Hindutva ee USA: Fahamka Horumarinta Qowmiyadaha iyo Colaadaha Diinta
- Waxaa qoray Adem Carroll, Justice for All USA iyo Sadia Masroor, Justice for All Canada
- Arrimuhu way kala daadanayaan; xaruntu ma qaban karto.
- Fawdo keliya ayaa adduunka ka daatay,
- Mawjadda dhiig-yaraantu waa la debcay, iyo meel kasta
- Xafladda dambi la'aanta waa la qarqiyey-
- Kan ugu fiicani waxa ka maqan xukun oo dhan, halka uu ugu xun yahay
- Waxaa ka buuxa xamaasad xamaasad leh.
Tixraac la soo jeediyay:
Carroll, A., & Masroor, S. (2022). Hindutva ee USA: Fahamka Horumarinta Qowmiyadaha iyo Colaadaha Diinta. Warqad lagu soo bandhigay Xarunta Caalamiga ah ee Dhexdhexaadinta Qowmiyadaha-Diinta Shir Sannadeedka 7aad ee Caalamiga ah ee Xallinta Khilaafaadka Qowmiyadaha iyo Diinta iyo Dhisida Nabadda Sebtembar 29, 2022 ee Kulliyadda Manhattanville, Iibka, New York.
Background
Hindiya waa qaran qoomiyad kala duwan leh oo dhan 1.38 bilyan. Iyada oo Muslimkeeda laga tirada badan yahay lagu qiyaasay 200 milyan, siyaasadda Hindiya waxaa laga yaabaa in la filayo inay qaadato jamacnimada iyada oo qayb ka ah aqoonsigeeda "dimuqraadiyadda ugu weyn adduunka." Nasiib darro, tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay siyaasadda Hindiya waxay noqotay mid aad u kala qaybsan oo Islaam nacayb ah.
Si loo fahmo hadalkeeda siyaasadeed iyo dhaqameed ee is-diidan waxa maskaxda lagu hayaa 200 oo sano oo gumaysigii Ingiriiska, oo ay ugu horreysey Shirkadda British East India Company ka dibna Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaybinta dhiigga ee 1947 ee Hindiya iyo Pakistan waxay u kala qaybiyeen gobolka iyagoo raacaya aqoonsi diimeed, taas oo keentay tobanaan sano oo xiisad u dhaxaysa Hindiya iyo deriskeeda, Pakistan, oo ah waddan ay ku nool yihiin gebi ahaanba muslimiin ah 220 milyan.
"Hindutva" waa fikradda sarraysa ee la mid ah qarannimada Hinduuga ee soo noolaatay ee ka soo horjeeda calmaaniyadda iyo u fiirsashada Hindiya "Hindu Rashtra (qaran)." Hindutva waa mabda'a hagaya Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), oo ah garabka midig, Hinduuga Wadaniga ah, urur samafal ah oo la aasaasay 1925 kaas oo ku xidhan shabakad balaadhan oo ururada garabka midig, oo ay ku jiraan Xisbiga Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Hinduutva kaliya kama rafcaano qabiilka sare Brahmin oo doonaya in uu sii haysto mudnaanta laakiin waxa loo qaabeeyey dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne oo soo jiidanaya "dhexda la dayacay. [1]. "
In kasta oo dastuurka Hindiya ee gumaystihii dabadii uu mamnuucay takoorka ku salaysan aqoonsiga qoowiyadda, haddana nidaamka qoowiyadda ayaa weli ah xoog dhaqameed gudaha Hindiya, tusaale ahaan loo abaabulo kooxo cadaadis siyaasadeed. Colaad beeleedka iyo xitaa dilku wali waa la micneeyay oo xataa waa la micneeyay dhinaca qabiilka. Qoraaga Hindida, Devdutt Pattanaik, wuxuu qeexayaa sida "Hindutva ay si guul leh u xoojisay bangiyada codbixinta Hinduuga iyadoo aqoonsan xaqiiqda dhabta ah iyo sidoo kale Islaam nacaybka asaasiga ah oo si aan xishood lahayn ula mid ah qarannimada." Waxaana hadalka ku soo xidhay Professor Harish S. Wankhede[2], "Xilliga garabka midig ee hadda ma rabo inuu carqaladeeyo nidaamka bulsho ee shaqaynaya. Taa baddalkeeda, taageerayaasha Hindutva waxay siyaasadeeyaan kala qaybsanaantooda, waxay dhiirigeliyaan qiyamka bulsheed ee abtirsiinta waxayna u dabaaldegaan hantida dhaqameed ee Brahmanical. "
Waxaa sii kordhaya, bulshooyinka laga tirada badan yahay waxay la kulmeen dulqaad la'aan diimeed iyo nacayb hoos yimaada dawladda cusub ee BJP. Iyadoo si weyn loo bartilmaameedsaday, Muslimiinta Hindiya waxay goob joog u ahaayeen kor u kac xooggan oo ay ku kicinayaan hoggaamiyeyaasha la soo doortay ee ka dhiirrigelinta ololeyaasha dhibaataynta ee internetka iyo cunaqabataynta dhaqaale ee ganacsiyada ay muslimiintu leeyihiin ilaa baaqyo qaawan oo ku saabsan xasuuqa hoggaamiyeyaasha Hinduuga qaarkood. Rabshadaha ka soo horjeeda dadka laga tirada badan yahay waxa ka mid ahaa afgembi iyo feejignaan.[3]
Marka la eego heer siyaasad, qarannimada Hinduuga ka-saarista waxay ka kooban tahay Hindida Sharciga Wax ka beddelka Muwaadinimada 2019 (CAA), kaas oo ku hanjabaya inuu xaq u leeyahay malaayiin Muslimiin ah oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Bengali. Sida uu xusay Komishanka Xoriyadda Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanka, “CAA waxay siisaa waddo degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay soogalootiga aan Muslimka ahayn ee ka soo jeeda Muslimiinta u badan Afgaanistaan, Bangladesh iyo Pakistan si ay u codsadaan oo ay u helaan dhalashada Hindiya. Sharcigu wuxuu asal ahaan siinayaa shakhsiyaadka la soo xulay, bulshooyinka aan Muslimka ahayn ee dalalkan ku nool aqoonsiga qaxootinimo gudaha Hindiya wuxuuna u hayaa qaybta 'soogalootiga sharci darrada ah' Muslimiinta oo keliya."[4] Muslimiinta Rohingya ee ka soo cararay xasuuqa Myanmar kuna nool Jammu ayaa loogu hanjabay rabshado iyo sidoo kale mastaafurinta madaxda BJP.[5] Dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa ka-hortagga CAA, saxafiyiinta iyo ardayda waa la dhibaateeyay oo la xiray.
Fikirka Hinduuga waxaa faafiya ururo badan oo ka kala socda ugu yaraan 40 wadan oo caalamka ah, kuwaas oo ay ugu horeeyaan taageerayaasha xisbiga talada haya ee Hindiya iyo Ra’iisal wasaare Narendra Modi. Sangh Parivar ("Qoyska RSS") waa dallad ururinta ururada Hinduuska ee ay ku jiraan Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, ama "Ururka Hinduuga Adduunka,") oo CIA ay u kala saartay urur diimeed xagjir ah oo ka jira adduunkeeda. Gelida Xaqiiqada 2018[6] Hindiya. Iyagoo sheeganaya inay "ilaalinayaan" diinta Hinduuga iyo dhaqanka, garabka dhalinyarada ee VHP Bajrang Dal wuxuu fuliyay tiro badan oo rabshado ah.[7] beegsiga Muslimiinta Hindiya, waxaana sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin mintidiin. In kasta oo buug-yaraha uusan hadda sameynin go'aannadan oo kale, waxaa jiray warbixino bishii Agoosto 2022 in Bajrang Dal uu abaabulayo "tababarka hubka ee Hindus."[8]
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ururo kale oo badan ayaa sidoo kale ku faafiyay aragtida qaran ee Hindutva labadaba Hindiya iyo caalamkaba. Tusaale ahaan, Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHPA) waxa laga yaabaa inay si sharci ah uga go'an tahay VHP ee Hindiya ee kicisay burburinta Masjidka taariikhiga ah ee Babri ee 1992 iyo rabshado wadareed dhex maray oo xigay.[9] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si cad u taageertay hogaamiyayaasha VHP ee dhiirigeliya rabshadaha. Tusaale ahaan, 2021-kii VHPA waxay ku casuuntay Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, oo ah wadaadka sare ee Macbadka Dasna Devi ee Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, iyo hogaamiyaha Hindu Swabhiman (Hindu Self-Respect), si loogu sharfo afhayeenka xaflad diimeed. Daandaansi kale, Saraswati waxa ay caan ku tahay in ay ammaanto dadkii Hinduuga ahaa ee dilay Mahatma Gandhi, iyo in uu Muslimiinta ugu yeero shaydaan.[10] VHPA ayaa lagu qasbay inay ka noqoto martiqaadkooda ka dib codsi #DiidiiNacaybka, laakiin kuwa kale ee xiriirka la leh ururka, sida Sonal Shah, ayaa dhawaan loo magacaabay xilal saameyn ku leh Maamulka Biden.[11]
Hindiya, Rashtrasevika Samiti waxay matalaysaa garabka haweenka, oo hoos taga ururka labka ah ee RSS. Hinduuga Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) waxa uu ka hawlgalay dalka Maraykanka, laga bilaabo si aan rasmi ahayn dabayaaqadii 1970-meeyadii ka dibna lagu daray 1989-kii, isagoo sidoo kale ka hawlgala in ka badan 150 waddan oo kale oo lagu qiyaaso 3289 laamo.[12]. Gudaha Maraykanka, qiyamka Hindutva waxaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyaa oo ay kor u qaadaa Hindu American Foundation (HAF), oo ah hay'ad u doodda oo muujisa dhaleeceynta Hindutva oo la mid ah Hinduphobia.[13]
Ururadani inta badan way is-dul-saaran yihiin, samaynta shabakad aad ugu hawlan oo hogaamiyaasha Hinduuga iyo saameeyayaasha. Xidhiidhkaani wuxuu soo shaac baxay Sebtembar 2019 intii lagu jiray isu soo baxa Howdy Modi ee Houston, Texas, daqiiqad markii awoodda siyaasadeed ee bulshada Hinduuga Mareykanka ay heshay dareenka warbaahinta baahsan ee Mareykanka. Iyagoo is garab taagan, Madaxweyne Trump iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Modi ayaa midba midka kale ammaanay. Laakiin 'Howdy, Modi' ma ahan kaliya madaxweyne Trump iyo 50,000 oo Hindi Mareykan ah, laakiin siyaasiyiin badan, oo ay ku jiraan Hoggaamiyaha Aqlabiyadda Aqalka Dimuqraadiga Steny Hoyer iyo Senatarrada Jamhuuriga Texas John Cornyn iyo Ted Cruz.
Sida Intercept-ka ay sheegtay wakhtigaas[14], “Gudoomiyaha gudiga qabanqaabada ee Howdy, Modi’ Jugal Malani, waa seedigii madaxweyne ku xigeenka qaranka ee HSS.[15] iyo la taliyaha Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation ee USA[16], waxbarasho aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo dhiggeeda Hindidu ay ku xidhan tahay ka baxsan RSS. Wiilka uu adeerka u yahay Malani, Rishi Bhutada*, ayaa ahaa madaxa af hayeenka dhacdada, wuxuuna xubin ka yahay guddiga Hindu American Foundation.[17], oo caan ku ah xeeladaheeda gardarrada ah si ay u saameeyaan doodaha siyaasadeed ee Hindiya iyo Hinduuga. Afhayeen kale, Gitesh Desai, waa madaxweyne[18] ee cutubka Houston ee Sewa International, oo ah hay'ad adeeg oo ku xidhan HSS."
Warqad cilmi-baaris oo muhiim ah oo aad u faahfaahsan 2014[19] Khariidaynta muuqaalka Hindutva ee Maraykanka, Cilmi-baarayaasha Websaydhka Muwaadiniinta Koonfurta Aasiya waxay horey u qeexeen Sangh Parivar (qoyska Sangh "qoyska"), shabakada kooxaha ee safka hore ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Hindutva, inay leeyihiin xubno lagu qiyaasay malaayiin, iyo ku shubista malaayiin doolar kooxaha wadani ee Hindiya.
Marka lagu daro dhammaan kooxaha diimaha, dadka Hindida ee Texas waxay labanlaabmeen 10kii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxayna ku dhow yihiin 450,000, laakiin intooda badan waxay la safan yihiin Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga. Saamaynta xilligan Howdy Modi[20] ayaa ka tarjumaysa guusha Ra'iisul Wasaare Modi ee tusaalaynta himilooyinka Hindiya marka loo eego soo jiidashada kasta oo uu u leeyahay madaxweyne Donald Trump. Bulshada ayaa sidoo kale aad u taageersan Modi marka loo eego xisbiga Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), sida soogalootiga Hindida ah.[21] Maraykanka ayaa ka yimid Koonfurta Hindiya halkaas oo Modi ee talada haya ee BJP uusan wax badan qaban. Waxaa intaa dheer, in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha Hindutva ee Maraykanka ay si ba'an u taageereen darbiga xadka Trump ee Texas, tirada sii kordhaysa ee soogalootiga Hindida ah ayaa ka gudbaya xadka koonfureed.[22], iyo siyaasadaha qalafsan ee maamulkiisa ee socdaalka - gaar ahaan xaddida fiisaha H1-B, iyo qorshaha laga xayuubinayo dadka haysta fiisada H-4 (lammaanaha haysta fiisada H1-B) ee xaqa ay u leeyihiin inay shaqeeyaan - waxay ka fogaadeen qaar badan oo kale oo bulshada ah. "Wadaniyiinta Hinduuga ee Ameerika waxay isticmaaleen heerkooda laga tirada badan yahay si ay naftooda u ilaaliyaan iyagoo taageeraya dhaqdhaqaaqa sarreynta weyn ee Hindiya," sida uu sheegay Dieter Friedrich, falanqeeye arrimaha Koonfurta Aasiya oo ay soo xigatay Intercept.[23] Hindiya iyo Maraykanka labadaba, hoggaamiyeyaasha waddaniyiinta ee kala qaybsan ayaa kor u qaadayay siyaasadda aqlabiyadda si ay uga codsadaan codbixiyayaashooda aasaasiga ah.[24]
Sida ay wariye Sonia Paul ku qortay The Atlantic,[25] "Radha Hegde, oo ah borofisar jaamacadeed New York ah iyo isku-duwaha tifaftiraha Buug-gacmeedka Routledge ee Qurba-joogta Hindida, u qaabeeyay Modi's isu soo baxa Houston in uu yahay iftiiminta koox codbixineed inta badan dadka Maraykanku ma tixgeliyaan. "Waqtigan xaadirka ah ee waddaniyadda Hinduuga," ayay igu tidhi, 'Waxa loo soo toosay Hinduu Ameerikaan ah'" Waxay u badan tahay in qaar badan oo ka mid ah xubnaha Hindu-Maraykanka ee ka tirsan kooxaha xidhiidhka la leh RSS aan si buuxda loo aqoonin, laakiin kaliya la jaan qaaday Hindida dib u soo noolaatay. qarannimo. Ilaa hadda waxaa aad looga naxay in "soo kicintan" ay dhacday toddobaadyo uun ka dib markii xukuumadda Modi ay ka xayuubisay Jammu iyo Kashmir madaxbannaanidoodii oo ay laba milyan oo Muslimiin ah halis ugu jiraan dawlad la'aanta Gobolka Assam.[26]
Dagaalada Dhaqanka ee Buugaag
Sida ay dadka Maraykanku horeba uga ogyihiin doodaha "xuquuqda waalidka" iyo doodaha Critical Race Theory (CRT), dagaallada manhajka dugsiga ayaa qaabeeya waxaana qaabeeya dagaal dhaqameedka waaweyn ee qaranka. Dib-u-qorista joogtada ah ee taariikhda waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah fikradaha wadaninimada Hinduuga iyo soo galinta Hindutva ee manhajka waxay u muuqataa inay weli tahay walaac heer qaran gudaha Hindiya iyo Maraykanka labadaba. In kasta oo qaar ka mid ah horumarinta sawirka Hindus laga yaabo in si wanaagsan loo baahnaa, geeddi-socodka ayaa la siyaasadeeyay bilowgii.[27]
2005tii dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa Hinduuga ayaa dacweeyay [kuwaasi] si ay uga hortagaan "sawirrada xun" ee qoobka in lagu daro manhajka[28]. Sida Shaybaarada Sinnaanta lagu qeexay sahankooda 2018 ee caste ee Ameerika, "wax-ka-beddelkooda waxaa ka mid ah isku dayga in la tirtiro ereyga "Dalit", tirtiro asalka Caste ee kitaabka Hinduuga, isla markaana yareynaya caqabadaha Caste iyo Brahmanism ee Sikh, Buddhist, iyo dhaqanka Islaamka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay isku dayeen inay soo bandhigaan tafaasiisha khuraafaadka ah taariikhda ilbaxnimada Dooxada Indus iyagoo isku dayaya inay aflagaadeeyaan Islaamka inay yihiin diin keliya oo dagaal gacan ka hadal ah oo ka dhacay Koonfurta Aasiya. "[29]
Wadaniyiinta Hinduuska, waayihii hore ee Hindiya waxa ay ka kooban tahay ilbaxnimo Hinduuga ammaanta leh oo ay ku xigto qarniyo xukun Muslimiin ah oo Ra’iisul Wasaare Modi uu ku tilmaamay kun sano oo “adoonsi ah”.[30] Taariikhyahanada la ixtiraamo ee ku adkaysta inay sharaxaan aragti aad u adag waxay helayaan dhibaatayn ballaaran oo online ah oo loogu talagalay aragtiyaha "Hindu-ka, anti-India". Tusaale ahaan, 89-sano jir taariikhyahan hore ugu caansan, Romila Thapar, waxay helaysaa muuqaalo qaawan oo joogto ah oo ka imanaya kuwa raacsan Modi.[31]
2016 Jaamacadda California (Irvine) ayaa diiday deeq 6-milyan oo doollar ah oo ka timid Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) ka dib markii khubaro badan oo tacliin ah ay saxiixeen codsi ay ku muujinayaan in la-hawlgalayaasha DCF ay isku dayeen inay soo bandhigaan isbeddello aan sax ahayn oo ku saabsan buugaagta fasalka lixaad ee California. ku saabsan Hinduism[32], wuxuuna walaac ka muujiyay warbixin warbaahineed oo tilmaamaysa in deeqdani ay ku xiran tahay jaamacadda oo dooranaysa murashaxiinta ay DCF doonayso. Guddiga macallimiinta waxay heleen aasaaska "fikrado aad u daran oo lagu wado" oo leh "fikrado garabka midig ee aadka u daran."[33] Intaa ka dib, DCF waxay ku dhawaaqday qorshayaal ay ku ururinayso hal milyan oo doolar[34] Jaamacadda Hinduuga ee Ameerika[35], kaas oo siiya taageerada hay'adeed dadka ku jira goobaha tacliinta ay mudnaanta siiyaan Sangh, sida garabka waxbarashada ee VHPA.
2020, waalidiinta xiriir la leh Hooyooyinka ka soo horjeeda Barista Naceybka ee Iskuulada (Project-MATHS) ayaa su'aal galiyay sababta barnaamijka akhriska Epic, oo dugsiyada dadweynaha ee Mareykanka oo dhan ay ku leeyihiin manhajkooda, ay soo bandhigeen taariikh nololeedka Ra'iisul Wasaare Modi oo muujinaya sheegashihiisa beenta ah ee ku saabsan guulo waxbarasho, iyo sidoo kale weeraradii uu ku qaaday Xisbiga Congress-ka ee Mahatma Gandhi.[36]
Xiisada ayaa sii socota inay sii xumaato. Deyrtii 2021 u doodayaasha xuquuqul insaanka iyo kuwa dhaleeceeya nidaamka Modi waxay abaabuleen shir online ah, Burburinta Global Hindutva, oo ay ku jiraan guddiyo ku saabsan nidaamka qashin-qubka, Islaam nacaybka iyo kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya Hinduismka diinta iyo Hindutva fikirka aqlabiyadda. Xafladan ayaa waxaa iska kaashaday waaxyo ka kooban 40 jaamacadood oo Mareykan ah oo ay ku jiraan Harvard iyo Columbia. Hay'adda Hinduuga American Foundation iyo xubnaha kale ee dhaqdhaqaaqa Hindutva ayaa cambaareeyay dhacdada iyagoo abuuraya jawi cadaawad ah ardayda Hinduuga.[37] Ku dhawaad hal milyan oo iimayl ayaa loo diray mudaaharaad jaamacadaha, waxaana mareegta dhacdadu hawada ka baxday laba maalmood ka dib cabasho been ah. Markii ay dhacdadani dhacday Sebtembar 10, qabanqaabiyaasheeda iyo dadka ka hadlaba waxaa loo hanjabay dil iyo kufsi. Gudaha Hindiya, kanaalada Pro-Modi ee wararka ayaa kor u qaaday eedeymaha ah in shirku uu "daboolan caqli-gal ah u leeyahay Taliban."[38]
Ururada Hindutva waxay sheegeen in dhacdadani ay faafisay "Hinduphobia". "Waxay u adeegsadaan luqadda dhaqamada kala duwan ee Maraykanka si ay wax kasta oo naqdi ah ugu calaamadiyaan Hinduphobia," ayuu yiri Gyan Prakash, oo ah taariikhyahan ka tirsan Jaamacadda Princeton oo ka hadlayay shirkii Hindutva.[39] Qaar ka mid ah aqoonyahannada ayaa ka baxay dhacdada iyaga oo u baqaya qoysaskooda, laakiin qaar kale sida Audrey Truschke, oo ah borofisar taariikhda Koonfurta Aasiya ka dhiga Jaamacadda Rutgers, ayaa durba heshay hanjabaad dil iyo kufsi ah oo uga timid waddaniyiinta Hinduuga ah shaqada ay u hayso Muslimiinta Hindiya. Waxay inta badan u baahan tahay ammaan hubaysan munaasabadaha hadalka dadweynaha.
Koox ardayda Hinduuga ah oo ka socota Rutgers ayaa codsi u gudbiyay maamulka, iyaga oo dalbanaya in aan loo oggolaan in ay dhigto koorsooyinka Hinduism-ka iyo Hindiya.[40] Professor Audrey Truschke ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay dacwada HAF ee ku saabsan tweet-ka[41] ku saabsan sheekada al Jazeera iyo Hindu American Foundation. Sebtembar 8, 2021, waxay sidoo kale ka markhaati kacday Warbixinta Koongareeska, "Weerarrada Hindutva ee Xoriyadda Waxbarashada."[42]
Sidee ayay qarannimada Hinduuga garabka midig u horumarisay gaadhitaankeeda ballaaran ee akadeemiyada?[43] Horraantii 2008dii Ololaha Joojinta Maalgelinta nacaybka (CSFH) ayaa soo saartay warbixinteeda, "Sangh: The National HSC iyo Hindutva Agenda," iyada oo diiradda saareysa koritaanka garabka ardayda Sangh Parivar ee USA - Golaha Ardayda Hinduuga (HSC) ).[44] Iyada oo ku saleysan canshuur celinta VHPA, fayl gareynta Xafiiska Patents-ka Mareykanka, macluumaadka diiwaangelinta domainka ee internetka, kaydka iyo daabacaadaha HSC, warbixintu waxay dukumineysaa "raad dheer oo cufan oo xiriir ah oo ka dhexeeya HSC iyo Sangh laga bilaabo 1990 ilaa hadda." HSC waxaa la aasaasay 1990 iyadoo ah mashruuc VHP of America ah.[45] HSC waxa ay kor u qaaday dadka ku hadla kala qaybinta iyo kooxaha sida Ashok Singhal iyo Sadhvi Rithambara waxayna ka soo horjeedsatay dadaalka ardayda ee lagu kobcinayo isku dhafka.[46]
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalinyarada Hindida Maraykanka ahi waxa ay ku biiri karaan HSC iyaga oo aan ka warqabin xidhiidhada “aan la arki karin” ee ka dhexeeya HSC iyo Sangh. Tusaale ahaan, isaga oo xubin firfircoon ka ah naadiga ardayda Hinduuga ee Jaamacadda Cornell, Samir wuxuu eegay inuu ku dhiirigeliyo bulshadiisa inay ka qaybgalaan wada-hadallada caddaaladda bulshada iyo jinsiyadda iyo sidoo kale kobcinta ruuxa. Waxa uu ii sheegay sida uu ula xidhiidhay Golaha Hinduuga Qaranka si uu u abaabulo shir ardayeed balaadhan oo lagu qabtay MIT 2017. Markii uu la hadlayay la-hawlgalayaashiisa qabanqaabada, waxa uu isla markiiba noqday mid aan raaxo lahayn oo niyad jabay markii HSC ay ku casuuntay qoraaga Rajiv Malhotra oo ah afhayeenka muhiimka ah.[47] Malhotra waa taageere aad u weyn Hindutva, oo iska hor imaad weerar ku ah dadka Hinduuga dhaleeceeya iyo sidoo kale internetka. dabaasha ka dhanka ah aqoonyahannada uu isagu khilaafsan yahay[48]. Tusaale ahaan, Malhotra waxay si joogto ah u bartilmaameedsatay aqoonyahan Wendy Doniger, iyada oo ku weerartay galmo iyo ereyo shakhsiyeed kuwaas oo markii dambe lagu soo celiyay eedeymo guul leh oo Hindiya ah oo 2014-kii heshay buuggeeda, " Hindus-ka," ayaa laga mamnuucay dalkaas.
In kasta oo ay jiraan khataro, shakhsiyaadka iyo ururrada qaarkood waxay sii wadeen inay dib uga riixaan Hindutva si cad[49], halka qaar kalena ay raadiyaan wax kale. Tan iyo waayo-aragnimadiisa HSC, Samir waxa uu helay bulsho Hinduuga ah oo furfuran oo furfuran oo hadda u adeegaya sidii xubin guddiga Sadhana, urur Hindu ah oo horumarsan. Wuxu yidhi: “Iimanku waxa uu leeyahay cabbir shakhsi ahaaneed. Si kastaba ha noqotee, gudaha Mareykanka waxaa jira khadad qalad ah oo qowmiyadeed iyo jinsiyadeed oo u baahan fiiro gaar ah, laakiin Hindiya kuwani waxay inta badan ku xiran yihiin khadadka diinta, xitaa haddii aad doorbideyso inaad ka ilaaliso caqiidada iyo siyaasadda, way adagtahay inaadan filaneynin qaar ka mid ah faallooyinka hoggaamiyeyaasha diinta ee maxalliga ah. Aragtiyo kala duwan ayaa ka jira jameeco kasta, macbadyada qaarna waxay ka fogaadaan faallo kasta oo "siyaasadeed", halka qaar kalena ay muujinayaan jihayn waddaninimo oo dheeraad ah, iyada oo loo marayo taageerada dhismaha Ram Janmabhoomi Temple oo ku yaal meesha uu ku yaal masaajidka Ayodhya ee la burburiyay tusaale ahaan. U malayn maayo in qaybaha Bidix/midig ee USA ay la mid yihiin kuwa Hindiya. Hindutva ee macnaha guud ee Maraykanku waxay la mid tahay Xuquuqda Evangelical ee Islaam nacaybka, laakiin maaha dhammaan arrimaha. Xidhiidhka garabka midig waa mid adag."
Dib u riix Sharci
Ficiladii ugu dambeeyay ee sharciga ah ayaa ka dhigay arrinta qabiilka mid sii muuqata. Bishii Luulyo 2020, sharciyeeyayaasha California waxay dacweeyeen shirkadda teknolojiyadda ee Cisco Systems sababo la xiriira takoorid ay ku sameeyeen injineer Hindi ah saaxiibbadiis oo Hindi ah iyadoo dhammaantood ay ka shaqeynayeen gobolka.[50]. Dacwadda ayaa ku andacoonaysa in Cisco aysan si ku filan uga hadlin walaaca shaqaalaha Dalit ee xanaaqsan ee ah in uu ku xad-gudbay dadka ay wada shaqeeyaan ee Hinduuga. Sida Vidya Krishnan ay ku qorto Atlantic, "Kiiska Sisiko wuxuu calaamad u yahay waqti taariikhi ah. Shirkadda - shirkad kasta - weligeed lama kulmi doonto eedeymahan oo kale gudaha Hindiya, halkaas oo takoorka ku saleysan qowmiyadda, in kasta oo sharci-darro ah, uu yahay xaqiiqo la aqbalay… Hindiya.”[51]
Sannadka soo socda, ee Maajo 2021, dacwad federaali ah ayaa ku eedaysay in urur Hinduuga ah, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, oo si weyn loogu yaqaan BAPS, uu soo jiitay in ka badan 200 oo shaqaale hoose ah Mareykanka si ay uga dhisaan macbad Hinduus ah oo ku yaal New Jersey. , iyaga oo ku siinaya wax ka yar $1.20 saacaddii dhowr sano.[52] Dacwadda ayaa sheegtay in shaqaaluhu ay ku noolaayeen meel deyrar ah halkaas oo dhaqdhaqaaqooda lagu ilaalinayo kamaradaha iyo ilaalada. BAPS waxay tirisaa in ka badan 1200 mandir oo shabakadeeda ah iyo in ka badan 50 macbad oo ku yaal USA iyo UK, qaar aad u weyn. Iyadoo caan ku ah adeegga bulshada iyo samafalka, BAPS waxay si cad u taageertay oo ay maalgelisay Ram Mandir ee Ayodhya, oo laga dhisay goobta masaajid taariikhi ah oo ay burburiyeen dadka Hinduuga ah, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Hindiya Modi wuxuu xiriir dhow la lahaa ururka. BAPS waxay beenisay eedeymaha ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha.[53]
Isla mar ahaantaana, isbahaysi ballaaran oo ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha Hindida Ameerikaanka ah iyo ururada xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa ugu baaqay Maamulka Ganacsiga Yaryar ee Mareykanka (SBA) inay baaraan sida kooxaha garabka midig ee Hinduuga u heleen boqolaal kun oo doolar lacagaha gargaarka COVID-19 ee federaalka, sida la sheegay. Aljazeera bishii Abriil 2021.[54] Cilmi baaris ayaa muujisay in hay'adaha ku xiran RSS ay heleen in ka badan $833,000 lacag-bixinno toos ah, iyo deyn. Al Jazeera ayaa soo xigtay John Prabhudoss, gudoomiyaha Isutaga Ururada Christian American Indian: "Kooxaha ilaaliya dawlada iyo sidoo kale ururada xuquuqul insaanka waxay u baahan yihiin inay si dhab ah u ogaadaan lunsiga maalgelinta COVID ee kooxaha Hinduuga ee Maraykanka."
Islaam nacayb
Sidaan horeyba u soo sheegnay, Hindiya kor u qaadida hadallada ka dhanka ah Muslimka waa mid baahsan. Pogrom-ka-soo-horjeedka Muslimiinta ee Delhi[55] waxay ku soo beegantay booqashadii ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne Donald Trump uu ku tago Hindiya[56]. Labadii sano ee la soo dhaafay ololeyaasha internetka ayaa kor u qaaday cabsida ku saabsan "jihaadka jacaylka"[57] (bartilmaameedsiga saaxiibtinimada iyo guurka diimaha dhexdooda ah), Coronajihad”[58], (iyaga oo ku eedaynaya faafitaanka masiibada Muslimiinta) iyo "Spit Jihad" (ie, "Thook Jihad") oo ku eedaysan in iibiyaasha cuntada Muslimiinta ay ku tufaan cuntada ay iibiyaan.[59]
Bishii Disembar 2021, hoggaamiyeyaasha Hinduuga ee ku sugan “Baarlamaanka Diinta” ee Haridwar ayaa soo jeediyay baaqyo qaawan oo ku saabsan xasuuq wadareedka Muslimiinta.[60], iyada oo aan wax cambaarayn ah ka helin Ra'iisul Wasaare Modi iyo xertiisa. Kaliya bilo ka hor, VHP of America[61] wuxuu ku casuumay Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, oo ah wadaadka sare ee Macbadka Dasna Devi oo ah afhayeenka ugu weyn.[62]. Xafladdii la qorsheeyay ayaa la baajiyay kadib cabashooyin badan. Yati ayaa horay caan ugu ahaa "nacaybka ku dhufashada" sanado badan waxaana la dhigay xabsiga ka dib markii uu ku baaqay dil wadareed bishii December.
Dabcan waxa jira khudbad Islaam nacayb oo ballaadhan oo ka jirta Yurub[63], USA, Canada iyo dalal kale. Dhismaha masaajidka ayaa laga soo horjeeday Maraykanka sanado badan[64]. Mucaarad noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan lagu muujiyaa marka loo eego walaaca taraafiga ee kordhay laakiin sanadka 2021 waxaa xusid mudan sida xubnaha bulshada Hinduuga ay si gaar ah uga soo horjeedaan balaadhinta masaajidka ee Naperville, IL.[65].
Mucaaradka Naperville ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dhererka minaarada iyo suurtagalnimada in la soo wacdo salaadda. Dhawaan Kanada, Ravi Hooda, oo ah tabaruce u shaqeysa laanta maxalliga ah ee Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)[66] oo xubin ka ah Guddiga Dugsiga Degmada Peel ee aagga Toronto, ayaa bartiisa twitterka ku soo qoray in oggolaanshaha wicitaannada salaadda Muslimiinta in la sii daayo ay albaabka u furayso "dariiqyo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay geela iyo ariga raaca" ama sharciyada "ka doonaya dhammaan haweenka inay isku qariyaan madax ilaa lugaha teendhada. .”[67]
Hadallada nacaybka iyo nacaybka leh ee caynkaas ah ayaa dhiirigeliyay rabshadaha iyo taageerada rabshadaha. Sida la wada ogsoon yahay sannadkii 2011, argagixisa garabka midig Anders Behring Breivik ayaa qayb ka mid ah fikradaha Hinduuga ku dhiirigaliyay inuu dilo 77 dhallinyaro ah oo xiriir la leh xisbiga shaqaalaha Norway. Bishii Janaayo 2017[68], Weerar Argagixiso oo ka dhacay Masjid ku yaala Magaalada Quebec ayaa waxaa ku dhintay 6 Muslimiin soo galooti ah 19 kalana waa ay ku dhaawacmeen[69], oo ay dhiirigelisay joogitaanka garabka midig ee adag ee gudaha (oo ay ku jiraan cutubka kooxda nacaybka Waqooyiga Yurub[70]) iyo sidoo kale nacaybka internetka. Mar kale Kanada, 2021 kooxda u doodda Hinduuga Canadian ee uu hoggaamiyo Islaam nacaybka Ron Banerjee, ayaa qorsheeyay isu soo bax lagu taageerayo ninkii afar Muslimiin ah ku dilay baabuurkiisa magaalada London ee Kanada[71]. Xataa Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa dareemay oo cambaareeyay weerarkan la beegsaday[72]. Banarjee waa caan. Muuqaal la soo dhigay barta Youtube-ka ee Rise Canada bishii Oktoobar 2015, Banerjee ayaa la arkayay isagoo Qur'aan haya isagoo ku tufaya oo ka masaxaya cidhifkiisa dambe. Muuqaal la soo galiyay barta Youtube-ka ee Rise Canada bishii Jannaayo 2018, Banerjee waxa uu ku tilmaamay Islaamka "Asal ahaan caado kufsi ah."[73]
Saamaynta Fidinta
Sida iska cad inta badan dadka Hinduuga ah ee ku nool Maraykanka ma taageeraan kicinta ama falalka rabshada ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ururada Hindutva dhiirigeliyay ayaa safka hore kaga jira samaynta saaxiibo iyo saamaynta dadka ee dawladda. Guusha ay ka gaareen dadaalkooda waxaa lagu arki karaa guuldarada Congress-ka Mareykanka ay ku cambaareynayaan in la baabi’iyo madax-bannaanida Kashmir 2019 ama xaquuqda Muslimiinta ee gobolka Assam. Waxaa lagu xusi karaa ku guul dareysiga Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka inay Hindiya u magacowdo Waddan walaac gaar ah leh (CPC), inkastoo ay si xooggan u soo jeedisay Guddiga Mareykanka ee Xorriyadda Diimaha Caalamiga ah.
Sida tamar leh oo loo go'aamiyey sida soo gelitaankeeda nidaamka waxbarashada ee Maraykanka, wacyigelinta Hindutva waxay beegsataa dhammaan heerarka dawladda, maadaama ay xaq kasta u leeyihiin inay sameeyaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xeeladahooda cadaadisku waxay noqon karaan kuwo dagaal badan. Dhexgalka[74] Wuxuu qeexay sida Congressman American American Ro Khanna uu uga baxay warbixin kooban oo ku saabsan Takoorka Caste Daqiiqadii ugu dambeysay May 2019 sababtoo ah "cadaadis ka yimid kooxo badan oo Hinduuga saameyn ku leh."[75] Saaxiibkiis Pramila Jayapal ayaa weli ah kafiil-bixiyaha kaliya ee dhacdada. Oo ay weheliyaan abaabulka mudaharaadyada xafladaha beeshiisa,[76] Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha ayaa abaabulay in ka badan 230 kooxo Hindu iyo Hindi Mareykan ah iyo shaqsiyaad, oo ay ku jiraan Hindu American Foundation, si ay Khanna u soo diraan warqad ay ku dhaleeceynayaan bayaankiisa Kashmir oo ay uga codsanayaan inuu ka baxo Koongarasyada Pakistan Caucus, oo uu dhawaan ku biiray.
Wakiilada Ilhaam Cumar iyo Rashida Tlaib waxay u adkaysteen xeeladaha cadaadiska, laakiin qaar kale oo badan ayaan u adkaysan; tusaale ahaan, Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), kaas oo doortay inuu dib u dhigo odhaahyada mabda'a ah ee Kashmir. Iyo ka hor doorashada madaxweynaha, Hay'adda Hindu American Foundation waxay si mugdi ah uga digtay hoggaanka Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee ku hadhay "daawade carrab la' ee" Hinduphobia sii kordhaya" ee xisbiga.[77].
Ka dib doorashadii 2020 ee Madaxweyne Biden, maamulkiisu wuxuu u muuqday inuu dhagaha ka fureystay dhaleeceynta doorashada wakiillada ololaha[78]. Doorashadiisa ololihiisa ee Amit Jani oo ah isku xirka bulshada Muslimiinta ayaa hubaal ah in ay kicisay shaki, maadaama qoyskiisa ay xiriir caan ah la lahaayeen RSS. Falanqeeyayaasha qaarkood waxay dhaleeceeyeen "isbahaysiga motley ee Muslimiinta, Dalit, iyo kooxaha bidix ee xagjirka ah" ololahooda internetka ee ka dhanka ah Jani, oo aabihiis dhintay uu wax ka aasaasay saaxiibada Dibadda ee BJP.[79]
Su'aalo badan ayaa sidoo kale laga keenay wakiilka Congresska (iyo musharaxa madaxweyne) Tulsi Gabbard ee xiriirka Hindu-ga midigta fog[80]. Halka fariinta wacdinta diinta kiristaanka ee garabka midig iyo garabka midig ee Hinduuga ay u shaqeeyaan si isbarbar socda halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen isgoysyada, Rep Gabbard waa wax aan caadi ahayn oo ku xidha labada goob doorasho.[81]
Heerka sharci-dejinta ee gobolka New York, xubinta golaha Jenifer Rajkumar ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyay deeq-bixiyeyaasha xiriirka la leh Hindutva.[82] Kooxda bulshada deegaanka ee Queens Against Hindu Fascism ayaa sidoo kale xustay inay taageero u muujisay Ra'iisul Wasaare Modi. Wakiil kale oo maxalli ah, Senetarka Gobolka Ohio Niraj Antani ayaa bayaan uu soo saaray Sebtembar 2021 ku sheegay inuu cambaareeyay shirka "Dismantling Hindutva" "sida ugu xooggan ee suurtogalka ah" isagoo ah "wax aan ka ahayn cunsuriyad iyo nacayb ka dhan ah Hindus."[83] Waxay u badan tahay inay jiraan tusaalooyin badan oo la mid ah oo la mid ah pandering kuwaas oo laga yaabo in la qodo cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah.
Ugu danbayntii waxa jira dadaalo joogto ah oo lagu doonayo in lala xidhiidho maayarada deegaanka iyo in la tababaro qaybaha booliska.[84] Iyadoo bulshooyinka Hindida iyo Hinduuga ay xaq u leeyihiin inay tan sameeyaan, kormeerayaasha qaar ayaa soo bandhigay su'aalo ku saabsan ku lug lahaanshaha Hindutva, tusaale ahaan xiriirka HSS ee dhisidda waaxyaha booliska ee Troy iyo Caton, Michigan, iyo Irving, Texas.[85]
Iyada oo ay weheliyaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Hinduuga ee saamaynta leh, taangiyada fikirka, u ololeeya iyo hawl-wadeennada sirdoonku waxay taageeraan ololaha saamaynta dawladda Modi ee Maraykanka iyo Kanada.[86] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wixii intaa ka dambeeya, waxaa muhiim ah in si wanaagsan loo fahmo ololaha ilaalinta, war-xumada iyo dacaayadaha lagu xayeysiinayo khadka.
Baraha Bulshada, Dagaalka Saxaafadda iyo Dhaqanka
Hindiya waa suuqa ugu weyn Facebook, iyadoo 328 milyan oo qof ay isticmaalaan baraha bulshada. Intaa waxaa dheer, ilaa 400 milyan oo Hindi ah ayaa isticmaala adeegga fariimaha Facebook, WhatsApp[87]. Nasiib darro, barahan bulshadu waxa ay noqdeen kuwo nacaybka iyo war-xumada ka dhasha. Dalka Hindiya, dilal badan oo lo'da ah ayaa ka dhaca ka dib markii xanta lagu faafiyay baraha bulshada, gaar ahaan WhatsApp-ka[88]. Fiidiyowyada garaaca iyo garaaca ayaa inta badan lagu wadaagaa WhatsApp sidoo kale.[89]
Weriyeyaasha haweenka ayaa si gaar ah ula kulmay hanjabaado xadgudubyo galmo, "deepfakes" iyo doxing. Dadka dhaleeceeya Ra'iisul Wasaare Modi ayaa u soo galay xadgudubyo rabshado wata. Tusaale ahaan, 2016, wariye Rana Ayuub ayaa daabacday buug ay kaga hadlayso ra'iisul wasaaraha oo gacan ka geystay rabshadihii lagu hoobtay ee 2002 ka dhacay Gujarat. Wax yar ka dib, marka laga soo tago hanjabaado badan oo dil ah, Ayuub waxa uu ka war helay muuqaal qaawan oo xun oo lagu wadaagayo kooxaha WhatsApp-ka kala duwan.[90] Wajigeeda ayaa la dulsaaray wejiga jilaaga filimada qaawan, iyadoo adeegsanaysa tignoolajiyada Deepfake taaso wejiga Rana ka maamushay si ay ula qabsato tibaaxaha xiisaha leh.
Ms. Ayub ayaa qortay, "Inta badan gacanta Twitter-ka iyo akoonnada Facebook-ga ee la soo galiyay muuqaalka xunxun iyo sawir-qaadista ayaa isku sheega inay yihiin taageerayaasha Mr. Modi iyo xisbigiisa."[91] Hanjabaadaha noocan oo kale ah ee loo geysto gabdhaha saxafiyiinta ah ayaa sidoo kale sababay dil dhab ah. Sannadkii 2017-kii, ka dib xadgudubyo baahsan oo lagu sameeyay baraha bulshada, saxafi iyo tafatire Gauri Lankesh ayaa waxaa dilay xagjiriinta garabka midig ee bannaanka gurigeeda.[92] Lankesh waxa ay waday laba joornaal todobaadle ah waxana ay naqdisay xagjirka garabka midig ee Hinduuga kaas oo ay maxkamadaha maxaliga ahi ku xukumeen dambiga ah in ay sumcad dil u geysteen dhaleecaynteeda BJP.
Maanta, waxaa sii socda daandaansiga “sluth-cell”. Sannadkii 2021, App la yiraahdo Bulli Bai ayaa lagu qabtay mareegaha GitHub wuxuu wadaagay sawirro in ka badan 100 haween Muslim ah oo leh "iib."[93] Maxay sameeynayaan baraha bulshada si ay u xakameeyaan nacaybkan? Sida muuqata kuma filna.
Maqaal aad u adag 2020, Xidhiidhka Facebook uu la leeyahay xisbiga talada haya ee India ayaa sii adkaynaya dagaalka ka dhanka ah hadalada nacaybka ku salaysan, Weriyaha Time Magazine Tom Perrigo ayaa si faahfaahsan u sharraxay sida Facebook India ay dib ugu dhigtay hoos u dhigista hadalada nacaybka ah ee Qudhaanjada-Muslimka markii ay ku kaceen saraakiil sarsare, xitaa ka dib markii Avaaz iyo kooxaha kale ee u dhaqdhaqaaqa ay sameeyeen cabashooyin iyo shaqaalaha Facebook ay qoreen cabashooyin gudaha ah.[94] Perrigo wuxuu kaloo diiwaangeliyay xiriirka ka dhexeeya shaqaalaha sare ee Facebook ee Hindiya iyo xisbiga Modi ee BJP.[95] Bartamihii Agoosto 2020, The Wall Street Journal ayaa sheegay in shaqaalaha sare ay ku doodeen in ciqaabta sharci-dejiyayaashu ay dhaawici doonto rajada ganacsi ee Facebook.[96] Toddobaadka soo socda, Reuters lagu tilmaamay sida, iyada oo ka jawaabaya, shaqaalaha Facebook ayaa qoray warqad furan oo gudaha ah oo ay ugu baaqayaan madaxda sare inay cambaareeyaan nacaybka ka dhanka ah Muslimiinta iyo inay si joogto ah u dabaqaan xeerarka nacaybka. Warqadda ayaa sidoo kale lagu eedeeyay in aysan jirin shaqaale Muslimiin ah oo ka tirsan kooxda siyaasadda Hindiya.[97]
Bishii Oktoobar 2021 New York Times waxay ku salaysan tahay maqaal ku saabsan dukumentiyada gudaha, qayb ka mid ah kaydka weyn ee walxaha la yiraahdo Waraaqaha Facebook-ga Waxaa soo ururiyay ninka sirta ah ee Frances Haugen, oo hore u ahaan jiray maareeyaha wax soo saarka Facebook.[98] Dukumeentiyada waxaa ka mid ah warbixinno ku saabsan sida bots iyo xisaabaadka been abuurka ah, oo inta badan lala xiriiriyo xoogagga siyaasadeed ee garabka midig ay wax u dhimeen doorashooyinka qaranka, si la mid ah Mareykanka.[99] Waxay sidoo kale faahfaahin ka bixiyeen sida siyaasadaha Facebook ay u horseedeen macluumaad khaldan oo dheeri ah gudaha Hindiya, gaar ahaan fayraska inta lagu jiro masiibada.[100] Dukumeentiyadu waxay qeexayaan sida madal inta badan ay ugu guuldareysatay inay xakameyso nacaybka. Sida laga soo xigtay maqaalka: "Facebook wuxuu sidoo kale ka labalabeeyay inuu RSS u magacaabo urur khatar ah sababtoo ah "xasaasiyad siyaasadeed" oo saameyn karta hawlgalka shabakada bulshada ee dalka."
Horraantii 2022 majaladda wararka Hindiya, The Silig, ayaa shaaca ka qaaday jiritaanka barnaamij sir ah oo aad u casrisan oo lagu magacaabo 'Tek Fog' kaas oo ay isticmaali jireen trolls oo xiriir la leh xisbiga talada haya ee India si ay u afduubtaan baraha bulshada ee waaweyn ayna u dhimaan fariimaha qarsoodiga ah sida WhatsApp. Tek Fog wuxuu afduubi karaa qaybta 'Trending' ee Twitter iyo 'Trend' ee Facebook. Hawlwadeennada Tek Fog waxay sidoo kale wax ka beddeli karaan sheekooyinka jira si ay u abuuraan warar been abuur ah.
Ka dib baaritaan 20-bilood qaatay, oo uu la shaqeynayay qof sireeye balse xaqiijinaya eedeymo badan oo uu sameeyay, warbixintu waxay eegaysaa sida app-ku u otomaatigsado nacaybka iyo dhibaataynta lala beegsaday oo uu faafiyo dacaayad. Warbixintu waxay xustay xidhiidhka abka ee Hindi Mareykan ah oo si guud looga ganacsado adeegyada tignoolajiyada, Nidaamyada Joogtada ah, oo si weyn u maalgeliyay helitaanka qandaraasyada dawladda ee Hindiya. Waxa kale oo kor u qaaday barnaamijka #1 ee warbaahinta bulshada ee Hindiya, Sharechat. Warbixintu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in suurtagalnimada xidhiidhinta hashtagyada la xidhiidha rabshadaha iyo wada-xidhiidhka COVID-19. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen in "ku dhawaad 3.8% (58 milyan) oo iyaga ka mid ah lagu tilmaami karo 'hadallada nacaybka'.
Sannadka 2019, EU DisinfoLab, NGO madax-bannaan oo baadhaya ololayaasha kala-duwanaanta ee lagu beegsanayo EU, ayaa daabacday warbixin si faahfaahsan u sharraxaysa shabakad ka badan 260 Hindiya "warbaahineed oo maxalli ah oo been abuur ah" oo ku baahsan 65 waddan, oo ay ku jiraan Galbeedka oo dhan.[101] Dadaalkan ayaa sida muuqata loogu talagalay in lagu wanaajiyo aragtida Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale in lagu xoojiyo dareenka Hindida iyo anti-Pakistan (iyo Shiinaha ka soo horjeeda). Sannadka soo socda, warbixintan waxaa ku xigay warbixin labaad oo aan laga helin oo keliya in ka badan 750 warbaahin oo been abuur ah, oo ka warramaya 119 waddan, laakiin dhowr xatooyo aqoonsi ah, ugu yaraan 10 la afduubay Golaha Xuquuqul Insaanka Qaramada Midoobay ee NGO-yada ah, iyo 550 magac domain ah ayaa la diiwaangeliyay.[102]
EU DisinfoLab waxay ogaatay in joornaal "been abuur ah", EP Maanta, waxaa maamula daneeyayaasha Hindiya, oo xidhiidh la leh shabakad ballaadhan oo taangiyada fikirka ah, NGO-yada, iyo shirkadaha ka socda Kooxda Srivastava.[103] Xeeladaha noocan oo kale ah waxay awoodeen inay "ku soo jiitaan tiro sii kordhaysa oo Xubnahan ah oo u soo jeediya Hindiya iyo ka-hortagga Pakistan, inta badan waxay isticmaalaan sababo ay ka mid yihiin xuquuqda dadka laga tirada badan yahay iyo xuquuqda haweenka meel laga soo galo."
Sannadkii 2019 labaatan iyo toddobo xubnood oo baarlamaanka Yurub ah ayaa booqday Kashmir iyagoo marti u ah urur daahsoon, Haweenka Dhaqaalaha iyo Bulshada Think Tank, ama WESTT, oo sidoo kale sida muuqata ku xidhan shabakaddan taageerta Modi.[104] Waxay sidoo kale kula kulmeen New Delhi Raiisel wasaare Narendra Modi iyo Lataliyaha Amniga Qaranka Ajit Doval. Helitaankan waa la oggolaaday in kasta oo xukuumadda Modi ay diiday inay u ogolaato Senetarka Maraykanka Chris Van Hollen inuu soo booqdo[105] ama xitaa Golaha Xuquuqul Insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay inuu wakiiladiisa u soo diro gobolka[106]. Yey ahaayeen martida la aaminsan yahay? Ugu yaraan 22 ka mid ah 27 ka mid ah waxay ka socdeen xisbiyada midigta fog, sida Faransiiska National Rally, Sharciga Poland iyo Caddaaladda, iyo Alternative for Germany, oo caan ku ah aragtiyo adag oo ku saabsan socdaalka iyo waxa loogu yeero "Islamization of Europe".[107] Safarkan "kormeeraha rasmiga ah ee been abuurka ah" ayaa noqday mid muran dhaliyay, sababtoo ah ma dhicin oo kaliya markii hoggaamiyeyaal badan oo Kashmiri ay ku jiraan xabsiga iyo adeegyada internetka ee la joojiyay, sidoo kale iyada oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah xildhibaanada Hindiya laga mamnuucay inay booqdaan Kashmir.
NGO-ga Disinfo Lab ee EU wuxuu leeyahay gacanta Twitter @DisinfoEU. La qabsiga magaca si jahawareer leh oo la mid ah, Abriil 2020 dahsoon "Disinfolab" ayaa ka soo baxay Twitter-ka iyada oo gacanta lagu hayo @DisinfoLab. Fikirka ah in Islaam nacaybka Hindiya uu sare u kaco ayaa lagu tilmaamay "war been abuur ah" oo u adeegaya danaha Pakistan. Ku soo noqnoqda tweets iyo warbixinnada, waxay u muuqataa in uu jiro caajisnimo Golaha Muslimiinta Hindida Ameerikaanka (IAMC) iyo asaasaheeda, Shaik Ubaid, iyaga oo ku tilmaamaya inay gaadhaan iyo saamayn aad u layaab badan.[108]
2021, DisinfoLab dabaaldega Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka waxay ku guuldareysatay inay Hindiya u magacowdo waddan walaac gaar ah leh[109] iyo la eryey Warbixin ay soo saartay Guddiga Maraykanka ee Xorriyadda Diimaha Caalamiga ah oo ah "urur si gaar ah looga walaacsan yahay" oo aad ugu dhiirranaya Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ay gacanta ku hayaan.[110]
Tani waxay taabanaysaa qorayaasha maqaalkan dheer, sababtoo ah cutubka afraad ee warbixintiisa, "Disnfo Lab" wuxuu qeexayaa hay'adda xuquuqul insaanka ee aan u shaqeyno ee Justice for All, isagoo NGO-ga ku tilmaamay nooc hawl-gal ah oo la dhaqay oo xiriir aan caddayn la lahayn Jamaacada. /Ikhwaanul Muslimiin. Eedeymahan been abuurka ah waxay soo noqnoqdaan kuwii la sameeyay 9/11 ka dib markii Circle Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) iyo ururada kale ee muxaafidka ah ee Muslimiinta Maraykanka ah lagu shaabadeeyay shirqool muslimiin wayn oo lagu aflagaadeeyay warbaahinta garabka midig muddo dheer ka dib markii ay masuuliyiintu soo gabagabeeyeen baaritaanadooda.
Tan iyo 2013-kii waxaan la taliye ahaan uga shaqeeyay Justice for All, NGO la aasaasay xilligii xasuuqii Bosnia si ay uga jawaabto cadaadiskii Muslimiinta laga tirada badan yahay. Dib loo soo nooleeyay 2012 si diiradda loo saaro "gubashada qunyar socodka ah" xasuuqa Rohingya, barnaamijyada u doodista xuquuqda aadanaha ayaa balaariyay oo ay ku jiraan Uyghur iyo Hindida laga tirada badan yahay, iyo sidoo kale Muslimiinta Kashmir iyo Sri Lanka. Mar alla markii India iyo Kashmir ay bilowdeen barnaamijyada, rogrogmida iyo xog-wareerka ayaa kordhay.
Guddoomiyaha Cadaaladda ee dhammaan dadka, Maalik Mujaahid, ayaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu xiriir firfircoon la leeyahay ICNA, taasoo xaqiiqda ka fog, maadaama uu jabiyay ururka 20 sano ka hor.[111] U shaqaynta sidii urur Muslim Maraykan ah oo leh anshax adeeg bulsho oo xoog leh, ICNA waxa aad u dhaleeceeyay sannadihii la soo dhaafay kooxo Islaami nacayb ah. Sida in badan oo ka mid ah "waxbarasho," "Daraasadda Disinfo" waxay noqon doontaa wax lagu qoslo haddii aysan sidoo kale lahayn awood ay ku dhaawacdo xiriirka shaqada ee muhiimka ah, dhisto kalsooni darro iyo xiritaanka iskaashiga iyo maalgelinta suurtagalka ah. Shaxda "khariidadeynta xiriirka" ee Kashmir iyo Hindiya ayaa laga yaabaa inay soo jiidato dareenka laakiin macnaheedu maahan waxba.[112] Kuwani waxay u adeegaan sidii olole xanbaarsan muuqaal ah, laakiin nasiib daro lagama soo dejin Twitter-ka inkastoo ay ku qoran yihiin sumcad xumo iyo suurtagalnimada waxyeello sumcadeed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Justice for All ma niyad jabin oo waxay kordhisay jawaabta ay ka bixiso siyaasadaha isdiidan ee sii kordhaya ee Hindiya.[113] Warqadan waxaa loo qoray si ka madax bannaan barnaamijyada caadiga ah.
Waa maxay Xaqiiqdu?
Haddaynu nahay Muslimiinta ku nool Waqooyiga Ameerika, qorayaashu waxay xuseen arrinta la yaabka leh ee ah in maqaalkan aynu ku raadinayno shabakado aad u badan oo ku hawlan arrimaha diinta. Waxaan isweydiineynaa: ma waxaan ku falanqeyneynaa siyaalo la mid ah "baaritaannada" Islaamiyiinta nacaybka ah ee ururada Muslimiinta Maraykanka? Waxaan dib u xasuusaneynaa jaantusyada fududeynta ee Ururada Ardayda Muslimiinta ah iyo “xidhiidhka” ay la leeyihiin Bulshada Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waxaan ognahay sida naadiyada ardayda muslimka ah ee aan dhexdhexaadka ahayn ay caadi ahaan u ahaayeen (maaha silsilad amar) waxaana la yaabanahay haddii aan sidoo kale ka badbadeyno isku xirnaanta shabakadaha Hindutva ee looga hadlay boggaga hore.
Sahankayaga xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya kooxaha Hindutva miyay dhistaa khariidad xidhiidhsan oo ka sarraysa walaacayada? Sida cad sida bulshooyinka kale ee iyaga ka horreeyay, Muslimiinta soogalootiga ah iyo Hindu-ga soo-galootiga ah waxay raadiyaan ammaan iyo sidoo kale fursad weyn. Shaki kuma jiro, Hinduphobia ayaa jirta, sidoo kale Islaam nacaybka iyo nacaybka iyo noocyada kale ee eexda. Nacayb badan miyaanay dhiirigelin cabsida iyo ciilka cid kale, oo aan kala saarin Hindu, Sikh ama Muslim. Runtii ma jirto meel sabab guud?
Inkasta oo wada-hadallada diimaha kala duwani ay bixiyaan waddo suurtagal ah oo loo maro nabad-raadinta, waxaan sidoo kale ogaanay in qaar ka mid ah isbahaysiga diimaha dhexdooda ay si aan ula kac ahayn u taageereen Hindutva sheegashada in dhaleeceynta Hindutva ay la mid tahay Hinduphobia. Tusaale ahaan, 2021 warqad ay qoreen Golaha Isku-xirka Diimaha ee Magaalada Washington waxay ka dalbadeen jaamacaduhu inay ka noqdaan taageeridda shirweynaha Hinduuga Burburinta. Golaha isdhexgalka diintu guud ahaan waxa uu ku firfircoon yahay ka soo horjeeda nacaybka iyo eexda. Laakiin iyada oo loo marayo ololayaasha kala-duwanaanshaha, oo leh xubinnimo weyn iyo ku lug lahaanshaha nolosha madaniga ah, ururada Hindutva American waxay si cad ugu adeegaan danaha dhaqdhaqaaq sare oo si heer sare ah loo soo agaasimay oo ku salaysan Hindiya oo ka shaqeynaya inay wiiqaan nidaamka badan iyo dimuqraadiyadda iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta nacaybka.
Qaar ka mid ah kooxaha diimaha kala duwani waxay u arkaan khatar sumcadeed markay dhaleeceeyaan Hindutva. Waxa kale oo jira dhibaatooyin kale: tusaale ahaan, Qaramada Midoobay, Hindiya waxay ka mamnuucday qaar ka mid ah kooxaha Dalit inay aqoonsi helaan sannado badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu guda jiro 2022 kooxaha diimaha badan qaarkood ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u bilaabay u doodista. Hadda ka hor, Isbahaysiga La-dagaalanka Xasuuqa[114] Waxaa la abuuray ka dib rabshadihii Gujarat (2002) markii Modi uu ahaa madaxa wasiirka gobolka, isagoo taageero ka helay Tikkun iyo Mu'asasada Xoriyadda Interfaith. Dhawaan, iyada oo loo marayo saamaynta USCIRF, iyo kuwo kale, Wareegga Xorriyadda Diimaha Caalamiga ah ayaa soo qabanqaabiyay warbixino kooban, bishii Noofambar 2022 Diimaha Nabadda (RFPUSA) waxay martigelisay dood-wadaag macno leh. U doodista bulshada rayidka ah waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhiirigelin kartaa siyaasad-dejiyeyaasha Washington DC inay ka hortagaan caqabadaha kali-talisnimada ee xulafada juqraafiyeed ee Mareykanka sida Hindiya.
Dimuqraadiyada Mareykanka waxay sidoo kale u muuqataa in la go'doomiyay - xitaa sida Dhismaha Capitol Janaayo 6, 2021 - kacdoon ay ku jiraan Vinson Palathingal, nin Hindi Mareykan ah oo sita calanka Hindiya, taageere Trump oo la sheegay in loo magacaabay Golaha Dhoofinta ee Madaxweynaha.[115] Waxaa hubaal ah inay jiraan dad badan oo Hinduuga Ameerikaan ah oo taageersan Trump oo ka shaqeeya soo laabashadiisa.[116] Sida aan ku heleyno xiriirka ka dhexeeya maleeshiyaadka garabka midig iyo saraakiisha bilayska iyo xubnaha ciidamada qalabka sida, waxaa laga yaabaa inay jiraan wax badan oo ka hooseeya oogada oo aan muuqan.
Waagii la soo dhaafay, qaar ka mid ah wacdiyayaal Maraykan ah ayaa aflagaadeeyay dhaqamada Hinduuga, iyo Hindiya, Masiixiyiinta Evangelical inta badan waa la takooraa oo xitaa la weeraray. Waxaa jira kala qaybsanaan cad oo u dhexeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa Hindutva iyo midigta Masiixiyiinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bulshooyinkani waxay ku biiraan taageeridda qarannimada garabka midig, isku duubnida hoggaamiye kalitalis ah, iyo Islaam nacayb. Waxaa jiray sariiro shisheeye ah.
Salman Rushdie waxa uu Hindutva ugu yeedhay "Crypto Fascism"[117] wuxuuna ka shaqeeyay sidii uu uga soo horjeesan lahaa dhaqdhaqaaqa dhulkii uu ku dhashay. Miyaynu meesha ka saarnay dadaaladii abaabulka ee Steve Bannon, ee ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha wadaninimada qarsoon ee uu muujiyay Dhaqanyahano Faashiste ah, ku salaysan fantasiyada cunsuriyadda ee daahirnimada Aryan?[118] Wakhtiga halista ah ee taariikhda, runta iyo beentu waa isku dhex yaacsan yihiin oo la isku dhex yaacay, internetkuna waxa uu qaabeeyaa goob bulsho oo labadaba la xakameeyo oo khatarteeda leh.
- Mugdigii ayaa mar kale soo dhacaya; laakiin hadda waan ogahay
- Labaatan qarni oo hurdo dhagax ah
- Waxaa aad uga cadhooday riyo gilgishay,
- Oo waa maxay bahal qallafsan oo saacaddiisu soo wareegaysaa ugu dambaysta.
- Slouches xagga Beytlaxam inuu ku dhasho?
tixraacyada
[1] Devdutt Pattanaik, "Hindutva's Caste Masterstroke, " Hinduuga, January 1, 2022
[2] Harish S. Wankhede, Inta Kastuugu leeyahay Qaybi, Wire The, August 5, 2019
[3] Filkins, Dexter, "Dhiiga iyo Ciidda Modi ee Hindiya, " New Yorker, December 9, 2019
[4] Harrison Akins, Xaashida Xaqiiqda Sharciga ee Hindiya: CAA, USCIRF Febraayo 2020
[5] Human Rights Watch, Hindiya: Rohinga oo loo tarxiilay Myanmar ayaa soo wajahday khatar, Maarso 31, 2022; sidoo kale eeg: Kushboo Sandhu, Rohingya iyo CAA: Waa maxay siyaasadda qaxootiga ee Hindiya? BBC News, August 19, 2022
[6] CIA World Factbook 2018, sidoo kale eeg Akhil Reddy, "Nooca hore ee Buugga Xaqiiqada CIA," Dhab ahaantii, February 24, 2021
[7] Shanker Arnimesh, "Yaa maamula Bajrang Dal? " Daabacaadda, December 6, 2021
[8] Bajrang Dal Wuxuu Abaabulay Tababarka Hubka, Hindutva Watch, August 11, 2022
[9] Arshad Afzaal Khan, Magaalada Ayodhya 25 Sano Kadib Burburkii Masjidka Babri, Wire The, December 6, 2017
[10] Sunita Viswanath, Waxa ay inoo sheegayso Casuumada VHP America ee nacaybka, Wire The, Abriil 15, 2021
[11] Pieter Friedrich, Sonal Shah's Saga, Hindutva Watch, Abriil 21, 2022
[12] Jaffrelot Christophe, Wadaninimada Hinduuga: Akhriste, Saxaafadda Jaamacadda Princeton, 2009
[13] Mareegta HAF: https://www.hinduamerican.org/
[14] Rashmee Kumar, Shabakadda Qaranka Hinduuga, Intercept, September 25, 2019
[15] Haider Kazim, "Ramesh Butada: Raadinta yoolal sare, " Wararka Hindiya, September 6, 2018
[16] Mareegta EKAL: https://www.ekal.org/us/region/southwestregion
[17] Mareegta HAF: https://www.hinduamerican.org/our-team#board
[18] "Gitesh Desai ayaa la wareegay, " Wararka Hindiya, July 7, 2017
[19] JM, "Qaranka Hinduuga ee Maraykanka: Kooxaha aan faa'iido doonka ahayn, " SAC,NET, Julaay, 2014
[20] Tom Benning, "Texas Waxay Leedahay Beesha Labaad ee Hindida Ameerikaanka ugu Weyn, " Dallas Morning News October 8, 2020
[21] Devesh Kapur, "Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Hindiya iyo Trump, " Washington Post, September 29, 2019
[22] Catherine E. Shoichet, Wiil lix jir ah oo u dhashay Hindiya ayaa dhintay, CNN, Juun 14, 2019
[23] Waxaa laga soo xigtay Rashmee Kumar, Shabakadda Qaranka Hinduuga, Intercept, September 25, 2019
[24] Kala duwanaanshaha jiilka ayaa muhiim ah. Marka loo eego Sahanka Habdhaqanka Hindida Ameerikaanka ee Carnegie Endowment, soo-galootiga Hindida ee jiilkii ugu horreeyay ee Maraykanka “aad bay ugu dhowdahay jawaab-bixiyeyaasha Maraykanka u dhashay si ay u qaataan aqoonsi asal ah. Marka loo eego sahankan, aqlabiyadda ugu badan ee Hindus ee leh aqoonsiga qoob-ka-cayaaraha - in ka badan siddeed 10-kiiba - ayaa la isku aqoonsaday inay yihiin kuwo guud ama kuwa sare, iyo soogalootiga jiilka kowaad waxay u janjeersadeen inay is-saaraan. Marka loo eego warbixintii Pew Forum ee 2021 ee Hindu Americans, jawaabeyaasha leh aragtida wanaagsan ee BJP sidoo kale waxay aad ugu dhow yihiin kuwa kale inay ka soo horjeedaan diimaha iyo guurka qowmiyadaha dhexdooda: "Tusaale ahaan, Hindus dhexdooda, 69% kuwa leh wanaag Aragtida BJP waxay leedahay inay aad muhiim u tahay in haweenka beeshooda laga joojiyo inay guursadaan qowmiyadaha kala duwan, marka la barbar dhigo 54% kuwa aragtida xun ka qaba xisbiga. "
[25] Sonia Paul, "Howdy Modi wuxuu ahaa bandhig awood siyaasadeed oo Hindi Mareykan ah" Atlantic, September 23, 2019
[26] Ogow sidoo kale 2022-ka baabuur ee Howdy Yogi isu soo baxyada Chicago iyo Houston si ay u taageeraan rabid Islaam nacayb Yogi Adityanath.
[27] Qoritaanka "Aragtida Hinduuga ee Taariikhda", Kamala Visweswaran, Michael Witzel et al, ayaa sheegay in kiiskii ugu horreeyay ee la yaqaan ee eedaymaha ka dhanka ah Hinduuga ee buugaagta Maraykanka ay ka dhacday degmada Fairfax, Virginia 2004. Qorayaashu waxay sheegeen: "Online 'waxbarasho' Agabka shabakada ESHI waxay soo bandhigayaan buunbuunin iyo sheegasho aan sal iyo raad lahayn oo ku saabsan taariikhda Hindiya iyo Hinduuga kuwaas oo la jaan qaadaya isbeddelada lagu sameeyay buugaagta waxbarashada ee Hindiya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qorayaashu waxay sidoo kale xuseen qaar ka mid ah istiraatijiyadda kala duwanaanshaha: "Buugaag-qoraaleedyada Gujarat waxay soo bandhigaan nidaamka caqiidada sida guusha ilbaxnimada Aryan, halka u janjeera kooxaha Hindutva ee Maraykanka ay ahayd in la tirtiro caddaynta xiriirka ka dhexeeya Hinduism iyo nidaamka qalfoofka. Waxaan sidoo kale aragnay in wax ka beddelka buugaagta wax lagu barto ee Gujarat ay keentay in dib-u-habeyn lagu sameeyo wadaninimada Hindiya oo ah mid asal ahaan xagjir ah, taas oo muslimiinta ku biirisay argagixisada oo dib u habayn ku samaysay dhaxalkii Hitler mid wanaagsan, iyada oo guud ahaan (iyo laga yaabo inay si qarsoodi ah) u geliso mawduucyo khuraafaad ah iyo tirooyinka. xisaabaadka taariikhiga ah."
[28] Theresa Harrington, "Hinduusku waxay ku boorinayaan Golaha Gobolka California inay diidaan buugaagta waxbarashada, " Edsource, November 8, 2017
[29] Shaybaadhka sinnaanta, Caste ee Maraykanka, 2018
[30] "Dhaqamada Ruuxiga ah ee Xoog ku Dhaqan Hindiya, " Times of India, March 4, 2019
[31] Niha Masih, Dagaalkii Taariikhda Hindiya ee Hindu Nationalists Square Off, Washington Post ayaa, Jan. 3, 2021
[32] Megan Cole, "Deeqdii Xisbiga UCID Oo Keentay Khilaaf Caalami Ah, " Jaamacadda Cusub, February 16, 2016
[33] weriyaha gaarka ah, “Jaamacadda Mareykanka oo diiday deeqda, " Hinduuga, February 23, 2016
[34] DCF si ay u ururiso 1 milyan oo doolar si ay u soo noolayso Jaamacadda Hinduuga ee Ameerika, Wargeyska Hindiya, December 12, 2018
[35] September 19, 2021 faallo ku yaal Quora
[36] "Kooxda Hooyooyinka oo Mudaaharaad Dhigay Barashada Modi Biography ee Dugsiyada Maraykanka, " Clarion India, September 20, 2020
[37] Warqadda HAF, August 19, 2021
[38] Hinduphobia kala dil, Fiidiyowga loogu talagalay TV-ga Jamhuuriyadda, August 24, 2021
[39] Niha Masih, "Dab ka socda kooxaha Hinduuga Nationalist, " Washington Post, Oktoobar 3, 2021
[40] Warqadda Google Doc ee ardayga
[41] Quudinta Twitter-ka, Abriil 2, 2021
[42] IAMC Youtube Channel Video, September 8, 2021
[43]Vinayak Chaturvedi, Xuquuqda Hinduuga iyo Weerarada Xoriyadda Waxbarashada ee Maraykanka, Hindutva Watch, December 1, 2021
[44] Site: http://hsctruthout.stopfundinghate.org/ hadda waa hoos. Nuqulka Kooban ayaa laga heli karaa: Si aan khalad ahayn Sangh, Watch Bulsho, Janaayo 18, 2008
[45] Soo noolaynta Hindu ee Campus, Mashruuca jamacnimada, Jaamacadda Harvard
[46] Tusaale ahaan Toronto: Marta Anielska, Golaha Ardayda Hinduuga UTM ayaa wajahaya dib u dhac, The Varsity, September 13, 2020
[47] Caqabadaha Aqoonsiga ee Xarunta, Youtube-ka rasmiga ah ee Infinity Foundation, July 20, 2020
[48] Shoaib Daniyal, Sidee Rajiv Malhotra ku noqday Ayn Rand ee Hindutva Internetka, Guji.geli, July 14, 2015
[49] Tusaalooyinka qaar, eeg Febraayo 22, 2022 Shirka ku yaal kanaalka rasmiga ah ee IAMC ee youtube
[50] AP:"Kaliforniya waxay dacwaysaa CISCO eedaymo Takoor ah, " LA Times, July 2, 2020
[51] Vidya Krishnan, "Casteism-ka aan ku arko Ameerika, " Atlantic, November 6, 2021
[52] David Porter iyo Mallika Sen,Shaqaale laga soo jiiday Hindiya, " Wararka AP, Waxaa laga yaabaa 11, 2021
[53] Biswajeet Banerjee iyo Ashok Sharma, "Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Hindiya Oo Dhigay Asaaska Macbadka, " AP News, August 5, 2020
[54] Maajo 7, 2021 Mu'asasada Hinduuga Ameerika waxay gudbisay dacwad sumcad dil ah oo ka dhan ah dadka qaar laga soo xigtay maqaallada, oo ay ku jiraan Hindus for Human Rights co-founders Sunita Viswanath iyo Raju Rajagopal. Hindus for Human Rights: Taageerida Burburinta Hindutva, Daily Pennsylvanian, December 11, 2021
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