Ho rarahana ketsong: Puisano ea Litumelo tse Kopanetsoeng le ho Etsa Khotso Burma le New York
Selelekela
Ho bohlokoa hore sechaba sa tharollo ea likhohlano se utloisise tšebelisano ea lintlha tse ngata tse kopanang ho hlahisa likhohlano lipakeng tsa liphutheho tsa bolumeli. Tlhahlobo e bonolo mabapi le karolo ea bolumeli ha e hlahise litholoana.
USA, tlhahlobo ena e fosahetseng e bonahala lipuisanong tsa boralitaba mabapi le ISIS le mahloriso a eona ho malumeli a manyane. E ka boela ea bonoa lipuisanong tsa lipolotiki (haufinyane tjena ka Phuptjane 2016) e fa litsebi tsa maiketsetso monyetla oa ho bua ka pel'a baetsi ba molao ba naha. Lithuto tse kang "Fear Inc."[1] li ntse li tsoela pele ho bontša kamoo lepheo le letona la lipolotiki le 'nileng la atolosa marang-rang a litanka tsa ho nahana ho ntšetsa pele "boitseanape" bo joalo mecheng ea litaba le lipolotiki, esita le ho fihlela Machaba a Kopaneng.
Lipuisano tsa sechaba li ntse li ntse li silafatsoa ke maikutlo a maikutlo le lehloeo la basele, eseng feela Europe le USA empa le likarolong tse ling tsa lefats'e. Ka mohlala, karolong e ka Boroa le Bochabela ea Asia Islamophobia e fetohile matla a lipolotiki a senyang ka ho khetheha Myanmar / Burma, Sri Lanka le India. Ho bohlokoa hore bafuputsi ba seke ba fuoa monyetla oa "Bophirima" boiphihlelo ba likhohlano, likhang kapa bolumeli; ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho bohlokoa hore re se ke ra fana ka tokelo ea malumeli a mararo a Abrahama ka thoko ho litloaelo tse ling tsa bolumeli tseo le tsona li ka 'nang tsa koeteloa ke lithahasello tsa bochaba kapa tsa lipolotiki.
Ka ts'okelo ea 'nete e ntseng e tsoela pele le e lemohuoang ea likhohlano le tšabo, ts'ireletso ea lipuisano tsa phatlalatsa le leano la sechaba li ka lebisa ponong e sothehileng ea phello ea maikutlo a bolumeli. Bakena-lipakeng ba bang ba ka 'na ba lumellana le maikutlo a likhohlano tsa tsoelo-pele ka hloko kapa ba sa hlokomele kapa khanyetso ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa lefatše le kelello ka lehlakoreng le leng le bolumeli le ho hloka kelello ka lehlakoreng le leng.
Ntle le ho sebelisa likhohlano le liphatlalatso tsa bohata tsa lipuisano tse tsebahalang tsa ts'ireletso, re ka hlahloba mekhoa ea litumelo joang - ea ba bang le ea rona - ho utloisisa karolo ea "bolumeli" ho theha maikutlo, puisano le ts'ebetso ea khotso?
Joaloka mothehi-'moho oa Flushing Interfaith Council, ka lilemo tsa mosebetsi oa toka ea sechaba ka har'a litšebelisano tsa litumelo tse fapaneng, ke sisinya ho hlahloba mekhoa e fapaneng ea likamano tsa litumelo New York City. Joaloka Mookameli oa Mananeo a Machaba a Kopaneng bakeng sa Burma Task Force, ke etsa tlhahiso ea ho batlisisa hore na mehlala ena e ka fetisetsoa ho maemo a mang a setso, haholo-holo Burma le Asia Boroa.
Ho rarahana ketsong: Puisano ea Litumelo tse Kopanetsoeng le ho Etsa Khotso Burma le New York
Lipuisano tsa sechaba li ntse li ntse li silafatsoa ke maikutlo a maikutlo le lehloeo la basele, eseng feela Europe le USA empa le likarolong tse ling tse ngata tsa lefats'e. Mohlala o tla tšohloa pampiring ena, Asia Boroa-bochabela Islamophobia e fetohile matla a senyang ka ho khetheha Myanmar / Burma. Moo, mokhatlo o mabifi oa Boislamo o etelletsoeng pele ke baitlami ba feteletseng ba Mabuddha ka kopanelo le likarolo tsa puso ea bohatelli ea mehleng ea sesole e entse hore sehlotšoana sa Mamosleme a Rohingya e be se se nang naha le ho qhekelloa.
Ke qetile lilemo tse tharo ke sebeletsa Burma Task Force ke le New York le Motsamaisi oa Mananeo oa UN. Burma Task Force ke mohato oa litokelo tsa botho oa Mamosleme oa Amerika o buellang litokelo tsa botho tsa Rohingya ea hlorisoang ka ho bokella litho tsa sechaba, ho kopanela mosebetsing o pharaletseng oa mecha ea litaba le likopano le baetsi ba melao. Pampiri ena ke teko ea ho utloisisa boemo ba hajoale ba ho ikopanya ha litumelo tse fapaneng Burma le ho lekola bokhoni ba eona ba ho theha khotso e nang le toka.
Ka April 2016 ho hlongoa 'muso o mocha oa Burmese o etelletsoeng pele ke Moeletsi oa Naha Aung San Suu Kyi, ka sebele ho na le tšepo ea hore qetellong ho tla ba le liphetoho tsa maano. Leha ho le joalo, ka October 2016 ho ne ho se na mehato e tiileng ea ho khutlisetsa litokelo leha e le life tsa sechaba ho Rohingya ea limilione tse 1, ba lulang ba thibetsoe ho tsamaea ka hare ho Burma, ba fumana thuto, ba theha lelapa ka bolokolohi ntle le ho kena-kenana le tsamaiso kapa ho vouta. (Akbar, 2016) Makholo a likete a banna, basali le bana ba falliselitsoe ho IDP le likampong tsa baphaphathehi. E etelletsoe pele ke Mongoli-Kakaretso oa Machaba a Kopaneng Kofi Annan Komisi ea Boeletsi e ile ea bokelloa ka August 2016 ho hlahloba "boemo bona bo rarahaneng" joalokaha Daw Suu Kyi a bo bitsa, empa Komisi ha e akarelletse litho tsa Rohingya. Ho sa le joalo ts'ebetso ea khotso ea naha e 'nile ea bokelloa ho rarolla likhohlano tse ling tse tebileng, tsa nako e telele tsa merabe ho pota-pota sechaba - empa ha e kenyelle ba fokolang ba Rohingya. (Myint 2016)
Ha ho nahanoa ka Burma ka ho khetheha, ha ho thibelloa ha lichaba tse ngata ho pota-potiloe, likamano tsa litumelo tse fapaneng li ameha joang boemong ba sebaka seo? Ha 'muso o qala ho bontša matšoao a demokrasi, ke mekhoa efe e hlahang? Ke lichaba life tse etellang pele phetohong ea likhohlano? Na puisano ea litumelo tse tsoakaneng e fetisetsoa ho bōpa khotso, kapa ho na le mekhoa e meng ea ho haha tšepo le tšebelisano-'moho?
Ntlha e le 'ngoe mabapi le pono: semelo sa ka joaloka Moamerika oa Moamerika New York City se ama tsela eo ke utloisisang le ho theha lipotso tsena. Islamophobia e bile le phello e mpe litabeng tsa lipolotiki le tsa mecha ea phatlalatso posong ea 9/11 USA. Ka lits'oso tse ntseng li tsoela pele tsa 'nete le tse lemohuoang tsa likhohlano le tšabo, ts'ireletso ea lipuisano tsa phatlalatsa le leano la sechaba li ka lebisa tlhahlobong e sothehileng ea phello ea maikutlo a bolumeli. Empa sebakeng sa lebaka le le leng - Islam - lintlha tse ngata tsa sechaba le setso lia kopana ho hlahisa likhohlano lipakeng tsa liphutheho tsa bolumeli. Tlhahlobo e bonolo mabapi le karolo ea lithuto tsa bolumeli ha e na litholoana, ebang ke mabapi le Boislamo kapa Bobuddha kapa bolumeli bofe kapa bofe. (Jerryson, 2016)
Ka pampiri ena e khuts'oane ke sisinya ho qala ka ho hlahloba mekhoa ea hona joale ea likamano tsa malumeli a Burmese, 'me e lateloe ke ho shebisisa ka bokhuts'oane mehlala ea litumelo tse fapaneng New York City, e fanoeng e le setšoantšo sa papiso le ho thuisa.
Hobane hajoale ho na le lintlha tse fokolang tse fumanehang ho tsoa Burma, thuto ena ea pele e ipapisitse le lipuisano le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba fapaneng tse netefalitsoeng ke lingoliloeng le litlaleho tsa inthanete. Ka bobeli ba emelang le ho kopanela le metse ea Burmese e ntseng e loana, banna le basali bana ba ntse ba haha ka khutso metheo ea ntlo ea khotso ea nakong e tlang, ka kutloisiso e kenyelelitsoeng ka ho fetisisa.
Mabaptiste a Burma: Lilemo tse Makholo a Mabeli a Kopano
Ka 1813 Mabaptiste a Amerika Adoniram le Ann Judson e ile ea e-ba baromuoa ba pele ba Bophirimela ba ho lula le ho ba le tšusumetso Burma. Adoniram o ile a boela a bokella dikishinari ea puo ea Seburmese eaba o fetolela Bibele. Ho sa tsotellehe ho kula, chankana, ntoa, le ho hloka thahasello har’a bongata ba Mabuddha, ka nako ea lilemo tse mashome a mane ba ha Judson ba ile ba khona ho theha boteng ba nako e telele ba Baptist Burma. Lilemo tse 63 ka mor’a lefu la Adoniram, Burma e ne e e-na le likereke tse 163 tsa Bokreste, baromuoa ba 7,000 le basokolohi ba fetang XNUMX XNUMX ba kolobelitsoeng. Hona joale Myanmar e na le palo ea boraro e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea Mabaptiste lefatšeng, ka mor'a USA le India.
Ba ha Judson ba ile ba bolela hore ba rerile “ho bolela kosepele, eseng khahlanong le Bobuddha.” Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba khōlo ea mohlape oa bona e ne e tsoa melokong e lumelang hore moea o phela, ho e-na le bongata ba Mabuddha. Ka ho khetheha, basokolohi ba ne ba tsoa sechabeng sa Makaren, sehlotšoana se hlorisoang ka bongata ba lineano tsa boholo-holo tse neng li bonahala li lumellana le Testamente ea Khale. Lineano tsa bona tsa bonohe li ne li ba lokiselitse ho amohela mesia ea tlang ka thuto ea ho ba pholosa.[3]
Lefa la Judson le ntse le tsoela pele likamanong tsa malumeli a Burma. Kajeno Burma Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Judson se Seminareng ea Thuto ea Bolumeli ea Myanmar ke setsi sa litsebi tse sa tšoaneng, baeta-pele ba bolumeli le liithuti tsa thuto ea bolumeli “ho ntšetsa pele lipuisano le liketso tsa ho rarolla mathata a teng hona joale bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa sechaba sa rōna.” Ho tloha ka 2003, JRC e kopane letoto la liforamu tse kopanyang Mabuddha, Mamoseleme, Mahindu le Bakreste, "ho haha setsoalle, kutloisiso, ho tšepana le tšebelisano-'moho." (Litaba le Mesebetsi, sebaka sa Marang-rang)
Hangata liforamo li ne li e-na le tšobotsi e sebetsang hape. Ka mohlala, ka 2014 Setsi se ile sa tšoara koetliso ea ho lokisetsa batšehetsi ba 19 ba litumelo tse ngata ho ba baqolotsi ba litaba kapa ho sebetsa e le mohloli oa mekhatlo ea litaba. Mme ka Phato 28, 2015, matichere le baithuti ba fetang 160 ba ile ba nka karolo Puisanong ea Academic lipakeng tsa ITBMU (International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University) le MIT (Myanmar Institute of Theology) ka sehlooho se reng "Tlhahlobo e Bohloka ea Poelano ho latela maikutlo a Mabuddha le a Bokreste." Puisano ena ke ea boraro letotong le reretsoeng ho tebisa kutloisiso lipakeng tsa lichaba.
Bakeng sa boholo ba 20th lekholong la lilemo la Burma e ile ea latela mohlala oa thuto oo 'muso oa bokolone oa Brithani o neng o o kentse' me boholo ba oona o ile oa sebetsa ho fihlela boipuso ka 1948. Nakong ea lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa tse latelang tsamaiso e kholo ea naha le e futsanehileng e ile ea arola Maburma a mang ka ho nyenyefatsa boitsebahatso ba merabe empa ea khona ho mamella, haholo-holo bakeng sa lihlopha tse phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, ka mor'a 1988 Democracy Movement tsamaiso ea naha ea thuto e ile ea senyeha haholo nakong ea nako e telele ea khatello ea liithuti. Lilemong tsa bo-1990 liunivesithi li ile tsa koaloa nako e etsang kakaretso ea bonyane lilemo tse hlano 'me ka linako tse ling selemo sa thuto se ile sa khutsufatsoa.
Ho tloha ha e qala ka 1927, mokhatlo oa motsoali oa JRC, Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) o ne o fane ka mananeo a thuto ea bolumeli feela. Leha ho le joalo, ka selemo sa 2000, ho arabela liqholotso le litlhoko tsa thuto tsa naha, Seminare e ile ea thakhola Lenaneo la Liberal Arts le bitsoang Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) le ileng la hohela Mamosleme le Mabuddha hammoho le Bakreste. Lenaneo lena le ile la lateloa ke mananeo a mang a macha a mangata a kenyeletsang MAID (Master of Arts in Interfaith Studies le Dialogue).
Moruti Karyn Carlo ke Kapotene ea Sepolesa ea New York ea seng a phomotse ea fetohileng 'moleli, mosuoe le moromuoa oa Baptist ea ileng a qeta likhoeli tse 'maloa bohareng ba 2016 a ruta Seminary ea Pwo Karen Theological haufi le Yangon Burma. (Carlo, 2016) Ha ho bapisoa le liithuti tse 1,000 1897 tsa Myanmar Theological Seminary, seminari ea hae ke karolo ea bohlano ea boholo, empa e boetse e tsebahala, kaha e qalile ka 4 e le “Sekolo sa Bibele sa Mosali oa Karen.” Ho phaella thutong ea bolumeli, litlelase li akarelletsa Senyesemane, Tsebo ea Khomphuta le Karen Culture.[XNUMX]
Palo e ka bang limilione tse 7, morabe oa Karen le ona o utloile bohloko haholo ke likhohlano le ho khesoa tlas'a maano a "Burmanization" a reretsoeng ho ba khella fatše. Mahlomola a nkile lilemo tse fetang mashome a mane, 'me a na le tšusumetso e kholo sechabeng. Ka mohlala, a hōlisitsoe ke nkhono oa hae nakong ena ea ho hloka botsitso, Mopresidente oa Seminari oa hona joale, Moruti Dr. Soe Thihan o ile a rutoa ho ja lijo kapele ha a hlaseloa, le ho lula a nkile raese ka lipokothong tsa hae e le hore a ka phela merung a ja. lijo-thollo tse seng kae ka letsatsi. (puisano ea botho le K. Carlo)
Pakeng tsa 1968 le 1988 ha ho batho ba tsoang linaheng tse ling ba neng ba lumelloa Burma, ’me ho itšehla thajana hona ho ile ha etsa hore thuto ea bolumeli ea Baptiste e koalehe ka mor’a nako. Likhohlano tsa sejoale-joale tsa thuto ea bolumeli joalo ka litaba tsa LGBT le Liberation Theology li ne li sa tsejoe. Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng ho bile le ts'oaetso e ngata har'a baithuti ba thuto ea bolumeli haeba e se boemong ba likereke tsa lehae, tse lulang li le hlokolosi haholo. Ha a tiisa hore “Puisano ke motheo oa tumelo ea Bokreste,” Moruti Carlo o ile a tlisa puo ea khotso le ea ka mor’a bokolone lenaneong la thuto la Seminare.
Moruti Carlo o ile a hlokomela likarolo tsa bokolone tsa pale ea Adoniram Judson empa a amohela karolo ea hae ho theheng kereke Burma. O ile a re ho ’na, “Ke ile ka bolella liithuti tsa ka: Jesu e ne e le Moasia. U ka keteka Judson- ha u ntse u fumana metso ea Asia ea tumelo ea Bokreste. O boetse a ruta sehlopha se “amohetsoeng hantle” mabapi le ho fapanyetsana ha bolumeli ka bongata ’me liithuti tse ’maloa li ile tsa bontša thahasello ea ho ba le lipuisano le Mamosleme. Boemong ba bolumeli ba ne ba lumellana hore, “Haeba Moea o Halalelang o ke ke oa tlangoa ke bolumeli, Moea o Halalelang le oona o bue le Mamosleme.”
Moruti Carlo o ile a boela a mo ruta Seminari ho tloha mesebetsing ea Moruti Daniel Buttry, sengoli le mokoetlisi ea tsebahalang ea amanang le International Ministries, ea tsamaeang lefatšeng ka bophara ho koetlisa sechaba ka phetoho ea likhohlano, ho se be le pefo le ho aha khotso. Bonyane ho tloha 1989, Moruti Buttry o etetse Burma ho fana ka liboka tsa lihlopha mabapi le tlhahlobo ea likhohlano, ho utloisisa mekhoa ea likhohlano tsa botho, ho laola phetoho, ho laola mefuta-futa, matla a matla le pholiso ea mahlomola. Hangata o loha litemana tsa Testamente ea Khale le e ncha ho tataisa moqoqo, joalo ka 2 Samuele 21, Esthere 4, Mattheu 21 le Liketso 6: 1-7. Leha ho le joalo, o boetse o sebelisa ka bohlale litemana tse tsoang litloaelong tse fapaneng, joalo ka pokellong ea hae ea meqolo e 'meli e buang ka "Ho Kopana ka Khotso e Kopanetsoeng" ka mehlala ea eona e 31 ea boetapele ba toka ea sechaba ho tsoa lefats'eng ka bophara. (Buttery, 2008)
Ha a hlalosa malumeli a Abrahama e le banab'eno ba likhohlano, Daniel Buttry o sebelisane le sechaba sa Mamosleme ho tloha Nigeria ho ea India, le Detroit ho ea Burma. Ka 2007, litsebi tse fetang 150 tsa Mamosleme li ile tsa ntša phatlalatso e reng “Lentsoe le Tloaelehileng Pakeng Tsa Rōna le Uena” ba batla ho tseba lintho tse tšoanang ho theha likamano tsa khotso tsa malumeli.[5] Kereke ea Baptiste ea Amerika e boetse e hlophisitse letoto la likopano tsa Mamosleme-Baptist ho potoloha tokomane ena. Ntle le ho kenyelletsa sengoloa sena, Buttry o ile a tsamaisana le litemana tsa Bokreste le tsa Mamoseleme mabapi le ho bōpa khotso nakong ea koetliso ea hae ea December 2015 ho IONA Mosque e Detroit, ka ts'ebelisano "e atlehileng haholo" le Imam El Turk oa Lekhotla la Boetapele ba Litumelo tse Kopanetsoeng la Metro Detroit. Matsatsing a leshome a koetliso ea MaAmerika a fapaneng ho tloha Bangladesh ho ea Ukraine a arolelana litemana tse shebaneng le toka ea sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le "Thuto ea Thabeng" e le "Jihad ea Jesu." (Butrry 2015A)
Mokhoa oa Buttry oa "ho Kopanya Litumelo Feela oa Khotso" o entsoe ka melao-motheo ea 10 ea "Mokhatlo oa Khotso Feela" o entsoeng ke mosebetsi-'moho le eena oa Baptist Glen Stassen, ea ileng a theha mekhoa e tobileng e ka thusang ho aha khotso holim'a motheo o tiileng, eseng feela ho hanyetsa ntoa. (Stassen, 1998)
Nakong ea maeto a hae e le moeletsi, Daniel Buttry o ngola li-blog ka boiteko ba hae libakeng tse fapaneng tsa likhohlano. E 'ngoe ea maeto a hae a 2011 e ka' na ea e-ba ho etela Rohingya[6]; lintlha tsohle li hlakisitsoe ho tsoa akhaonteng, leha tlhaloso e bonahala e lumellana hantle. Sena ke monahano; empa maemong a mang, o tobile haholoanyane litlalehong tsa hae tsa sechaba tse tsoang Burma. Khaolong ea 23 (“Seo U se Buang ha se na Mohola,” ho Re likausi) motho ea bōpang khotso o pheta pale ea seboka sa koetliso Northern Burma, moo sesole se neng se bolaea bafetoheli ba merabe (morabe o sa boleloang ka mabitso). Boholo ba liithuti tsa Maburmese li hlompha morupeli oa tsona haholo ho isa bohōleng ba ho se be sebete ho hlahisa maikutlo a ikemetseng. Hape, joalokaha a ngola, “ho ne ho e-na le tšabo e khōlō ea sesole hoo batho ba bangata ba neng ba tsilatsila ho bua letho ka har’a workshop. Barupeluoa ba ne ba e-na le "sebaka sa boiketlo" se senyenyane haholo 'me se ne se le haufi le "alarm zone" moo ho amehang feela e neng e le ho itšireletsa. Leha ho le joalo, Buttry o bua ka seithuti se seng se ileng sa mo phephetsa maikutlong haholo 'me sa bolela hore maqheka a se nang mabifi a ne a tla etsa hore bohle ba bolaoe. Ka mor'a ho nahanisisa, bakoetlisi ba ile ba khona ho fetola seo ka ho bontša sebete se sa tloaelehang sa ea botsang; “Ke eng e u fang matla a makaalo?” ba botsa. Li ile tsa matlafatsa motho ea botsang lipotso, li amahanya le khalefo ea hae ea ho hloka toka 'me kahoo tsa kenella tšusumetsong e tebileng. Ha ba khutlela sebakeng seo likhoeli tse ’maloa hamorao ba ile ba fumana hore maqheka a mang a se nang mabifi a ne a hlile a lekoa ka katleho le molaoli oa sesole ea ileng a lumela ho fuoa marobalo. Barupeluoa lithupelong ba boletse hore ke lekhetlo la pele ba fumana tlholo ea mofuta ofe kapa ofe ka sesole sa Burma. (Butrry, 2015)
Ho sa tsotellehe maano a molao, likhohlano le bofutsana li ka 'na tsa thusa ho boloka maikutlo a matla a ho itšetleha, haeba e se bonngoe. Lihlopha li 'nile tsa hlokana bakeng sa ho phela. Baetapele ba Rohingya bao ke buisaneng le bona bohle ba hopola nako ea lilemo tse 30 tse fetileng ha manyalo le likamano li ne li tloaelehile (Carroll, 2015). Karyn Carlo o ile a mpolella hore ho na le mosque haufi le monyako oa Toropo ea Alone e Yangon, le hore lihlopha tse fapaneng li ntse li hoeba le ho tsoakana limmarakeng tse bulehileng. O boetse a bolela hore matichere a Bakreste le baithuti ba Seminare ba tla etela setsi sa lehae sa Mabuddha ho ea thuisa. E ne e bulehetse bohle.
Ho e-na le hoo, o ile a bolela hore basebetsi-'moho le bona hona joale ba tšaba hore ka phetoho ea lipolotiki, litšitiso tsa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše li ka 'na tsa phephetsa boikutlo bona ba bonngoe ba sechaba, kaha bo senya tloaelo ea malapa ea malapa a lichaba tse ngata. Ka mor'a lilemo tse mashome tsa khatello ea 'muso le sesole, ho leka-lekana pakeng tsa ho boloka meetlo le ho bula lefatše ka bophara ho bonahala ho sa tsitsa ebile ho tšosa ho batho ba bangata ba Burma, Burma le linaheng tse ling.
Diaspora le ho Laola Phetoho
Ho tloha ka 1995 Kereke ea Myanmar Baptist [7] e lutse mohahong o moholo oa Tudor seterateng se mahlaku Glendale, NY. Ho na le malapa a Karen a fetang 2,000 a kenang Tabernacle Baptist Church (TBC) ka leboea ho Utica, empa MBC e thehiloeng New York City e ne e tletse lithapelo tsa Sontaha ka October 2016. Ho fapana le Kereke ea Utica, phutheho ea MBC e na le merabe e fapaneng, le Mon le Kachin. esita le malapa a Burman a tsoakana habonolo le Karen. Mohlankana e mong o mpolella hore ntat’ae ke Mobuddha ’me ’m’ae ke Mokreste, le hore ho sa tsotellehe lipelaelo tse fokolang ntat’ae o ile a boelana le khetho eo a e entseng ha a khetha Kereke ea Baptiste. Phutheho e bina “Re Bokana Hammoho” le “Mohau o Hlollang” ka Seburmese, ’me moruti oa eona oa nako e telele Moruti U Myo Maw o qalisa thuto ea hae ka pel’a tokisetso ea limela tse tharo tse tšoeu tsa orchid.
Lintlha tse hatisoang ka Senyesemane li ile tsa ntumella hore ke latele thero ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, empa ka mor’a moo setho sa phutheho le Moruti ka boeena le bona ba ile ba hlalosa seo a se bolelang. Sehlooho sa thero ena e ne e le “Daniele le Litau” eo Moruti Maw a ileng a e sebelisa ho hlakisa phephetso ea ho ema ka tieo bakeng sa meetlo le tumelo, ebang ke tlas’a khatello ea sesole Burma kapa ho qoelisoa ke litšitiso tsa moetlo oa lefatše oa Bophirimela. Hoa thahasellisa hore ebe boipiletso ba ho tšoarella ka tieo moetlong bo ne bo boetse bo tsamaea le lipolelo tse ngata tsa kananelo bakeng sa ho ba le bolumeli bo bongata. Moruti Maw o hlalositse bohlokoa ba “Qibla” malapeng a Mamosleme a Malaysia, ho ba hopotsa ka linako tsohle tataiso ea ho lebisa lithapelo tsa bona ho Molimo. Hape ka makhetlo a ’maloa o ile a babatsa Lipaki tsa Jehova ka boitlamo ba tsona ba phatlalatsa tumelong ea tsona. Molaetsa o hlakileng e ne e le hore bohle re ka hlomphana le ho ithuta ho e mong.
Le hoja Moruti Maw a ne a sa khone ho hlalosa mesebetsi leha e le efe ea ho kopanya malumeli ao phutheho ea habo e neng e kopanetse ho eona, o ile a lumela hore lilemong tse 15 tseo a li qetileng a le New York City, o bone ho phahama ha mesebetsi ea Malumeli a Kopaneng e le karabelo ho 9/11. O ile a lumela hore nka tlisa batho bao e seng Bakreste hore ba etele Kereke. Mabapi le Burma, o ile a bontša tšepo e hlokolosi. O ile a hlokomela hore Letona la Litaba Tsa Bolumeli e ne e le eena monna oa sesole ea neng a sebetsa tlas’a mebuso e fetileng empa ho bonahala a sa tsoa fetola maikutlo, a fetola mosebetsi oa Lekala la hae hore qetellong o akarelletse eseng Mabuddha feela empa le malumeli a mang a Burma.
Mabaptiste le Mekhoa ea ho Etsa Khotso
Likolo tsa thuto ea bolumeli tsa Burma, haholo-holo tsa Baptists, ho bonahala li na le kamano e matla haholo lipakeng tsa ho tšepana ha malumeli a fapaneng le ho bōpa khotso. Khokahano e matla lipakeng tsa morabe le bolumeli ba Baptist e kanna ea thusa ho kopanya tse peli, ka litholoana tse hahang bakeng sa boetapele ba tumelo ts'ebetsong ea khotso.
Basali ba etsa liperesente tse 13 feela tsa Maburma a amehang Ts'ebetsong ea Khotso ea Naha, e sa kenyelletseng Mamoseleme a Rohingya. (Sheba Josephson, 2016, Win, 2015) Empa ka tšehetso ea 'muso oa Australia (haholo-holo AUSAid) N Khotso Network, marang-rang a linaha tse ngata tsa babuelli ba khotso, e sebelitse ho phahamisa boetapele ba basali ho pholletsa le Asia. (sheba N Peace Fellows ho http://n-peace.net/videos ) Ka 2014 marang-rang a ile a hlompha batšehetsi ba babeli ba Burmese ka likamano: Mi Kun Chan Non (Mon oa morabe) le Wai Wai Nu (moeta-pele oa Rohingya). Ka mor'a moo marang-rang a tlotlisitse Rakhine oa morabe o eletsang Lebotho la Liberation la Arakan le Kachin tse 'maloa tse amanang le Kereke ho kopanyelletsa le basali ba babeli ba Burmese ba tataisang merabe ka ts'ebetso ea khotso ea naha le ho ikopanya le Shalom Foundation, e leng NGO e thehiloeng Burma e thehiloeng ke Senior Baptist Moruti Rev. Dr. Saboi Jum mme karolo e 'ngoe e tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Embassy ea Norway, UNICEF le Mercy Corps.
Ka mor'a ho bula Setsi sa Khotso se tšehetsoeng ke 'muso oa Japane, Shalom Foundation e thehile Mokhatlo oa Myanmar Ethnic Nationalities Mediators' Fellowship ka 2002, 'me ea bokella lihlopha tsa Interfaith Cooperation Groups ka 2006. E tsepamisitse maikutlo haholo litlhoko tsa Naha ea Kachin, ka 2015 Motheo o ile oa fetisetsa khatiso ho baahi ba bona. Morero oa Ceasefire Monitoring, karolo e 'ngoe o sebetsa ka baetapele ba bolumeli ba fapaneng, le morero oa Space for Dialogue ho theha tšehetso bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea khotso. Bohato bona bo ne bo akarelletsa Maburmese a 400 a fapa-fapaneng a kopanelang Thapelong ea Litumelo Tse Kopanetsoeng ka la 8 September, 2015 hoo e ka bang karolong e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea Burma ntle le Rakhine State. Tlaleho ea selemo ea Motheo ea selemo seo e na le liketsahalo tse 45 tsa ho kopanya litumelo tse kang mekete le liketsahalo tse ling tsa sechaba tse nang le liketsahalo tse 526 tsa ho kopanela ha bacha ba Mabuddha, le 457 le 367 bakeng sa Bakreste le Mamosleme ka ho latellana, ka tekano e haufi ea bong. [8]
Ho hlakile haholo hore Mabaptiste a nkile karolo e ka sehloohong lipuisanong tsa malumeli a fapaneng le ho tlisa khotso Burma. Leha ho le joalo lihlopha tse ling tsa tumelo le tsona li hatela pele.
Pluralism kapa Globalisation of Interfaith Dialogue?
Ho arabela ka alamo ho xenophobia e ntseng e eketseha le mahloriso a bolumeli a lebisang Rohingya ka 2012, lihlopha tse ngata tsa machaba li fihlile ho baeta-pele ba libaka. Selemong seo, Malumeli a Khotso a ile a bula 92 ea ’onand khaolo ea Burma.[9] Sena se ile sa tlisa tlhokomelo le tšehetso ea likhaolo tse ling tsa libaka, ka lipuisano tsa morao-rao Japane. “Seboka sa Lefatše sa Litumelo tsa Khotso o hlahetse Japane,” ho boletse Dr. William Vendley, Mongoli Kakaretso oa RfP Machaba “Japane e na le lefa le ikhethang la ho thusa baeta-pele ba bolumeli linaheng tse tlokotsing.” Moifo ona o bile o akarelletsa litho tsa sehlopha sa Mabuddha a chesehang ka ho feteletseng Ma Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
E kopantsoe le Setsi sa Boislamo sa Myanmar, setho sa mothehi Al Haj U aye Lwin o ile a mpolella ka September 2016 ka boiteko bo etelletsoeng ke RFP Myanmar Myint Swe; Litho tsa Mamosleme le Mabuddha li 'nile tsa sebetsa le sechaba sa habo bona ho fana ka thuso ea liphallelo ho batho ba tlokotsing, haholo-holo bana ba anngoeng ke likhohlano.
U Myint Swe, o phatlalalitse hore "ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha bochaba le likhohlano tsa sechaba Myanmar, RfP Myanmar e ile ea qala morero o mocha oa "ho amohela ba bang" libakeng tse reriloeng. Barupeluoa ba ile ba lokisetsa tharollo ea likhohlano le mesebetsi ea ho aha borokho ba sechaba. Ka la 28-29 Hlakubele 2016, U Myint Swe, Mopresidente oa RfP Myanmar le Moruti Kyoichi Sugino, Motlatsi oa Mongoli Kakaretso oa RfP International, ba ile ba etela Sittwe, Rakhine State, Myanmar, "sebaka sa pefo e kholo lipakeng tsa sechaba."
Puo e hlabang mabapi le "pefo ea sechaba" hangata ha e tšehetsoe ke Mamosleme a Burmese, ho elelloa hore Mabuddha a feteletseng a ne a hlorisa sehlotšoana sa Rohingya ka boomo. Al Haj U Aye Lwin, o ekelitse hore "RfP Myanmar e utloisisa hore Rohingya e tšoaneloa ke ho tšoaroa eseng feela ka mabaka a botho empa hape le ka toka le ka toka ho latela melao e lumellanang le mekhoa le litekanyetso tsa machaba. RfP Myanmar e tla tšehetsa 'muso oa Daw Aung San Suu Kyi ho theheng puso ea molao le litokelo tsa botho. Butle-butle, ka lebaka leo, ho ne ho tla latela tokelo ea botho le ho se khetholle ka lebaka la morabe le bolumeli.”
Ho se tšoane ho joalo ha maikutlo le melaetsa ha hoa thibela Malumeli a Khotso Myanmar. Ka mosebeletsi a le mong ea lefuoang empa ho se tšehetso ea 'muso, ka 2014 lekala la matlafatso ea basali le ile la thakhola "Women of Faith Network" e ikopantseng le Global Women of Faith Network. Ka 2015 lihlopha tsa bacha le tsa basali li ile tsa hlophisa karabelo ea baithaopi likhoholang tsa Mektila, seterekeng sa Rakhine se nang le khethollo ea morabe. Litho li ile tsa tšoara lithupelo tse neng li hlophisitsoe ke Myanmar Institute of Theology 'me tsa kenya letsoho meketeng ea bolumeli ea e mong, ho kenyelletsa le Mekete ea Letsatsi la tsoalo ea Moprofeta le Hindu Diwali.
Hammoho le mosebetsi-'moho le eena U Myint Swe, Al Haj U Aye Lwin o kopiloe ho kenela Komisi e ncha e nang le likhang e filoeng mosebetsi oa ho hlahloba "Litaba tsa Rakhine" ho kenyeletsa le Potso ea Rohingya "'me o 'nile a qosoa ke ba bang ka ho se hatelle taba ea Melao e nang le mathata Race le Bolumeli e lebisang litokelo tsa Rohingya. (Akbar 2016) Leha ho le joalo, Aye Lwin o ile a mpolella hore o ngotse le ho aba ka litšenyehelo tsa hae buka e hanyetsang mathata a Race and Religion Laws. Ho felisa tse ling tsa litumelo tse bakang keketseho ea Islamophobia, o ile a sheba ho tiisetsa basebetsi-'moho le eena ba Mabuddha. Ha a hanyetsa pono e atileng ea histori ea hore Mamosleme a hapa lichaba tsa Mabuddha ka mokhoa o ke keng oa qojoa, o ile a bontša hore ho utloisisoa hantle, "dawah" ea Boislamo kapa mosebetsi oa boromuoa o ke ke oa kenyelletsa ho qobella.
Bolumeli bakeng sa barupeluoa ba Khotso le bona ba thusitse ho tiisa likamano tse ngata. Ka mohlala, ka 2013 lebitsong la International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), International Movement for a Just World (JUST), le Religions for Peace (RfP) Monghali Aye Lwin o ile a thusa ho bokella mokhatlo oa baeta-pele ba Mamosleme le Mabuddha. ho tsoa sebakeng se pota-potileng ho kopana ho tšehetsa Phatlalatso ea Dusit ea 2006. Phatlalatso e ile ea ipiletsa ho bo-ralipolotiki, mecha ea litaba le barupeli ho ba le kelello e hlokang leeme le ho hlompha phapang ea bolumeli. (Blog ea Paramente ea 2013)
Ka 2014 Interfaith for Children e ile ea kopana ho tšehetsa tšireletso ea bana, ho phela le thuto. 'Me ka tšehetso e tsoang ho balekane ba Malumeli a Khotso Mokhatlo oa Ratana Metta (RMO) litho tsa Mabuddha, Bakreste, Mahindu le Mamosleme tsa sehlopha sena le tsona li ile tsa fana ka polelo pele ho likhetho tsa 2015 tse nang le pono ea sechaba se mamellang se hlomphang ho se tšoane ha bolumeli le merabe. Bertrand Bainvel oa UNICEF o ile a re: “Boholo ba bokamoso ba Myanmar bo itšetlehile ka seo sechaba sa Myanmar se tla khona ho se etsetsa bana hona joale. Likhetho tse tlang ke nako e phethahetseng eseng feela ea ho itlama ho latela maano a macha, lipakane le lisebelisoa bakeng sa bana, empa hape le ho totobatsa litekanyetso tsa khotso le mamello tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa haholo khōlong ea bona e lumellanang.”
Bacha ba Burmese ba kene ho Malumeli a Khotso "Global Interfaith Youth Network", ba kopa hore ho thehoe Libaka tsa Khotso, thuto ea litokelo tsa botho, hammoho le menyetla ea phapanyetsano ea bacha e le koloi ea ho kenya letsoho lefatšeng ka bophara le ho sisinyeha ha sechaba. Litho tsa bacha ba Asia li ile tsa etsa tlhahiso ea hore ho be le “Setsi sa Thuto e Bapisang ea Malumeli le Litso tsa Asia.” [10]
Mohlomong haholo-holo ho bacha, ho buloa ha sechaba sa Burma ho fana ka nako ea tšepo. Empa ho arabela, baeta-pele ba fapaneng ba bolumeli le bona ba fana ka lipono tsa bona bakeng sa khotso, toka le tsoelo-pele. Bongata ba bona bo tlisa maikutlo a lefats'e hammoho le lisebelisoa tsa ho tsetela moruong o thata oa boitšoaro oa Burma. Mehlala e meng ea latela.
Bahoebi ba Khotso: Mehato ea Mabuddha le Mamosleme
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
Master Hsin Tao o hlahetse batsoali ba morabe oa Machaena Upper Burma empa a fallela Taiwan e sa le moshanyana. Ha a ntse a fetoha Monghali oa Mabuddha ea nang le ts'ebetso ea mantlha ke Chan, o ile a boloka kamano le meetlo ea Theravāda le Vajrayāna, e amoheloang ke Mopatriareka ea Phahameng oa Burma le leloko la Nyingma Kathok la Buddhism ea Tibetan. O hatisa motheo o tšoanang oa likolo tsohle tsa Mabuddha, e leng mokhoa oo a o bitsang “bonngoe ba likoloi tse tharo.”
Ho tloha ha Master Tao a hlaha sebakeng se selelele sa phomolo ka 1985 ha a so fumane ntlo ea baitlami feela empa hape o thehile letoto la lipono tsa merero ea ho aha khotso, e etselitsoeng ho khothaletsa kutloano lipakeng tsa sechaba. Joalokaha a bolela webosaeteng ea hae, “Kaha ke hōletse sebakeng sa ntoa, ke tlameha ho inehela ho felisa mahlomola a bakoang ke likhohlano. Ntoa e ke ke ea tlisa khotso le ka mohla; ke khotso e khōlō feela e khonang ho rarolla likhohlano tse khōlō.” [11]
Ka ho fana ka khutso, kholiseho le kutloelo-bohloko, Master Tao o bonahala a sebetsa feela ho etsa metsoalle. O tsamaea hohle e le Moemeli oa Litumelo tse Kopanetsoeng 'me o sebetsa le Elijah Institute. E thehiloe ke Rabi Dr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein ka 1997 Elia "o atamela mosebetsi oa ho kopanya litumelo ho tloha sethaleng sa thuto", ka mokhoa o holimo-tlase oa toka ea sechaba, "ho qala ka lihlooho tsa malumeli, ho tsoela pele ka litsebi le ho fihla sechabeng ka kakaretso. ” Master Tao le eena o etelletse pele lipuisano tsa sehlopha likopanong tsa Paramente ea Lefatše ea Malumeli. Ke kopane le eena ho Machaba a Kopaneng nakong ea letoto la lipuo tse tsoakaneng tsa litumelo mafelong a lehlabula la 2016.
O ile a qala letoto la lipuisano tsa Mamosleme le Mabuddha, leo ho latela sebaka sa hae sa marang-rang "le 'nileng la tšoaroa ka makhetlo a leshome metseng e robong e fapaneng." [12] O fumana Mamosleme "batho ba bonolo haeba ba se lipolotiking" mme o na le metsoalle Turkey. O fane ka "Melao e Mehlano ea Buddhism" Istanbul. Monghali Tao o ile a hlokomela hore malumeli ’ohle a ka silafatsoa ke libōpeho tsa ka ntle. O ile a phaella ka hore ho Maburma, bochaba ha bo bohlokoa ho feta boitsebahatso ba morabe.
Ka 2001 Master Tao o ile a bula “Museum of World Religions” Taiwan, ka manane a thuto a pharalletseng a ho ntšetsa pele “thuto ea bophelo.” O boetse o hlahisitse matsapa a ho thusa; Lelapa la hae la Lefatše la Lerato le Khotso le thehile lehae la likhutsana Burma hammoho le "polasi ea machaba ea eco" naheng ea Burma's Shan, e lemang lijalo tsa boleng bo holimo joalo ka citronella le vetiver, ka ho sebelisa peo le limela tseo e seng tsa GMO feela. [13]
Hona joale Master Hsin Tao o fana ka maikutlo a "University of World Religions" ho kopanya litumelo ho ruta kutloano ea sechaba le ea moea khopolong le ts'ebetsong. Joalokaha a ile a mpolella, "Joale theknoloji le tšusumetso ea bophirima li hohle. E mong le e mong ka liselefouno ka linako tsohle. Haeba re na le boleng bo botle ba setso se tla hloekisa likelello. Haeba ba lahleheloa ke setso ba lahleheloa ke boitšoaro le kutloelo-bohloko. Kahoo re tla ruta litemana tsohle tse halalelang sekolong sa Peace University.
Ka litsela tse ngata, merero ea Monghali Dharma e tsamaisana le mosebetsi oa Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Judson sa Myanmar Theological Seminary, ka phephetso e eketsehileng ea ho qala tsohle ho tloha qalong.
Imam Malik Mujahid
Imam Malik Mujahid ke mopresidente oa mothehi oa Soundvision. E thehiloe ka 1988 Chicago, ke mokhatlo o sa etseng phaello o nts'etsang litaba tsa litaba tsa Maislamo, ho kenyeletsoa lenaneo la Radio Islam, ha o ntse o khothaletsa khotso le toka. Imam Mujahid o bone lipuisano le tšebelisano-'moho e le lisebelisoa tsa ho nka khato e nepahetseng. Ha a le Chicago o ne a kene likerekeng, mamosleme le lisynagoge a sebetsa 'moho bakeng sa phetoho ea sechaba. O itse "Illinois e kile ea beoa maemong a 47 har'a linaha mabapi le tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle. Kajeno, e tšoere boemo ba bobeli sechabeng, ka lebaka la matla a lipuisano tsa malumeli a kopaneng… ka liketso. ” (Mujahid 2011)
Ka ho ts'oana le boiteko bona ba lehae, Imam Mujahid ke molula-setulo oa Burma Task Force e leng lenaneo le ka sehloohong la NGO Justice for All. O thehile matšolo a bobuelli ho thusa matsoalloa a Mamoseleme a Burma, a ipapisitse le boiteko ba hae ba nakong e fetileng molemong oa Mabosnia nakong ea "tlhoekiso ea morabe" ea 1994.
Mabapi le litokelo tse fokolang Burma, le ho nyatsa 'muso o mocha oa April 2016 overtures ho baitlami ba feteletseng, Imam Malik o ile a kōpa tšehetso e feletseng bakeng sa bongata le tokoloho ea bolumeli; Ena ke nako ea hore Burma e bulehe ho batho bohle ba Burma. (Mujahid 2016)
Imam Mujahid esale a sebetsa le mokhatlo oa machaba oa ho kopanya litumelo ho tloha ha Paramente ea 1993 ea Malumeli a Lefatše e tsosolosoa. O sebelitse e le Mopresidente oa Paramente ka lilemo tse hlano, ho fihlela ka Pherekhong 2016. Paramente e sebeletsa “ho hlokomela malumeli le lichaba tse sebetsang hammoho ka kutloano molemong oa batho” ’me likopano tse tšoaroang habeli ka selemo li hohela barupeluoa ba ka bang 10,000 XNUMX ba fapa-fapaneng, ho akarelletsa le Master Hsin. Tao, joalokaha ho boletsoe ka holimo.
Ka May 2015 Paramente e ile ea hlompha baitlami ba bararo ba Burma Sebokeng sa Oslo sa matsatsi a mararo ho Felisa Mahloriso a Myanmar ho Rohingya. Bahlophisi ba Moputso oa Lefatše oa Harmony ba ikemiselitse ho fana ka khothatso e ntle ho Mabuddha le ho ba khothaletsa ho hana mokhatlo oa Ma Ba Tha o khahlanong le Mamosleme oa moitlami U Wirathu. Baitlami bao e ne e le U Seindita, mothehi oa Asia Light Foundation, U Zawtikka, le U Withudda, ea ileng a sireletsa makholo a banna, basali le bana ba Mamosleme ntlong ea hae ea baitlami nakong ea litlhaselo tsa Hlakubele 2013.
Ka mor'a ho sebetsa ka mor'a lipapali ka lilemo tse ngata ho etsa bonnete ba hore baeta-pele ba Mabuddha ba kang Dalai Lama ba tla bua khahlanong le ho sotha ha Bobuddha le ho hlorisoa ha Rohingya, ka July 2016 o ile a thabela ho bona Sangha (Lekhotla la Mabuddha la Naha) a qetella a lahliloe. 'me a lahla batho ba feteletseng ba Ma Ba Tha.
Joalokaha a ile a hlokomela moketeng oa likhau, “Buddha o ile a phatlalatsa hore re tlameha ho rata le ho hlokomela libōpuoa tsohle. Moporofeta Mohammad, khotso e be holim’a hae, o itse ha ho le ea mong oa lōna eo e leng molumeli oa ’nete ntle le haeba a ka lakaletsa e mong seo o se lakatsang ho uena. Lithuto tsena ke khubu ea litumelo tsohle tsa rōna, moo botle ba bolumeli bo theiloeng teng.” (Mizzima News Phupjane 4, 2015)
Cardinal Charles Maung Bo
Ka la 14 Hlakola, 2015 Charles Maung Bo e bile Mok'hadinale oa pele oa Burma, ka taelo ea Mopapa Francis. Nakoana ka mor’a moo, o ile a bolella Wall Street Journal hore o batla ho ba “lentsoe la ba sa tsebeng ho bua.” O ile a hanyetsa phatlalatsa Melao ea Race le Bolumeli e ileng ea fetisoa ka 2015, a re “Re hloka khotso. Re hloka poelano. Re hloka boitsebiso bo arolelanoang le bo itšepang re le baahi ba sechaba se nang le tšepo ... empa melao ena e mene e ne e bonahala e bolaea tšepo eo. "
Nako e fetang selemo hamorao, Mok'hadinale Bo o ile a etela machaba lehlabuleng la 2016 ho lebisa tlhokomelo tšepong le menyetla ea ka mor'a khetho ea 'muso o mocha oa NLD. O ne a e-na le litaba tse monate: Nakong ea khatello, o ile a re Kereke e K’hatholike Myanmar e ile ea fetoha “kereke e ncha le e mafolofolo.” "Kereke e ile ea eketseha ho tloha ho li-diocese tse tharo feela ho ea ho tse 16," ho boletse Mok'hadinale Bo. Ho tloha ho batho ba 100,000 800,000, re tšepahala ba fetang 160 800, ho tloha ho baprista ba 300 ho isa ho ba 2,200, ho tloha ho ba 60 ba bolumeli hona joale ba 40 XNUMX ’me karolo ea XNUMX lekholong ea bona e ka tlaase ho lilemo tse XNUMX.”
Leha ho le joalo, le hoja e sa bake boemo ba mahlomola bo tšoanang le ba mahloriso a Rohingya, lihlopha tse ling tsa Bakreste Burma li 'nile tsa lebisitsoe' me likereke li chesoa lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Tlalehong ea eona ea Selemo ea 2016, Komisi ea United States ea Tokoloho ea Bolumeli ea Machabeng e tlalehile linyeoe tse 'maloa tsa tlhekefetso, haholo-holo seterekeng sa Kachin, le maano a neng a lebisitse tlhokomelo ea ho emisa lifapano likerekeng. USCIRF e boetse e hlokometse hore likhohlano tsa merabe tse bileng teng ka nako e telele, “le hoja e se tsa bolumeli, li amme ka ho tebileng mekhatlo ea Bakreste le ea malumeli a mang, ho akarelletsa le ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho fumana metsi a hloekileng, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, bohloeki bo loketseng le tsamaiso ea likhoerekhoere le lintho tse ling tsa motheo.” Mok'hadinale Bo o boetse o nyatsa bobolu.
Bo o ile a phaella ka thuto ea 2016, "Naha ea heso e tsoa bosiung bo bolelele ba meokho le masoabi ho kena mafube a macha. Kamora ho utloa bohloko thakhiso re le sechaba, re qala tsoho ea rona. Empa demokrasi ea rona e nyane e fokola, 'me litokelo tsa botho li tsoela pele ho hlekefetsoa le ho hatakeloa. Re setjhaba se lemetseng, setjhaba se dutlang madi. Bakeng sa lihlopha tse nyenyane tsa merabe le tsa bolumeli, sena ke ’nete ka ho khetheha, ke ka lebaka lena ke qetellang ka ho hatisa hore ha ho sechaba se ka bang le puso ea sechaba ka sechaba ka sechaba, se lokolohileng le se nang le khotso haeba se sa hlomphe – esita le ho keteka – ho fapana ha lipolotiki, merabe le bolumeli, hammoho le sireletsa litokelo tsa mantlha tsa botho tsa motho e mong le e mong, ho sa tsotellehe morabe, bolumeli kapa bong… (WorldWatch, May 2016)
Mok'hadinale Bo ke mothehi-'moho oa Malumeli a Khotso Myanmar. Hoetla ha 2016 o ile a ikopanya le Alissa Wahid, morali oa mopresidente oa mehleng oa Indonesia, ho ngola sengoli se matla sa Op Ed se phatlalalitsoeng ho Wall Street Journal (9/27/2016) se bitsang tokoloho ea bolumeli Burma le Indonesia. Ba ile ba lemosa khahlanong le lithahasello tsa sesole tse batlang ho laola linaha tsa bona, 'me ba kopa hore "bolumeli" bo tlosoe litokomaneng tsa boitsebiso. E le kopanelo ea Bokreste le Mamoseleme ba ile ba kopa hore makala a bona ka bobeli a Merero ea Bolumeli a lokisoe molemong oa ho sireletsa meetlo eohle ka ho lekana. Ho feta moo, ba ile ba phaella ka ho re, “ts’ebetso ea molao e behile kutloano sechabeng le haeba ho bolela ho hatella batho ba fokolang. Maikutlo ana a lokela ho nkeloa sebaka ke taba e ncha e tlang pele ho sireletsa tokoloho ea bolumeli e le tokelo ea botho…” (Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2016)
Tšebelisano 'moho le Tšehetso
E thehiloe ke Austria, Spain le Saudi Arabia, Setsi sa Machaba sa King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID) se tšehelitse mananeo a hlophisitsoeng ke Paramente ea Malumeli a Lefatše le Malumeli a Khotso. Ba boetse ba tšehelitse “Lenaneo la koetliso la likhoeli tse tharo bakeng sa bacha ba Myanmar, le akarelletsang ho etela libaka tsa borapeli tsa bolumeli” hammoho le likopano tse ngata tse kang Puisano ea September 2015 pakeng tsa Mamosleme le Bakreste Greece. Ka kopanelo le Arya Samaj, KAICIID e ile ea fana ka seboka se buang ka “Setšoantšo sa E Mong” India se khothalelitseng ho kopanngoa ha mananeo a Malumeli a Kopanetsoeng le thuto ea khotso le nts'etsopele, ho qoba “meralo ea tlholisano.” Barupeluoa ba boetse ba kopa hore ho be le lethathamo la mantsoe a bolumeli ho thusa puisano le koetliso e eketsehileng ea ho fetolela le ea matichere.
Ka Mmesa 2015 KAICIID e ile ea hlophisa kopano ea ASEAN le mekhatlo e meng ea mebuso, mekhatlo ea tikoloho ea liphallelo le litokelo tsa botho, likhoebo tsa tikoloho, le baetapele ba bolumeli ba setereke, ba bokaneng Malaysia ho "buisana ka mekhoa ea hore mekhatlo ea sechaba le baetapele ba bolumeli ba kenye letsoho ho Ntlafatso ea likamano tsa Mabuddha le Mamosleme naheng ea Myanmar le tikolohong eo… ka hare ho Myanmar le sebakeng se pharaletseng.” (KAIICID, Mmesa 17, 2015)
KAICIID e tšehelitse baeta-pele ba bolumeli ba kopanelang sechabeng ka likamano le likhau. Tabeng ea Burma, sena se ile sa bolela ho ela hloko baeta-pele ba bacha ba Mabuddha ba itokiselitseng ho khothalletsa bolumeli bo bongata.[14] (Ka mohlala, Setsoalle se ile sa fuoa moitlami oa Mobuddha oa Burma Ven Acinna, ea ithutelang lengolo la hae la bongaka Setsing sa Postgraduate Institute of Buddhist and Pali Studies, Univesithi ea Kelaniya Sri Lanka. “Nakong ea lithuto tsa hae, o ’nile a kopanela lithupelong tse ’maloa tse amanang le litaba tsa sechaba O ikemiselitse haholo mesebetsing ea sechaba le bolumeli le ho etsa hore ho be le tikoloho e nang le khotso sechabeng sa habo, moo Mabuddha a mangata le karolo e khōlō ea Mamosleme a Myanmar a lulang hammoho.”
Setsoalle se seng se ile sa fuoa Ashin Mandalarlankara thuto e nyenyane ea Mobuddha ntlong ea baitlami ea Burma. Ka mor’a ho ea thupelong ea Boislamo e neng e khannoa ke Ntate Tom Michael, moprista oa K’hatholike le setsebi sa lithuto tsa Boislamo ho tsoa US, o ile a kopana le baetapele ba Mamosleme ’me “a haha setsoalle se sengata. O boetse a nka thupelo ea iPACE ea Phetoho ea Likhohlano le Senyesemane Setsing sa Jefferson se Mandalay.” (Basebetsi ba KAIICID)
Kopano e 'ngoe hape e ile ea fuoa mothehi oa Theravada Dhamma Society of America, The Venerable Ashin Nyanissara Tichere ea Buddhism le setho sa liphallelo, ke "mothehi oa BBM College e Lower Myanmar 'me o ne a ikarabella bakeng sa kaho ea tsamaiso ea metsi. eo hona joale e fanang ka metsi a hloekileng a nooang ho baahi ba fetang likete tse robeli hammoho le sepetlele sa morao-rao sa Burma se sebeletsang batho ba fetang 250 ka letsatsi.”
Hobane KAICIID e fana ka likamano tse ngata ho Mamosleme lichabeng tse ling, ntho e tlang pele ho eona e kanna ea ba ho batla Mabuddha a ts'episang le a atlehileng haholo Burma. Leha ho le joalo, motho a ka lebella hore nakong e tlang Mamosleme a mangata a Burma a tla amoheloa ke Setsi sena se etelletsoeng pele ke Saudi.
Ntle le mekhelo e seng mekae e seng e boletsoe, ho kenella ha Mamosleme a Burmese mesebetsing ea ho kopanya litumelo ha ho matla. Ho na le mabaka a mangata a ka 'nang a tlatsetsa ho sena. Mamoseleme a Rohingya a thibetsoe ho tsamaea ka har'a Burma, mme Mamoseleme a mang a tšoenyehile ho boloka boemo bo tlase. Esita le Yangon ea cosmopolitan mosque e ile ea chesoa nakong ea Ramadan 2016. Mekhatlo ea liphallelo ea Mamosleme e thibetsoe ka nako e telele ho sebetsa Burma, 'me ha re ntse re ngola tumellano ea ho lumella ofisi ea Mokhatlo oa Tšebelisano ea Mamosleme (OIC) ha e e-s'o sebelisoe, leha sena e lebelletsoe ho fetoha. Mekhatlo e lakatsang ho thusa Mamoseleme a Rohingya e tlameha ho sebelisana ka mokhoa o ikhethileng le mekhatlo e meng ea lithuso e fuoeng phihlello. Ho feta moo, Profinseng ea Rakhine, ho hlokahala lipolotiking ho sebeletsa sechaba sa Rakhine hape. Tsena tsohle li tlosa lisebelisoa ho tloha mohahong oa setsi sa Mamosleme.
Tokomane e lutiloeng ho tsoa mananeong a OSF a George Soros, a faneng ka lichelete ho Setsi sa Thuso sa Burma bakeng sa marang-rang har'a mekhatlo ea sechaba ea merabe, e bontšitse boitlamo bo hlokolosi ba ho sebetsana le leeme le hoja ho koetlisa litsebi tsa mecha ea litaba le ho khothalletsa tsamaiso ea thuto e kenyeletsang; le ho beha leihlo matšolo a khahlanong le Mamosleme mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba le ho a tlosa ha ho khoneha. Tokomane e tsoela pele, "Re beha boemo ba rona ba mokhatlo Burma kotsing le polokeho ea basebetsi ba rona ka ho latela Khopolo ena (e khahlanong le Lehloeo). Ha re nke likotsi tsena habobebe mme re tla kenya tšebetsong mohopolo ona ka hloko e kholo. ” (OSF, 2014) Ho sa tsotellehe hore na ho nahanoa ka Soros, Luce, Global Human Rights chelete e fokolang haholo e tsamaile ka ho toba ho lihlopha tsa sechaba sa Rohingya. Mokhelo o ka sehloohong, Wai Wai Nu's Women Peace Network-Arakan e ratehang, e sebeletsa Rohingya empa e ka boela ea aroloa e le marang-rang a litokelo tsa basali.
Ho na le mabaka a mangata a hore na ke hobane'ng ha bafani ba machaba ba sa etelletse pele ho matlafatsa mekhatlo ea Mamosleme ea Burmese, kapa ho khona ho fumana baetapele ba Mamosleme. Pele ho tsohle, ts'oaetso ea ho falla e bolela hore litlaleho li ke ke tsa bolokoa 'me litlaleho ho bafani ba lichelete li ke ke tsa ngoloa. Ea bobeli, ho lula likhohlanong hase kamehla ho loketseng ho etsa hore batho ba tšepane esita le ka har’a sehlopha se hlorisoang. Khatello e kanna ea kenngoa kahare. 'Me joalo ka ha ke hlokometse lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng, baetapele ba Rohingya hangata ba qothisana lehlokoa le ba bang. Boitsebahatso ba bona bo ntse bo sa amohelehe ka molao, kapa bonyane bo na le likhang tse ngata, bakeng sa lipuisano tsa phatlalatsa. Leha ba na le tokelo ea ho itsebahatsa, Aung San Suu Kyi ka boeena o kopile mekhatlo ea lithuso le mebuso ea kantle ho naha hore e se ke ea sebelisa mabitso a bona. Ba sala e se batho.
'Me selemong sa likhetho, litšila li ile tsa ata ho Mamosleme 'ohle a Burma. Joalokaha USCIRF e boletse, nakong ea 2015, "Bachaba ba Mabuddha ba ile ba bitsa likhetho le mekha ea lipolotiki" pro-Muslim "ho senya botumo ba bona le boikhethelo." Ka lebaka leo, esita le mokha o hapileng oa NLD likhethong o ile oa hana ho tsamaisa bonkgetheng ba Mamosleme ho hang. Ka hona, esita le bakeng sa Mamosleme ao e seng a Rohingya, ho bile le maikutlo a ho thibella ao e ka 'nang eaba a bolokile baeta-pele ba bangata ba Mamosleme ka karolo e hlokolosi le e se nang letho. (USCIRF, 2016)
Puisanong ea botho (Mphalane 4, 2016) Mana Tun, mosebetsi-'moho le eena ea rutang Seminari ea Theological Myanmar o re Lenaneo la bona la Liberal Arts le amohela liithuti ho sa tsotellehe bolumeli, morabe le bong 'me le na le palo e kholo ea liithuti tsa Mabuddha-e ka ba 10-20% ea sehlopha sa baithuti- empa ke baithuti ba fokolang haholo ba Mamoseleme, baithuti ba 3-5 ho baithuti ba 1300.
Ke hobane’ng ha e le ba fokolang hakaale? Mamosleme a mang a ’nile a rutoa ho qoba maemo a sechaba a ka ’nang a sekisetsa maikutlo a boitlhompho kapa bohloeki. Ba bang ba ka ’na ba qoba ho ingolisa sekolong sa Bokreste ka lebaka la ho tšaba ‘ho lahleheloa ke bolumeli ba bona. Muslim Insularity ka linako tse ling e kanna ea bakoa ke litlhaloso tse itseng tsa Boislamo. Leha ho le joalo, kaha sechaba sa Mamosleme sa Burma ka boeona se fapane haholo, eseng feela ka merabe, empa le bolumeling ba bona, ho ka ba molemo ho nka mathata a mangata a sechaba, moruo le lipolotiki e le a ikemiselitseng haholoanyane.
Papiso ea New York City
Ke tla phethela pampiri ena ka tlhahlobo ea papiso ea mosebetsi oa Litumelo tse Kopanetsoeng New York, ke totobalitse boitlamo ba Mamoseleme bo ipapisitseng le boiphihlelo ba motho. Sepheo ke ho fana ka leseli mabapi le phello ea Islamophobia ka mefuta ea eona e fapaneng, hammoho le lintlha tse ling tse kang setso le theknoloji.
Ho tloha ka litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tsa la 11 Loetse, 2001, tšebelisano-'moho le tšebelisano-'moho ea litumelo tse fapaneng li atolohile New York City, maemong a boetapele ebile e le mokhatlo oa mantlha o amanang le litšebeletso tsa boithaopo le matsapa a toka sechabeng. Barupeluoa ba bangata ba na le tšekamelo ea ho tsoelapele lipolotiking, bonyane litabeng tse ling, 'me sechaba sa Mamosleme sa Bakreste ba Maorthodox le Masalafi hangata se khetha ho tsoa.
Boipelaetso ba Islamophobic bo ntse bo tsoela pele, esita le ho eketseha lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho matlafatsoa le ho tšehetsoa ka lichelete ke lihlopha tse itseng tsa litaba le tsa lipolotiki. Ho khutlela morao ho tšehetsoa ke tsitsipano ea lipolotiki le khalefo ka lebaka la ho phahama ha ISIS, ho phahama ha batho ba nang le maikutlo a nepahetseng, le ho se utloisisane ho pharaletseng ha litloaelo tsa Boislamo. (CAIR, 2016)
Maikutlo a Boislamo e le tšokelo e teng e atile Europe, hammoho le USA, e theha karabelo ea kotlo le karabelo boteng ba palo e kholo ea batho ba Mamoseleme. Mekhatlo e khahlanong le Mamosleme e boetse e atile India, lehae la Mamosleme a mangata ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng a limilione tse 150, hammoho le Thailand le Sri Lanka. Tloaelo ena ea ho hloea batho ba tsoang linaheng tse ling e boetse e bonahala libakeng tse ling tsa seo pele e neng e le Soviet Union le Chaena. Baetapele ba lipolotiki ba 'nile ba nyenyefatsa batho ba fokolang ba Mamosleme ka lebitso la bohloeki ba bolumeli, kutloisiso e seng ea bongata ea boitsebiso ba naha, le litlaleho tsa ts'ireletso ea naha.
New York City, matšoenyeho a ts'ireletso a "fetelitse" litlhaselo tse ling, leha ho entsoe boiteko bo tšoanang ho lokisa maemo a tloaelehileng a boitlhompho e le khatello ea bong le ho nyelisa tokoloho. Mekhatlo ea Mamoseleme le mekhatlo e meng ea Mamoseleme e ile ea tlameha ho mamella matšolo a smear mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba le mecheng ea litaba ea tabloid, hammoho le ho beoa leihlo ka matla ke mekhatlo e hlolisanang ea molao.
Tabeng ena, lipuisano le tšebelisano-'moho le litumelo tse fapaneng li fane ka monyetla oa bohlokoa oa ho amoheloa sechabeng, ho lumella baeta-pele ba Mamosleme le baitseki hore ba tsoe ho itšehla thajana 'me bonyane nako le nako ba fetele boemo ba "lehlatsipa" ka ts'ebetso ea sechaba e kopanetsoeng. Mesebetsi ea litumelo tse fapaneng e kenyelletsa boiteko ba ho aha tšepo ka lipuisano tse theiloeng mangolong mabapi le litekanyetso tse arolelanoang; ho thabela botsoalle nakong ea matsatsi a phomolo a bolumeli; ho thehoa ha libaka tse sireletsehileng, tse sa nke lehlakore tse kang ho kopana bakeng sa ho tšehetsana har'a baahisani ba fapaneng; le merero ea litšebeletso ho fepa ba lapileng, ho buella khotso, tšireletso ea tikoloho le mathata a mang a toka sechabeng.
Ho hlakisa (haeba e se 'mapa) boemo ba lehae ba ho kopanya litumelo, ke tla hlalosa ka bokhutšoanyane merero e 'meli eo ke ikopantseng le eona. Ka bobeli li ka utloisisoa e le likarabo ho litlhaselo tsa 9/11.
Morero oa pele ke tšebelisano ea litumelo tse fapaneng mabapi le karabelo ea likoluoa tsa 9/11, eo qalong e neng e tsejoa e le tšebelisano ea NYDRI e ikopantseng le New York City Council of Churches, 'me ea nkeloa sebaka ke New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)[15]. Bothata bo bong ka ho pheta-pheta ha pele e ne e le ho se utloisisane ka mefuta e fapaneng ea boetapele ba Mamosleme, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore ho be le khethollo e sa hlokahaleng. Phetolelo ea bobeli, e neng e etelletsoe pele ke Peter Gudaitis oa Kereke ea Episcopal 'me e tsebahala ka boemo bo phahameng ba botsebi, e ile ea ipaka e kenyelletsa ho feta. NYDIS e sebelisane le mekhatlo ea litoropo ho netefatsa hore batho le lihlopha tse tlokotsing (ho kenyeletsoa le bajaki ba se nang litokomane) ba ke ke ba hlola likheo tsa litšebeletso tsa liphallelo. NYDIS e ile ea kopanya “Unmet Needs Roundtable” e faneng ka lidolara tse limilione tse 5 tsa liphallelo ho litho tse fapaneng tsa sechaba, tseo litlhoko tsa tsona li ileng tsa hlahisoa ke basebeletsi ba linyeoe ba tsoang lichabeng tse fapaneng tsa bolumeli. NYDIS e boetse e ts'ehelitse lits'ebeletso tsa boruti le ho sebetsana le "boipelaetso bo amanang le koluoa." Ka mor'a ho fokotsa basebetsi ba eona, e ile ea boela ea tsosolosa litšebeletso ka mor'a Leholiotsoana Sandy ka 2012, ea fana ka thuso e fetang limilione tse 8.5.
Ke ne ke le setho sa boto ea NYDIS ho tloha qalong, ke emetse Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) ka rekoto ea eona e telele ea liphallelo. Ka mor'a ho tloha ICNA qetellong ea 2005 ke ile ka emela Muslim Consultative Network ka lilemo tse 'maloa,' me ka bokhutšoanyane ke thusa merero ea data ea sechaba sa NYDIS ka mor'a Leholiotsoana Sandy. Nakong ena eohle, ke bone litlamorao tse ntle tsa ho kenyeletsoa hammoho le baetapele ba bolumeli ba litloaelo tse hlophisitsoeng haholoanyane le mananeo a naha a nang le lisebelisoa tse ngata. Ho sa tsotellehe khatello ea balekane ba bang, haholo-holo mekhatlo ea Bajuda ea Amerika, ho itokolla lihlopheng tsa Mamosleme, mohaho oa tšepo le mekhoa e metle ea puso e ile ea lumella tšebelisano hore e tsoele pele.
Ho tloha 2005 ho isa 2007 "Livingroom Project," boiteko ba ho holisa likamano har'a mekhatlo e etelletseng pele ea Sejuda le mekhatlo ea sechaba ea Mamoseleme ea NYC, e ile ea fella ka masoabi esita le likhohlano tse itseng. Likheo tse joalo li ile tsa atolosoa ka 2007 nakong ea litlhaselo tsa mecha ea phatlalatso ho basebetsi-'moho ba haufi ba Mamosleme ba kang Debbie Almontaser, mosuoe-hlooho oa sekolo sa Kahlil Gibran, ha balekane ba lipuisano ba hlōleha ho mo sireletsa phatlalatsa kapa ho hanyetsa pepenene mashano le litlhaloso tse fosahetseng. Karabelo ea litumelo tse fapaneng tlhaselong ea 2010 ea Park 51 (seo ho thoeng ke "mosque at ground zero") e ne e le betere empa e ntse e kopane. Litlaleho tsa 2007 mabapi le tlhahlobo e fosahetseng le e pharalletseng ea mapolesa mabapi le radicalization ea Mamoseleme li ile tsa lateloa ke tšenolo ho 2011-12 mabapi le tekanyo ea ho beha leihlo la mapolesa ho baetapele ba Mamoseleme ba New York City le litsi tsa sechaba. Likamano le boralitaba ba New York City matla a lipolotiki le setso a ile a senyeha.
Ha ho tobane le boemo bona bo matla, boetapele ba Mamoseleme New York bo arotsoe ka likampo tse peli. Kampo e amohelang litaba tsa lipolotiki e totobatsa ho kopanela, ha kampo ea baitseki e etelletsa molao-motheo pele. Motho a ka lemoha ho kopana ha bo-Imam ba Maafrika a Amerika ba sekametseng toka sechabeng le baitseki ba Maarabia ka lehlakoreng le leng, le bahanyetsi ba fapaneng ba bajaki ka lehlakoreng le leng. Leha ho le joalo, liphapang tsa lipolotiki le tsa botho ha se likhanyetsano tse makhethe. Leha e le hore kampo e 'ngoe ha e tšoarelle sechabeng kapa bolumeling ho feta e 'ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, bonyane boemong ba boetapele likamano tsa tumelo ea Mamosleme li khopiloe ke khetho ea leano lipakeng tsa "ho bua 'nete le matla" le moetlo oa ho bontša tlhompho le ho theha lilekane mahlakoreng ka bobeli a tsela ea lipolotiki. Lilemo tse hlano ho ea pele, sefuba sena ha se so fole.
Liphapang tsa botho li ile tsa kenya letsoho lekhalong lena. Leha ho le joalo ho ile ha hlaha liphapang tsa 'nete tsa maikutlo le maikutlo mabapi le kamano e nepahetseng le bolaoli ba mmuso oa US. Ho se tšepane ho ile ha hlaha mabapi le sepheo sa ba neng ba ipeha haufi le mapolesa ’me ho bonahala ba lumellana le tlhokahalo ea hore ho be le leihlo le atileng. Ka 2012 mokha o mong o ile oa hlophisa boipelaetso ba lijo tsa hoseng tsa selemo le selemo tsa Mayor Bloomberg, [16] ho ipelaetsa ka tšehetso ea hae bakeng sa maano a mathata a NYDP. Leha sena se ile sa hohela tjantjello ea boralitaba, haholo selemong sa pele sa ho ts'oara, likampo tse ling li ile tsa tsoela pele ho ba teng ketsahalong eo, joalo ka baeta-pele ba bangata ba litumelo tse fapaneng ba tsoang ho potoloha toropo.
Baetapele ba bang ba Mamosleme le baitseki ba utloisisa litloaelo tsa bona e le tse hanyetsanang le matla a lefatše le bolaoli ba lefatše hammoho le likhetho tsa maano a linaha tsa Bophirima. Maikutlo ana a entse hore ho be le leano la ho boloka meeli le lichaba tse ling, hammoho le ho tsepamisa maikutlo holim'a litlōlo tsa molao tsa lehloeo le ho sireletsa lithahasello tsa Mamosleme nakong ea tlhaselo. Tšebelisano-'moho ea litumelo tse fapaneng ha e haneloe - empa e ratoa haeba sepheo sa toka sechabeng se sebetsa.
Hape ke setho sa Flushing Interfaith Council[17], e tsoetseng pele joalo ka lehlomela la Flushing Interfaith Unity Walk. The Walk ka boeona e thehiloe ho Children of Abraham Interfaith Peace Walk, e thehiloeng ka 2004 ke Rabbi Ellen Lippman le Debbie Almontaser e le ho aha marokho a kutloisiso har'a baahi ba Brooklyn libakeng tse fapaneng. Khopolo ke ho ikamahanya le mofuta oa open house, ka maeto, lipuisano le lijo tse bobebe matlong a fapaneng a khumamelo tseleng. Ka 2010 Walk-based Walk e ile ea fella sebakeng sa mosque e reriloeng Sheepshead Bay e neng e hohetse baipelaetsi ba khahlanong le Mamosleme, 'me barupeluoa ba Walk ba ile ba fana ka lipalesa ho letšoele le halefileng. Ho sebeletsa setereke sa Queens, Flushing Walk e qalile ka 2009 'me e phonyohile likhang, kaha e fetola mokhoa oa ho kopanya litumelo hore o kenyelletse sechaba se fapaneng haholo sa Asia ho kenyelletsa le Mahindu a mangata, Masikh le Mabuddha a Flushing. Le hoja e se e fihlile mefuteng ena e fapa-fapaneng bakeng sa Walk le mesebetsi e meng, ka nako e tšoanang, Lekhotla le ’nile la lula le tšehelitsoe ke ho kenya letsoho ha litho tsa “kereke ea khotso”—Maquaker le Ma-Unitarians.
Sebakeng sa Queens, Flushing, NY hape ke sebaka sa 1657 Flushing Remonstrance, tokomane ea motheo ea tokoloho ea bolumeli US. Ka nako eo, Peter Stuyvesant, eo ka nako eo e neng e le ’Musisi oa seo e neng e le New Netherlands ka nako eo, o ne a thibetse ka molao mokhoa oa malumeli ’ohle ka ntle ho Kereke ea Dutch Reformed. Mabaptiste le Ma-Quaker a ile a tšoaroa ka lebaka la mekhoa ea ’ona ea bolumeli sebakeng sa Flushing. E le ho arabela, sehlopha sa baahi ba Manyesemane se ile sa kopana ho tla saena Remonstrance, khoeletso ea hore ho se ke ha e-ba le Ma-Quaker ho mamelloa feela empa le “Bajuda, Maturkey le Baegepeta, kaha ba nkoa e le bara ba Adama.”[18] Ka mor’a moo, batšehetsi ba ile ba kenngoa chankaneng tlas’a maemo a thata. ’me monna e mong oa Lenyesemane John Bowne o ile a lelekeloa Holland, le hoja a ne a sa tsebe Sedutche. Qetello e ile ea qetella e tsoetse pele Stuyvesant ha Dutch West India Company e ema le bahanyetsi.
Ho keteka lefa lena, ka 2013 Flushing Interfaith Council e ile ea ntlafatsa Remonstrance ho sebetsana le maano a khahlanong le Mamosleme le a khahlanong le Left New York City. Tokomane e ncha e fetoletsoeng lipuong tse 11 tsa lehae, e ile ea bua le ramotse Michael Bloomberg ka ho toba ka litletlebo tse amanang le maano a ho beha leihlo le ho emisa le ho ferekana. [19] Lekhotla le ntse le tsoela pele ho bontša bonngoe le Mamosleme a Queens, a lebisitsoeng ka litlōlo tsa molao tsa lehloeo esita le Lipolao ka 2016. Lehlabuleng la 2016 Lekhotla le ile la tšehetsa lipuisano tsa bangoli ba Mamosleme le sehlopha sa ho bala. The Pluralism Project e Harvard e hlokometse "lits'ebetso tse ts'episang" tsa Lekhotla la Flushing bakeng sa khokahano ea eona e ncha le lefa la bohlokoa la Flushing la ho ba le mekhoa e mengata.[20]
Ka ntle ho mehlala ena e ’meli boemo ba motse oa New York ba ho kopanela litumelo tse fapaneng bo akarelletsa mekhatlo le mananeo a ikopantseng le Machaba a Kopaneng (joaloka Alliance of Civilizations, Religions for Peace, Temple of Understanding) hammoho le lilekane tsa lehae pakeng tsa matlo a borapeli esita le lihlopha tsa liithuti. Haholo-holo, ho tloha ka 1997 ho tsoa lenaneong le bululetsoeng la Moruti James Parks Morton Cathedral of St John the Divine, Interfaith Center ea New York e fane ka lithupelo le koetliso litabeng tse fapa-fapaneng tsa sechaba bakeng sa "baruti, matichere a bolumeli, baetapele ba kereke. , bafani ba litšebeletso tsa sechaba, le mang kapa mang ea nkang karolo ea boetapele ho sebeletsa liphutheho tsa bona tsa bolumeli.”
New York City, liseminari tsa Union Theological le tse ling, Tanenbaum Center of Interreligious Understanding, Foundation for Ethnic Understanding (FFEU), Center for Ethnic, Religious Understanding (CERRU) Interfaith Worker Worker Justice, le Intersections International kaofela li kopana lenaneong le sechaba sa bolumeli. ditho.
Mekhatlo e mengata ea mekhatlo e ikemetseng e itsoetse morao khahlanong le ho ata ha Islamophobia, e ts'ehetsa matsapa a naha a kang "Mahetla ho Mahetla."[21] Hape ho bile le matšolo a mangata a bobuelli a hlophisitsoeng eseng feela ke mekhatlo ea Mamosleme joalo ka CAIR le MPAC le Soundvision, empa tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa tse kang My Neighbor is Muslim, e leng tataiso ea likarolo tse supileng e hlahisitsoeng naheng ka bophara ke Lutheran Social Service ea Minnesota, le lenaneo la thuto la Peace and Unity Bridge le lokiselitsoeng ke Unitarian Universalist Church of Vermont.[22] Ka September 2016, Kereke ea Unitarian Universalist Church (UUSC) e boetse e kenyelletsa "Ketsahalo ea Bonngoe ba Mamosleme" morerong oa bona oa ketso o amanang le filimi ea Ken Burns mabapi le boiteko ba Unitarian ba ho pholosa batho ho Manazi. Khokahano e hlakileng e ne e le ea bohlokoa historing. Ho sa le qalong haholo ho tseba hore na ke ba bakae ba tla sebelisa lisebelisoa tsena.
Leha ho na le moea o boima o ntseng o tsoela pele nakong eohle ea likhetho tsa 2016, ho hlakile hore ho na le bonngoe bo tsoelang pele le Mamoseleme, a sa tebang le a tebileng, har'a liphutheho tsa bolumeli. Empa hape, joalo ka Burma, Mamosleme a haelloa ke lisebelisoa le tlhophiso mme mohlomong le takatso ea ho nka karolo e ka sehloohong likamanong tsa malumeli. Mokhoa oa boetapele ba Mamosleme e ntse e le oa mofuta oa "charismatic", o hahang likhokahano tsa batho empa o sa abele kapa ho nts'etsapele bokhoni bo tšoarellang ba setheo. Bongata ba batho ba tšoanang ba kenelletse haholo lipuisanong tsa litumelo tse fapaneng empa ha ba khone kapa ha ba tlise barupeluoa ba bacha. Ho na le libui tse ngata tse hloahloa tsa Mamoseleme ho feta balaoli ba hloahloa ho fumana lithuso le ho ts'ehetsa. Ho ba teng ha Mamosleme ha ho holimo, 'me le haeba ba amohela boitsebahatso ba bolumeli ka tsela e matla, bacha ba Mamosleme ba tsoang linaheng tse ling ba hana ka ho khetheha litsela tsa batsoali ba bona.
Boitsebiso ba motho bo rarahane ebile bo na le mekhahlelo e mengata, empa lipuisano tsa lipolotiki le tse ratoang ka morabe, moruo, bolumeli le bong hangata li nolofatsa ho feta tekano. Lithuso tsa lichelete li latela mekhoa e ratoang ke batho ba bangata, joalo ka Black Lives Matter, empa ha se kamehla e matlafatsang ba anngoeng ka ho toba.
Ka 2008 Kusumita Pederson o hlokometse, “Ehlile tšobotsi e khahlang le ea bohlokoahali ea mokhatlo oa litumelo tse kopaneng kajeno… Ena ke phapang e khōlō ka ho fetisisa lilemong tse mashome tsa pele tsa mokhatlo, 'me ho bonahala e bontša mohato o mocha. Sena e bile 'nete New York City joalo ka ha ho bonoa mererong e mengata ea lehae ho tloha ka 9/11. Boiteko bo bong ba lehae bo "bonahala" ho feta ba bang. Leha ho le joalo, ntlha ena ea mantlha e se e rarahane ka lebaka la ho sotha ha theknoloji e ncha sechabeng. Ka ho phahama ha mecha ea litaba ea sechaba ho na le "puisano" e ngata hona joale e etsahalang inthaneteng, ka batho ba limilione bao u sa ba tsebeng ba le bang. Bophelo ba sechaba sa New York joale bo se bo kenelletse haholo, 'me ho rekisa pale, pale, ho ipolela hore ke matla, ke karolo ea moruo oa tlhōlisano oa capitalist. (Pederson, 2008)
Ehlile, lifono tse bohlale li ntse li ata le Burma. Na merero ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e thehiloeng ho facebook e kang Letšolo le lecha la Motsoalle oa Ka[23], le ketekang setsoalle pakeng tsa Maburma a merabe e fapaneng, e tla atleha ho haha setso se ketekang bohle ka ho lekana? Na see ke “ho kopanya litumelo tsa khotso” nakong e tlang? Kapa na li-cellphone li tla fetoha libetsa matsohong a mahoohoo a batlang pefo, joalokaha ho se ho etsahetse? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
Lehloyo la batswantle le ho falla ha batho ba bangata ho baka pherekano e mpe. Leha ho ntse ho buisanoa ka bongata ba "ba seng molaong" USA, le ho kengoa ts'ebetsong Burma, ho se sireletsehe ho khothalletsoang ke puo ena ho ama bohle. Hammoho le lihlopha tsa sechaba tse tlokotsing, phephetso ea hona joale ea ho kopana ha bolumeli le merabe e mengata ke sesupo sa ho falla ho hoholo hoa setso le moea ho amanang le bokapitale ba lefatše.
Ka selemo sa 2000, Mark Gopin o ile a hlokomela, "Haeba u ka iteta sefuba ho fetisetsa moetlo oa bolumeli, kapa moetlo ofe kapa ofe bakeng sa taba eo, ho ea moahong o mocha oa moruo kapa oa lipolotiki, joalo ka demokrasi kapa 'maraka o lokolohileng, u se ke ua ea holimo ntle le tlase, tlase ntle le bokahodimo, kapa mahareng feela, ntle le haeba o ikemiseditse ho baka tshollo ya madi...Moetlo wa bodumedi ha se feela ho tloha hodimo ho ya tlase. Ha e le hantle, ho na le matla a hlollang a pharalletseng, ke kahoo baeta-pele ba qobelloang hakana.” (Gopin, 2000, leq 211)
Gopin joale o boetse o eketsa temoso ea hae- ho amohela mokhoa o pharaletseng oa phetoho; ho se suthe sehlopha se seng sa bolumeli kapa morabe ntle le se seng; ’me le ka mohla u se ke ua mpefatsa khohlano ka ho matlafatsa sehlopha se seng sa bolumeli kapa sa setso ho feta se seng, “haholo-holo ka matsete a lichelete.”
Ka bomalimabe, United States - le lichaba tsa machaba - li entse hantle joalo e le karolo ea maano a linaha tse ling bakeng sa meloko e mengata, 'me ka sebele li tsoetse pele lilemong tsa ho tloha ha Gopin a ngola mantsoe ao. Lefa le leng la litšebelisano tsena tsa kantle ho naha ke ho se tšepane ho tebileng, ho ntse ho ama likamano tsa litumelo tse fapaneng New York kajeno, ka ho hlaka likamanong lipakeng tsa mekhatlo ea Mamosleme le ea Sejuda e ipolelang hore e emela lithahasello tsa sechaba ka bophara. Tšabo ea Mamosleme le Maarabia ea ho kopana esita le ho kopanya e tebile. Ho se sireletsehe ha Bajuda le ho tšoenyeha ka ho ba teng le hona ke mabaka a thata. 'Me phihlelo ea bokhoba le ho khesoa ha Maafrika e ntse e eketseha. Mecha ea litaba e atileng e re potolohileng e lumella litaba tsena hore li buisanoe ka nako e telele. Empa joalo ka ha ho boletsoe, e ka 'na ea utloisa motho bohloko hape, ea khella fatše le ho etsa lipolotiki.
Empa re etsa’ng ha re “kopanya litumelo”? Na kamehla ke karolo ea tharollo, eseng bothata? Mana Tun o ile a hlokomela hore Burma, ba kopanelang lipuisanong tsa malumeli a fapaneng ba sebelisa lentsoe la Senyesemane “interfaith” e le lentsoe la ho alima. Na hoo ho fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bōpang khotso ba Baptiste Burma ba kenya le ho beha likhopolo tsa lipuisano tse hlahang ho Orientalizing, neo-colonial ea moromuoa oa Bophirimela? Na hoo ho fana ka maikutlo a hore baetapele ba Burmese (kapa New York) ba amohelang menyetla ea ho bōpa khotso ke bo-ramenyetla? Che; hoa khoneha ho hopola litemoso tsa Gopin tse mabapi le ho kena-kenana le sepheo se setle litabeng tsa sechaba empa ho nka ka botebo phapanyetsano ea bohlokoa le ea bohlokoa ea batho e etsahalang lipuisanong ha lileibole le maikutlo a pele a lahloa.
Ha e le hantle, New York City, likamano tse ngata tsa litumelo tse fapa-fapaneng li ne li lokolohile ka ho feletseng. Bohlokoa ba khopolo-taba bo ka tla hamorao, ha moloko oa bobeli o koetlisetsoa ho ntšetsa pele lipuisano, ho lumella barupeli ba bacha hore ba hlokomele haholoanyane ka matla a sehlopha le likhopolo tsa phetoho.
Balekane ba ipulela menyetla e mecha. Ho sa tsotellehe boemo bo thata ba phihlelo ea ka ea lipuisano tsa Bajuda le Mamosleme New York, e mong oa balekane bao ba lipuisano o ntse a le motsoalle 'me haufinyane o thehile selekane sa Bajuda ho buella litokelo tsa Mamosleme a Rohingya Burma. Ka lebaka la kutloelo-bohloko ho ba balehileng mahaeng le ba seng bakae ba nang le bademona, bao phihlelo ea bona e tšoanang le boemo bo tšosang ba Bajuda ka 1930s Europe, Mokhatlo oa Bajuda oa Concern Over Burma (JACOB) o saenetse mekhatlo e ka bang 20 e ka sehloohong ea Bajuda ho buella Mamosleme a hlorisoang.
Re ka tobana le bokamoso ba ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše (le ho se khotsofale ha hona) ka tšepo kapa lipelaelo tse tebileng. Ka tsela efe kapa efe, ho na le matla a ho sebetsa 'moho molemong o tšoanang. Hammoho le kutloelo-bohloko ho motho eo u sa mo tsebeng, le batho ba bang ba tlokotsing, balekane ba bolumeli ba arolelana tšabo e tebileng ka bokhukhuni bo hlakileng ba litlhaselo tsa bokhukhuni tse lebisitsoeng ho baahi, ho kenyeletsoa le lihlopha tsa batho ba bang tse sa amoheloeng ka botlalo ke lichaba tsa bolumeli, joalo ka banna le basali ba LGBT. . Hobane mekhatlo ea litumelo tse fapaneng joale e tobane le tlhoko e potlakileng ea liphetoho tse ngata lipakeng tsa litumelo le bolulo lipakeng tsa boetapele ba "holimo" le tlase, hammoho le litumellano tsa ho se lumellane le ho arola litaba tse joalo tsa sechaba, karolo e latelang ea boitlamo ba malumeli e ts'episa ho ba teng. e rarahaneng haholo- empa ka menyetla e mecha ea kutloelo-bohloko e arolelanoang.
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Stassen, G. (1998) Ho Etsa Khotso Feela; Pilgrim Press. Sheba hape Kakaretso: http://www.ldausa.org/lda/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Ten-Practices-for-Just-Peacemaking-by-Stassen.pdf
USCIRF 2016 Tlaleho ea Selemo, Khaolo ea Burma. www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF_AR_2016_Burma.pdf
UNICEF Myanmar 2015, October 21 Media Center. E nkiloe ho: http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/media_24789.html
Win, TL (2015, December 31) Basali ba Tšebetsong ea Khotso ea Myanmar ba Hokae Myanmar Hona Joale? Myanmar Hona joale. Retrieved from: http://www.myanmar-now.org/news/i/?id=39992fb7-e466-4d26-9eac-1d08c44299b5
Worldwatch Monitor 2016, May 25 Tokoloho ea Bolumeli ke Har'a Mathata a Maholo ka ho Fetisisa a Myanmar. https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2016/05/4479490/
Notes
[1] Sheba litšupiso Ali, W. (2011) Bakeng sa Tšabo Inc. 2.0 bona www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
[4] Sheba sebaka sa marang-rang sa Seminare http://www.pkts.org/activities.html
[5] Sheba http;//www.acommonword.org
[6] Sheba La 1 Mmesa, 2011 Blog Kenyo http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-undisclosed-place-and-time-2.html
[7] www.mbcnewyork.org
[8] Sheba Tlaleho ea Selemo bakeng sa Shalom Foundation
[9] Sheba http://rfp-asia.org/
[10] Sheba litšupiso tsa RFP bakeng sa Setatemente sa Paris. Bakeng sa likhokahano tsa mesebetsi eohle ea bacha ea RFP bona http://www.religionsforpeace.org/
[11] “Dialogues” http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
[12] Mohlala, Pakistan: http://www.gflp.org/WeekofDialogue/Pakistan.html
[13] Sheba www.mwr.org.tw le http://www.gflp.org/
[14] KAIICID Video Documentation https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
[15] www.nydis.org
[16] BBC December 30, 2011
[17] https://flushinginterfaithcouncil.wordpress.com/
[18] http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
[19] http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
[20] The Interfaith Infrastructure Study http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
[21] http://www.shouldertoshouldercampaign.org/
[22] http://www.peaceandunitybridge.org/programs/curricula/
[23] Sheba https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
