Hindutva USA: Ho Utloisisa Khothatso ea Khohlano ea Morabe le Bolumeli

Background

India ke naha e nang le merabe e fapaneng ea limilione tse likete tse 1.38. Kaha ho ne ho hakanngoa hore ke Mamosleme a ka bang limilione tse 200, lipolotiki tsa India li ne li ka ’na tsa lebelloa hore li amohele mekhoa e mengata e le karolo ea boitsebiso ba eona e le “demokrasi e khōlō ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng.” Ka bomalimabe, lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena lipolotiki tsa India li fetohile tse bakang likarohano le ho hloea Boislamo.

Ho utloisisa puo ea eona e arolang ea lipolotiki le ea setso motho a ka ’na a hopola lilemo tse 200 tsa puso ea bokolone ea Borithane, pele ke British East India Company ’me hamorao ke British Crown. Ho feta moo, Karohano e tšollang mali ea 1947 ea India le Pakistan e ile ea arola sebaka seo ho latela boitsebahatso ba bolumeli, e leng se ileng sa baka tsitsipano e mashome a lilemo lipakeng tsa India le moahisani oa eona, Pakistan, naha e nang le baahi ba ka bang limilione tse 220 ba Mamoseleme.

"Hindutva" ke maikutlo a phahameng ka ho fetesisa a tšoanang le bochaba bo tsosolositsoeng ba Mahindu bo hanyetsang bolumeli le ho nka India e le "Hindu Rashtra (sechaba)." Hindutva ke molao-motheo o tataisang oa Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), mokhatlo o ka letsohong le letona, oa bochaba ba Mahindu, mokhatlo oa paramilitary o thehiloeng ka 1925 o hokahaneng le marang-rang a mangata a mekhatlo ea mapheo a nepahetseng, ho kenyeletsoa le Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) e nang le e etelletse pele 'muso oa India ho tloha ka 2014. Hindutva ha e ipiletse feela ho batho ba maemo a holimo Brahmin ba batlang ho ts'oara tokelo empa e entsoe e le mokhatlo oa batho ba bangata o ipiletsang ho "bohareng bo hlokomolohuoang. ^[1]. "

Leha molaotheo oa India oa kamora bokolone o thibela khethollo e ipapisitseng le boits'oaro ba maemo, tsamaiso ea maemo e ntse e le matla a setso India, mohlala, e ile ea bokelloa ka lihlopha tsa khatello ea lipolotiki. Tlhekefetso ea sechaba esita le polao li ntse li hlalosoa esita le ho lokafatsoa ho ea ka maemo. Mongoli oa Moindia, Devdutt Pattanaik, o hlalosa kamoo “Hindutva a atlehileng ho matlafatsa libanka tsa Mahindu tsa likhetho ka ho amohela ’nete ea ho hloea batho ka maemo hammoho le lehloeo le ka sehloohong la ho hloea Maislamo ’me a sa hlajoe ke lihlong ho le lekanya le bochaba.” Mme Professor Harish S. Wankhede o phethetse^[2], "Tlhaloso ea hona joale ea lepheo le letona ha e lakatse ho senya ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea sechaba. Ho e-na le hoo, batšehetsi ba Hindutva ba kenya karohano lipolotiking, ba khothalletsa litekanyetso tsa bapatriareka sechabeng le ho keteka matlotlo a setso a Mabrahman.”

Ka mokhoa o ntseng o eketseha, lichaba tse fokolang li 'nile tsa hlokofatsoa ke leeme le leeme la bolumeli tlas'a 'muso o mocha oa BJP. Ha ba ntse ba shebiloe haholo, Mamoseleme a Maindia a bone keketseho e nyarosang ea baetapele ba khethiloeng ho tsoa ho nts'etsopele ea matšolo a tlhekefetso ea marang-rang le bosholu ba moruo ba likhoebo tsa Mamoseleme ho isa mehala e pepenene ea polao ea morabe ke baetapele ba bang ba Mahindu. Tlhekefetso e khahlano le batho ba seng bakae e kenyelelitse bosholu le ho falimeha.^[3]

Boemong ba leano, bochaba bo ikhethileng ba Mahindu bo kenyelelitsoe ho India 2019 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), e sokelang ho amoha limilione tsa Mamoseleme a tsoang Benghali. Joalo ka ha Khomishene ea Amerika ea Tokoloho ea Machabeng e boletse, "CAA e fana ka lebelo le potlakileng bakeng sa bajaki bao e seng Mamoseleme ba tsoang Afghanistan, Bangladesh le Pakistan, bao boholo ba bona e leng Mamoseleme ho etsa kopo ea ho ba moahi oa India. Ha e le hantle, molao o fa batho ba khethiloeng, bao e seng Mamoseleme linaheng tsena boemo ba baphaphathehi ka hare ho India, 'me o boloka sehlopha sa 'bafalli ba seng molaong' bakeng sa Mamosleme feela.^[4] Mamoseleme a Rohingya a balehang tlhaselo ea morabe Myanmar mme a lula Jammu a tšosoa ka pefo le ho lelekoa naheng ke baetapele ba BJP.^[5] Baitseki ba anti-CAA, baqolotsi ba litaba le baithuti ba 'nile ba hlekefetsoa le ho koalloa.

Likhopolo tsa Hindutva li phatlalatsoa ke mekhatlo e mengata bonyane lichabeng tse 40 ho pota lefatše, e etelletsoeng pele ke batšehetsi ba mokha o busang oa lipolotiki oa India le Tonakholo Narendra Modi. Sangh Parivar ("Lelapa la RSS") ke sekhele sa pokello ea mekhatlo ea bochaba ea Mahindu e kenyelletsang Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, kapa "World Hindu Organisation,") eo CIA e e bitsitseng e le mokhatlo oa bolumeli o mabifi Lefats'eng la eona. Ho kena ha Factbook 2018^[6] bakeng sa India. Ka ho ipolela ho "sireletsa" bolumeli le setso sa Mahindu, lepheo la bacha la VHP Bajrang Dal le entse liketso tse mabifi tse ngata.^[7] e lebisitse ho Mamosleme a Maindia hape a hlalosoa e le bahlabani. Leha Factbook e sa etse liqeto tse joalo hajoale, ho bile le litlaleho ka Phato 2022 hore Bajrang Dal o hlophisa "koetliso ea libetsa bakeng sa Mahindu."^[8]

Leha ho le joalo, mekhatlo e meng e mengata le eona e phatlalalitse pono ea bochaba ea Hindutva India le lefats'e ka bophara. Mohlala, Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHPA) e kanna ea arohanngoa ka molao le VHP ea India e ileng ea hlohlelletsa timetso ea nalane ea nalane ea Mosque ea Babri ka 1992 le merusu e mengata ea sechaba e ileng ea latela.^[9] Leha ho le joalo, e tšehelitse ka ho hlaka baetapele ba VHP ba khothalletsang pefo. Ka mohlala, ka 2021 VHPA e ile ea mema Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, moprista ea ka sehloohong oa Tempele ea Dasna Devi e Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, le moeta-pele oa Hindu Swabhiman (Boitlhompho ba Hindu), hore e be sebui se hlomphehang moketeng oa bolumeli. Har'a tse ling tse qholotsang, Saraswati o tumme hampe ka ho rorisa babolai ba bochaba ba Mahindu ba Mahatma Gandhi, le ho bitsa Mamoseleme bademona.^[10] VHPA e ile ea qobelloa ho hlakola memo ea bona ho latela kopo ea #RejectHate, empa ba bang ba amanang le mokhatlo, joalo ka Sonal Shah, ba sa tsoa khetheloa maemo a nang le tšusumetso ho Tsamaiso ea Biden.^[11]

India, Rashtrasevika Samiti e emetse lepheo la basali, le ka tlase ho mokhatlo oa banna oa RSS. Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) e sebelitse USA, ho qala ka mokhoa o sa reroang ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1970 mme ea kenyeletsoa ka 1989, ha e ntse e sebetsa linaheng tse ling tse fetang 150 tse nang le makala a hakanyetsoang ho 3289.^[12]. USA, litekanyetso tsa Hindutva li boetse li hlahisoa le ho khothaletsoa ke Hindu American Foundation (HAF), mokhatlo oa bobuelli o bonts'ang ho nyatsuoa ha Hindutva ho tšoana le Hinduphobia.^[13]

Mekhatlo ena hangata e kopana, ho theha marang-rang a tšoarehileng haholo a baetapele ba Hindutva le ba susumetsang. Khokahano ena e ile ea totobala ka Loetse 2019 nakong ea kopano ea Howdy Modi e Houston, Texas, motsotsong oo matla a lipolotiki a sechaba sa Mahindu a Amerika a ileng a fumana tlhokomelo e pharalletseng ea boralitaba ho la USA. Ba eme ba bapile, Mopresidente Trump le Tonakholo Modi ba ile ba rorisana. Empa "Howdy, Modi" e ile ea bokana eseng feela Mopresidente Trump le Maamerika a 50,000 a Maindia, empa bo-ralipolotiki ba bangata, ho kenyeletsoa Moetapele oa Democratic House Majority Steny Hoyer le Senator ea Rephabliki ea Texas John Cornyn le Ted Cruz.

Joalokaha Intercept e tlaleha ka nako eo^[14], “Molula-setulo oa komiti e hlophisang ea 'Howdy, Modi', Jugal Malani, ke ngoetsi ea motlatsi oa mopresidente oa naha oa HSS.^[15] 'me moeletsi oa Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation ea USA^[16], mokhatlo o sa etseng phaello oa thuto oo molekane oa hae oa India a ikopantseng le lehlomela la RSS. Mochana oa Malani, Rishi Bhutada*, e ne e le 'muelli ea ka sehloohong oa ketsahalo eo hape ke setho sa boto ea Hindu American Foundation.^[17], e tsebahalang ka maqheka a eona a mabifi a ho susumetsa lipuisano tsa lipolotiki ka India le Bohindu. Sebui se seng, Gitesh Desai, ke mopresidente^[18] ea khaolo ea Houston ea Sewa International, mokhatlo oa litšebeletso o amanang le HSS.”

Ka pampiri ea lipatlisiso ea 2014 ea bohlokoa le e qaqileng haholo^[19] ho etsa ’mapa oa sebaka sa Hindutva USA, Asia Boroa Citizens Web bafuputsi ba ne ba se ba hlalositse Sangh Parivar (“lelapa” la Sangh), marang-rang a lihlopha tse ka pele-pele mokhatlong oa Hindutva, e le ho ba le palo e hakanyetsoang ea litho tse baloang ho limilione, le. ho kenya lidolara tse limilione ho lihlopha tsa bochaba India.

Ho kopanyelletsa le lihlopha tsohle tsa bolumeli, palo ea Maindia a Texas e imenne habeli lilemong tse 10 tse fetileng ho ea ho 450,000, empa boholo ba bona bo ntse bo le selekane le Democratic Party. Tšusumetso ea motsotso oa Howdy Modi^[20] e bonts'itse katleho ea Tonakholo Modi ho bonts'a litabatabelo tsa Maindia ho feta ho hohela Mopresidente Donald Trump. Sechaba se boetse se tšehetsa Modi ho feta Pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), joalo ka bajaki ba bangata ba Maindia.^[21] United States e tsoa India Boroa moo BJP e busang ea Modi e sa ts'oereng matla. Ho feta moo, leha baetapele ba bang ba Hindutva USA ba ile ba ts'ehetsa lerako la moeli oa Trump ka mabifi Texas, palo e ntseng e eketseha ea bajaki ba Maindia e tšela moeli o ka boroa.^[22], le maano a thata a tsamaiso ea hae mabapi le bojaki - haholo-holo meeli ea li-visa tsa H1-B, le leano la ho amoha batho ba nang le li-visa tsa H-4 (banyalani ba ba nang le li-visa tsa H1-B) tokelo ea ho sebetsa—e ile ea khelosa ba bang ba bangata sechabeng. "Mahindu a Amerika a sebelisitse maemo a bona a seng makae ho itšireletsa ha a ntse a tšehetsa mokhatlo oa batho ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa India," ho latela Dieter Friedrich, mohlahlobisisi oa litaba oa Asia Boroa ea qotsitsoeng ke Intercept.^[23] Ka bobeli India le USA, baeta-pele ba bochaba ba likarohano ba ne ba khothalletsa lipolotiki tse kholo ho ipiletsa ho bakhethi ba bona.^[24]

Joalokaha moqolotsi oa litaba Sonia Paul a ngotse ho The Atlantic,^[25] "Radha Hegde, moprofesa oa Univesithi ea New York le mohlophisi-'moho le eena Routledge Handbook ea Indian Diaspora, o thehile kopano ea Modi's Houston e le ho totobatsa sehlopha sa likhetho seo Maamerika a mangata a sa se nahaneng. O ile a re ho 'na: 'Nakong ena ea bochaba ba Mahindu, ba tsosoa e le Mahindu a Amerika.'” Ho ka etsahala hore boholo ba litho tse ngata tsa Mahindu a Amerika lihlopheng tse ikopantseng le RSS ha lia rutoa ka ho feletseng, empa li ikamahanya feela le Maindia a tsoileng tseleng. bochaba. Leha ho le joalo ho ntse ho tšoenya haholo hore "tsoho" ena e etsahetse libeke tse seng kae feela ka mor'a hore mmuso oa Modi o amohe Jammu le Kashmir boipuso le ho beha Mamosleme a limilione tse peli kotsing ea ho hloka naha Assam State.^[26]

Lintoa tsa Setso sa Bukana

Joalo ka ha MaAmerika a se a ntse a tseba ho tsoa lipuisanong tse tsoelang pele tsa "litokelo tsa batsoali" le Critical Race Theory (CRT), lintoa tsa thuto ea sekolo lia bōptjoa 'me li bōptjoa ke lintoa tse kholo tsa setso sa sechaba. Ho ngolisoa bocha ha nalane ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea maikutlo a bochaba ba Mahindu 'me ho kenella ha Hindutva kharikhulamong ho bonahala e ntse e le taba ea naha India le USA. Le hoja e ka ’na eaba lintlafatso tse ling setšoantšong sa Mahindu li ne li hlokahala, mokhoa ona o ’nile oa kenngoa lipolotiking ho tloha qalong.^[27]

Ka 2005 baitseki ba Hindutva ba ile ba qosa [bao] ho thibela "litšoantšo tse mpe" tsa lihlopha ho kenyelletsoa lenaneong la thuto.^[28]. Joalo ka ha Equality Labs e hlalositse phuputsong ea bona ea 2018 ea caste Amerika, "liphetoho tsa bona li kenyelelitse ho leka ho hlakola lentsoe "Dalit", ho hlakola tšimoloho ea Caste mangolong a Hindu, ha ka nako e ts'oanang ba fokotsa mathata a Caste le Brahmanism ka Sikh, Litloaelo tsa Mabuddha le tsa Boislamo. Ho phaella moo, ba ile ba leka ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa tšōmo historing ea Tsoelo-pele ea Phula ea Indus ha ba ntse ba leka ho nyelisa Boislamo ka hore ke bolumeli ba tlhōlo e mabifi Asia Boroa.”^[29]

Ho batho ba ratang bochaba ba Mahindu, nako e fetileng ea India e na le tsoelo-pele e khanyang ea Mahindu e lateloang ke puso ea Mamosleme ea makholo a lilemo eo Tonakholo Modi a e hlalositseng e le lilemo tse sekete tsa “bokhoba.”^[30] Bo-rahistori ba hlomphuoang ba phehellang ho hlalosa pono e rarahaneng ho feta ba fumana tlhekefetso e batsi ea inthaneteng bakeng sa maikutlo a "anti-Hindu, anti-India". Mohlala, rahistori ea hlahelletseng ea lilemo li 89, Romila Thapar, o fumana letoto la khafetsa la litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho tsoa ho balateli ba Modi.^[31]

Ka 2016 Univesithi ea California (Irvine) e ile ea hana thuso ea lidolara tse limilione tse 6 ho tsoa ho Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) ka mor'a hore litsebi tse ngata tsa thuto li saene boipiletso bo bontšang hore litho tsa DCF li lekile ho hlahisa liphetoho tse fosahetseng libukeng tsa California tsa sehlopha sa botšelela. ka Bohindu^[32], 'me o bontša ho tšoenyeha ka tlaleho ea boralitaba e bontšang hore monehelo oo o ne o itšetlehile ka hore univesithi e khethe batho bao DCF ba ba batlang. Komiti ea lefapha la thuto e ile ea fumana motheo "o susumetsoa haholo ke maikutlo" ka "menahano e feteletseng ea mapheo a nepahetseng."^[33] Kamora moo, DCF e phatlalalitse merero ea ho bokella lidolara tse milione^[34] bakeng sa Univesithi ea Hindu ea Amerika^[35], e fanang ka tshehetso ya ditheo bakeng sa batho ba mafapheng a thuto a beilweng pele ke Sangh, e le lepheo la thuto la VHPA.

Ka 2020, batsoali ba amanang le Bo-'mè ba Khahlanong le Lehloeo la ho Ruta Likolong (Project-MATHS) ba ile ba botsa hore na ke hobane'ng ha app ea Epic bala, eo likolo tsa sechaba ho pholletsa le US li nang le eona lenaneong la thuto ea bona, e hlahisa tlaleho ea bophelo ba Tonakholo Modi e buang ka liqoso tsa hae tsa bohata ka eena. phihlello ea thuto, hammoho le litlhaselo tsa hae ho Congress Party ea Mahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Likhohlano li ’nile tsa tsoela pele ho tota. Hoetla ha 2021 babuelli ba litokelo tsa botho le bahlahlobisisi ba puso ea Modi ba ile ba hlophisa seboka sa Marang-rang, Dismantling Global Hindutva, ho kenyeletsoa liphanele tse mabapi le tsamaiso ea caste, Islamophobia le phapang lipakeng tsa Bohindu bolumeli le Hindutva mohopolo o moholo. Ketsahalo ena e tšehelitsoe ke mafapha a liunivesithi tse fetang 40 tsa Amerika, ho kenyeletsoa Harvard le Columbia. Mokhatlo oa Hindu American Foundation le litho tse ling tsa mokhatlo oa Hindutva li ile tsa nyatsa ketsahalo eo ka ho re e theha tikoloho e tletseng bora bakeng sa liithuti tsa Mahindu.^[37] Ho ile ha romeloa li-imeile tse ka bang milione ka boipelaetso ho liunivesithi, 'me sebaka sa marang-rang sa ketsahalo se ile sa tima matsatsi a mabeli kamora tletlebo ea bohata. Ha ketsahalo ena e etsahala ka la 10 Loetse, bahlophisi le libui ba ne ba se ba fumane litšokelo tsa lefu le peto. India, liteishene tsa litaba tsa Pro-Modi li khothalelitse liqoso tsa hore seboka sena se fane ka "sekoaelo sa bohlale bakeng sa Taliban."^[38]

Mekhatlo ea Hindutva e ile ea bolela hore ketsahalo eo e ile ea jala “Lehlohoba la Mahindu.” Gyan Prakash, rahistori oa Univesithi ea Princeton eo e neng e le sebui kopanong ea Hindutva o itse: "Ba sebelisa puo ea mekhoa e mengata ea Amerika ho tšoaea liphoso leha e le life e le Hinduphobia."^[39] Barutehi ba bang ba ile ba ikhula ketsahalong eo ka lebaka la ho tšaba malapa a bona, empa ba bang ba kang Audrey Truschke, moprofesa oa histori ea Asia Boroa Univesithing ea Rutgers, o se a ntse a fumana litšokelo tsa lefu le peto ho tsoa ho bo-ralichaba ba Mahindu bakeng sa mosebetsi oa hae ho babusi ba Mamosleme ba India. Hangata o hloka tšireletso e hlometseng bakeng sa liketsahalo tsa ho bua phatlalatsa.

Sehlopha sa barutoana ba Mahindu ba tsoang Rutgers se ile sa kōpa tsamaiso, se batla hore a se lumelloe ho ruta lithuto tsa Bohindu le India.^[40] Moprofesa Audrey Truschke le eena o ile a rehoa nyeoeng ea HAF bakeng sa tweeting^[41] ka pale ea al Jazeera le Hindu American Foundation. Ka la 8 Loetse 2021, o boetse a fana ka bopaki ho Congressional Briefing, "Hindutva Attacks on Academic Freedom".^[42]

Bochaba ba Bohindu ba lepheo le letona bo ntlafalitse joang ho fihla ha bona ho pharaletseng lithutong tsa thuto?^[43] Mathoasong a 2008 Letšolo la ho Khaotsa Lehloeo la Lichelete (CSFH) le ile la lokolla tlaleho ea lona, ​​"ntle ho pelaelo Sangh: The National HSC and its Hindutva Agenda," e shebaneng le kholo ea lepheo la baithuti ba Sangh Parivar USA - Hindu Students Council (HSC). ).^[44] E ipapisitse le lipampiri tsa lekhetho tsa VHPA, lifaele le Ofisi ea Litokelo tsa Patent ea US, tlhahisoleseling ea ngoliso ea marang-rang, li-archives le lingoliloeng tsa HSC, tlaleho e tlaleha "mokhoa o molelele oa likhokahano lipakeng tsa HSC le Sangh ho tloha ka 1990 ho fihlela hajoale." HSC e thehiloe ka 1990 e le projeke ea VHP ea Amerika.^[45] HSC e khothalelitse libui tse arohaneng le tsa maquloana tse kang Ashok Singhal le Sadhvi Rithambara le ho hanyetsa boiteko ba baithuti ba ho holisa kenyeletso.^[46]

Leha ho le joalo, bacha ba India ba Amerika ba ka kenela HSC ntle le tlhokomeliso ea likhokahano tse "sa bonahaleng" lipakeng tsa HSC le Sangh. Ka mohlala, joaloka setho se mafolofolo sa sehlopha sa hae sa liithuti tsa Mahindu Univesithing ea Cornell, Samir o ne a batla ho khothalletsa sechaba sa habo ho kopanela lipuisanong tsa toka ea sechaba le morabe hammoho le ho hōlisa bomoea. O ile a mpolella hore na o fihlile joang ho Lekhotla la Sechaba la Hindu ho hlophisa seboka se seholoanyane sa liithuti se neng se tšoaretsoe MIT ka 2017. Ha a bua le balekane ba hae ba hlophisang, kapele o ile a ikutloa a sa phutholoha 'me a soetseha ha HSC e memela mongoli Rajiv Malhotra hore e be sebui sa sehlooho.^[47] Malhotra ke motšehetsi ea chesehang oa Hindutva, mohlaseli ea loanang le bahlahlobisisi ba Hindutva hammoho le inthaneteng. ranter kgahlanong le barutehi bao a sa dumellaneng le bona^[48]. Ka mohlala, Malhotra o ne a lula a shebile setsebi sa Wendy Doniger, a mo hlasela ka thobalano le ka botho, tseo hamorao li ileng tsa phetoa liqoso tse atlehileng India tseo ka 2014 a ileng a fumana buka ea hae, "The Hindus," e thibetsoe naheng eo.

Leha ho na le likotsi, batho ba bang le mekhatlo e 'nile ea tsoela pele ho ikhula khahlanong le Hindutva phatlalatsa^[49], ha ba bang ba batla mekhoa e meng. Ho tloha ka phihlelo ea hae le HSC, Samir o fumane sechaba sa Mahindu se nang le botsoalle haholoanyane le se bulehileng haholoanyane ’me hona joale o sebeletsa e le setho sa boto ea Sadhana, mokhatlo o tsoelang pele oa Mahindu. O re: “Tumelo e na le tšobotsi ea botho. Leha ho le joalo, USA ho na le melato ea merabe le ea merabe e hlokang tlhokomelo, empa India tsena li amana haholo le melao ea bolumeli, 'me le haeba u khetha ho boloka tumelo le lipolotiki li arohane, ho thata ho se lebella maikutlo a itseng ho tsoa ho baetapele ba bolumeli ba moo. Ho na le maikutlo a fapaneng phuthehong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, 'me litempele tse ling li lula li le hole le maikutlo afe kapa afe a "lipolotiki", ha tse ling li bonts'a maikutlo a bochaba, ka ts'ehetso ea kaho ea Tempele ea Ram Janmabhoomi sebakeng sa mosque oa Ayodhya, mohlala. Ha ke nahane hore likarohano tsa Leqele/le letona tsa USA li tšoana le tsa India. Hindutva maemong a Amerika a kopana le Evangelical Right on Islamophobia, empa eseng litabeng tsohle. Maqhama a mapheo a le letona a rarahane.”

Semolao Push Back

Liketso tsa morao-rao tsa molao li entse hore taba ea maemo a be teng le ho feta. Ka Phupu 2020, balaoli ba California ba ile ba qosa k'hamphani ea theknoloji Cisco Systems ka lebaka la khethollo ea khethollo ho moenjiniere oa Moindia ke basebetsi-'moho le eena ba Maindia ha kaofela ha bona ba ntse ba sebetsa seterekeng.^[50]. Nyeoe e re Cisco ha ea ka ea sebetsana ka ho lekaneng le matšoenyeho a mosebeletsi oa Dalit ea sotlehileng hore o hlekefelitsoe ke basebetsi-'moho le Mahindu a maemo a holimo. Joalokaha Vidya Krishnan a ngola ho Atlantic, "Nyee ea Cisco e tšoaea nako ea nalane. Khampani - khampani leha e le efe - e ne e ke ke ea tobana le liqoso tse joalo India, moo khethollo ea maemo, le hoja e le molaong, e leng 'nete e amohelehang ... India.”^[51] 

Selemong se latelang, ka Mots'eanong oa 2021, qoso ea mmuso e ile ea qosa mokhatlo oa Mahindu, Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, e tsejoang haholo e le BAPS, e ile ea hohela basebetsi ba maemo a tlase ba fetang 200 ho US ho haha ​​​​tempele e pharalletseng ea Mahindu New Jersey. , ba li lefa chelete e kaalo ka R1.20 ka hora ka lilemo tse ’maloa.^[52] Nyeoe e boletse hore basebetsi ba lula ka har'a kompo e kampetsoeng moo metsamao ea bona e neng e behiloe leihlo ke lik'hamera le balebeli. BAPS e bala ho feta 1200 mandirs marang-rang a eona le litempele tse fetang 50 USA le UK, tse ling tse ntle haholo. Leha e tsebahala ka ts'ebeletso ea sechaba le ho fana ka liphallelo, BAPS e tšehelitse phatlalatsa le ho tšehetsa lichelete ho Ram Mandir e Ayodhya, e hahiloeng sebakeng sa mosque oa nalane o sentsoeng ke batho ba naha ea Mahindu, mme Tonakholo ea India Modi o bile le maqhama a haufi le mokhatlo. BAPS e latotse liqoso tsa ho tlatlapa basebetsi.^[53]

Hoo e ka bang ka nako e ts'oanang, mokhatlo o pharaletseng oa baitseki ba Maindia a Amerika le mekhatlo ea litokelo tsa botho e ile ea kopa US Small Business Administration (SBA) ho fuputsa hore na lihlopha tsa mapheo a ma-Hindu li amohetse makholo a likete tsa lidolara licheleteng tsa liphallelo tsa COVID-19, joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe. ke Al Jazeera ka Mmesa 2021.^[54] Lipatlisiso li bonts'itse hore mekhatlo e amanang le RSS e fumane chelete e fetang $833,000 ka litefo tse tobileng, le bakeng sa likalimo. Al Jazeera e qotsitse John Prabhudoss, molula-setulo oa Federation of Indian American Christian Organisations: "Lihlopha tsa 'muso tse lebelang hammoho le mekhatlo ea litokelo tsa botho li hloka ho ela hloko tšebeliso e mpe ea lichelete tsa COVID ke lihlopha tsa bo-Hindu tse phahameng United States."

Islamophobia

Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, India ho khothaletsoa ha lipuo tse khahlanong le Mamosleme ho atile. Pogrom e khahlanong le Mamosleme e Delhi^[55] e tsamaellana le ketelo ea pele ea mopresidente ea Donald Trump India^[56]. 'Me lilemong tse peli tse fetileng, matšolo a marang-rang a khothalelitse tšabo ka "love jihad"^[57] (e lebisitse ho setsoalle le manyalo a litumelo tse tsoakaneng), Coronajihad”^[58], (ho beha molato ho ata ha seoa sena ho Mamosleme) le “Spit Jihad” (ke hore, “Thook Jihad”) tse bolelang hore barekisi ba lijo ba Mamosleme ba tšoela ka mathe lijong tseo ba li rekisang.^[59]

Ka December 2021, baeta-pele ba Mahindu “Paramenteng ea Bolumeli” e Haridwar ba ile ba etsa boipiletso bo hlakileng ba hore Mamosleme a bolaoe ka sehlōhō.^[60], ntle le ho nyatsuoa ke Tonakholo Modi kapa balateli ba hae. Likhoeli feela pejana, VHP ea Amerika^[61] o ne a memme Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, moprista ea ka sehloohong oa Tempele ea Dasna Devi e le sebui se seholo^[62]. Ketsahalo e neng e reriloe e ile ea hlakoloa ka mor'a litletlebo tse ngata. Yati o ne a se a ntse a tumme ka "lehloeo la ho hlatsa" ka lilemo tse ngata mme o ile a ts'oaroa ka mor'a ho letsetsa polao ea batho ba bangata ka December.

Ho hlakile hore ho na le puo e pharalletseng e teng ea Islamophobic Europe^[63], USA, Canada le lichaba tse ling. Kaho ea Mosque e 'nile ea hanyetsoa USA ka lilemo tse ngata^[64]. Khanyetso e joalo hangata e hlahisoa ka lebaka la matšoenyeho a sephethe-phethe empa ka 2021 ho ile ha hlokomeloa kamoo sechaba sa Mahindu e bileng bahanyetsi ba bonahalang ba katoloso e reriloeng ea ho atolosoa ha mosque Naperville, IL.^[65].

Naperville bahanyetsi ba ile ba bontša ho tšoenyeha ka bophahamo ba minaret le monyetla oa ho letsetsa thapelo ho hasoa. Haufinyane tjena Canada, Ravi Hooda, moithaopi lekaleng la lehae la Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)^[66] hape e le setho sa Boto ea Sekolo sa Peel seterekeng sa Toronto, o ngotse ka tweet hore ho lumella mehala ea thapelo ea Mamoseleme hore e phatlalatsoe ho bula mamati bakeng sa "Litsela tse arohaneng bakeng sa bapalami ba likamele le lipoli" kapa melao "e hlokang hore basali bohle ba ikoahele ho tloha hloohong ho isa menoaneng ka litenteng. .”^[67]

Lipuo tse joalo tsa lehloeo le tse nyenyefatsang li susumelitse pefo le tšehetso ea pefo. Hoa tsebahala hore ka 2011, sekhukhuni sa lepheo le letona Anders Behring Breivik se ile sa bululeloa karolo e 'ngoe ke maikutlo a Hindutva ho bolaea litho tsa bacha tse 77 tse ikopantseng le Norwegian Labor Party. Ka January 2017^[68], tlhaselo ea likhukhuni motseng oa Mamosleme Quebec City e ile ea bolaea Mamosleme a 6 a tsoang linaheng tse ling ’me ea ntša ba 19 likotsi^[69], e susumetsoa ke ho ba teng ha lepheo le letona le matla sebakeng sa heno (ho kenyeletsoa khaolo ea sehlopha sa lehloeo la Nordic^[70]) mmoho le lehloyo la inthaneteng. Hape Canada, ka 2021, sehlopha sa Canadian Hindu Advocacy se etelletsoeng pele ke Islamophobe Ron Banerjee, se ile sa rera kopano ea ho ts'ehetsa monna ea bolaileng Mamoseleme a mane ka teraka ea hae toropong ea Canada ea London.^[71]. Esita le Mongoli-Kakaretso oa Machaba a Kopaneng o ne a hlokometse le ho nyatsa tlhaselo ena e reretsoeng^[72]. Banarjee e tumme hampe. Ka video e behiloeng akhaonteng ea YouTube ea Rise Canada ka Mphalane 2015, Banerjee o ne a ka bonoa a tšoere Qur'an ha a ntse a e tšoela ka mathe a e hlakola ka morao. Ka video e kentsoeng akhaonteng ea YouTube ea Rise Canada ka Pherekhong 2018, Banerjee o hlalositse Boislamo e le "lequloana la peto."^[73]

Tšusumetso e Atileng

Ho hlakile hore batho ba bangata ba bochaba ba Mahindu ba USA ha ba tšehetse likhohlano kapa liketso tse joalo tsa pefo. Leha ho le joalo, mekhatlo e bululetsoeng ea Hindutva e ka pele-pele ho etsa metsoalle le ho susumetsa batho pusong. Katleho ea boikitlaetso ba bona e ka bonoa ho hloleheng ha Congress ea Amerika ho nyatsa ho hlakoloa ha boipuso ba Kashmir ka 2019 kapa ho amohuoa ha Mamoseleme Profinseng ea Assam. Ho ka hlokomeloa ho hloleheng ha Lefapha la Naha la United States ho khetha India e le Naha e Tšoenyehileng ka ho Khetheha (CPC), ho sa tsotellehe khothaletso e matla ea Komisi ea United States ea Tokoloho ea Bolumeli ea Machaba.

E le mahlahahlaha a bile a ikemiselitse joalo ka ha a kenella tsamaisong ea thuto ea Amerika, Hindutva e shebane le maemo ohle a mmuso, joalo ka ha a na le tokelo eohle ea ho etsa joalo. Leha ho le joalo, maqheka a bona a khatello a ka ba mabifi. The Intercept^[74] e hlalositse kamoo Congressman oa Amerika oa India Ro Khanna a ileng a itokolla puisanong ea Mots'eanong 2019 mabapi le Khethollo ea Bo-Caste motsotsong oa ho qetela ka lebaka la "khatello e tsoang ho lihlopha tse ngata tse nang le tšusumetso ea Mahindu."^[75] Mosebetsi-'moho le eena Pramila Jayapal e ile ea lula e le eena feela motšehetsi oa ketsahalo eo. Hammoho le ho hlophisa boipelaetso liketsahalong tsa sechaba sa habo,^[76] Baitseki ba ile ba bokella lihlopha le batho ba fetang 230 ba Mahindu le Maindia a Amerika, ho kenyeletsoa Hindu American Foundation, ho romella Khanna lengolo le nyatsang polelo ea hae ka Kashmir le ho mo kopa hore a itokolle ho Congress Pakistan Caucus, eo a neng a sa tsoa kena ho eona.

Baemeli ba Ilham Omar le Rashida Tlaib ba ’nile ba hanyetsa maqheka a joalo a khatello, empa ba bang ba bangata ha baa e etsa; mohlala, Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), ea ileng a khetha ho khutlela morao ka lipolelo tsa melao-motheo ka Kashmir. Mme pele ho likhetho tsa Mopresidente, Hindu American Foundation e ile ea lemosa hampe ka boetapele ba Mokha oa Democratic ho lula e le "seshebelli semumu" sa "Hinduphobia" e ntseng e hola moketjaneng.^[77].

Kamora likhetho tsa 2020 tsa Mopresidente Biden, Tsamaiso ea hae e ile ea bonahala e ela hloko khetho ea hae ea baemeli ba lets'olo.^[78]. Khetho ea lets'olo la hae la Amit Jani joalo ka mohokahanyi le sechaba sa Mamoseleme ka sebele e ile ea tsosa lintši, kaha lelapa la hae le ne le e-na le likhokahano tse tsebahalang le RSS. Bahlahlobisisi ba bang ba ile ba nyatsa "motley coalition of Muslim, Dalit, le radical left groups" bakeng sa lets'olo la bona la Marang-rang khahlanong le Jani, eo ntate oa hae oa morao a neng a thehile Metsoalle ea Overseas ea BJP.^[79]

Ho boetse ho hlahisitsoe lipotso tse ngata mabapi le Moemeli oa Congression (le Mokhethoa oa Mopresidente) sehokelo sa Tulsi Gabbard ho lipalo tsa Mahindu a hole-hole.^[80]. Leha melaetsa ea evangeli ea Bokreste ba mapheo a le letona le melaetsa ea ma-Hindu e sebetsa ka tjantjello ho fapana le ho kopana, Rep Gabbard ha a tloaelehe ho hokela mabatooa ka bobeli.^[81]

Boemong ba lekhotla la ketsa-molao la New York State, Setho sa Kopano Jenifer Rajkumar o 'nile a nyatsuoa ka bafani ba hae ba amanang le Hindutva.^[82] Sehlopha sa lehae sa Queens Against Hindu Fascism le sona se hlokometse hore o tšehetsa Tonakholo Modi. Moemeli e mong oa lehae, Senator ea Naha ea Ohio, Niraj Antani, o boletse polelong ea Loetse 2021 hore o nyatsa kopano ea "Disantling Hindutva" "ka mantsoe a matla ka ho fetesisa" a re "ha se letho haese khethollo ea morabe le leeme khahlanong le Mahindu."^[83] Ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho na le mehlala e mengata e tšoanang ea pherekano e ka chekoang ka lipatlisiso tse ling.

Qetellong, ho na le boiteko ba kamehla ba ho fihla ho bo-ramotse ba sebaka seo le ho koetlisa mafapha a sepolesa.^[84] Le hoja lichaba tsa Maindia le Mahindu li e-na le tokelo eohle ea ho etsa sena, bashebelli ba bang ba ’nile ba botsa lipotso mabapi le ho ameha ha Hindutva, ka mohlala ho haha ​​likamano tsa HSS le mafapha a sepolesa Troy le Caton, Michigan, le Irving, Texas.^[85]

Hammoho le baetapele ba nang le tšusumetso ba Hindutva, litsi tsa menahano, li-lobbyists le basebetsi ba bohlale ba tšehetsa matšolo a tšusumetso ea mmuso oa Modi USA le Canada.^[86] Leha ho le joalo, ka ntle ho sena, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hamolemo matšolo a ho beha leihlo, a disinformation le mashano a phatlalatsoang marang-rang.

Lintoa tsa Mecha ea Sechaba, Boqolotsi ba Litaba le Setso

India ke 'maraka o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa Facebook, o nang le batho ba limilione tse 328 ba sebelisang marang-rang a sechaba. Ho feta moo, Maindia a ka bang limilione tse 400 a sebelisa tšebeletso ea melaetsa ea Facebook, WhatsApp^[87]. Ka bomalimabe, mecha ena ea litaba ea sechaba e fetohile likoloi tsa lehloeo le disinformation. India, lipolao tse ngata tsa likhomo li etsahala kamora hore menyenyetsi e phatlalatse mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba, haholo WhatsApp^[88]. Livideo tsa lynching le ho shapuoa hangata li arolelanoa le ho WhatsApp.^[89] 

Basali baqolotsi ba litaba ba 'nile ba hlokofatsoa ka ho khetheha ke litšokelo tsa tlhekefetso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali, "li-deepfakes" le doxing. Bahlahlobisisi ba Tonakholo Modi ba kenelletse tlhekefetso e mabifi haholo. Mohlala, ka 2016, moqolotsi oa litaba Rana Ayub o ile a hatisa buka e buang ka boitlamo ba Tonakholo le merusu e bolaeang ea 2002 Gujarat. Nakoana kamora moo, ntle le ho amohela litšokelo tse ngata tsa lefu, Ayub o ile a hlokomela ka video e litšila e neng e arolelanoa lihlopheng tse fapaneng tsa WhatsApp.^[90] Sefahleho sa hae se ne se le holim'a sefahleho sa setšoantšisi sa lifilimi tsa bootsoa, ​​​​a sebelisa theknoloji ea Deepfake e neng e qhekella sefahleho sa Rana ho fetola lipolelo tse tsosang takatso.

Mme Ayub oa ngola, "Boholo ba li-account tsa Twitter le li-account tsa Facebook tse kentseng video ea bootsoa le li-screenshots li iponahatsa e le balateli ba Modi le mokha oa hae."^[91] Litšokelo tse joalo ho baqolotsi ba litaba ba basali le tsona li bakile polao ea sebele. Ka 2017, ka mor'a tlhekefetso e atileng mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba, moqolotsi oa litaba le mohlophisi Gauri Lankesh o ile a bolaoa ke radicals ka lehlakoreng le letona ka ntle ho ntlo ea hae.^[92] Lankesh o ile a tsamaisa limakasine tse peli tsa beke le beke 'me e ne e le mohlahlobisisi oa maikutlo a feteletseng a Mahindu ao makhotla a lehae a neng a mo ahlotse a le molato oa ho senya lebitso ka lebaka la ho nyatsa ha hae BJP.

Kajeno, litlhaselo tsa "slut-shaming" li ntse li tsoela pele. Ka 2021, sesebelisoa se bitsoang Bulli Bai se tsamaisoang sethaleng sa marang-rang sa GitHub se ile sa arolelana linepe tsa basali ba fetang 100 ba Mamoseleme ba re lia "rekisoa."^[93] Mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e etsa eng ho laola lehloeo lee? Ho bonahala eka ha ea lekana.

Sengoliloeng se otlang ka thata sa 2020, Maqhama a Facebook le Mokha o Busang oa India a Feta Ntoa ea Eona Khahlanong le Puo ea Lehloeo, Moqolotsi oa litaba oa Time Magazine Tom Perrigo o ile a hlalosa ka ho qaqileng kamoo Facebook India e ileng ea lieha ho theola puo ea lehloeo le khahlanong le Mamosleme ha e ne e etsoa ke ba boholong ba phahameng, esita le ka mor'a hore Avaaz le lihlopha tse ling tsa bahanyetsi li etse litletlebo le basebeletsi ba Facebook ba ngotse litletlebo tsa ka hare.^[94] Perrigo o boetse a tlaleha likamano lipakeng tsa basebetsi ba Facebook ba India le mokha oa Modi oa BJP.^[95] Bohareng ba Phato 2020, Wall Street Journal e tlaleha hore basebetsi ba phahameng ba pheha khang ea hore ho otla baetsi ba molao ho ka senya tebello ea khoebo ea Facebook.^[96] Bekeng e latelang, Reuters hlalosa joang, ha ba arabela, basebetsi ba Facebook ba ile ba ngola lengolo le bulehileng ka hare le bitsang batsamaisi hore ba nyatse lehloeo le khahlanong le Mamosleme le ho sebelisa melao ea puo ea lehloeo ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Lengolo le boetse le bolela hore ha ho na basebetsi ba Mamoseleme sethaleng sa leano la India.^[97]

Ka Mphalane 2021 New York Times e thehiloe sengoloa mabapi le litokomane tsa kahare, karolo ea pokello e kholo ea lintho tse bitsoang Litokomane tsa Facebook e bokelloa ke mololi Frances Haugen, eo e kileng ea e-ba molaoli oa lihlahisoa tsa Facebook.^[98] Litokomane tsena li kenyelletsa litlaleho tsa hore na li-bots le li-account tsa fake, haholo-holo tse amanang le mabotho a lipolotiki a mapheo a nepahetseng li ile tsa baka moferefere likhethong tsa naha, joalo ka ha li entse United States.^[99] Ba boetse ba qaqisa hore na maano a Facebook a lebisitse ho mashano a mangata India, haholo a neng a le kotsi nakong ea seoa sena.^[100] Litokomane li hlalosa kamoo sethaleng hangata se ileng sa hlōleha ho laola lehloeo. Ho latela sengoloa: "Facebook e boetse e tsilatsila ho khetha RSS e le mokhatlo o kotsi ka lebaka la "maikutlo a lipolotiki" a ka amang ts'ebetso ea marang-rang a sechaba naheng.

Mathoasong a 2022 makasine ea litaba ea India, The Mohala, e senotse boteng ba sesebelisoa sa lekunutu se tsoetseng pele se bitsoang 'Tek Fog' se neng se sebelisoa ke li-troll tse ikopantseng le mokha o busang oa India ho koetela mecha ea litaba ea sechaba le ho senya liforomo tsa melaetsa tse patiloeng joalo ka WhatsApp. Tek Fog e ka koetela karolo ea "trending" ea Twitter le "trend" ho Facebook. Basebelisi ba Tek Fog le bona ba ka fetola lipale tse seng li ntse li le teng ho theha litaba tse seng tsa nnete.

Kamora phuputso e nkileng likhoeli tse 20, a sebetsa le mololi empa a tiisa liqoso tsa hae tse ngata, tlaleho e lekola hore na sesebelisoa sena se etsa hore lehloeo le tlhekefetso e lebisitsoe joang le ho jala mashano. Tlaleho e hlokomela khokahano ea sesebelisoa le k'hamphani ea litšebeletso tsa thekenoloji e rekisoang phatlalatsa ea India American, Persistent Systems, e tsetelelitseng haholo ho fumana likonteraka tsa mmuso India. E boetse e khothaletsoa ke sesebelisoa sa # 1 sa media sa India, Sharechat. Tlaleho e fana ka maikutlo a hore likhokahano tse ka bang teng ho li-hashtag tse amanang le pefo le khokahanyo ea COVID-19. Bafuputsi ba fumane hore "ho kakaretso ea liphatlalatso tse limilione tse 3.8 tse hlahlobiloeng ... hoo e ka bang 58% (limilione tse 2.2) tsa tsona li ka bitsoa 'puo ea lehloeo'.

Ka selemo sa 2019, EU DisinfoLab, mokhatlo o ikemetseng o ikemetseng o etsang lipatlisiso ka matšolo a disinformation a lebisitseng EU, e phatlalalitse tlaleho e hlalosang marang-rang a "mecha ea litaba ea lehae ea bohata" e fetang 260 e tsoang linaheng tse 65, ho kenyeletsoa le Bophirimela.^[101] Boiteko bona bo reretsoe ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a India, hammoho le ho matlafatsa maikutlo a pro-Indian le anti-Pakistan (le anti-China). Selemong se latelang, tlaleho ena e ile ea lateloa ke tlaleho ea bobeli e sa fumaneng feela liphatlalatso tse fetang 750 tsa bohata, tse koahelang linaha tse 119, empa bosholu ba boitsebahatso ba 'maloa, bonyane li-NGO tsa UN tse ngolisitsoeng ka molao ke Lekhotla la Litokelo tsa Botho tse 10, le mabitso a 550 a ngolisitsoeng.^[102]

EU DisinfoLab e fumane hore makasine ea "fake", EP Today, e laoloa ke bankakarolo ba Maindia, e nang le maqhama le marang-rang a maholo a mekhatlo ea ho nahana, mekhatlo e ikemetseng, le lik'hamphani tse tsoang ho Sehlopha sa Srivastava.^[103] Maqheka a joalo a ile a khona ho “hohela palo e ntseng e eketseha ea MEPs puong e tšehetsang India le e khahlanong le Pakistan, hangata e sebelisa mabaka a kang litokelo tsa batho ba seng bakae le litokelo tsa basali e le sebaka sa ho kena.

Ka selemo sa 2019, litho tse mashome a mabeli a metso e supileng tsa paramente ea Europe li ile tsa etela Kashmir e le baeti ba mokhatlo o sa hlakang, Tanka ea Moruo le Sechaba ea Moruo, kapa WESTT, le bona ba hokahaneng le netweke ena ea pro-Modi.^[104] Ba boetse ba kopane le Tonakholo Narendra Modi le Moeletsi oa Ts'ireletso ea Naha Ajit Doval New Delhi. Phihlello ena e fanoe leha mmuso oa Modi o hanne ho lumella Senator ea Amerika Chris Van Hollen ho etela^[105] kapa esita le Lekhotla la Litokelo Tsa Botho la Machaba a Kopaneng ho romela baemeli ba lona sebakeng seo^[106]. Baeti baa ba tšepahalang e ne e le bo-mang? Bonyane ba 22 ho ba 27 ba ne ba tsoa mekheng e hole-hole, joalo ka Fora's National Rally, Poland's Law and Justice, le Alternative for Germany, e tsejoang ka maikutlo a thata ka bojaki le seo ho thoeng ke "Islamization of Europe".^[107] Leeto lena la "bashebelli ba seng molaong" le bile le likhang, kaha ha lea ka la etsahala feela ha baetapele ba bangata ba Kashmiri ba ntse ba le teronkong mme lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang li emisitsoe, empa hape le ha Maparamente a mangata a India a ne a thibetsoe ho etela Kashmir.

EU Disinfo Lab NGO e na le Twitter handle ea @DisinfoEU. Ho fetola lebitso ka mokhoa o ferekanyang ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ka Mmesa 2020 "Disinfolab" e makatsang e ile ea hlaha ho Twitter tlasa molamu @DisinfoLab. Khopolo ea hore Islamophobia India e ea phahama e hlalosoa e le "litaba tsa bohata" molemong oa lithahasello tsa Pakistani. Ho pheta-pheta ho li-tweets le litlaleho, ho bonahala ho e-na le ho tsieleha ho Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) le Mothehi oa eona, Shaik Ubaid, ho ba fa phihlello le tšusumetso e makatsang.^[108]

Ka 2021, DisinfoLab e ketekoa Lefapha la Naha la U.S. le hloleha ho bitsa India e le Naha e Tšoenyehileng e Itseng^[109] 'me e lelekoe tlalehong ea Komisi ea United States ea Tokoloho ea Bolumeli ea Machaba e le “mokhatlo o amehileng ka ho khetheha” ka thabo ho mekhatlo e laoloang ke Muslim Brotherhood.^[110]

Sena se ama bangoli ba sengoloa sena se selelele, hobane Khaolong ea bone ea tlaleho ea eona, "Disnfo Lab" e hlalosa mokhatlo oa litokelo tsa botho oo re o sebeletsang, Justice for All, o bonts'a NGO e le mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea bosholu e nang le likhokahano tse sa hlakang tsa Jamaat. / Muslim Brotherhood. Liqoso tsena tsa bohata li pheta tse entsoeng ka mor'a 9/11 ha Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) le mekhatlo e meng e khomaretseng bolumeli ea Mamosleme ea Amerika e ne e nkoa e le morero oa bolotsana oa Mamosleme 'me ea nyefoloa mecheng ea litaba ea mapheo a nepahetseng nako e telele ka mor'a hore ba boholong ba phethe lipatlisiso tsa bona.

Ho tloha 2013 ke sebelitse ke le moeletsi oa Justice for All, NGO e thehiloeng nakong ea tlhaselo ea morabe oa Bosnia ho arabela mahloriso a manyane a Mamosleme. E tsosolositsoe ka 2012 ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho "cheso e liehang" ho timetsa morabe oa Rohingya, mananeo a bobuelli ba litokelo tsa botho a atolohile ho kenyelletsa batho ba fokolang ba Uyghur le Maindia, hammoho le Mamosleme a Kashmir le Sri Lanka. Hang ha mananeo a India le Kashmir a qala, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le disinformation e ile ea eketseha.

Molula-setulo oa Toka bakeng sa Bohle, Malik Mujahid, o bontšoa a kenyelletsa sehokelo se mafolofolo le ICNA, e leng hole le 'nete, kaha a ile a arohana le mokhatlo lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng.^[111] E sebetsa e le mokhatlo oa Mamosleme oa Amerika o nang le melao e matla ea ts'ebeletso ea sechaba, ICNA e 'nile ea nyelisoa haholo ke menahano ea Islamophobic ho theosa le lilemo. Joalo ka "boithuto" ba bona bo bongata, "thuto ea Disinfo" e ka tšeha haeba e ne e se na monyetla oa ho senya likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso, ho aha ho se tšepane le ho koala litšebelisano tse ka bang teng le lichelete. Lits'oants'o tsa "mapa a amanang" ho Kashmir le India li ka hohela tlhokomelo empa ha li bolele letho.^[112] Tsena li sebetsa e le matšolo a ho hoeshetsa a bonoang, empa ka bomalimabe ha a so tlosoe ho Twitter ho sa tsotellehe litaba tsa bona tse nyelisang le monyetla oa ho senya botumo. Leha ho le joalo, Justice for All ha e so nyahame 'me e ekelitse karabelo ea eona ho maano a India a ntseng a tsoela pele ho arola le ho ba kotsi.^[113] Pampiri ena e ngotsoe ka mokhoa o ikemetseng ho tloha lenaneong le tloaelehileng.

'Nete ke Eng?

Joaloka Mamoseleme a lulang Amerika Leboea, bangoli ba hlokomela taba e makatsang ea hore sengolong sena re ntse re latela marang-rang a mangata a ts'ebetso e hlohlellelitsoeng bolumeling. Rea ipotsa: na re li sekaseka ka litsela tse tšoanang le "lipatlisiso" tsa Islamophobes tsa mekhatlo ea Mamosleme ea Amerika? Re hopola lichate tse nolofatsang tsa Mekhatlo ea Baithuti ba Mamoseleme le "lihokelo" tseo ho thoeng ke tsa Mokhatlo oa Mamoseleme oa Amerika Leboea. Rea tseba hore na lihlopha tsa baithuti ba Mamosleme hangata li ne li theohile hakae (eseng ketane ea litaelo) 'me rea ipotsa hore na le rona re feteletsa momahano ea marang-rang a Hindutva a tšohliloeng maqepheng a fetileng.

Na tlhahlobo ea rona ea likamano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa Hindutva e theha 'mapa oa kamano o fetisang matšoenyeho a rona? Ka ho hlakileng joaloka lichaba tse ling tsa pele ho tsona, Mamosleme a bajaki le Mahindu a bajaki ba batla tšireletseho e khōloanyane hammoho le monyetla. Ha ho pelaelo hore Hinduphobia e teng, joalo ka Islamophobia le Antisemitism le mefuta e meng ea leeme. Na batho ba bangata ba hloileng ha ba susumetsoe ke tšabo le khalefo ea mang kapa mang ea fapaneng, ba sa khetholle pakeng tsa Mohindu, Masikh kapa Mamosleme ea apereng ka tloaelo? Na ehlile ha ho sebaka bakeng sa mabaka a tšoanang?

Le hoja lipuisano tsa litumelo tse fapaneng li fana ka tsela e ka bang teng ea ho bōpa khotso, re boetse re fumane hore lilekane tse ling tsa litumelo tse fapaneng li tšehetse lipolelo tsa Hindutva li sa hlokomele tsa hore ho nyatsa Hindutva ho tšoana le ho tšaba Hindutva. Ka mohlala, ka 2021 lengolo le ngotsoeng ke Lekhotla la Malumeli a Kopaneng la Metropolitan Washington le ne le laela hore liunivesithi li tlohe ho tšehetsa seboka sa Dismantling Hindutva. Ka kakaretso Lekhotla la Litumelo Tse Kopanetsoeng le sebetsa ka thata ho hanyetsa lehloeo le leeme. Empa ka matšolo a ho phatlalatsa litaba tse fosahetseng, ka litho tse ngata le ho kenya letsoho bophelong ba sechaba, mekhatlo ea American Hindutva ka ho hlaka e sebeletsa lithahasello tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa maemo a holimo o thehiloeng India o sebetsang ho nyenyefatsa bongata le demokrasi ka ho phahamisa lehloeo.

Lihlopha tse ling tsa malumeli a fapaneng li lemoha kotsi ea botumo ka ho nyatsa Hindutva. Hape ho na le litšitiso tse ling: mohlala, ho Machaba a Kopaneng, India e thibetse lihlopha tse ling tsa Dalit ho fumana tumello ka lilemo tse ngata. Leha ho le joalo, ka 2022 lihlopha tse ling tsa malumeli a mangata li ile tsa qala butle-butle ho kopanela bobuelli. E se e le Mokhatlo o Khahlanong le Polao ea Moloko[114] e thehiloe ka mor'a pefo ea Gujarat (2002) ha Modi e ne e le letona le ka sehloohong la naha, a fumana litumellano tse tsoang ho Tikkun le Interfaith Freedom Foundation. Haufinyane tjena, ka tšusumetso ea USCIRF, har'a ba bang, International Religious Freedom Roundtable e hlophisitse lipuisano, 'me ka November 2022 Religions for Peace (RFPUSA) e ile ea tšoara puisano e nang le morero. Bobuelli ba sechaba bo ka qetella bo khothalelitse baetsi ba melaoana Washington DC ho tobana le mathata a bolaoli har'a balekane ba lipolotiki ba Amerika joalo ka India.

Demokrasi ea Amerika le eona e bonahala e lika-likelitsoe - joalo ka Moaho oa Capitol ka la 6 Pherekhong 2021 - merusu e neng e kenyelletsa Vinson Palathingal, monna oa Moamerika oa Amerika ea jereng folakha ea India, motšehetsi oa Trump eo ho tlalehoang hore o ne a khethiloe ho Lekhotla la Mopresidente la Export.^[115] Ehlile ho na le Maamerika a mangata a Mahindu a tšehetsang Trump mme a sebeletsa ho khutla ha hae.^[116] Ha re ntse re fumana maqhama pakeng tsa masole a lepheo le letona le mapolesa le litho tsa litšebeletso tse hlometseng, ho ka 'na ha e-ba le lintho tse ngata tse etsahalang ka tlas'a lefatše 'me li sa bonahale.

Haufinyane tjena, baevangeli ba bang ba Amerika ba ’nile ba nyefola lineano tsa Mahindu, ’me India, Bakreste ba Evangelical hangata baa khesoa esita le ho hlaseloa. Ho na le likarohano tse hlakileng lipakeng tsa mokhatlo oa Hindutva le tokelo ea Bokreste ba evangeli. Leha ho le joalo, lichaba tsena li kopana ho ts'ehetsa bochaba ba mapheo a nepahetseng, ho amohela moetapele oa bolaoli le Islamophobia. Ho bile le batho bao re sa ba tsebeng.

Salman Rushdie o bitsitse Hindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] mme a sebetsa ho hanyetsa motsamao naheng ya habo. Na re hana boiteko ba ho hlophisa ba Steve Bannon, bo susumelitsoeng ke maikutlo a bochaba ba esoteric a hlalositsoeng ke Bo-Fascist Traditionalists, e thehiloeng menahanong ea khethollo ea morabe ea bohloeki ba Aryan?^[118] Nakong e kotsi historing, 'nete le mashano lia ferekanngoa' me li kopane, 'me marang-rang a bōpa sebaka sa sechaba se laolang le se kotsi ka tsela e kotsi. 

• Lefifi le boela la rothofala; empa jwale ke a tseba
• Lilemo tse mashome a mabeli tsa boroko ba majoe
• Ba ne ba tšoenngoa ke litoro tse tšosang ka ho sisinyeha ha bethe,
• Mme sebata se sehloho, hora ya sona e fihlile qetellong,
• A slouches ho ea Bethlehema ho tsoaloa?

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[111] Re sebetsa le Monghali Mujahid bakeng sa Burma Task Force, e hanyetsang Islamophobia, 'me re nyatsa maikutlo a hae. litšila.

[112] Maqephe a Marang-rang a hapiloe inthaneteng, DisinfoLab, Twitter, Phato 3, 2021 & Motšeanong 2, 2022.

[113] Mohlala, lipuisano tse tharo tsa phanele ho JFA's Hindutva e Amerika Leboea letoto ka 2021

[114] Website: http://www.coalitionagainstgenocide.org/

[115] Arun Kumar, "Indian American Vinson Palathingal e reheletsoeng Lekhotla la Mopresidente la Export," American Bazaar, la 8 Mphalane 2020.

[116] Hasan Akram,"Batšehetsi ba RSS-BJP ba tsoka Folakha ea India ho Capitol Hill" Seipone sa Muslim, January 9, 2021

[117] Salman Rushdie, Excerpt Lipuisano tse matla, Leqephe la Youtube, December 5, 2015 Posting

[118] Aadita Chaudhry, Hobaneng ha White Supremacists le Hindu Nationalists li Tšoana Hakaale, " Al Jazeera, December 13, 2018. Sheba hape S. Romi Mukherjee, “Metso ea Steve Bannon: Esoteric Fascism le Aryanism, " Setsi sa litaba, Aug 29, 2018