanuka kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvirambe zvichirimwa negoho guru. Sedentary yekurima tsika inotsigirwa nemwedzi minomwe yekunaya kwemvura (Kubvumbi-Gumiguru) uye mwedzi mishanu yemwaka wakaoma (Mbudzi-Kurume) yakakodzera kukohwewa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezviyo uye tuber zvirimwa. Dunhu iri rinowaniswa mvura yemusikirwo kuburikidza nenzizi dzinoyambuka dunhu uye dzinodira muRwizi Benue neNiger, nzizi mbiri huru muNigeria. Matunhu makuru mudunhu anosanganisira nzizi Galma, Kaduna, Gurara uye Katsina-Ala, (James, 2000). Aya matsime emvura uye kuwanikwa kwemvura kwakakosha pakushandisa pakurima, pamwe nekubatsira mudzimba nekufudza.
The Tiv uye Pastoralist Fulani muCentral Nigeria
Izvo zvakakosha kumisa mamiriro ekubatana kweboka uye kudyidzana pakati peTiv, boka rinogara, uye Fulani, boka revanotamad revafundisi pakati peNigeria (Wegh, & Moti, 2001). ITiv ndiro dzinza rakakura kwazvo muCentral Nigeria, rinosvika mamirioni mashanu, rine vanhu vakawanda muBenue State, asi rinowanikwa muhuwandu hwakawanda muNasarawa, Taraba nePlateau States (NPC, 2006). VaTiv vanofungidzirwa kuti vakatama kubva kuCongo neCentral Africa, uye vakagara pakati peNigeria munhoroondo yekutanga (Rubinh, 1969; Bohannans 1953; East, 1965; Moti uye Wegh, 2001). Huwandu hwazvino hweTiv hwakakosha, huchikwira kubva ku800,000 muna 1953. Mhedzisiro yekukura kwehuwandu hwevanhu pakuita zvekurima kwakasiyana asi yakakosha kuhukama hwemapoka.
VaTiv ndivo varimi vazhinji vanogara pavhu uye vanowana chekurarama nacho kuburikidza nekurima kwayo chikafu nemari. Kuita zvekurima kwevarimi raive basa rakajairika reTiv kusvika kunaya mvura isina kukwana, kudzikira kwevhu kubereka uye kuwedzera kwevanhu kwakakonzera goho rakaderera, zvichimanikidza varimi veTiv kuti vagamuchire zviitiko zvisiri zvekurima sekutengesa zvidiki. Apo huwandu hweTiv hwaive hudiki kana zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo yaivepo yekurima muma1950 nema1960, kurima nekutenderedza zvirimwa zvaive zvakajairika kurima. Nekuwedzera kwakatsiga kwehuwandu hweTiv, pamwe chete nemagariro avo, akapararira-ashoma ekugara kwekuwana nekudzora kushandiswa kwevhu, nzvimbo dzinorimwa dzakadzikira nekukurumidza. Nekudaro, vanhu vazhinji veTiv vakaramba vari varimi varimi, uye vakachengeta kurimwa kwenzvimbo dziripo dzekudya uye mari inovhara zvirimwa zvakasiyana siyana.
VaFulani, avo vanonyanya kuve vaMuslim, iboka rinotama-tama, rinofudza mombe dzinogara dzichifudza mombe dzechinyakare. Kutsvaga kwavo mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira pakusimudza mombe dzavo kunoita kuti varambe vachifamba kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe, uye kunyanya kunzvimbo dzine mafuro nemvura dziripo uye dzisina huta nhunzi (Iro, 1991). VaFulani vanozivikanwa nemazita akati wandei anosanganisira Fulbe, Peut, Fula naFelaata (Iro, 1991, de st. Croix, 1945). VaFulani vanonzi vakabva kuArabia Peninsula uye vakatamira kuWest Africa. Maererano naIro (1991), vaFulani vanoshandisa kufamba senzira yekugadzira kuwana mvura nemafuro uye, zvichida, misika. Bato iri rinoendesa vafudzi kunyika dzinosvika makumi maviri dziri kumaodzanyemba kweSahara muAfrica, zvichiita kuti vaFulani vave boka rinonyanya kupararira ethno-tsika (mukondinendi), uye rinoonekwa serakakanganiswa zvishoma nemazuva ano maererano nemabasa ehupfumi hwevafudzi. Vafudzi veFulani muNigeria vanoenda kumaodzanyemba mumupata weBenue nemombe dzavo dzichitsvaka mafuro nemvura kubva pakutanga kwemwaka wemvura (Mbudzi kusvika Kubvumbi). Mupata weBenue une zvinhu zviviri zvikuru zvinokwezva—mvura inobva munzizi dzeBenue nemikova yadzo, dzakadai soRwizi Katsina-Ala, uye nzvimbo isina tsetse. Bato rekudzoka rinotanga nekutanga kwemvura muna Kubvumbi uye rinoenderera kusvika munaJune. Kana mupata wacho wangozara nemvura inonaya uye kufamba kunokanganiswa nenzvimbo dzine madhaka dzinotyisidzira kurarama kwemombe uye nzira iri kupera nekuda kwemabasa ekurima, zvichiita kuti mupata urambe uripo.
Contemporary Contestation yeLand Based Resources
Makwikwi ekuwana nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvevhu - kunyanya mvura nemafuro - pakati pevarimi veTiv nevafudzi veFulani inoitika mumamiriro ehurongwa hwekugadzira hupfumi hwevarimi uye vanotama-tama hwakatorwa nemapoka maviri.
VaTiv vanhu vanongogara zvavo vane raramo yakadzika midzi mune zvekurima izvo zvinonyanya kukosha ivhu. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu kunoisa dzvinyiriro pakuwaniswa kwevhu kunowanikwa kunyangwe pakati pevarimi. Kuderera kwekubereka kwevhu, kukukurwa kwevhu, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye chizvino-zvino zvinoronga kurima zvine mwero nenzira inonetsa raramo yevarimi (Tyubee, 2006).
Vafudzi veFulani imhuka inotama-tama ine hurongwa hwekugadzira hunotenderera kupfuya mombe. Vanoshandisa kufamba senzira yekugadzira pamwe nekushandisa (Iro, 1991). Zvinhu zvakati wandei zvakarangana kupikisa raramo yeupfumi hwevaFulani, kusanganisira kurwisana kwechimanjemanje netsika dzechivanhu. VaFulani vakaramba zvemazuva ano uye nokudaro hurongwa hwavo hwekugadzira uye kushandiswa hwakaramba husina kuchinjwa mukutarisana nekukura kwevanhu uye zvemazuva ano. Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvinoumba nyaya huru inokanganisa hupfumi hweFulani, kusanganisira maitiro emvura, kugoverwa kwayo uye mwaka, uye kuti izvi zvinokanganisa sei kushandiswa kwevhu. Yakanyatsoenderana neizvi ndiyo maitiro ezvinomera, zvakakamurwa kuita semi-yakaoma uye masango nzvimbo. Iyi patani yezvinomera inotaridza kuwanikwa kwemafuro, kusasvikika, uye kudyiwa kwezvipembenene (Iro, 1991; Water-Bayer naTaylor-Powell, 1985). Saka chimiro chezvinomera chinotsanangura kutama kwevafundisi. Kutsakatika kwemafuro emafuro uye nzvimbo dzakachengetwa nekuda kwemabasa ekurima nekudaro kunogadzirisa mhirizhonga yemazuva ano pakati pevanotama-fudza Fulanis nevanovatambira varimi veTiv.
Kusvika 2001, apo mhirizhonga yakazara pakati pevarimi veTiv nevafudzi veFulani yakatanga munaGunyana 8, uye yakagara kwemazuva akati wandei muTaraba, mapoka ese ari maviri aigara pamwechete murunyararo. Pakutanga, muna Gumiguru 17, 2000, vafudzi vakanga varwisana nevarimi veYoruba muKwara neFulani vafudzi vakarwisana nevarimi vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana musi waJune 25, 2001 muNasarawa State (Olabode naAjibade, 2014). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mwedzi iyi yaChikumi, Gunyana naGumiguru iri mukati memwaka wekunaya kwemvura, apo mbesa dzinodyarwa dzichikuriswa kuti zvikohwewe kutanga kubva mukupera kwaGumiguru. Nokudaro, kufudza mombe kwaizoparira hasha dzevarimi avo vaizorarama vachityisidzirwa nechiito ichi chokuparadza nemapoka. Kudavidza kupi nokupi kwavarimi kuti vadzivirire zvirimwa zvavo, zvisinei, kwaizoguma nerwisano dzinotungamirira kukuparadza kwakapararira kwemisha yavo.
Pamberi peizvi zvakanyanya kurongeka uye kutsigira kurwiswa kwepfuti kwakatanga mukutanga kwe2000s; rwisano pakati paaya mapoka pamusoro peminda yepurazi dzaiwanzonyarara. Mufundisi Fulani aisvika, ndokukumbira zviri pamutemo mvumo yokudzika musasa nokufura, izvo zvaiwanzobvumirwa. Chero kukanganisa kurimwa kwevarimi kunogadziriswa murunyararo pachishandiswa nzira dzechinyakare dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Pakati pepakati peNigeria, pakanga paine homwe huru dzevagari veFulani nemhuri dzavo vaibvumirwa kugara munharaunda dzinogamuchira. Zvakadaro, nzira dzekugadzirisa gakava dzinoita sedzaparara nekuda kwemaitiro evafundisi veFulani vachangosvika kutanga muna 2000. Panguva iyoyo, vafudzi veFulani vakatanga kusvika vasina mhuri dzavo, vari varume vakuru chete nemombe dzavo, uye zvombo zvakaomarara pasi pemaoko avo, kusanganisira. AK-47 pfuti. Kurwisana pakati pemapoka aya kwakabva kwatanga kutora chikamu chikuru, kunyanya kubva 2011, nezviitiko muTaraba, Plateau, Nasarawa neBenue States.
Musi waChikumi 30, 2011, Imba yeVamiriri yeNigeria yakavhura gakava pamusoro pehondo yakaramba iripo pakati pevarimi veTiv nemumwe wavo wekuFulani pakati peNigeria. Imba yacho yakataura kuti vanhu vanopfuura 40,000 2010, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, vakatamiswa uye vakapinzwa mumisasa yenguva pfupi mishanu kuDaudu, Ortese, uye Igyungu-Adze munharaunda yeGuma yehurumende yeBenue. Mimwe yemisasa iyi yaisanganisira zvaimbove zvikoro zvepuraimari zvakange zvavhara panguva yekunetsana uye zvakashandurwa kuita misasa (HR, 33: 50). Imba iyi yakaratidzawo kuti vanopfuura makumi mashanu varume, vakadzi nevana veTiv vakaurayiwa, kusanganisira masoja maviri pachikoro chesekondari cheCatholic, Udei muBenue State. Muna May 2011, kumwe kurwiswa kwevaFulani pavarimi veTiv kwakaitika, vachitora hupenyu hwe30 uye kubvisa vanhu vanopfuura 5000 (Alimba, 2014: 192). Izvi zvisati zvaitika, pakati pa8-10 Kukadzi, 2011, varimi veTiv pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi rweBenue, munzvimbo yeGwer kumadokero kwehurumende yenzvimbo yeBenue, vakarwiswa nemhomho yevafudzi vakauraya varimi 19 uye vakapisa misha makumi matatu nematatu. Varwi vane zvombo vakadzoka zvakare munaKurume 33, 4 kuzouraya vanhu makumi mana nevaviri, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, uye vakapamba dunhu rose (Azahan, Terkula, Ogli naAhemba, 2011: 46).
Hukasha hwekurwiswa uku, uye kuoma kwemaoko anobatanidzwa, kunoratidzwa mukukwira kwevanokuvadzwa uye mwero wekuparadza. Pakati paZvita 2010 naChikumi 2011, kurwiswa kunodarika gumi neshanu kwakanyorwa, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwehupenyu hwe15 uye dzimba dzinopfuura mazana matatu dzakaparadzwa, zvese munzvimbo yehurumende yenzvimbo yeGwer-West. Hurumende yakapindura nekutumirwa kwemasoja nemapurisa anofambisa munzvimbo dzakakanganisika, pamwe nekuenderera mberi nekuongorora zvirongwa zverunyararo, kusanganisira kumisa komiti yedambudziko iri inotungamirwa naSultan weSokoto, uye mutongi mukuru weTiv, the TorTiv IV. Chirongwa ichi chichiri kuenderera mberi.
Hutsinye huri pakati pemapoka hwakapinda murunyararo muna 2012 nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwerunyararo uye kutariswa kwemauto, asi kwakadzoka nekusimbaradzwa uye nekuwedzera muhuwandu hwenzvimbo muna 2013 inobata Gwer-kumadokero, Guma, Agatu, Makurdi Guma uye Logo nzvimbo dzehurumende dzeNasarawa State. Pane dzimwe nguva, misha yeRukubi neMedagba muDoma yakarwiswa nevaFulani vakanga vakabata pfuti dzeAK-47, vachisiya vanhu vanopfuura makumi matanhatu vafa uye dzimba makumi masere dzakapiswa (Adeyeye, 60). Zvakare musi waChikunguru 80, 2013, mufudzi ane zvombo Fulani akarwisa varimi veTiv kuNzorov muGuma, akauraya vagari vanopfuura makumi maviri uye akapisa nzvimbo yese. Idzi nzvimbo dzekugara ndedziya dziri munzvimbo dzekanzuru yenzvimbo dzinowanikwa mumahombekombe erwizi Benue neKatsina-Ala. Makwikwi emafuro nemvura anowedzera uye anogona kupinda mukurwisana nepfuti zviri nyore.
Tafura1. Zvakasarudzwa Zviitiko zveArmed Attacks pakati pevarimi veTiv nevafudzi vemombe veFulani muna 2013 uye 2014 pakati peNigeria.
| zuva | Nzvimbo yechiitiko | Inofungidzira Rufu |
| 1/1/13 | Jukun/ Fulani kunetsana muTaraba State | 5 |
| 15/1/13 | varimi/kurwisana kwevaFulani muNasarawa State | 10 |
| 20/1/13 | murimi/Fulani kurwisana muNasarawa State | 25 |
| 24/1/13 | VaFulani/varimi vanonetsana muPlateau State | 9 |
| 1/2/13 | Fulani/Eggon kunetsana muNasarawa State | 30 |
| 20/3/13 | Fulani / varimi vanopokana kuTarok, Jos | 18 |
| 28/3/13 | VaFulani/varimi vanonetsana kuRiyom, Plateau State | 28 |
| 29/3/13 | VaFulani/varimi vakanetsana kuBokkos, Plateau State | 18 |
| 30/3/13 | VaFulani/varimi kurwisana/kunetsana kwemapurisa | 6 |
| 3/4/13 | VaFulani/varimi vari kunetsana muGuma, Benue State | 3 |
| 10/4/13 | VaFulani/varimi vari kunetsana muGwer-west, Benue State | 28 |
| 23/4/13 | Varimi veFulani/Egbe vari kunetsana mudunhu reKogi | 5 |
| 4/5/13 | VaFulani/varimi vanonetsana muPlateau State | 13 |
| 4/5/13 | Jukun/Fulani kunetsana muwukari, Taraba state | 39 |
| 13/5/13 | Fulani/Farmers Clash muAgatu, Benue state | 50 |
| 20/5/13 | Fulani/Farmers Clash mumuganhu weNasarawa-Benue | 23 |
| 5/7/13 | VaFulani vanorwisa misha yeTiv muNzorov, Guma | 20 |
| 9/11/13 | Kupinda kweFulani kweAgatu, Benue State | 36 |
| 7/11/13 | Fulani/Farmers Clash kuIkpele, okpopolo | 7 |
| 20/2/14 | Kurwisana kweFulani/varimi, Plateau state | 13 |
| 20/2/14 | Kurwisana kweFulani/varimi, Plateau state | 13 |
| 21/2/14 | VaFulani/varimi vari kunetsana muWase, Plateau state | 20 |
| 25/2/14 | VaFulani/varimi vari kunetsana muRiyom, Plateau state | 30 |
| July 2014 | Fulani akarwisa vagari muBarkin Ladi | 40 |
| March 2014 | Fulani kurwisa Gbajimba, Benue state | 36 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani kurwisa | 22 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani kurwisa | 32 |
| 11/3/14 | Fulani kurwisa | 25 |
Kunobva: Chukuma & Atuche, 2014; Sun newspaper, 2013
Kurwiswa uku kwakawedzera kutyisa uye kwakawedzera kubva pakati pegore ra2013, apo mugwagwa mukuru unobva kuMakurdi uchienda kuNaka, muzinda weGwer West Local Government, wakavharwa nevarume veFulani vakapakatira zvombo mushure mekupamba matunhu anopfuura matanhatu mumugwagwa mukuru. Kwerinopfuura gore, mugwagwa wacho wakaramba wakavharwa sezvo vafudzi vemombe veFulani vaiva nezvombo vaidzora. Kubva musi wa5-9 Mbudzi 2013, vafudzi vemombe veFulani vaiva nezvombo vakarwisa Ikpele, Okpopolo nedzimwe misha muAgatu, vakauraya vagari vanopfuura makumi mana uye nechisimba misha yose. Vapambi vakaparadza misha nemapurazi vachitamisa vagari ve40 (Duru, 6000).
Kubva muna Ndira kusvika Chivabvu 2014, misha yakawanda muGuma, Gwer West, Makurdi, Gwer East, Agatu neLogo nzvimbo dzehurumende dzeBenue dzakakurirwa nekurwiswa kunotyisa kwakaitwa nevafudzi vemombe veFulani. Kuuraya kwakarova Ekwo-Okpanchenyi muAgatu muna Chivabvu 13, 2014, apo vafudzi vemombe veFulani vane pfuti mazana maviri nemakumi matatu vakauraya vanhu makumi mana nevanomwe uye vakaparadza dzimba dzinosvika mazana maviri mukurwiswa kusati kwaedza (Uja, 230). Imande Jem musha kuGuma wakashanyirwa muna Kubvumbi 47, zvichisiya varimi vana vafa. Kurwiswa kweOwukpa, muOgbadibo LGA pamwe nemumisha yeIkpayongo, Agena, neMbatsada muwadhi yekanzuru yeMbalom muGwer East LGA muBenue State yakaitika muna Chivabvu 200 kuuraya vagari vanopfuura makumi maviri (Isine naUgonna, 2014; Adoyi naAmeh, 11) ) .
Mhedzisiro yekupinda kweFulani nekurwiswa kwevarimi veBenue yakapupurirwa kuUikpam, Tse-Akenyi Torkula musha, Tiv mutongi mukuru weimba yeGuma, uye mukupambwa kweAyilamo semi dhorobha rekugara munzvimbo yeLogo yenharaunda yehurumende. Kurwiswa kwakaitwa musha weUikpam kwakasiya vanhu vanodarika makumi matatu vafa ukuwo musha wese wakapiswa. Vapanduki veFulani vakadzokera ndokudzika musasa mushure mekurwiswa pedyo neGbajimba, pamhenderekedzo yeRwizi Katsina-Ala uye vakagadzirira kutangazve kurwisa vagari vakasara. Gavhuna weBenue State paakanga ari murwendo rwekutsvaga chokwadi, achienda kuGbajimba, muzinda weGuma, akamhanyira kunovandirwa nevaFulani vaive nezvombo musi waKurume 30, 18, uye chokwadi chehondo iyi yakazobata hurumende. nenzira isingakanganwiki. Kurwiswa uku kwakasimbisa mwero wekuti vafudzi veFulani vanotama vakanga vakashongedzerwa nezvombo uye vakagadzirira kuita varimi veTiv mumakwikwi ezviwanikwa zvepasi.
Kukwikwidzana kwekuwaniswa kwemafuro nezviwanikwa zvemvura hakuparadze zvirimwa chete asi kuti kunosvibisa mvura isingagone kushandiswa nenharaunda dzenharaunda. Kuchinja kodzero dzekuwana zviwanikwa, uye kusakwana kwemafuro semugumisiro wekuwedzera kurimwa kwembesa, kunogadza danho rekunetsana (Iro, 1994; Adisa, 2012: Kunyange, Ega naErhabor, 1999). Kutsakatika kwemafuro ari kurimwa kunowedzera kunetsana uku. Kunyange zvazvo sangano revafudzi reNomadi pakati pa1960 na2000 rakanga risinganyanyi kunetsa, kusangana nevafudzi nevarimi kubvira 2000 kwave kuwedzera mhirizhonga uye, mumakore mana apfuura, inouraya uye inoparadza zvakanyanya. Misiyano yakapinza iripo pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi. Semuyenzaniso, kufamba kwevaFulani vanotama muchikamu chekutanga kwaisanganisira mhuri dzese. Kusvika kwavo kwakaverengerwa kuita chibvumirano nenharaunda dzinogamuchira uye mvumo yakatsvakwa kusati kwagadziriswa. Tichiri munharaunda dzinogamuchira, hukama hwaidzorwa nemaitiro echinyakare uye, paimuka kusawirirana, zvaigadziriswa zvine hushamwari. Kufura uye kushandiswa kwematsime emvura kwakaitwa noruremekedzo nokuda kwetsika dzomunzvimbomo netsika. Kufura kwaiitwa munzira dzakatarwa uye minda inobvumirwa. Urongwa uhwu hunofungidzirwa hunoita sehwakatsamwiswa nezvinhu zvina: kuchinja kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kusatarisisa kwehurumende nyaya dzevarimi vanofudza mombe, dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza uye kuwanda kwezvombo zvidiki nezvombo zvishoma.
I) Kuchinja Population Dynamics
Yakaverengerwa vangangoita 800,000 muma1950, nhamba yeTiv yakakwira kusvika pamusoro pemamiriyoni mana muBenue State chete. Kuverengwa kwevanhu kwa2006, kwakaongororwa muna 2012, kunofungidzira huwandu hwevanhu veTiv mudunhu reBenue vangangosvika mamirioni mana. VaFulani, vanogara munyika dze4 muAfrica, vakanyanya kuchamhembe kweNigeria, kunyanya Kano, Sokoto, Katsina, Borno, Adamawa uye Jigawa States. Ivo ruzhinji chete muGuinea, vanoumba vangangoita makumi mana muzana ehuwandu hwenyika (Anter, 21). MuNigeria, vanoumba chikamu che40% chehuwandu hwenyika, vane huwandu hwakanyanya muNorth West neNorth East. (Ethnic demographic statistics yakaoma nokuti nhamba yevanhu venyika haitore dzinza.) Ruzhinji rwevaFulani vanotama-tama vakagadziriswa uye, sevanhu vanochinja-chinja vane maitiro maviri emwaka muNigeria uye inofungidzirwa kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe2011% (Iro, 9) , mafambiro epagore aya akakanganisa kusawirirana nevarimi veTiv vanogara.
Tichifunga nezvekuwedzera kwevanhu, nzvimbo dzinofudzwa nevaFulani dzakatorwa nevarimi, uye zvakasara zvezvinoumba nzira dzemafuro hazvibvumiri kufamba kwemombe, izvo zvinogara zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kwezvirimwa nemapurazi. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu, iyo yakapararira yeTiv yekugara maitiro yakaitirwa kuvimbisa kuwanikwa kwevhu rinorimwa zvakonzera kutorwa kwevhu, uye kuderedzwa kwemafuro zvakare. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu nekudaro kwakaunza mhedzisiro yakakosha kune ese ari maviri ehufundisi uye ekugara masisitimu ekugadzira. Mhedzisiro huru yave iri kukakavara nezvombo pakati pemapoka pamusoro pekuwana mafuro nematsime emvura.
II) Kusatarisisa kweHurumende Nyaya Dzevafudzi
Iro akapokana kuti hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana muNigeria dzakaregeredza uye kusarura dzinza reFulani mukutonga, uye dzakabata nyaya dzehufundisi nekunyepedzera kwepamutemo (1994) zvisinei nekupa kwavo kukuru kuhupfumi hwenyika (Abbas, 2011). Semuenzaniso, 80 muzana yevaNigeria vanovimba neFulani yevafundisi nyama, mukaka, chizi, vhudzi, uchi, bhotela, mupfudze, rusenzi, ropa remhuka, huku, uye matehwe uye ganda (Iro, 1994: 27). Nepo mombe dzeFulani dzichigovera ngoro, kurima uye kutakura, zviuru zvevaNigeria zvinowanawo chokurarama nacho no“kutengesa, kukama nokubaya kana kutakura mombe,” uye hurumende inowana mari kubva mukutengesa mombe. Pasinei neizvi, mitemo yehutano yehurumende maererano nekugoverwa kwemvura, zvipatara, zvikoro uye mafuro zvakarambwa maererano neFulani yevafundisi. Kuedza kwehurumende kugadzira zvibhorani zvinonyura, kudzora tupukanana nezvirwere, kugadzira nzvimbo dzemafuro akawanda uye kumutsazve nzira dzemafuro (Iro 1994, Kunyange, Ega uye Erhabor 1999) zvinobvumwa, asi zvinoonekwa sezvishoma kunonoka.
Kuedza kwekutanga kwenyika kunobata matambudziko evafudzi kwakabuda muna 1965 nekupasiswa kweGrazing Reserve Law. Izvi zvaiitirwa kudzivirira vafudzi kuti vasatyisidzirwe nekushaiswa mukana wemafuro nevarimi, vapfuri vemombe nevapambi (Uzondu, 2013). Nekudaro, chikamu chemutemo ichi hachina kutevedzerwa uye nzira dzezvitoro dzakazovharwa, uye dzakanyangarika mumapurazi. Hurumende yakaongorora zvakare nzvimbo yakapiwa mafuro muna 1976. Muna 1980, mahekita mamiriyoni 2.3 akagadzwa zviri pamutemo senzvimbo yemafuro, inomirira chikamu chimwe chete kubva muzana chenzvimbo yakatemerwa. Chinangwa chehurumende chaive chekuda kuwedzera mahekita mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemasere, kubva munzvimbo mazana matatu dzakaongororwa, kuti dzive mafuro. Pakati paaya mahekita 2 28 bedzi, anofukidza nzvimbo 300 bedzi, akatsaurirwa. Pamusoro pemahekita ese 600,000 ane nzvimbo dzakachengetwa sere dzakagadzwa zvizere nehurumende senzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mafuro (Uzondu, 45, Iro, 225,000). Nzvimbo zhinji dzakachengeterwa idzi dzakapindirwa nevarimi nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwehurumende kusimudzira budiriro yadzo kuti dzishandiswe nevafudzi. Naizvozvo, kushaikwa kwehurongwa hwekugadziridzwa kwemaakaundi emafuro emafuro nehurumende ndicho chinhu chakakosha mukukonana pakati pevaFulanis nevarimi.
III) Kuwandisa Kwezvombo Zvidiki neChiedza Chimbo (SALWs)
Pakazosvika gore ra2011, zvaifungidzirwa kuti paiva nepfuti duku dzinosvika mamiriyoni 640 dzaitenderera pasi rose; pakati pavo, zana remamiriyoni muAfrica, 100 miriyoni muSub-Saharan Africa, uye mamirioni masere kuWest Africa. Chinonyanya kufadza ndechekuti 30% yeiyi yaive mumaoko evanhu (Oji naOkeke 59; Nte, 2014). Chitubu cheArab, kunyanya kumukira kweLibya mushure megore ra2011, kunoratidzika kunge kwakawedzera kuwedzera kwemvura. Nguva iyi yakabatanawo nekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kwechiIslam chinoratidzirwa neBoko Haram yekuNigeria kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNigeria uye chishuwo chevapanduki veTurareg vekuMali chekugadza nyika yechiIslam muMali. SALWs zviri nyore kuvanza, kuchengetedza, zvakachipa kutenga nekushandisa (UNP, 2012), asi zvinouraya.
Chinhu chakakosha kumakakatanwa emazuva ano pakati pevafudzi veFulani nevarimi muNigeria, uye kunyanya pakati peNigeria, inyaya yekuti vaFulanis vanobatanidzwa mumakakatanwa vakashongedzerwa zvakakwana pakusvika kana vachitarisira dambudziko, kana nechinangwa chekupisa imwe. . Nomadic Fulani vafundisi mu1960-1980s vaizosvika pakati peNigeria nemhuri dzavo, mombe, machete, pfuti dzakagadzirwa munharaunda yekuvhima, uye tsvimbo dzekutungamirira mombe uye rudimentary dziviriro. Kubva muna 2000, vafudzi vemombe vanotama-tama vakasvika vaine pfuti dzeAK-47 nezvimwe zvombo zvidiki zvakarembera mumaoko avo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mombe dzavo dzinowanzoendeswa nemaune kumapurazi, uye vanorwisa varimi chero vapi zvavo vanoedza kuvasundira kunze. Kutsiva uku kunogona kuitika maawa akati wandei kana mazuva mushure mekusangana kwekutanga uye panguva dzakasiyana dzezuva kana husiku. Kurwiswa kwagara kuchirongwa apo varimi vari mumapurazi avo, kana vagari vemo vachicherechedza kuvigwa kana kodzero dzekuvigwa nekupinda kwakanyanya, asi apo vamwe vagari vakarara (Odufowokan 2014). Mukuwedzera pakuva nezvombo zvakanyanyisa, pane zviratidzo zvekuti vafudzi vakashandisa kemikari inouraya (zvombo) kurwisana nevarimi uye vagari muAnyiin neAyilamo muLogo hurumende yemunharaunda muna March 2014: zvitunha zvakanga zvisina kukuvadzwa kana matanda epfuti (Vande-Acka, 2014) .
Kurwiswa kwacho kunosimbisawo nyaya yekusarurana kwezvitendero. VaFulani vazhinji vavo maMuslim. Kurwiswa kwavo munharaunda dzinonyanya kuve dzechiKristu muSouthern Kaduna, Plateau State, Nasarawa, Taraba neBenue zvakasimudza zvinonetsa. Kurwiswa kwakaitwa vagari vomuRiyom muPlateau State uye Agatu muBenue State—nzvimbo dzinogarwa nevaKristu vakawanda—kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pechitendero chevanorwisa. Kunze kwaizvozvo, vafudzi vakapakatira zvombo vanogara nemombe dzavo mushure mekurwiswa uku uye vanoramba vachishungurudza vagari apo vanoedza kudzokera kumusha wavo wemadzisekuru waparadzwa. Izvi zviitiko zvinoratidzwa muGuma neGwer West, muBenue State uye homwe dzenzvimbo muPlateau neSouthern Kaduna (John, 2014).
Kuwanda kwezvombo zvidiki uye zvombo zvishoma zvinotsanangurwa nehutongi husina simba, kusachengeteka uye urombo (RP, 2008). Zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuparwa kwemhosva kwakarongeka, hugandanga, kumukira, zvematongerwo enyika esarudzo, dambudziko rechitendero nekunetsana kwenharaunda uye mhirizhonga (Svondo, 2011; RP, 2008; Vines, 2005). Iyo nzira iyo vanotama-tama veFulanis ikozvino vakashongedzerwa zvakanaka panguva yavo transhumance process, hutsinye hwavo mukurwisa varimi, misha nezvirimwa, nekugara kwavo mushure mekunge varimi nevagari vatiza, vanoratidza hutsva hutsva hwehukama hwepakati mumakwikwi ezviwanikwa zvevhu. Izvi zvinoda kufunga kutsva uye gwara rehurongwa hweveruzhinji.
IV) Mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza
Kugadzirwa kwevafundisi kunoyemurika zvakanyanya nemhoteredzo umo kugadzirwa kunoitika. Izvo zvisingadzivisiki, masimba echisikigo ezvakatipoteredza anogadzirisa zviri mukati mehufundisi transhumance kugadzirwa. Semuyenzaniso, vafudzi vanotama-tama veFulani vanoshanda, vanogara uye vanoberekana munzvimbo yakapikiswa nekutemwa kwemasango, kudzvanywa kwegwenga, kudzikira kwemvura uye kusingatarisike kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze (Iro, 1994: John, 2014). Dambudziko iri rinoenderana nedzidziso ye eco-mhirizhonga pamakakatanwa. Mamwe mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anosanganisira kukura kwevanhu, kushomeka kwemvura uye kutsakatika kwemasango. Pamwe chete kana kuti pamwe chete, mamiriro ezvinhu aya anokonzera kufamba kwemapoka, uye mapoka evanotamira kune dzimwe nyika kunyanya, izvo zvinowanzokonzera kurwisana kwemadzinza apo vanoenda kunzvimbo itsva; hurongwa hunogona kukanganisa hurongwa huripo hwakadai sekurasikirwa (Homer-Dixon, 1999). Kushaikwa kwemafuro uye zviwanikwa zvemvura kuchamhembe kweNigeria panguva yemwaka wakaoma uye kufamba kwevarindi kuenda kumaodzanyemba kusvika pakati peNigeria kwagara kuchisimbisa kushomeka kwezvipenyu uye kusanganisa makwikwi pakati pemapoka uye, nekudaro, kurwisana kwemazuva ano pakati pevarimi neFulani (Blench, 2004). ; Atelhe naAl Chukwuma, 2014). Kuderedzwa kwevhu nekuda kwekuvakwa kwemigwagwa, madhamu ekudiridza uye mamwe mabasa ega uye eruzhinji, uye kutsvaga makwenzi uye kuwanikwa kwemvura yemombe kushandiswa kunowedzera mikana yekukwikwidza uye kukakavara.
Methodology
Bepa rakatora nzira yekutsvagisa ongororo inoita kuti chidzidzo chive chemhando yepamusoro. Kushandisa zvinyorwa zvepakutanga uye zvechipiri, data yakagadzirwa kuti iongorore tsanangudzo. Data yekutanga yakagadzirwa kubva kune vakasarudzwa vazivisi vane ruzivo uye rwakadzama ruzivo rwehondo pakati pemapoka maviri aya. Hurukuro dzeboka dzakatariswa dzakaitwa nevanyajambwa vekukonana munzvimbo yezvidzidzo. Mharidzo yekuongorora iyi inotevera modhi yemadingindira nemadiki-diki akasarudzwa kuratidza zvikonzero zvinozivikanwa uye maitiro anooneka mukudyidzana nevaFulani vanotama uye varimi vasingagari muBenue State.
Benue State seNzvimbo yeChidzidzo
Benue State ndeimwe yematunhu matanhatu ari kuchamhembe pakati peNigeria, akabatana neMiddle Belt. Aya matunhu anosanganisira Kogi, Nasarawa, Niger, Plateau, Taraba, neBenue. Dzimwe nyika dzinoumba Middle Belt dunhu iAdamawa, Kaduna (yekumaodzanyemba) neKwara. MuNigeria yazvino, dunhu rino rinopindirana neMiddle Belt asi isina kunyatsofanana nayo (Ayih, 2003; Atelhe & Al Chukwuma, 2014).
Benue state ine nzvimbo makumi maviri nenhatu dzehurumende dzenzvimbo dzakafanana nematunhu mune dzimwe nyika. Yakagadzirwa muna 23, Benue yakabatana nemabasa ekurima, sezvo chikamu chikuru chevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mana vanowana raramo kubva mukurima kwevarimi. Michina yekurima iri padanho rakaderera zvikuru. Iyo nyika ine yakasarudzika nzvimbo yenzvimbo; ine Rwizi Benue, rwizi rwechipiri pakukura muNigeria. Nematafita akawanda akakura kuRwizi Benue, nyika inokwanisa kuwana mvura gore rose. Kuwanikwa kwemvura kubva kumakosi echisikigo, bani rakatambanudzwa rine nzvimbo shoma dzakakwirira uye mamiriro ekunze akadzikama pamwe nemwaka miviri mikuru yemamiriro ekunze emvura uye yakaoma nguva, inoita kuti Benue ikwane kuita zvekurima, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwezvipfuyo. Kana iyo tsetse fly free element yaiswa mumufananidzo, iyo nyika kupfuura chero ipi zvayo inokwana mukugadzirwa kwekugara. Zvirimwa zvinorimwa zvakanyanya mudunhu iri zvinosanganisira mbambaira, chibage, guinea corn, mupunga, bhinzi, soya bhinzi, nzungu, uye mbesa dzemiti dzakasiyana siyana.
Benue State inonyoresa kuvepo kwakasimba kwehuwandu hwemarudzi uye kusiyana kwetsika pamwe nekusiyana kwezvitendero. Marudzi ane masimba zvikuru anosanganisira vaTiv, vanova ndivo vakawanda vari kupararira munzvimbo 14 dzehurumende, uye mamwe mapoka eIdoma neIgede. Idoma inogara nomwe, uye Igede mbiri, nzvimbo dzehurumende dzematunhu zvakatevedzana. Nhanhatu dzenzvimbo dzeTiv dzinotonga dzenharaunda dzine nzvimbo dzakakura dzemahombekombe erwizi. Izvi zvinosanganisira Logo, Buruku, Katsina-Ala, Makurdi, Guma neGwer West. Munzvimbo dzekutaura kuIdoma, Agatu LGA inogovera nzvimbo inodhura iri kumahombekombe erwizi Benue.
Kusawirirana: Chimiro, Zvikonzero uye Matambudziko
Zvichitaurwa zvakajeka, varimi-vanotama-kupokana kweFulani kunomuka kubva mumamiriro ekudyidzana. Vafudzi veFulani vanosvika mudunhu reBenue muhuwandu hukuru nemombe dzavo nguva pfupi mushure mekutanga kwemwaka wemvura (Mbudzi-Kurume). Vanogara pedyo nemahombekombe enzizi muhurumende, vachifura mumahombekombe enzizi uye vachiwana mvura kubva munzizi nehova kana madziva. Zvipfuyo zvinogona kurasika zvichipinda mumapurazi, kana kuti zvinopinzwa nemaune mumapurazi kuti zvidye zvirimwa zvinokura kana kuti zvinenge zvatokohwewa asi zvichizoongororwa. VaFulani vaiwanzogara munzvimbo idzi nenharaunda yevaenzi murunyararo, neapo neapo kusawirirana kwaiyananiswa nevakuru venzvimbo ndokugadziriswa murunyararo. Kubva mukupera kwema1990, vatsva veFulani vakasvika vaive vakagadzirira kutarisana nevarimi vanogara mumapurazi avo kana misha. Kurima kwemuriwo mumahombekombe enzizi ndiko kwaiwanzotanga kubatwa nemombe dzichisvika kuzonwa mvura.
Kubva pakutanga kwe2000s, Fulani yaifamba-famba iyo yakasvika Benue yakatanga kuramba kudzokera kuchamhembe. Vakanga vakashongedzerwa nezvombo zvikuru uye vakagadzirira kugadzikana, uye kutanga kwemvura muna April kwakagadza nhanho yokubatanidzwa nevarimi. Pakati paApril naJuly, marudzi embesa anomera uye anokura, zvichikwezva mombe dziri kufamba. Huswa nezvirimwa zvinokura pamunda wakarimwa zvikasiiwa zvichionekwa zvinoyevedza uye zvinovaka muviri kumombe pane huswa hunomera kunze kwenyika dzakadaro. Kazhinji mbesa dzinorimwa dziri pedyo nehuswa hunomera munzvimbo dzisina kurimwa. Mahwanda emombe anomanikidza ivhu uye anoita kuti kurima nemapadza kuome, uye anoparadza zvirimwa zvinokura, zvichiita kuti vaFulani vasarambe uye, zvakasiyana, kurwisa varimi vanogara. Ongororo yenzvimbo dzakaitika kunetsana pakati pevarimi veTiv neFulani, dzakadai seTse Torkula Village, Uikpam neGbajimba semi dhorobha nharaunda nemisha zvakateerana, vese muGuma LGA, inoratidza kuti vaFulani vane zvombo nemombe dzavo vanogadzikana mushure mekudzinga maFremu eTiv. , uye vakaramba vachirwisa nekuparadza mapurazi, kunyangwe paine boka revarwi vakamira munzvimbo iyi. Uyezve, vaFulani vakanga vakapakatira zvombo vakasunga boka revatsvakurudzi vebasa iri pashure pokunge boka racho rapedza hurukuro yeboka nevarimi vakanga vadzokera kumisha yavo yakanga yaparadzwa uye vakanga vachiedza kuivakazve.
Zvinokonzera
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekunetsana uku kupindirwa kwemombe neminda yeminda. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu zviviri: kudzvanyirirwa kwevhu, kunoita kuti kurimwa pachishandiswa nzira dzechinyakare dzokurima (badza) kuome zvikuru, uye kuparadzwa kwezvirimwa nezvibereko zvepapurazi. Kuwedzera kwegakava munguva yekurima kwakatadzisa varimi kurima kana kubvisa nzvimbo iyi vachibvumira mafuro asina miganhu. Zvirimwa zvakaita semazimbe, mufarinya nechibage zvinodyiwa zvakanyanya semakwenzi/mafuro nemombe. Kana vaFulani vamanikidzira nzira yavo kuti vagare uye vatore nzvimbo, vanogona kubudirira kuchengetedza mafuro, kunyanya nekushandisa zvombo. Vanogona kuzoderedza mabasa ekurima uye kutora minda yakarimwa. Vaya vakabvunzurudzwa vakabvumirana maererano nekutyora mutemo uku kweminda yepurazi sechikonzero chekusawirirana kuripo pakati pemapoka. Nyiga Gogo mumusha weMerkyen, (Gwer west LGA), Terseer Tyondon (Uvir village, Guma LGA) naEmmanuel Nyambo (Mbadwen village, Guma LGA) vakachema-chema nekurasikirwa kwemapurazi avo nekutsikwa-tsikwa nemafuro kusingaperi. Kuedza kwevarimi kuramba izvi kwakadzorwa, izvo zvakavamanikidza kutiza ndokuzotamira kumisasa yechinguvana kuDaudu, St. Mary's Church, North Bank, neCommunity Secondary Schools, Makurdi.
Chimwe chikonzero chinokonzera kukakavara mubvunzo wekushandiswa kwemvura. Varimi veBenue vanogara mumisha yekumaruwa vasina kana kuwana mvura yemupombi uye/kana kunyange chibhorani. Vagari vekumaruwa vanoenda kumvura yemuhova, nzizi kana madhamu kuti vashandise zvose nekusuka. Mhou dzeFulani dzinosvibisa aya matsime emvura kuburikidza nekushandisa zvakananga uye nekubudisa kunze pakufamba mumvura, zvichiita kuti mvura ive nengozi pakudyiwa kwevanhu. Chimwe chinokonzera kukakavara uku kushungurudzwa kwevakadzi veTiv nevarume veFulani, uye kubatwa chibharo kwevarimi vechikadzi vari voga nevafudzi vechirume apo vakadzi vacho vachichera mvura murwizi kana nzizi kana madziva kure nemisha yavo. Semuenzaniso, Mai Mkurem Igbawua vakafa mushure mekubatwa chibharo nemurume wechiFulani asina kuzivikanwa, sezvakashumwa naamai vake Tabitha Suemo, pahurukuro paBaa village musi waNyamavhuvhu, 15, 2014. Kune nyaya dzakawanda dzekubatwa chibharo dzinotaurwa nevakadzi mu misasa uye nevakadzokera kumisha yakaparadzwa muGwer West neGuma. Mimba isingadiwi inoshanda seumboo.
Dambudziko iri rinoenderera mberi nekuda kwemapoka akangwarira ari kuedza kusunga maFulanis akabvumira nemaune mombe dzavo kuparadza zvirimwa. Vafudzi vemombe dzeFulani vanobva varamba vachinetswa nemapoka akarinda uye, mukuita kudaro, vakarinda vasina kutendeseka vanovatorera mari kuburikidza nekuwedzeredza mishumo inopesana nevaFulani. Taneta nekubira mari, vaFulani vanoenda kurwisa vatambudzi vavo. Nekuunganidza rutsigiro rwenharaunda mukudzivirira kwavo, varimi vanoita kuti kurwiswa kuwedzere.
Chinonyanya kuenderana nehumbavha uhwu hunoitwa nevarindi ndehumbavha hunoitwa nemadzishe enzvimbo anounganidza mari kubva kuvaFulani semuripo wemvumo yekugara nemafuro mukati menzvimbo yaishe. Kuvafudzi, kuchinjana kwemari nevatongi vechivanhu kunodudzirwa semuripo wekodzero yemafuro nekufudza mombe dzavo, zvisinei nekuti pazvirimwa kana uswa, uye vafudzi vanotora kodzero iyi, uye vanoidzivirira, kana vachipomerwa mhosva yekuparadza zvirimwa. Mumwe wehama, Ulekaa Bee, akatsanangura izvi mubvunzurudzo sechikonzero chikuru chekukonana kwemazuva ano nevaFulanis. A counter attack by the Fulani on vagari of Agashi settlement in response to the murdered of five Fulani herers was based on vatongi vetsika vachigamuchira mari yekodzero yekufura: kune vaFulani, kodzero yekudya inofanana nevaridzi venyika.
Hutano hwemagariro nehupfumi hwemakakatanwa paupfumi hweBenue hwakakura. Izvi zvinobva mukushaikwa kwechikafu kuri kukonzerwa nevarimi kubva kumaLGA mana (Logo, Guma, Makurdi, neGwer West) vachimanikidzwa kusiya misha yavo nemapurazi panguva yemwaka wekurima. Zvimwe zvinokanganisa magariro nehupfumi zvinosanganisira kuparadzwa kwezvikoro, machechi, dzimba, masangano ehurumende akaita sekamba dzemapurisa, uye kurasikirwa nehupenyu (ona mifananidzo). Vagari vazhinji vakarasikirwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosanganisira midhudhudhu (mufananidzo). Zviratidzo zviviri zvechiremera zvakaparadzwa nekuputika kwevafudzi veFulani zvinosanganisira chiteshi chemapurisa uye Guma LG Secretariat. Dambudziko raive munzira yakanangidzirwa kuhurumende, iyo yaisakwanisa kupa chengetedzo yakakosha nedziviriro kuvarimi. VaFulanis vakarwisa mapurisa vachiuraya mapurisa kana kumanikidzira kutiza, pamwe chete nevarimi vaifanira kutiza misha yemadzitateguru avo nemapurazi pamberi peFulani basa (ona mufananidzo). Muzviitiko zvose izvi, vaFulani havana chavakarasikirwa nacho kunze kwemombe dzavo, dzinowanzoendeswa kunzvimbo dzakachengeteka vasati vatanga kurwisa varimi.
Kuti dambudziko iri rigadziriswe, varimi vakakurudzira kuti pave nemapurazi emombe, kuvakwa kwemafuro uye kutariswe nzira dzemafuro. Sezvo Pilakyaa Moses wekuGuma, Miyelti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, Solomon Tyohemba kuMakurdi naJonathan Chaver weTyougahatee kuGwer West LGA vakakakavadzana vese, matanho aya aizozadzisa zvinodiwa nemapoka maviri uye kukurudzira hurongwa hwemazuva ano hwekufudza nekugarisa.
mhedziso
Kupokana pakati pevarimi veTiv vanogara pasi nevafudzi veFulani vanofamba-famba vanoita transhumance midzi mumakwikwi ezviwanikwa zvemafuro nemvura. Zvematongerwo enyika zvemakwikwi aya zvinotorwa nemakakatanwa uye zviitiko zveMiyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, inomiririra vanotama maFulanis nevapfuyo vezvipfuyo, pamwe nekududzirwa kwekupopotedzana kwepfuti nevarimi vasingagari mumadzinza uye echitendero. Zvinhu zvakasikwa zvekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakadai sekupindira kwegwenga, kuputika kwevanhu uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvakabatanidzwa kuti zviwedzere kukakavara, sekuve nevaridzi venyika uye nyaya dzekushandisa, uye kudenha kwemafuro uye kusvibiswa kwemvura.
Kupokana kweFulani kune zvechizvinozvino pesvedzero inofanirwawo kutariswa. Tichifunga nezvematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, maFulanis anofanirwa kunyengetedzwa nekutsigirwa kuti agamuchire mafomu echizvino-zvino ekugadzirwa kwezvipfuyo. Kuba kwavo mombe zvisiri pamutemo, pamwe chete nokubira mari kunoitwa nezviremera zvomunzvimbomo, zvinokanganisa kusatora rutivi kwemapoka maviri aya maererano nokuyananisa kurwisana kwemapoka orudzi urwu. The Modernization of the production systems of both groups inovimbisa kubvisa zvinhu zvinoita sezviripo zvinotsigira makwikwi emazuva ano ezviwanikwa zvevhu pakati pavo. Demographic dynamics uye egigency yezvakatipoteredza zvinonongedza kukuvandudza sechisungo chinovimbisa chishuwo chekugarisana murunyararo maererano nebumbiro remutemo uye vagari vemo.
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Pepa iri rakapihwa paInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation's 1st Annual International Conference on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding wakaitirwa muNew York City, USA, musi wa1 Gumiguru 2014.
Title: "Madzinza uye Zvechitendero Kuzivikanwa Kugadzira Makwikwi eNyika Yakavakirwa Zviwanikwa: Varimi veTiv neVafudzi Vanopokana muCentral Nigeria"
Presenter: George A. Genyi, Ph.D., Dhipatimendi rePolitical Science, Benue State University Makurdi, Nigeria.
