Ho Lekola Katleho ea Litokisetso tsa Kabo ea Matla naheng ea Sudan Boroa: Mokhoa oa ho Aha Khotso le Tharollo ea Likhohlano.
Sekhetho:
Khohlano e mabifi ea Sudan Boroa e na le mabaka a mangata le a rarahaneng. Ho na le khaello ea boithaopo ba lipolotiki ho tsoa ho Mopresidente Salva Kiir, morabe oa Dinka, kapa Motlatsi oa Mopresidente oa mehleng Riek Machar, oa morabe oa Nuer, ho felisa lehloeo. Ho kopanya naha le ho tshehetsa mmuso wa ho arolelana matla ho tla hloka hore baetapele ba behelle ka thoko diphapano tsa bona. Pampiri ena e sebelisa moralo oa ho arolelana matla e le mokhoa oa ho theha khotso le mokhoa oa ho rarolla likhohlano ho rarolleng likhohlano lipakeng tsa merabe le ho lokisa likarohano tse matla lichabeng tse harasoantsoeng ke ntoa. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng bakeng sa phuputso ena li fumanoe ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lingoliloeng tse mabapi le likhohlano tsa Sudan Boroa le litokisetso tse ling tsa ho arolelana matla ka mor'a likhohlano ho pholletsa le Afrika. Lintlha li ile tsa sebelisoa ho supa lisosa tse ferekaneng le tse rarahaneng tsa pefo le ho hlahloba tumellano ea khotso ea ARCSS ea Phato 2015 hammoho le tumellano ea khotso ea Loetse 2018 R-ARCSS, e qalileng ho sebetsa ka la 22 Hlakola.nd, 2020. Pampiri ena e leka ho araba potso e le 'ngoe: Na tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla ke mokhoa o loketseng ka ho fetisisa oa ho aha khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano Sudan Boroa? Khopolo ea pefo ea sebopeho le khopolo ea likhohlano lipakeng tsa lihlopha li fana ka tlhaloso e matla ea khohlano ea Sudan Boroa. Pampiri e pheha khang ea hore, bakeng sa tokisetso efe kapa efe ea ho arolelana matla ho ts'oara Sudan Boroa, ts'epo e tlameha ho hahuoa bocha har'a ba amehang ba fapaneng khohlanong, e hlokang ho theoa ha lihlomo, ho theoleloa, le ho kopanngoa bocha (DDR) ha mabotho a tšireletso, toka le boikarabello. , lihlopha tse matla tsa sechaba, le kabo e lekanang ea matlotlo a tlhaho har'a lihlopha tsohle. Ho feta moo, tokisetso ea kabo ea matla e le 'ngoe e ke ke ea tlisa khotso le tšireletseho tse tšoarellang Sudan Boroa. Khotso le botsitso li ka 'na tsa hloka mohato o eketsehileng oa ho tlosa lipolotiki ho tloha morabeng, le tlhokahalo ea bakena-lipakeng ho tsepamisa maikutlo ka botlalo lisosa le litletlebo tsa ntoa ea lehae.
Kopitsa Sengoloa Sena
Tlhahiso:
Darboe, F. (2022). Ho lekola katleho ea litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla Sudan Boroa: Mokhoa oa ho theha khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano. Journal of Living Hammoho, 7(1), 26-37.
Lintlha tsa Sengoloa:
@Sengoloa{Darboe2022}
Sehlooho = {Ho Lekola Katleho ea Litokisetso tsa Karolelano ea Matla naheng ea Sudan Boroa: Mokhoa oa ho Aha Khotso le Tharollo ea Likhohlano}
Mongoli = {Foday Darboe}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-power-sharing-arrangements-in-south-sudan-a-peacebuilding-and-conflict-resolution-approach/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Printa); 2373-6631 (Inthaneteng)}
Selemo = {2022}
Letsatsi = {2022-12-10}
Journal = {Journal of Living Hammoho}
Bolumo = {7}
Nomoro = {1}
Maqephe = {26-37}
Mohatisi = {Setsi sa Machaba sa Bobuelli ba Ethno-Bolumeli}
Aterese = {White Plains, New York}
Khatiso = {2022}.
Selelekela
Khopolo ea pefo ea sebopeho le khopolo ea likhohlano lipakeng tsa lihlopha li fana ka tlhaloso e matla ea khohlano ea Sudan Boroa. Litsebi tsa lithuto tsa khotso le likhohlano li ’nile tsa tiisa hore toka, litlhoko tsa botho, tšireletso, le boitsebiso ke tsona lisosa tsa khohlano ha li siuoa li sa rarolloe (Galtung, 1996; Burton, 1990; Lederach, 1995). Naheng ea Sudan Boroa, pefo ea sebopeho e nka mokhoa oa ho hloka kotlo e atileng, ts'ebeliso ea pefo ho ts'ehetsa matla, ho khesoa, le ho hloka phihlello ea lisebelisoa le menyetla. Ho se leka-lekane ho bakoang ke hona ho ikentse ka har'a mekhatlo ea lipolotiki, ea moruo le ea sechaba ea naha.
Lisosa tsa likhohlano tsa Sudan Boroa ke ho qheleloa ka thoko moruong, tlholisano ea merabe bakeng sa matla, lisebelisoa le pefo ea lilemo tse mashome. Litsebi tsa saense ea kahisano li hlalositse kamano pakeng tsa boitsebiso ba lihlopha le likhohlano tsa lihlopha. Baetapele ba lipolotiki ba atisa ho sebelisa boitsebiso ba sehlopha e le mohoo oa ho bokella balateli ba bona ka ho itlhalosa ho fapana le lihlopha tse ling tsa sechaba (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Ho hlohlelletsa likarohano tsa merabe ka tsela ena ho lebisa tlholisanong ea matla a lipolotiki le ho khothaletsa boipiletso ba lihlopha, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho fihlela tharollo ea likhohlano le ho haha khotso. Ho latela liketsahalo tse 'maloa tsa Sudan Boroa, baetapele ba lipolotiki ba merabe ea Dinka le Nuer ba sebelisitse tšabo le ho se sireletsehe ho khothalletsa likhohlano tsa lihlopha.
'Muso oa hona joale oa Sudan Boroa o tsoile tumellanong ea khotso e kenyeletsang e tsejoang ka Tumellano e Felletseng ea Khotso (CPA). Tumellano e Pharalletseng ea Khotso, e saennoeng ka la 9 Pherekhong 2005 ke Mmuso wa Rephaboliki ya Sudan (GoS) le sehlopha sa bohanyetsi se ka Borwa, Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), e fedisitse ho feta. ho feta lilemo tse mashome a mabeli tsa ntoa ea lehae e mabifi Sudan (1983-2005). Ha ntoa ea lehae e ntse e fela, litho tsa maemo a holimo tsa Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army li ile tsa behella ka thoko liphapang tsa tsona ho hlahisa boemo bo kopaneng, maemong a mang, ho ipeha maemong a maemo a lipolotiki (Okiech, 2016; Roach, 2016; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Ka 2011, ka mor'a lilemo tse mashome tsa ntoa ea nako e telele, batho ba Sudan Boroa ba ile ba khetha ho ikarola ho tloha Leboea 'me ea e-ba naha e ikemetseng. Leha ho le joalo, lilemo tse ka bang peli feela ka mor'a boipuso, naha e ile ea khutlela ntoeng ea lehae. Qalong, karohano e ne e le teng haholo lipakeng tsa Mopresidente Salva Kiir le Motlatsi oa Mopresidente oa mehleng Riek Machar, empa maano a lipolotiki a ile a senyehela merusu ea merabe. 'Muso oa Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) le sesole sa eona, Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), li ne li arohane ka mor'a ntoa ea nako e telele ea lipolotiki. Ha ntoa e ntse e ata ho feta Juba ho ea libakeng tse ling, pefo e ile ea arola merabe eohle e meholo (Aalen, 2013; Radon & Logan, 2014; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017).
Ho arabela, Bolaodi ba Mebuso e Kopanetsweng mabapi le Ntshetsopele (IGAD) bo ile ba kena lipakeng ka tumellano ya kgotso pakeng tsa mekga e lwantshanang. Leha ho le joalo, linaha tseo e leng litho tse ka sehloohong li bontšitse ho hloka thahasello ea ho fumana tharollo ea nako e telele ka Tsamaiso ea Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ea Ntlafatso ea lipuisano tsa khotso ho felisa khohlano. Maitekong a ho fumana tharollo e nang le khotso ea khohlano e sa tsitsang ea Sudan Leboea-Boroa, mokhoa oa ho arolelana matla o fapaneng o ile oa ntlafatsoa ka har'a Tumellano e Pharalletseng ea Khotso ea 2005, ho kenyelletsa Tumellano ea Phato 2015 mabapi le Tharollo ea Mathata a Sudan Boroa (ARCSS), e ileng ea sebetsana le ho atolosoa ha pefo ea ka hare ho Boroa (de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Litsebi tse 'maloa le baetsi ba melao-motheo ba nkile khohlano ea Sudan Boroa e le khohlano ea lichaba-empa ho theha khohlano haholo-holo ka merabe ho hloleha ho rarolla mathata a mang a tebileng.
Ka September 2018 Revitalized Atumellano ka Rtharollo ea Chlasela ka SOuth Stumellano ya udan (R-ARCSS) e ne e reretswe ho tsosolosa Tumellano ya Phato 2015 mabapi le Tharollo ya Maqakabetsi a Sudan Borwa, e neng e na le mefokolo e mengata mme e se na maikemisetso, ditataiso, le moralo o hlakileng bakeng sa ho aha kgotso le ho amoha dihlopha tsa marabele. Leha ho le joalo, ka bobeli Tumellano ea Tharollo ea Maqakabetsi a Sudan Boroa le Revitalized Atumellano ka Rtharollo ea Chlasela ka SOuth Sudan e hatelletse kabo ea matla har'a lihlopha tsa lipolotiki le tsa sesole. Tsepamiso ena e fokolang ea karohano e mpefatsa khethollo ea lipolotiki, moruo le sechaba e bakang pefo ea libetsa naheng ea Sudan Boroa. Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea litumellano tsena tse peli tsa khotso e nang le lintlha tse lekaneng ho sebetsana le mehloli e metseng ka metso ea likhohlano kapa ho sisinya 'mapa oa tsela bakeng sa ho kopanya lihlopha tsa sesole mabothong a ts'ireletso ha a ntse a laola liphetoho tsa moruo le ho fokotsa litletlebo.
Pampiri ena e sebelisa moralo oa ho arolelana matla e le mokhoa oa ho theha khotso le mokhoa oa ho rarolla likhohlano ho rarolleng likhohlano lipakeng tsa merabe le ho lokisa likarohano tse matla lichabeng tse harasoantsoeng ke ntoa. Leha ho le joalo, ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho arolelana matla ho na le tšekamelo ea ho matlafatsa karohano e lebisang ho senyeha ha bonngoe ba sechaba le kaho ea khotso. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng bakeng sa phuputso ena li fihletsoe ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea lingoliloeng tse teng mabapi le likhohlano tsa Sudan Boroa le litokisetso tse ling tsa ho arolelana matla ka mor'a likhohlano ho pholletsa le Afrika. Lintlha li ile tsa sebelisoa ho supa lisosa tse ferekaneng le tse rarahaneng tsa pefo le ho hlahloba Tumellano ea Phato 2015 mabapi le Tharollo ea Mathata a Sudan Boroa hammoho le Loetse 2018. Revitalized Atumellano ka Rtharollo ea Chlasela ka SOuth Sudan, e qalileng ho sebetsa ka la 22 Hlakoland, 2020. Pampiri ena e leka ho araba potso e le 'ngoe: Na tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla ke mokhoa o loketseng ka ho fetisisa oa ho aha khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano Sudan Boroa?
Ho araba potso ena, ke hlalosa semelo sa histori sa khohlano. Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng e hlahloba mehlala ea litokisetso tse fetileng tsa ho arolelana matla Afrika e le molao-motheo o tataisang. Joale ke hlalosa lintlha tse tla lebisa katlehong ea ’muso oa kopanelo, ke re ho theha khotso le botsitso, ho kopanya naha, le ho theha ’muso o arolelanoang matla ho tla hloka hore baetapele ba tsosolose tšepo, ba arolelane matlotlo a tlhaho le menyetla ea moruo ka ho lekana. dihlopha tsa merabe, ho fetola sepolesa, ho amoha mabotho a sesole, ho kgothalletsa setjhaba se mafolofolo le se mafolofolo, le ho theha moralo wa poelano ho sebetsana le dintho tse fetileng.
Mehato ea ho Etsa Khotso
Tumellano ea Phato 2015 mabapi le Tharollo ea Maqakabetsi a Tumellano ea khotso ea Sudan Boroa, e neng e kene lipakeng ke Bolaoli ba Mebuso e Kopanetsoeng ea Ntlafatso (IGAD), e ne e reretsoe ho rarolla qabang ea lipolotiki lipakeng tsa Mopresidente Kiir le Motlatsi oa hae oa mehleng, Machar. Ka makhetlo a mangata nakong ea lipuisano, Kiir le Machar ba ile ba tlola letoto la litumellano tse fetileng ka lebaka la ho se lumellane ka ho arolelana matla. Tlas’a khatello ea Lekhotla la Tšireletso la Machaba a Kopaneng (UNSC) le likotlo tse behiloeng ke United States, hammoho le thibelo ea libetsa ho felisa pefo, mahlakore ka bobeli a ile a saena tumellano ea ho arolelana matla e ileng ea felisa pefo ea nakoana.
Lipehelo tsa tumellano ea khotso ea Phato 2015 li thehile maemo a matona a 30 a arotsoeng lipakeng tsa Kiir, Machar le mekha e meng ea bohanyetsi. Mopresidente Kiir o ne a e-na le taolo ea khabinete le litho tse ngata tsa bohanyetsi paramenteng ea naha ha Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Machar a ne a laola litho tsa bohanyetsi ka bobeli ka hara kabinete (Okiech, 2016). Tumellano ea khotso ea 2015 e ile ea thoholetsoa ka ho rarolla mathata a fapaneng a ba amehang, empa e ne e se na mokhoa oa ho boloka khotso ho thibela pefo nakong ea liphetoho. Hape, tumellano ea khotso e bile ea nakoana ka lebaka la ntoa e nchafalitsoeng ka Phupu 2016 lipakeng tsa mabotho a mmuso le batšepehi ba Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Machar, e ileng ea qobella Machar ho baleha naheng eo. E 'ngoe ea likhang pakeng tsa mopresidente Kiir le bohanyetsi e ne e le morero oa hae oa ho arola linaha tse 10 tsa naha hore e be tse 28. Ho ea ka bohanyetsi, meeli e mecha e tiisa hore Moporesidente Kiir oa Dinka morabe oa maparamente a matla le ho fetola tekano ea merabe ea naha (Sperber, 2016). ). Hammoho, lintlha tsena li ile tsa lebisa ho putlama ha 'Muso oa Transitional of National Unity (TGNU).
Tumellano ea khotso ea Phato 2015 le tlhophiso ea kabo ea matla ea Loetse 2018 e hahiloe haholo takatsong ea ho nchafatsa mekhatlo ea sechaba le lipolotiki ho feta ho theha meaho ea nako e telele ea lipolotiki le mekhoa ea ho aha khotso. Ka mohlala, the Revitalized Atumellano ka Rtharollo ea Chlasela ka SOuth Sudan e ile ea etsa moralo oa 'muso o mocha oa nakoana o neng o kenyelletsa litlhoko tsa kenyeletso bakeng sa khetho ea matona. The Revitalized Atumellano ka Rtharollo ea Chlasela ka SOuth Sudan e boetse e thehile mekha e mehlano ea lipolotiki mme ea abela batlatsi ba bapresidente ba bane, mme Motlatsi oa Mopresidente oa pele, Riek Machar, o ne a tla etella pele lefapha la puso. Ntle le motlatsi oa mopresidente oa pele, ho ka be ho se na bolaoli har'a batlatsi ba mopresidente. Tokisetso ena ya karohano ya matla ya Loetse 2018 e hlalositse hore na Transitional National Legislature (TNL) e tla sebetsa jwang, hore na Transitional National Legislative Assembly (TNLA) le Council of States di tla thehwa jwang, le hore na Lekgotla la Matona le Batlatsi ba Matona pakeng tsa mekga e fapaneng le tla thehwa jwang. sebetsa (Wuol, 2019). Litumellano tsa ho arolelana matla li ne li haelloa ke lisebelisoa tsa ho tšehetsa mekhatlo ea mmuso le ho netefatsa hore tokisetso ea phetoho e tla lula e tiile. Ho feta moo, kaha litumellano li ne li saennoe molemong oa ntoa ea lehae e ntseng e tsoela pele, ha ho le e ’ngoe e neng e akarelletsa mahlakore ’ohle a khohlano, e leng se ileng sa qholotsa ho hlaha ha basenyi le ho lelefatsa boemo ba ntoa.
Leha ho le joalo, ka la 22 Hlakubele 2020, Riek Machar le baetapele ba bang ba bohanyetsi ba ile ba hlapanya joalo ka Batlatsi ba Bapresidente 'musong o mocha oa bonngoe oa Sudan Boroa. Tumellano ena ea khotso e file tšoarelo ho marabele a ntoeng ea lehae ea Sudan Boroa, ho kenyeletsoa Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Machar. Hape, Mopresidente Kiir o tiisitse linaha tse leshome tsa mantlha, e leng tumello ea bohlokoa. Ntlha e 'ngoe ea likhang e ne e le tšireletso ea botho ea Machar Juba; leha ho le joalo, joalo ka karolo ea tumello ea moeli oa linaha tse 10 tsa Kiir, Machar o ile a khutlela Juba ntle le mabotho a hae a tšireletso. Ha mathata ao a mabeli a likhohlano a se a rarollotsoe, mekha e ile ea tiisa tumellano ea khotso, leha ba ile ba siea lintlha tsa bohlokoa - ho kenyeletsoa le mokhoa oa ho potlakisa bonngoe bo sa feleng ba mabotho a tšireletso a tšepahalang ho Kiir kapa Machar ho ba sesole se le seng sa naha - se tla rarolloa kamora moo. mmuso o ile wa qala ho kena tshebetsong (Sehlopha sa Matjhaba sa Mathata, 2019; Lekgotla la Kgaso la Brithani, 2020; Lekgotla la Tshireletso la Dinaha tse Kopaneng, 2020).
Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng
Barutehi ba bangata ba ntlafalitse khopolo ea demokrasi e kopanetsoeng, ho kenyelletsa Hans Daalder, Jorg Steiner, le Gerhard Lehmbruch. Tlhahiso ea khopolo-taba ea demokrasi e kopanetsoeng ke hore litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla li na le matla a mangata a bohlokoa. Batšehetsi ba litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla ba thehile likhang tsa bona mabapi le melao-motheo e tataisang ea tharollo ea likhohlano kapa mekhoa ea ho aha khotso lichabeng tse arohaneng mosebetsing oa thuto oa Arend Lijphart, eo lipatlisiso tsa hae tsa "demokrasi ea kopanelo le demokrasi ea tumellano" li thehileng katleho ea ho utloisisa mekhoa. ea demokrasi lichabeng tse arohaneng. Lijphart (2008) o boletse hore demokrasi lichabeng tse arohaneng e ka finyelloa, leha baahi ba arohane, haeba baetapele ba theha selekane. Pusong ea demokrasi e kopanetsoeng, kopano e thehoa ke bankakarolo ba emetseng lihlopha tsohle tse kholo tsa sechaba 'me ba abeloa liofisi le lisebelisoa ka ho lekana (Lijphart 1996 & 2008; O'Flynn & Russell, 2005; Spears, 2000).
Esman (2004) o hlalositse kabo ea matla e le "sebopeho se ts'oarehang sa maikutlo, lits'ebetso, le litsi, moo bonono ba puso e fetohang taba ea lipuisano, poelano, le ho sekisetsa litabatabelo le litletlebo tsa merabe ea eona" (leq. 178). Ka hona, demokrasi ea kopanelo ke mofuta oa demokrasi e nang le litlhophiso tse ikhethileng tsa ho arolelana matla, litloaelo le litekanyetso. Ka sepheo sa phuputso ena, lentsoe "karolelano ea matla" le tla nkela "consociational democracy" kaha kabo ea matla e le khubung ea moralo oa theory oa consociation.
Liphuputsong tsa ho rarolla likhohlano le tsa khotso, ho arolelana matla ho nkoa e le mokhoa oa ho rarolla likhohlano kapa mokhoa oa ho aha khotso o ka rarollang likhohlano tse rarahaneng, lipakeng tsa merabe, likhohlano tsa mekha e mengata, 'me haholo-holo, ho fokotsa nts'etsopele ea mekhatlo ea khotso le demokrasi, ho kenyeletsa, le kaho ea tumellano (Cheeseman, 2011; Aeby, 2018; Hartzell & Hoddie, 2019). Lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng, ho kenya tšebetsong litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla e bile ntho e ka sehloohong ho rarolleng likhohlano tsa merabe Afrika. Mohlala, lithako tse fetileng tsa kabo ea matla li entsoe ka 1994 Afrika Boroa; 1999 Sierra Leone; 1994, 2000, le 2004 Burundi; 1993 Rwanda; 2008 Kenya; le 2009 Zimbabwe. Naheng ea Sudan Boroa, tokisetso e nang le likarolo tse ngata ea ho arolelana matla e ne e le setsi sa mekhoa ea ho rarolla likhohlano tsa Tumellano e Pharalletseng ea Khotso ea 2005 (CPA), Tumellano ea 2015 mabapi le Qeto ea Mathata a South Sudan (ARCSS) le tumellano ea khotso ea Loetse 2018. Tumellano mabapi le Tharollo ea Likhohlano naheng ea Sudan Boroa (R-ARCSS) tumellano ea khotso. Ka khopolo, mohopolo oa ho arolelana matla o kenyelletsa tlhophiso e felletseng ea tsamaiso ea lipolotiki kapa lilekane tse ka khonang ho koala likarohano tse matla lichabeng tse harasoantsoeng ke ntoa. Ka mohlala, Kenya, litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla pakeng tsa Mwai Kibaki le Raila Odinga li ile tsa sebetsa e le sesebelisoa sa ho sebetsana le pefo ea lipolotiki 'me li ile tsa atleha, ka karolo e itseng, ka lebaka la ts'ebetsong ea mekhatlo ea mekhatlo e neng e kenyelletsa mekhatlo ea sechaba le ho fokotsa ho kena-kenana le lipolotiki ka bongata bo boholo. coalition (Cheeseman & Tendi, 2010; Kingsley, 2008). Afrika Boroa, kabo ea matla e ne e sebelisoa e le setheo sa nakoana sa ho kopanya mekha e fapaneng kamora ho fela ha apartheid (Lijphart, 2004).
Bahanyetsi ba tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla joalo ka Finkeldey (2011) ba phehile khang ea hore ho arolelana matla ho na le "lekhalo le leholo pakeng tsa khopolo ea kakaretso le tloaelo ea lipolotiki" (leq. 12). Tull and Mehler (2005), ha ho le joalo, ba ile ba lemosa ka "litšenyehelo tse patiloeng tsa ho arolelana matla," e 'ngoe ea tsona ke ho kenyelletsa lihlopha tse mabifi tse seng molaong mabapi le ho batla lisebelisoa le matla a lipolotiki. Ho feta moo, bahlahlobisisi ba ho arolelana matla ba fane ka maikutlo a hore "moo matla a abetsoeng batho ba phahameng ba khetholloang ka morabe, ho arolelana matla ho ka 'na ha kenya likarohano tsa merabe sechabeng" (Aeby, 2018, p. 857).
Bahlahlobisisi ba phehile khang ea hore e matlafatsa boitsebahatso ba merabe e sa sebetseng 'me e fana ka khotso le botsitso ba nako e khuts'oane, ka hona e hloleha ho etsa hore demokrasi e kopane. Boemong ba Sudan Boroa, ho arolelana matla ka kopanelo ho 'nile ha amoheloa e le mokhoa oa khale oa ho rarolla likhohlano, empa mokhoa ona o holimo-tlase oa tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla ha o fane ka khotso e tsitsitseng. Ntle ho moo, tekanyo eo litumellano tsa ho arolelana matla li ka khothalletsang khotso le botsitso li itšetlehile, ka karolo e itseng, lehlakoreng la mahlakore a khohlano, ho kenyeletsa le karolo e ka bang teng ea 'ba senyang'. Joalokaha Stedman (1997) a bontšitse, kotsi e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ho aha khotso ka mor'a likhohlano e tsoa ho "spoilers": baetapele bao le lihlopha tse nang le bokhoni le boikemisetso ba ho sebelisa pefo ho senya mekhoa ea khotso ka ho sebelisa matla. Ka lebaka la ho ata ha lihlopha tse ngata tse arohaneng ho pholletsa le Sudan Boroa, lihlopha tse hlometseng tse neng li se karolo ea tumellano ea khotso ea Phato 2015 li kentse letsoho ho senyeheng ha tokisetso ea kabo ea matla.
Ho hlakile hore hore litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla li atlehe, li lokela ho atolosetsoa ho litho tsa lihlopha tse ling ntle le ba saenneng ba pele. Naheng ea Sudan Boroa, tsepamiso ea mantlha ea tlholisano ea Moporesidente Kiir le Machar e ne e koahetse litletlebo tsa baahi ba tloaelehileng, tse ileng tsa ntšetsa pele ntoa har'a lihlopha tse hlometseng. Ha e le hantle, thuto e tsoang ho liphihlelo tse joalo ke hore litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla li tlameha ho leka-lekana ka mekhoa ea sebele, empa e sa tloaelehang bakeng sa ho tiisa tekano ea lipolotiki pakeng tsa lihlopha haeba li tla ba le monyetla oa ho atleha. Tabeng ea South Sudan, karohano ea merabe e bohareng ba likhohlano 'me ke sesosa se seholo sa merusu,' me e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba seriti lipolotiking tsa South Sudan. Lipolotiki tsa morabe tse ipapisitseng le tlholisano ea nalane le likamano tsa meloko li thehile sebopeho sa mekha e loanang Sudan Boroa.
Roeder and Rothchild (2005) ba ile ba pheha khang ea hore litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla li ka ba le liphello tse molemo nakong ea qaleho ea phetoho ho tloha ntoeng ho ea khotsong, empa liphello tse ngata tse nang le mathata nakong ea ho kopanya. Tokisetso ea pele ea kabo ea matla naheng ea Sudan Boroa, mohlala, e ne e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a mokhoa oa ho kopanya matla a arolelanoang, empa e ile ea lebisa tlhokomelo e fokolang ho libapali tse nang le likarolo tse ngata ka hare ho Sudan Boroa. Boemong ba maikutlo, litsebi le baetsi ba melao-motheo ba phehile khang ea hore khaello ea lipuisano pakeng tsa lipatlisiso le li-analytical agendas e bile eona e ikarabellang bakeng sa libaka tse foufetseng tsa lingoliloeng, tse atisang ho hlokomoloha batšoantšisi ba nang le tšusumetso le matla.
Leha lingoliloeng tse mabapi le kabo ea matla li hlahisitse maikutlo a fapaneng mabapi le katleho ea ona, puisano e mabapi le mohopolo ona e hlahlobiloe ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka lilense tsa intra-elite, 'me ho na le likheo tse ngata lipakeng tsa mohopolo le ts'ebetso. Linaheng tse boletsoeng ka holimo moo mebuso e arolelanoang matla e ile ea thehoa, hangata ho ’nile ha hatisoa nako e khutšoanyane ho e-na le botsitso ba nako e telele. Ha ho pelaelo hore tabeng ea Sudan Boroa, litokisetso tsa nakong e fetileng tsa ho arolelana matla li ile tsa hlōleha hobane li ile tsa fana ka tharollo maemong a phahameng, ntle le ho nahanela poelano ea batho ba bangata. Tlhokomeliso e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke hore le hoja litokisetso tsa ho arolelana matla li amana le kaho ea khotso, ho rarolla likhohlano le ho thibela ho khutla ha ntoa, e hlokomoloha khopolo ea ho haha 'muso.
Lintlha tse tla Isa Katlehong ea 'Muso oa Kopanelo
Tokisetso efe kapa efe ea ho arolelana matla, ha e le hantle, e hloka ho kopanya likarolo tsohle tse kholo tsa sechaba le ho ba fa karolo ea matla. Kahoo, bakeng sa tokisetso efe kapa efe ea ho arolelana matla ho ts'oara Sudan Boroa, e tlameha ho aha ts'epo ho bohle ba amehang khohlanong, ho tloha ho theoleng lihlomo, ho theoloa, le ho kopanngoa bocha (DDR) ea lihlopha tse fapaneng ho isa ho mabotho a ts'ireletso a hlolisanang, le ho tiisa toka le boikarabello. , ho tsosolosa lihlopha tsa mekhatlo ea sechaba, le ho aba matlotlo a tlhaho ka ho lekana har'a lihlopha tsohle. Ho etsa hore motho a tšepane ke habohlokoa boitekong leha e le bofe ba ho bōpa khotso. Ntle le kamano e matla ea ho tšepana pakeng tsa Kiir le Machar haholo-holo, empa hape, har'a lihlopha tse arohaneng, tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla e tla hlōleha 'me ho ka nahanoa hore e ka jala ho se sireletsehe ho eketsehileng, joalo ka ha ho etsahetse tumellanong ea Phato 2015 ea ho arolelana matla. Tumellano e ile ea robeha hobane Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Machar o ile a tlosoa kamora phatlalatso ea Mopresidente Kiir ea hore Machar o lekile ho ketola 'muso. Sena se ile sa etsa hore morabe oa Dinka o ikamahanye le Kiir le ba morabe oa Nuer ba neng ba tšehetsa Machar khahlanong le e mong (Roach, 2016; Sperber, 2016). Ntlha e 'ngoe e ka lebisang katlehong ea tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla ke ho theha tšepo har'a litho tse ncha tsa kabinete. Hore tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla e sebetse hantle, Mopresidente Kiir le Motlatsi oa Mopresidente Machar ba hloka ho theha moea oa ho tšepana mahlakore ka bobeli nakong ea phetoho. Kagiso ya nako e telele e itshetlehile hodima maikemisetso le diketso tsa mahlakore ohle tumellanong ya kabo ya matla, mme phephetso e kgolo e tla ba ho tloha mantsweng a rerilweng hantle ho ya diketsong tse sebetsang hantle.
Hape, khotso le tšireletseho li itšetlehile ka ho amoha lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa marabele ka har’a naha lihlomo. Ka hona, diphetoho tsa lekala la tshireletso di lokela ho kenngwa tshebetsong e le sesebediswa sa ho aha kgotso ho thusa ka kopanyo ya dihlopha tse fapaneng tse hlometseng. Phetoho ea lekala la tšireletso e tlameha ho hatisa ho hlophisa bocha bahlabani ba mehleng ho ba sesole sa naha, mapolesa le mabotho a mang a tšireletso. Mehato ea sebele ea boikarabello e sebetsanang le marabele le tšebeliso ea 'ona ho hlohlelletsa likhohlano tse ncha lia hlokahala e le hore bao e kileng ea e-ba bahlabani, ba sa tsoa kopanngoa, ba se ke ba hlola ba sitisa khotso le botsitso ba naha. Haeba e etsoa ka nepo, ho theoa ha lihlomo, ho theola batho sesoleng, le ho kopanngoa bocha (DDR) ho ne ho tla tiisa khotso ka ho khothalletsa ho tšepana pakeng tsa bao e neng e le lira le ho khothaletsa phokotso ea lihlomo hammoho le phetoho e ngata ea mohlabani bophelong ba sechaba. Kahoo, phetoho ea lekala la ts'ireletso e lokela ho kenyelletsa ho tlosa lipolotiki ho mabotho a tšireletso a Sudan Boroa. Lenaneo le atlehileng la ho theola lihlomo, ho theola batho, le ho kopanya bocha (DDR) le lona le tla hleka tsela bakeng sa botsitso le nts'etsopele ea kamoso. Bohlale bo tloaelehileng bo bolela hore ho kopanya marabele kapa bahlabani ba mehleng ho lebotho le lecha ho ka sebelisoa ho haha sebopeho se kopaneng sa naha (Konyana & Stainer, 2018). Mmuso wa kopanelo, ka tshebedisano le Mokgatlo wa Matjhaba a Kopaneng (UN), Kopano ya Aforika (AU), Bolaodi ba Dipuso tse Kopanetsweng hodima Ntshetsopele (IGAD), le makala a mang, e lokela ho nka mosebetsi wa ho amoha dihlomo le ho kopanya bao e neng e le bahlabani bophelong ba setjhaba nakong eo. e ikemiseditseng ho tshireletso ya setjhaba le mokgwa wa ho ya hodimo.
Liphuputso tse ling li bonts'itse hore tsamaiso ea boahloli e tlameha ho fetoloa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho tiisa molao oa molao, ho theha tšepo ho mekhatlo ea mmuso, le ho matlafatsa demokrasi. Ho 'nile ha tsekoa hore tšebeliso ea liphetoho tsa toka ea nakoana lichabeng tsa ka mor'a likhohlano, haholo-holo Likhomishene tsa 'Nete le Poelano (TRC), e ka senya litumellano tsa khotso tse ntseng li emetse. Leha ho ka ba joalo, ho bahlaseluoa, mananeo a toka ka mor'a likhohlano a ka utolla 'nete mabapi le ho hloka toka ha nako e fetileng, ho hlahloba sesosa sa bona, ho qosa batlōli ba molao, ho hlophisa mekhatlo bocha, le poelano ea tšehetso (Van Zyl, 2005). Ha e le hantle, 'nete le poelano li ka thusa ho tsosolosa tšepo ho Sudan Boroa le ho qoba ho hlaha hape ha likhohlano. Ho theha lekhotla la nakoana la molaotheo, phetoho ea boahloli, le ea tlas'a maemo Komiti ea Tokiso ea Boahloli (JRC) ho tlaleha le ho etsa litlhahiso nakong ea phetoho, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe Tumellanong e Tsosolositsoeng mabapi le Tharollo ea Khohlano South Sudan (R-ARCSS) tumellano, e tla fana ka sebaka sa ho folisa likarohano tse metseng ka metso sechabeng le mahlomola. . Ka lebaka la boikarabello ba ba bang ba mekha e khohlanong, leha ho le joalo, ho kenya ts'ebetsong merero ena e tla ba bothata. Komisi e matla ea 'Nete le Poelano (TRC) e ka kenya letsoho haholo poelanong le botsitsong, empa e tlameha ho lemoha ho etsa toka e le mokhoa o ka nkang lilemo tse mashome kapa meloko. Ho bohlokoa ho theha le ho boloka taolo ea molao le ho kenya ts'ebetsong melao le mekhoa e thibelang matla a mahlakore ohle le ho etsa hore ba ikarabelle bakeng sa liketso tsa bona. Sena se ka thusa ho fokotsa tsitsipano, ho theha botsitso, le ho fokotsa monyetla oa likhohlano tse eketsehileng. Leha ho le joalo, haeba komisi e joalo e etsoa, e tlameha ho tšoaroa ka hloko ho qoba boiphetetso.
Kaha mats'oao a ho aha khotso a kenyelletsa lihlopha tse ngata tsa batšoantšisi 'me a shebane le likarolo tsohle tsa sebopeho sa mmuso, a hloka boiteko bo akaretsang ba ts'ebetsong ea bona e atlehileng. 'Muso oa nakoana o tlameha ho kenyelletsa lihlopha tse' maloa ho tsoa maemong a tlase le a maemo a phahameng ho kena matsapeng a ona a kaho bocha ka mor'a likhohlano le ho aha khotso Sudan Boroa. Kenyeletso, haholo-holo ea lihlopha tsa mekhatlo ea sechaba, e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho matlafatsa mekhoa ea khotso ea naha. Sechaba se mafolofolo le se mafolofolo - ho kenyeletsoa baetapele ba tumelo, baetapele ba basali, baetapele ba bacha, baetapele ba likhoebo, barutehi le marang-rang a molao - ba ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mererong ea ho aha khotso ha ba ntse ba khothaletsa ho hlaha ha mokhatlo oa sechaba o nkang karolo le tsamaiso ea lipolotiki ea demokrasi (Quinn, 2009). Ho emisa ho matlafala ha likhohlano, boiteko ba batšoantšisi bana ba fapaneng bo tlameha ho sebetsana le maemo a ts'ebetsong le a maikutlo a likhohlano tse teng hona joale, 'me mahlakore ka bobeli a tlameha ho kenya ts'ebetsong leano le sebetsanang le lipotso tsa ho kenyeletsoa nakong ea ts'ebetso ea khotso ka ho netefatsa hore khetho ea baemeli e teng. pepeneneng.
Qetellong, e 'ngoe ea lintho tse hlohlelletsang likhohlano tse sa feleng Sudan Boroa ke tlholisano ea nako e telele pakeng tsa batho ba phahameng ba Dinka le Nuer bakeng sa taolo ea matla a lipolotiki le mehloli e mengata ea oli ea sebaka seo. Litletlebo tse mabapi le ho se leka-lekane, ho behelloa ka thōko, bobolu, khethollo ea morabe le lipolotiki tsa morabe ke tse ling tsa lintho tse khethollang khohlano e teng hona joale. Bobolu le tlhōlisano bakeng sa matla a lipolotiki li tšoana, 'me marang-rang a kleptocratic exploitation a thusa ho sebelisoa ha mehloli ea sechaba molemong oa motho. Lichelete tse tsoang tlhahisong ea oli li tlameha ho rereloa, ho fapana le moo, ntlafatsong ea moruo e tsitsitseng, joalo ka matsete a moruo oa sechaba, oa batho le oa mekhatlo. Sena se ka finyelloa ka ho theha mokhoa o sebetsang oa tlhokomelo o laolang bobolu, pokello ea lekeno, moralo oa lichelete, kabo ea lekeno, le lits'enyehelo. Ho feta moo, bafani ha baa tlameha feela ho thusa mmuso oa kopanelo ho aha bocha moruo oa naha le meralo ea motheo, empa hape ba behe leano la ho qoba bobolu bo bongata. Kahoo, kabo e tobileng ea leruo, joalo ka ha lihlopha tse ling tsa marabele li batla, e ke ke ea thusa Sudan Boroa ho sebetsana le bofuma ba eona ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Kaho ea khotso ea nako e telele Sudan Boroa e tlameha, ho e-na le hoo, ho rarolla litletlebo tsa sebele, tse kang boemeli bo lekanang likarolong tsohle tsa lipolotiki, tsa sechaba, le moruo. Le hoja bakena-lipakeng le bafani ba ka ntle ba ka thusa le ho tšehetsa kaho ea khotso, phetoho ea demokrasi qetellong e tlameha ho tsamaisoa ke matla a ka hare.
Likarabo tsa lipotso tsa lipatlisiso li mabapi le kamoo 'muso o arolelanang matla o sebetsanang le litletlebo tsa lehae, o tsosolosa tšepo har'a ba amehang khohlanong, o theha mananeo a atlehang a ho theola lihlomo, ho theola batho, le ho kopanya bocha (DDR), ho fana ka toka, ho jara batlōli ba molao molato, ho khothalletsa mekgatlo ya setjhaba e matla e bolokang mmuso o arolelanang matla o ikarabella, le ho netefatsa kabo e lekanang ya matlotlo a tlhaho hara dihlopha tsohle. Ho qoba ho hlaha hape, mmuso o mocha oa bonngoe o tlameha ho theoloa lipolotiking, ho fetola likarolo tsa ts'ireletso le ho rarolla likarohano tsa merabe lipakeng tsa Kiir le Machar. Mehato ena kaofela e bohlokoa katlehong ea kabo ea matla le kaho ea khotso naheng ea Sudan Boroa. Leha ho le joalo, katleho ea ’muso o mocha oa bonngoe e itšetlehile ka boikemisetso ba lipolotiki, boitlamo ba lipolotiki le tšebelisano-’moho ea mahlakore ’ohle a amehang khohlanong.
fihlela qeto e
Ho fihlela joale, lipatlisiso tsena li bonts'itse hore bakhanni ba likhohlano South Sudan ba rarahane ebile ba na le mefuta e mengata. Motheo oa khohlano lipakeng tsa Kiir le Machar le tsona ke litaba tsa mantlha tse metseng ka metso, joalo ka puso e mpe, lintoa tsa matla, bobolu, khethollo ea morabe le likarohano tsa merabe. 'Muso o mocha oa bonngoe o tlameha ho sebetsana ka mokhoa o lekaneng oa likarohano tsa merabe pakeng tsa Kiir le Machar. Ka ho matlafatsa likarohano tsa merabe tse teng le ho sebelisa moea oa tšabo, mahlakore ka bobeli a bokelletse batšehetsi ho pholletsa le Sudan Boroa. Mosebetsi o larileng ka pele ke oa hore 'muso oa kopanelo oa nakoana o thehe moralo oa ho fetola lisebelisoa tsa mantlha le lits'ebetso tsa lipuisano tsa naha tse kenyeletsang, ho rarolla likarohano tsa merabe, ho ama phetoho ea lekala la ts'ireletso, ho loantša bobolu, ho fana ka toka ea nakoana, le ho thusa phalliso ea sechaba. batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona. 'Muso oa bonngoe o tlameha ho kenya ts'ebetsong lipakane tsa nako e telele le tse khutšoanyane tse sebetsanang le lintlha tsena tse senyang botsitso, tseo hangata li sebelisoang molemong oa tsoelo-pele ea lipolotiki le ho matlafatsa mahlakore ka bobeli.
Mmuso wa Sudan Borwa le balekane ba ona ba ntshetsopele ba behile kgatello e kgolo hodima kaho ya mmuso mme ba sa tsepamise maikutlo ho lekaneng kahong ya kgotso. Tokisetso ea ho arolelana matla feela e ke ke ea tlisa khotso le tšireletseho tse tšoarellang. Khotso le botsitso li ka 'na tsa hloka mohato o eketsehileng oa ho tlosa lipolotiki ho tloha morabeng. Se tla thusa ho etsa hore Sudan Boroa e be le khotso ke ho sebetsana le likhohlano tsa lehae le ho lumella ho hlahisa litletlebo tse ngata tse tšoaroang ke lihlopha le batho ka bomong. Ho ea ka nalane, batho ba maemo a holimo ba pakile hore khotso ha se seo ba se hahamallang, ka hona ho lokela ho lebisoa tlhokomelo ho batho ba lakatsang ho ba le Sudan Boroa e nang le khotso le toka. Ke feela ts'ebetso ea khotso e nahanang ka lihlopha tse fapaneng, liphihlelo tsa bona tsa bophelo, le litletlebo tsa bona tse arolelanoang tse ka tlisang khotso eo Sudan Boroa e e labalabelang. Qetellong, bakeng sa tokisetso e felletseng ea ho arolelana matla hore e atlehe Sudan Boroa, bakena-lipakeng ba tlameha ho tsepamisa maikutlo ka botlalo lisosa le litletlebo tsa ntoa ea lehae. Haeba litaba tsena li sa rarolloe hantle, 'muso o mocha oa bonngoe o tla hloleha, 'me Sudan Boroa e tla lula e le naha e loantšanang le eona.
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