Ho Fuputsa Mekhoa ea Setso ea ho Rarolla Likhohlano ho Rarolla Likhohlano tsa Fulani Herdsmen-Farmers Nigeria
Sekhetho:
Nigeria e tobane le ho se sireletsehe ho bakoang ke likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai likarolong tse fapaneng tsa naha. Khohlano ena e bakoa ke karolo e ntseng e eketseha ea ho falla ha balisa ho tloha karolong e hōle ea leboea ho ea karolong e bohareng le e ka boroa ea naha ka lebaka la khaello ea tikoloho le tlhōlisano ea makhulo le sebaka, e 'ngoe ea liphello tsa phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Libaka tse ka leboea-bohareng tsa Niger, Benue, Taraba, Nasarawa, le Kogi ke libaka tse matla tsa likhohlano tse ileng tsa latela. Sepheo sa phuputso ena ke tlhokahalo ea ho lebisa tlhokomelo ea rona ho mokhoa o sebetsang haholoanyane oa ho rarolla kapa ho laola khohlano ena e sa feleng. Ho na le tlhokahalo e matla ea ho hlahloba mokhoa o ka khonehang oa ho tlisa khotso e tsitsitseng sebakeng sena. Pampiri ena e re mohlala oa Bophirimela oa tharollo ea likhohlano ha oa khona ho rarolla bothata bona. Ka hona, ho lokela ho nkoa mokhoa o mong. Mekhoa ea setso ea Afrika ea ho rarolla likhohlano e lokela ho sebetsa e le mokhoa o mong oa ho rarolla likhohlano tsa Bophirimela ho ntša Nigeria sekoting sena sa tšireletso. Khohlano ea balisa le lihoai ke ea tlhaho e lokafatsang tšebeliso ea mokhoa oa khale oa ho rarolla liqabang ka har'a sechaba. Mekhoa ea ho rarolla liqabang tsa Bophirimela e bonahetse e sa lekana ebile e sa sebetse, 'me e ntse e emisa ho rarolla likhohlano likarolong tse' maloa tsa Afrika. Mokhoa oa matsoalloa oa ho rarolla liqabang sebakeng sena o sebetsa haholo hobane o lumellana hape ebile o lumellana. E thehiloe holim'a molao-motheo oa moahi ho moahi diplomacy ka ho kenya letsoho ha baholo sechabeng ba hlomelitsoeng ka lintlha tsa nalane, har'a tse ling. Ka mokhoa oa boleng ba lipatlisiso, pampiri e sekaseka lingoliloeng tse amehang ka ho sebelisa lintoa thulano moralo ea tlhahlobo. Pampiri ena e phethela ka likhothaletso tse tla thusa baetsi ba melaoana hore ba be le karolo ea bona ea boahloli tharollong ea likhohlano tsa sechaba.
Kopitsa Sengoloa Sena
Tlhahiso:
Ottoh, FO (2022). Ho hlahloba mekhoa ea khale ea ho rarolla likhohlano ho rarolloeng ha likhohlano tsa balisa ba Fulani le lihoai Nigeria. Journal of Living Hammoho, 7(1), 1-14.
Lintlha tsa Sengoloa:
@Sengoloa{Ottoh2022}
Sehlooho = {Ho Fuputsa Mekhoa ea Setso ea ho Rarolla Likhohlano ho Rarolla Likhohlano tsa Balisa ba Fulani le Bahoai Nigeria}
Mongoli = {Ferdinand O. Ottoh}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/mekhoa-ea-setso-ea-tharollo-khohlano-mo-roalong-oa-fulani-balisa-lihoai-khohlano-na-nigeria/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Printa); 2373-6631 (Inthaneteng)}
Selemo = {2022}
Letsatsi = {2022-12-7}
Journal = {Journal of Living Hammoho}
Bolumo = {7}
Nomoro = {1}
Maqephe = {1-14}
Mohatisi = {Setsi sa Machaba sa Bobuelli ba Ethno-Bolumeli}
Aterese = {White Plains, New York}
Khatiso = {2022}.
Selelekela: Semelo sa Histori
Pele ho qaleho ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, khohlano pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai mabanta a savannah a Afrika Bophirimela e ne e qalile (Ofuokwu & Isife, 2010). Lilemong tse mashome le halofo tse fetileng Nigeria, ho ile ha hlokomeloa leqhubu le ntseng le eketseha la likhohlano tsa balisa ba Fulani le lihoai, tse bakang tšenyo ea bophelo le thepa, hammoho le ho lelekoa ha batho ba likete malapeng a bona. Sena se latela metsamao ea balisa ba makholo a lilemo le likhomo tsa bona ho tloha bochabela le bophirima ho pholletsa le Sahel, sebaka se omeletseng se ka boroa ho lehoatata la Sahara se kenyelletsang lebanta le ka leboea la Nigeria (Crisis Group, 2017). Nalane ea morao-rao, komello ea bo-1970 le bo-1980 sebakeng sa Sahel le ho falla ho amanang le palo e kholo ea balisa sebakeng sa meru e mongobo Afrika Bophirima ho lebisitse keketsehong ea likhohlano tsa balemi le barui. Ntle ho moo, khohlano e bile teng ka lebaka la ho itlela feela ho isa likhohlanong le litlhaselo tse reriloeng ke sehlopha se seng khahlanong le se seng. Khohlano, joalo ka tse ling ka har'a naha, e nkile boemo bo bocha ba boemo bo holimo, e leng se hlahisitseng boemo bo thata le bo sa tsitsang ba naha ea Nigeria. Sena se bakoa ke sebopeho kamoo diphapang tse lebeletsang pele le tse haufi.
'Muso, ho tloha ha Nigeria e fumana boipuso ho tsoa ho Mabrithani, o ne o tseba bothata bo pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai 'me ka lebaka leo o ile oa etsa molao oa Grazing Reserve Act oa 1964. Hamorao Molao o ile oa atolosoa ka bophara ho feta kholiso ea ntlafatso ea mehlape. ho kenyelletsa ts'ireletso ea molao ea makhulo ho tsoa temong ea lijalo, ho theoa ha makhulo a mangata le khothatso ea balisa ba bo-hloma-u-hlomole ho lula makhulong a nang le makhulo le metsi ho e-na le ho solla seterateng le likhomo tsa bona (Ingawa et al., 1989). Rekoto e matla e bonts'a matla, bokhopo, likotsi tse kholo, le phello ea likhohlano linaheng tse kang Benue, Nasarawa, Taraba, joalo-joalo. Mohlala, lipakeng tsa 2006 le Mots'eanong 2014, Nigeria e tlalehile likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai tse 111, tse ileng tsa baka mafu a 615 ho palo ea batho ba 61,314 ba bolailoeng naheng eo (Olayoku, 2014). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lipakeng tsa 1991 le 2005, liperesente tse 35 tsa likoluoa tsohle tse tlalehiloeng li bakiloe ke ntoa ea makhulo a likhomo (Adekunle & Adisa, 2010). Ho tloha ka Loetse 2017, khohlano e eketsehile ka batho ba fetang 1,500 ba bolailoeng (Sehlopha sa Tlokotsi, 2018).
Mokhoa oa ho rarolla likhohlano tsa Bophirimela o hlōlehile ho rarolla khohlano ena pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai tsa Nigeria. Ke ka lebaka leo likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai li ke keng tsa rarolloa tsamaisong ea makhotla a Bophirimela Nigeria, karolo e 'ngoe hobane lihlopha tsena ha li na qetello tsamaisong ea boahloli ea Bophirimela. Mohlala ha o lumelle bahlaseluoa kapa lihlopha ho hlahisa maikutlo kapa maikutlo a bona mabapi le mokhoa o molemo ka ho fetisisa oa ho tsosolosa khotso. Mokhoa oa ho ahlola o etsa hore bolokolohi ba ho itlhalosa le mokhoa oa ho rarolla likhohlano o be thata ho sebelisoa tabeng ena. Khohlano e hloka tumellano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli mabapi le tsela e nepahetseng ea ho rarolla mathata a bona.
Potso ea bohlokoa ke hore: Ke hobane'ng ha khohlano ee e ntse e tsoela pele 'me e nkile boemo bo bolaeang haholo morao tjena? Ha re araba potso ena, re batla ho hlahloba sebopeho kamoo lisosa tse tlang pele le tse haufi. Ka lebaka la sena, hoa hlokahala ho hlahloba mekhoa e meng ea ho rarolla likhohlano ho fokotsa matla le makhetlo a likhohlano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli.
Methodology
Mokhoa o amohetsoeng bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsena ke tlhahlobo ea lipuisano, puisano e bulehileng e mabapi le likhohlano le taolo ea likhohlano. Puisano e lumella tlhahlobo ea boleng ba litaba tsa moruo oa sechaba le tsa lipolotiki tse nang le bopaki le nalane, hape e fana ka moralo oa ho sekaseka likhohlano tse ke keng tsa rarolloa. Sena se boetse se kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng moo ho bokelloang le ho hlahlobisisoa lintlha tse nepahetseng. Bopaki ba litokomane bo lumella kutloisiso e tebileng ea litaba tse ntseng li etsoa lipatlisiso. Ka hona, lingoloa, libuka tsa lingoliloeng le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa polokelo li sebelisoa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang. Pampiri e kopanya maikutlo a tiori a batlang ho hlalosa khohlano e ke keng ea rarolloa. Mokhoa ona o fana ka boitsebiso bo tebileng ka bahahi ba khotso ba sebaka seo (baholo) ba tsebang lineano, meetlo, litekanyetso le maikutlo a batho.
Mekhoa ea Setso ea ho Rarolla Likhohlano: Kakaretso
Khohlano e hlaha ka lebaka la ho lelekisa lithahasello, lipheo, le litabatabelo tse fapaneng tsa batho kapa lihlopha libakeng tse hlalositsoeng tsa sechaba le tsa 'mele (Otite, 1999). Khohlano pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai Nigeria e bakoa ke ho se lumellane ka litokelo tsa makhulo. Khopolo ea ho rarolla liqabang e thehiloe holim'a molao-motheo oa ho kenella ho fetola kapa ho tsamaisa tsela ea khohlano. Tharollo ea likhohlano e fana ka monyetla oa hore mahlakore a khohlano a sebelisane le tšepo ea ho fokotsa boholo, matla, le liphello (Otite, 1999). Taolo ea likhohlano ke mokhoa o shebaneng le sephetho oo sepheo sa oona e leng ho tsebahatsa le ho tlisa baetapele ba mekha e loantšanang tafoleng ea lipuisano (Paffenholz, 2006). E kenyelletsa ho bokella litloaelo tsa setso joalo ka ho amohela baeti, ho babatsa, ho fana, le litsamaiso tsa tumelo. Lisebelisoa tsena tsa setso li sebelisoa ka katleho ho rarolla likhohlano. Ho ea ka Lederach (1997), "phetoho ea likhohlano ke sete e felletseng ea lilense tse hlalosang hore na khohlano e hlaha joang, 'me e fetoha ka hare ho eona,' me e tlisa liphetoho boemong ba botho, kamano, sebopeho le setso, le bakeng sa ho hlahisa likarabo tsa boiqapelo tse khothaletsang batho. phetoho ea khotso ka har'a litekanyo tseo ka mekhoa e se nang mabifi” (leq. 83).
Mokhoa oa ho fetola likhohlano o sebetsa ho feta tharollo hobane o fa mahlakore monyetla o ikhethang oa ho fetola le ho tsosolosa likamano tsa bona ka thuso ea mokena-lipakeng oa boraro. Sebakeng sa setso sa Afrika, babusi ba neano, baprista ba ka sehloohong ba melimo, le basebeletsi ba tsamaiso ea bolumeli ba bokelloa ho laola le ho rarolla likhohlano. Tumelo ea ho kenella ho matla a phahametseng tlhaho likhohlanong ke e 'ngoe ea litsela tsa ho rarolla likhohlano le phetoho. “Mekhoa ea setso ke likamano tsa sechaba tse hlophiloeng… Ho phaella moo, "mekhoa ea ho laola likhohlano e nkoa e le ea setso haeba e 'nile ea sebelisoa ka nako e telele' me e fetohile ka har'a lichaba tsa Afrika ho e-na le hore e be sehlahisoa sa ho tsoa kantle ho naha" (Zartman, 1999, p.161). Boege (2000) o hlalositse mantsoe a reng, mekhatlo ea "setso" le mekhoa ea phetoho ea likhohlano, e le tse nang le metso ea tsona mekhatlong ea matsoalloa a sebaka sa precolonial, pre-contact, kapa prehistoric Society in Global South 'me e' nile ea sebelisoa ho tsona. sechaba ka nako e telele (leq.7).
Wahab (2017) o ile a sekaseka mohlala oa setso oa Sudan, libaka tsa Sahel le Sahara, le Chad ho latela tloaelo ea Judiyya - ketso ea karolo ea boraro bakeng sa toka le phetoho. Sena se etselitsoe bo-hloma-u-hlomole le lihoai tse lulang li le teng ho etsa bonnete ba hore merabe e lulang sebakeng se le seng kapa e sebelisanang khafetsa (Wahab, 2017). Mohlala oa Judiyya o sebelisoa ho rarolla litaba tsa lehae le tsa lelapa tse kang tlhalo le tokelo ea molao, le likhohlano mabapi le phihlello ea makhulo le metsi. E boetse e sebetsa ho likhohlano tse mabifi tse kenyelletsang tšenyo ea thepa kapa lefu, hammoho le likhohlano tse kholo tsa lihlopha. Mohlala ona ha oa ikhetha ho lihlopha tsena tsa Maafrika feela. E sebelisoa Bochabela bo Hare, Asia, ’me e ne e bile e sebelisoa Linaheng Tsa Amerika pele li hlaseloa le ho haptjoa. Likarolong tse ling tsa Afrika, mefuta e meng ea matsoalloa a moo e tšoanang le Judiyya e amohetsoe ho rarolla liqabang. Makhotla a Gacaca a Rwanda ke mohlala oa setso oa Afrika oa tharollo ea likhohlano o thehiloeng ka 2001 ka mor'a polao ea morabe ka 1994. Lekhotla la Gacaca le ne le sa shebane le toka feela; poelano e ne e le setsi sa mosebetsi oa eona. E ile ea nka mokhoa oa ho kenya letsoho le o mocha tsamaisong ea toka (Okechukwu, 2014).
Joale re ka nka tsela ea khopolo-taba ho tsoa likhopolong tsa tlhekefetso ea tikoloho le khohlano e hahang ho rala motheo o motle oa ho utloisisa taba e ntseng e etsoa lipatlisiso.
Maikutlo a Theory
Khopolo ea tlhekefetso ea tikoloho e fumana motheo oa eona oa thuto-thuto ho latela pono ea tikoloho ea lipolotiki e ntlafalitsoeng ke Homer-Dixon (1999), e batlang ho hlalosa kamano e rarahaneng pakeng tsa litaba tsa tikoloho le likhohlano tse mabifi. Homer-Dixon (1999) o re:
Ho fokotseha ha boleng le bongata ba lisebelisoa tse ka nchafatsoang, ho eketseha ha baahi, le phihlello ea lisebelisoa li sebetsa ka bonngoe kapa ka mefuta e fapaneng ho eketsa khaello, bakeng sa lihlopha tse itseng tsa baahi, mobu oa lijalo, metsi, meru le litlhapi. Batho ba amehileng ba ka ’na ba falla kapa ba lelekeloa linaheng tse ncha. Hangata lihlopha tse fallang li baka likhohlano tsa merabe ha li fallela libakeng tse ncha ’me ha ho fokotseha ha leruo ho tla baka bofutsana. (leq. 30)
Ho totobetseng khopolong ea tlhekefetso ea tikoloho ke hore tlhōlisano holim'a mehloli e fokolang ea tikoloho e baka likhohlano tse mabifi. Mokhoa ona o mpefalitsoe ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo, tse ekelitseng khaello ea tikoloho lefatšeng ka bophara (Blench, 2004; Onuoha, 2007). Khohlano ea balisa le lihoai e etsahala nakong e itseng ea selemo - nako ea komello - ha balisa ba isa likhomo tsa bona ka boroa ho ea fula. Bothata ba phetoho ea tlelaemete e bakang ho fetoha lehoatata le komello ka leboea ke eona e ikarabellang bakeng sa liketsahalo tse phahameng tsa likhohlano pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli. Balisa ba tsamaisa likhomo tsa bona libakeng tseo ba tla fumana joang le metsi. Ha li ntse li tsoela pele, likhomo li ka ’na tsa senya lijalo tsa lihoai tse bakang khohlano e sa feleng. Ke mona moo khopolo ea thulano e hahang e bang ea bohlokoa.
Khopolo ea khohlano e hahang e latela mohlala oa bongaka moo lits'ebetso tsa likhohlano tse senyang li tšoantšoang le lefu - lits'ebetso tsa pathological tse amang batho hampe, mekhatlo le sechaba ka kakaretso (Burgess & Burgess, 1996). Ho latela pono ena, ho bolela feela hore lefu le ke ke la phekoloa ka ho feletseng, empa matšoao a ka laoloa. Joaloka litabeng tsa bongaka, maloetse a mang ka linako tse ling a atisa ho hana lithethefatsi haholo. Sena ke ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsa likhohlano ka botsona ke tsa pathological, haholo-holo khohlano e ke keng ea rarolloa ka tlhaho. Tabeng ena, khohlano pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai e silafalitse litharollo tsohle tse tsejoang ka lebaka la taba ea mantlha e amehang, e leng phihlello ea mobu bakeng sa ho iphelisa.
Ho laola khohlano ena, ho amoheloa mokhoa oa bongaka o latelang mehato e itseng ea ho hlahloba bothata ba mokuli ea nang le bothata bo itseng ba bongaka bo bonahalang bo sa phekolehe. Joalokaha e etsoa lefapheng la bongaka, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho rarolla likhohlano o qala ka ho nka mohato oa tlhahlobo. Mohato oa pele ke hore baholo metseng ba kenye letsoho tlhophisong ea 'mapa oa likhohlano - ho khetholla mahlakore a khohlano, hammoho le lithahasello le maemo a bona. Baholo bana metseng ba nkoa ba utloisisa nalane ea likamano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng. Tabeng ea histori ea ho falla ha Fulani, baholo ba boemong ba ho hlalosa kamoo ba ’nileng ba phela ka lilemo tse ngata kateng le lichaba tseo ba li amohetseng. Mohato o latelang oa tlhahlobo ke ho khetholla lintlha tsa mantlha (libaka kapa litaba) tsa khohlano ho tsoa ho likhohlano, e leng mathata a ts'ebetsong a khohlano a theoang holim'a lintlha tsa mantlha tse etsang hore khohlano e be thata ho rarolloa. E le ho leka ho etsa hore mahlakore ka bobeli a fetole maemo a bona a thata ho phehella lithahasello tsa bona, ho lokela ho nkoa mokhoa o hahang haholoanyane. Sena se lebisa mokhoeng o hahang oa khohlano.
Mokgwa wo o agago wa thulano o tla thuša mahlakore ka bobedi go tšweletša kwešišo ye e kwagalago ya mahlakore a bothata go ya ka tebelelo ya bona le ya baganetši ba bona (Burgess & Burgess, 1996). Mokhoa ona oa ho rarolla liqabang o thusa batho ho arola litaba tsa mantlha khohlanong le litaba tseo e leng tse fapaneng, ho thusa ho theha maano a tla khahla mahlakore ka bobeli. Mo dithulaganyong tsa setso, go tla nna le karoganyo ya dikgang tsa konokono go na le go di tsenya sepolotiki e leng semelo sa mmotlolo wa Bophirima.
Likhopolo tsena li fana ka tlhaloso ea ho utloisisa lintlha tsa mantlha khohlanong le hore na e tla rarolloa joang ho netefatsa hore ho na le khotso pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli sechabeng. Mohlala o sebetsang ke khopolo ea thulano e hahang. Sena se beha tumelo ea hore na mekhatlo ea setso e ka sebelisoa joang ho rarolla likhohlano tse sa feleng lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Tšebeliso ea baholo tsamaisong ea toka le ho rarolla liqabang tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho hloka mokhoa o hahang oa khohlano. Mokhoa ona o tšoana le kamoo ntoa ea Umuleri-Aguleri e ileng ea nka nako e telele karolong e ka boroa-bochabela ea Nigeria e ileng ea rarolloa ke baholo. Ha boiteko bohle ba ho rarolla khohlano e mabifi pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli bo hlōleha, ho ile ha e-ba le ho kenella moeeng ka moprista e moholo ea ileng a fana ka molaetsa o tsoang ho baholo-holo mabapi le timetso e neng e le haufi e neng e tla oela lichaba tsena tse peli. Molaetsa o tswang ho badimo e ne e le hore qabang e lokiswe ka kgotso. Mekhatlo ea Bophirimela e kang lekhotla, mapolesa le sesole ha ea ka ea khona ho rarolla qaka ena. Khotso e ile ea tsosolosoa feela ka ho kenella ho matla a phahametseng tlhaho, ho amoheloa ha likano, phatlalatso ea molao ea “ntoa e ke keng ea hlola e e-ba teng” e ileng ea lateloa ke ho tekenoa ha selekane sa khotso le ho etsoa ha moetlo oa tlhoekiso bakeng sa ba neng ba ameha ntoeng e mabifi e ileng ea timetsa. maphelo a mangata le thepa. Ba lumela hore motlōli oa tumellano ea khotso o tobana le khalefo ea balimo.
Sebopeho cum Predispositional Variables
Ho tsoa tlhalosong e ka holimo ea mohopolo le ea khopolo-taba, re ka fumana sebopeho sa motheo kamoo maemo a predispositional a ikarabellang bakeng sa likhohlano tsa balisa ba Fulani le lihoai. Lebaka le leng ke khaello ea lisebelisoa e lebisang tlholisanong e matla lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Maemo a joalo ke litholoana tsa tlholeho le nalane, tseo ho ka thoeng li rala motheo oa ho ba le likhohlano tse sa feleng lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Sena se ile sa mpefatsoa ke phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo. Sena se tla le bothata ba ho fetoha lehoatata ho bakoang ke nako e telele ea komello ho tloha ka Mphalane ho isa Motšeanong le pula e tlase (600 ho isa ho 900 mm) ho tloha Phuptjane ho isa Loetse karolong e ka leboea e hole ea Nigeria e omeletseng le e omeletseng (Crisis Group, 2017). Mohlala, linaha tse latelang, Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe le Zamfara, li na le karolo ea 50-75 lekholong ea sebaka se fetohang lehoatata (Crisis Group, 2017). Boemo bona ba boemo ba leholimo ba ho futhumala ha lefatše ho bakang komello le ho fokotseha ha masimo a makhulo le a mapolasi ho qobelletse balisa ba limilione le ba bang ho fallela sebakeng se ka leboea bohareng le karolong e ka boroa ea naha ho ea batla mobu o behang litholoana, e leng hona ho amang mekhoa ea temo le ho ba teng. mekhoa ea boipheliso ea matsoalloa.
Ho feta moo, tahlehelo ea makhulo ka lebaka la tlhoko e phahameng ea batho ka bomong le mebuso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e fapaneng e behile khatello holim'a mobu o fokolang o teng bakeng sa makhulo le temo. Lilemong tsa bo-1960, makhulo a fetang 415 a ile a thehoa ke 'muso oa lebatooa le ka leboea. Tsena ha li sa le teng. Ke tse 114 feela tsa makhulo ana a ngolisitsoeng ka molao ntle le tšehetso ea molao ho netefatsa tšebeliso e khethehileng kapa ho nka mehato ea ho thibela tšenyo leha e le efe e ka bang teng (Crisis Group, 2017). Se boleloang ke sena ke hore barui ba likhomo ba tla sala ba se na boikhethelo haese ho nka sebaka sefe kapa sefe se teng bakeng sa lekhulo. Lihoai le tsona li tla tobana le khaello e tšoanang ea mobu.
Phapang e ’ngoe e ka ’nang ea e-ba teng pele ke taba ea bo-ralirui ea hore lihoai li ne li ratoa ho sa hlokahale ke maano a ’muso oa kopanelo. Khang ea bona ke hore lihoai li ile tsa fuoa tikoloho e ba thusang lilemong tsa bo-1970 e ileng ea ba thusa ho sebelisa lipompo tsa metsi masimong a bona. E le mohlala, ba re National Fadama Development Projects (NFDPs) e thusitse lihoai ho sebelisa mekhoabo e neng e thusa lijalo tsa bona, athe barui ba likhomo bona ba ne ba lahlehetsoe ke mekhoabo e nang le joang bo bongata, eo pele ba neng ba e sebelisa ho se na kotsi e kaalo ea hore leruo le hlahlathele mapolasing.
Bothata ba bosholu ba mahaeng le bosholu ba likhomo liprofinseng tse ling tse ka leboea-bochabela ke bona bo ikarabellang bakeng sa ho falla ha balisa ho ea ka boroa. Ho na le tšebetso e ntseng e eketseha ea masholu a likhomo likarolong tse ka leboea tsa naha e etsoang ke linokoane. Joale balisa ba ile ba sebelisa libetsa e le hore ba itšireletse khahlanong le masholu le lihlopha tse ling tsa linokoane metseng ea lihoai.
Batho ba Middle Belt sebakeng sa leboea-bohareng ba naha ba bolela hore balisa ba lumela hore Nigeria eohle e ka leboea ke ea bona hobane ba ile ba hapa tse ling kaofela; hore ba ikutloa hore matlotlo ’ohle, ho akarelletsa le mobu, ke a bona. Maikutlo a joalo a fosahetseng a tsoala maikutlo a mabe har'a lihlopha. Ba nang le pono ena ba lumela hore Mafula a batla hore lihoai li tlohe libakeng tseo ho thoeng ke makhulo kapa litsela tsa likhomo.
Lisosa tsa Precipitant kapa Proximate
Lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa khohlano pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai li amahanngoa le ntoa ea lihlopha tse fapaneng, ke hore, pakeng tsa lihoai tsa Bakreste ba futsanehileng le balisa ba Fulani ba Mamosleme ka lehlakoreng le leng, le batho ba phahameng ba hlokang masimo bakeng sa ho atolosa likhoebo tsa bona. enngwe. Baokameli ba bang ba sesole (ba tšebeletsong le ba pensheneng) hammoho le batho ba bang ba phahameng ba Nigeria ba amehang temong ea khoebo, haholo-holo ho rua likhomo, ba abile masimo a mang a reretsoeng ho fula ka matla le tšusumetso ea bona. Se tsejoang e le naha Tšoara lefu lena e kene ka hare ka hona e baka khaello ea ntlha ena ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso. Ho tseka mobu ha batho ba phahameng sechabeng ho baka likhohlano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Ho fapana le hoo, lihoai tsa Middle Belt li lumela hore ntoa e hlophisitsoe ke balisa ba Fulani ka sepheo sa ho felisa le ho felisa batho ba Middle Belt ho tloha naheng ea baholo-holo ba bona karolong e ka leboea ea Nigeria e le hore ba atolose hegemony ea Fulani ( Kukah, 2018; Mailafia, 2018). Monahano oa mofuta ona o ntse o le ka har'a sebaka sa monahano hobane ha ho na bopaki ba ho e tšehetsa. Linaha tse ling li hlahisitse melao e thibelang makhulo a bulehileng, haholo Benue le Taraba. Lits'ebetso tse kang tsena le tsona li mpefalitse ntoa ena e nkileng lilemo tse mashome.
Sesosa se seng sa khohlano ke qoso ea balisa ea hore litsi tsa mmuso li na le leeme ho bona ka tsela eo li sebetsanang le likhohlano, haholo sepolesa le lekhotla. Hangata mapolesa a qosoa ka bobolu le leeme, ha ts'ebetso ea lekhotla e hlalosoa e le nako e telele ho sa hlokahale. Balisa ba boetse ba lumela hore baeta-pele ba lipolotiki ba sebakeng seo ba na le kutloelo-bohloko ho lihoai ka lebaka la litabatabelo tsa lipolotiki. Seo se ka fihlelehang ke hore lihoai le balisa ba feletsoe ke tšepo ea hore baetapele ba bona ba lipolotiki ba ka khona ho kena lipakeng. Ka lebaka lena, ba retelelitse ho ithusa ka ho batla boiphetetso e le mokhoa oa ho fumana toka.
Lipolotiki tsa mokha kamoo bolumeli ke le leng la mabaka a ka sehloohong a hlohlelletsang likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai. Bo-ralipolotiki ba tloaetse ho laola likhohlano tse teng ho fihlela sepheo sa bona sa lipolotiki. Ho ea ka pono ea bolumeli, matsoalloa ao boholo ba ’ona e leng Bakreste ba ikutloa hore ba busoa le ho khesoa ke Mahausa-Fulani ao boholo ba bona e leng Mamosleme. Tlhaselong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe, kamehla ho na le tlhaloso ea motheo ea bolumeli. Ke boemo bona ba bolumeli bo etsang hore balisa ba Fulani le lihoai ba be kotsing ea ho qhekelloa ke bo-ralipolotiki nakong ea likhetho le ka morao.
Bosholu ba likhomo e ntse e le sesosa se seholo sa khohlano liprofinseng tse ka leboea tsa Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau, Niger, joalo-joalo. Batlōli ba molao ba utsoa khomo bakeng sa nama kapa ho rekisoa (Gueye, 2013, p.66). Bosholu ba likhomo ke tlōlo ea molao e hlophisitsoeng haholo e rarahaneng. E tlatselitse ho eketseheng ha likhohlano tse mabifi linaheng tsena. Sena se bolela hore ha se khohlano e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea balisa le lihoai e lokelang ho hlalosoa ka ho senya mobu kapa lijalo (Okoli & Okpaleke, 2014). Balisa ba bolela hore baahi ba bang le lihoai tse tsoang literekeng tsena ba etsa bosholu ba likhomo, ka lebaka leo, ba etsa qeto ea ho itlhomela ho sireletsa likhomo tsa bona. Ho fapana le hoo, batho ba bang ba phehile khang ea hore bosholu ba likhomo bo ka etsoa feela ke bo-hloma-u-hlomole ba Fulani ba tsebang ho tsamaea morung le liphoofolo tsena. Sena ha se ho nyenyefatsa lihoai. Boemo bona bo bakile lehloeo le sa hlokahaleng pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli.
Tšebeliso ea Mekhoa ea Setso ea ho Rarolla Likhohlano
Nigeria e nkoa e le naha e fokolang e nang le likhohlano tse matla tse mabifi pakeng tsa merabe e fapaneng. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, lebaka ha le hole le ho hlōleha ha mekhatlo ea mmuso e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho boloka molao, taolo le khotso (mapolesa, makhotla le sesole). Ke ho nyenyefatsa ho bolela hore ho na le ho ba sieo kapa ho se be teng ha mekhatlo ea morao-rao e sebetsang hantle ea mmuso ho laola pefo le ho laola likhohlano. Sena se etsa hore mekhoa ea khale ea taolo ea likhohlano e be mokhoa o mong oa ho rarolla likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai. Boemong ba hona joale ba naha, ho hlakile hore mokhoa oa Bophirimela ha oa atleha ho rarolla khohlano ena e ke keng ea rarolloa ka lebaka la ho teba ha khohlano le phapang ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa lihlopha. Ka hona, mekhoa ea setso e hlahlojoa ka tlase.
Setheo sa lekhotla la baholo e leng setsi sa nako e telele sechabeng sa Afrika se ka shejoa ho bona hore khohlano ena e ke keng ea rarolloa e khinoa ka mahlahahlaha pele e fihla boemong bo ke keng ba lekanngoa. Baholo ke bafani ba khotso ba nang le boiphihlelo le tsebo ea litaba tse bakang khang. Ba boetse ba na le litsebo tsa bokena-lipakeng tse hlokahalang haholo bakeng sa ho rarolla likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai ka khotso. Setsi sena se arola lichaba tsohle, 'me se emetse diplomacy ea boemo ba 3 e ikemiselitseng ho baahi hape e amohelang karolo ea bokena-lipakeng ea baholo (Lederach, 1997). Lipuisano tsa baholo li ka hlahlojoa le ho sebelisoa khohlanong ena. Baholo ba na le phihlelo e telele, bohlale, ’me ba tloaelane le histori ea ho falla ea sehlopha se seng le se seng sechabeng. Ba khona ho nka mohato oa tlhahlobo ka ho etsa 'mapa oa khohlano le ho khetholla mekha, lithahasello le maemo.
Baholo ke bahlokomeli ba meetlo ’me ba thabela tlhompho ea bacha. Sena se ba thusa haholo ho rarolla likhohlano tse ntseng li tsoela pele tsa mofuta ona. Baholo ba lihlopha tsena ka bobeli ba ka sebelisa litso tsa bona ho rarolla, ho fetola, le ho laola khohlano ena ka har'a libaka tsa bona ntle le ho kena lipakeng ha 'muso, kaha mekha e lahlehetsoe ke tšepo ho mekhatlo ea mmuso. Mokhoa ona ke oa poelano hape hobane o lumella ho khutlisa kutloano ea sechaba le likamano tse ntle tsa sechaba. Baholo ba tataisoa ke mohopolo oa bonngoe ba sechaba, kutloano, bolokolohi, ho phelisana ka khotso, tlhompho, mamello le boikokobetso (Kariuki, 2015).
Mokhoa oa setso ha o tsejoe ke naha. E khothalletsa pholiso le ho koala. Ho etsa bonnete ba poelano ea sebele, baholo ba tla etsa hore mahlakore ka bobeli a je ka sekotlolo se le seng, a noe veine ea palema (gin ea sebakeng seo) ka senoelong se le seng, ’me a roba le ho ja kola-nuts hammoho. Mofuta ona oa ho ja phatlalatsa ke pontšo ea poelano ea 'nete. E thusa sechaba ho amohela motho ea molato ho khutlela sechabeng (Omale, 2006, p.48). Phapanyetsano ea ketelo ea baetapele ba lihlopha hangata e khothaletsoa. Mofuta ona oa boitšisinyo o bonts'itse e le phetoho ea ho tsosolosa likamano (Braimah, 1998, p.166). E 'ngoe ea litsela tseo tharollo ea likhohlano e sebetsang ka eona ke ho khutlisetsa mofosi sechabeng. Sena se lebisa poelanong ea 'nete le kutloano ea sechaba ntle le ho hlonama ho hoholo. Sepheo ke ho tsosolosa le ho fetola mofosi.
Molao-motheo oa tharollo ea likhohlano tsa setso ke toka ka ho khutlisetsa. Mehlala e fapa-fapaneng ea toka ka tsosoloso e sebelisoang ke baholo e ka thusa ho felisa likhohlano tse sa khaotseng pakeng tsa balisa le lihoai kaha sepheo sa tsona ke ho tsosolosa tekano ea sechaba le kutloano pakeng tsa lihlopha tse loantšanang. Ha ho pelaelo hore batho ba moo ba tloaelane haholo le melao ea matsoalloa a Afrika le tsamaiso ea toka ho feta tsamaiso e rarahaneng ea molao oa Manyesemane e itšetlehileng ka botekgeniki ea molao, eo ka linako tse ling e lokollang batlōli ba molao. Tsamaiso ea boahloli ea Bophirimela e na le sebopeho sa motho ka mong. E theiloe holim'a molao-motheo oa toka ea phetetso o hananang le moelelo oa phetoho ea likhohlano (Omale, 2006). Ho e-na le ho beha mohlala oa Bophirimela o sa tloaelehang ho batho ka ho feletseng, mokhoa oa matsoalloa oa ho fetola likhohlano le ho haha khotso o lokela ho hlahlojoa. Kajeno, boholo ba babusi ba setso ba rutehile 'me ba ka kopanya tsebo ea mekhatlo ea boahloli ea Bophirimela le melao ea setso. Leha ho le joalo, ba ka ’nang ba se ke ba khotsofatsoa ke kahlolo ea baholo ba ka fetela lekhotleng.
Hape ho na le mokhoa oa ho kenella ka matla a phahametseng tlhaho. Sena se tsepamisitse maikutlo karolong ea kelello-kahisano le ea moea ea tharollo ea likhohlano. Melao-motheo ea mokhoa ona e lebisitsoe ho poelano, hammoho le pholiso ea kelello le ea moea ea batho ba amehang. Poelano e theha motheo oa ho khutlisa kutloano le likamano tsa sechaba tsamaisong ea meetlo ea setso. Poelano ea 'nete e tiisa likamano lipakeng tsa mekha e loantšanang, athe baetsi ba litlokotsebe le bahlaseluoa ba khutlisetsoa sechabeng (Boege, 2011). Ha ho rarolloa qabang ena e ke keng ea rarolloa, ho ka kōptjoa baholo-holo hobane ke bona ba hokahanyang ba phelang le ba shoeleng. Mo merafeng e e farologaneng e kgotlhang e e nnang teng, go ka bidiwa badimo gore ba ikuele mo meweng ya badimo. Moprista ea ka sehloohong a ka fana ka qeto ea makhaola-khang khohlanong ea mofuta ona moo lihlopha li etsang lipolelo tse bonahalang li sa lumellane tse tšoanang le tse etsahetseng ntoeng ea Umuleri-Aguleri. Kaofela ba tla bokana sehalalelong moo kola, lino, le lijo li tla arolelanoa le ho rapella khotso sechabeng. Moketeng ona oa moetlo, mang kapa mang ea sa batleng khotso a ka rohakoa. Moprista e moholo o na le matla a ho kopa likotlo tsa bomolimo ho batho ba sa lumellaneng. Ho tsoa tlhalosong ena, motho a ka fihlela qeto ea hore lipehelo tsa khotso ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng li amoheloa ka kakaretso le ho mameloa ke litho tsa sechaba ka lebaka la ho tšaba liphello tse mpe tse kang lefu kapa lefu le sa phekoleheng le tsoang lefatšeng la meea.
Ho feta moo, tšebeliso ea meetlo e ka kenyelletsoa mekhoeng ea ho rarolla likhohlano tsa balisa-lihoai. Tloaelo ea moetlo e ka thibela mekha hore e se ke ea fihla pheletsong. Litloaelo li sebetsa e le taolo ea likhohlano le litloaelo tsa phokotso lichabeng tsa setso tsa Maafrika. Tloaelo e bolela feela ketso efe kapa efe e sa lebelloang kapa letoto la liketso tse ke keng tsa lokafatsoa ka litlhaloso tse utloahalang. Litloaelo li bohlokoa hobane li sebetsana le maemo a kelello le a lipolotiki a bophelo ba sechaba, haholo-holo likotsi tseo batho le lihlopha ba li utloang tse ka bakang likhohlano (King-Irani, 1999). Ka mantsoe a mang, litloaelo li bohlokoa molemong oa boiketlo ba maikutlo ba motho, kutloano ea sechaba, le kopano ea sechaba (Giddens, 1991).
Boemong boo batho ba seng ba itokiselitse ho fetola boemo ba bona, ba ka kōptjoa ho hlapanya. Kano ke mokhoa oa ho bitsa molimo ho paka bonnete ba bopaki, ke hore, seo motho a se buang. Mohlala, Aro - morabe seterekeng sa Abia karolong e ka boroa-bochabela ea Nigeria - e na le molimo ea bitsoang juju e telele ea Arochukwu. Ho lumeloa hore mang kapa mang ea e hlapanyetsang ka bohata o tla shoa. Ka lebaka leo, likhohlano li nkoa li rarolloe hang ka mor'a ho hlapanya ka pele ho juju e telele ea Arochukwu. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho hlapanya ka Bibele e Halalelang kapa Koran ho bonoa e le mokhoa oa ho paka ho hloka molato kapa tlolo efe kapa efe (Braimah, 1998, p.165).
Libakeng tsa litempelana tse tloaelehileng, metlae e ka ba teng lipakeng tsa mekha joalokaha e ne e etsoa metseng e mengata ea Nigeria. Ona ke mokhoa oo e seng oa motheo oa tharollo ea likhohlano tsa moetlo. E ne e sebelisoa har'a Fulani ka leboea ho Nigeria. John Paden (1986) o bontšitse mohopolo le bohlokoa ba likamano tsa metlae. Fulani le Tiv le Barberi ba ile ba amohela metlae le metlae ho fokotsa tsitsipano har'a bona (Braimah, 1998). Mokhoa ona o ka amoheloa khohlanong e teng lipakeng tsa balisa le lihoai.
Mokhoa oa ho hlasela o ka amoheloa tabeng ea bosholu ba likhomo joalokaha bo ne bo etsoa har'a metse ea balisa.Sena se kenyelletsa ho rarolla ka ho qobella likhomo tse utsoitsoeng hore li khutlisetsoe kapa ho khutlisetsoe sebaka kapa ho lefshoe ntho e lekanang le eona ho mong'a eona. Phello ea ho hlasela e itšetlehile ka matla le matla a sehlopha sa bahlaseli hammoho le ba mohanyetsi bao ka linako tse ling ba hlaselang ho e-na le ho inehela.
Mekhoa ena e lokeloa ke ho hlahlojoa maemong a hajoale ao naha e iphumaneng e le ona. Leha ho le joalo, ha re hlokomolohe taba ea hore mekhoa ea khale ea ho rarolla likhohlano e na le mefokolo e itseng. Leha ho le joalo, ba phehang khang ea hore mekhoa ea meetlo e hanana le litekanyetso tsa lefatše ka bophara tsa litokelo tsa botho le demokrasi ba ka ’na ba hloloheloa ntlha hobane litokelo tsa botho le demokrasi li ka atleha hafeela ho e-na le ho phelisana ka khotso har’a lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng sechabeng. Mekhoa ea setso e kenyelletsa maemo ohle a sechaba - banna, basali le bacha. Ha ho hlokahale hore e behelle mang kapa mang ka thoko. Ho kenya letsoho ha basali le bacha hoa hlokahala hobane ke batho ba jereng meroalo ea likhohlano. Ho tla be ho se na molemo oa letho ho behella lihlopha tsena ka thoko khohlanong ea mofuta ona.
Ho rarahana ha khohlano ena ho hloka hore mekhoa ea setso e sebelisoe ho sa tsotellehe ho se phethahale ha eona. Kwantle ga pelaelo, dikago tsa segompieno tsa setso di nnile le tshiamelo mo e leng gore ditsela tse di tlwaelegileng tsa go rarabolola dikgotlhang ga di tlhole di ratiwa ke batho. Mabaka a mang a ho fokotseha ha thahasello mekhoeng ea khale ea ho rarolla liqabang a kenyelletsa boitlamo ba nako, ho se khone ho etsa boipiletso ho liqeto tse sa thabiseng maemong a mangata, 'me haholo-holo, bobolu ba baholo bo entsoeng ke batho ba phahameng ba lipolotiki (Osaghae, 2000). Ho ka etsahala hore ebe baholo ba bang ba na le leeme ha ba sebetsana le litaba, kapa ba susumetsoa ke meharo ea bona ea botho. Ana ha se mabaka a lekaneng a hore na ke hobane'ng ha mokhoa oa setso oa ho rarolla liqabang o lokela ho nyatsuoa. Ha ho sistimi e se nang liphoso ka botlalo.
Qetello le Litlhahiso
Phetoho ea likhohlano e ipapisitse le toka e khutlisang. Mekhoa ea khale ea ho rarolla likhohlano, joalo ka ha e bonts'itsoe kaholimo, e theiloe holim'a melao-motheo ea toka ka ho nka bohato. Sena se fapane le mokhoa oa Bophirimela oa ho ahlola o thehiloeng holim'a mekhoa ea khalemelo kapa ea kotlo. Pampiri ena e sisinya tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea khale ea ho rarolla likhohlano ho rarolla likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai. Ho kenyelelitsoe lits'ebetsong tsena tsa setso ke ho lokisoa ha bahlaseluoa ke batlōli ba molao le ho khutlisetsa batlōli ba molao sechabeng e le ho tsosolosa likamano tse robehileng le ho tsosolosa kutloano metseng e amehileng. Ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha tsena ho na le melemo ya ho aha kgotso le ho thibela dikgohlano.
Leha mekhoa ea khale e se na mefokolo, molemo oa eona o ke ke oa totobatsoa ho feta tekano letabeng la ts'ireletso leo naha e iphumanang e le lona. Mokhoa ona o shebahalang ka hare oa tharollo ea likhohlano o tšoanela ho hlahlojoa. Tsamaiso ea toka ea Bophirima naheng ena e ipakile e sa sebetse ebile e sa khone ho rarolla likhohlano tse ntseng li tsoela pele. Lebaka le leng ke hobane lihlopha tsena tse peli ha li sa na tumelo ho litsi tsa Bophirimela. Tsamaiso ea lekhotla e aparetsoe ke litsamaiso tse ferekanyang le liphetho tse sa lebelloang, tse shebaneng le molato le kotlo ea motho ka mong. Ke ka lebaka la litsietsi tsena kaofela ho ileng ha thehoa Panel ea Mahlale ke African Union ho thusa ho rarolla likhohlano tsa kontinenteng.
Mekhoa ea khale ea ho rarolla likhohlano e ka hlahlojoa e le mokhoa o mong oa tharollo ea likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai. Ka ho fana ka sebaka sa tšepo bakeng sa ho fumana 'nete, boipolelo, tšoarelo, tšoarelo, phetetso, poelano, poelano le kaho ea likamano, kutloano ea sechaba kapa tekano ea sechaba e tla tsosolosoa.
Leha ho le joalo, motsoako oa mekhoa ea matsoalloa le ea Bophirimela ea tharollo ea likhohlano e ka sebelisoa likarolong tse ling tsa mekhoa ea ho rarolla likhohlano tsa balisa le lihoai. Ho boetse ho khothaletsoa hore litsebi tsa melao ea meetlo le ea sharia li kenyeletsoe tšebetsong ea tharollo. Makhotla a moetlo le a sharia ao ho ona marena le marena a nang le matla a molao le litsamaiso tsa makhotla a Bophirimela li lokela ho tsoela pele ho ba teng le ho sebetsa hammoho.
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