Kamano lipakeng tsa Khohlano ea Bolumeli le Ethno le Kholo ea Moruo: Tlhahlobo ea Lingoliloeng tsa Boithuto
Sekhetho:
Patlisiso ena e tlaleha ka tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso tsa litsebi tse shebaneng le kamano lipakeng tsa likhohlano tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo. Pampiri e tsebisa barupeluoa ba likopano, barupeli, baeta-pele ba khoebo, le litho tsa sechaba ka lingoliloeng tsa litsebi le mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso o sebelisoang ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa likhohlano tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo. Mokhoa o sebelisitsoeng phuputsong ena e ne e le tlhahlobo ea lihlooho tsa koranta tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka tse shebaneng le likhohlano tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo. Lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso li khethiloe ho tsoa litsing tsa borutehi, marang-rang le lingoliloeng tsohle li tlameha ho fihlela tlhoko ea ho hlahlojoa ke lithaka. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lihlooho e ile ea hlahlojoa ho ea ka lintlha le / kapa liphetoho tse kenyelletsang likhohlano, phello ea moruo, mokhoa o sebelisoang ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa likhohlano tsa ethno-bolumeli le moruo, le mohlala oa theory. Kaha kholo ea moruo e le ea bohlokoa moralong oa moruo le nts'etsopele ea maano, tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tsa borutehi e lumellana le ts'ebetso ena. Likhohlano le litšenyehelo tsa likhohlano tsena li ama kholo ea moruo oa linaha tse tsoelang pele, 'me li ithutoa linaheng le maemo a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lichaba tsa bajaki ba Machaena, China-Pakistan, Pakistan, India le Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Israel, Osh likhohlano, NATO, ho falla, morabe le ntoa ea lehae, le ntoa le 'maraka oa thepa. Pampiri ena e fana ka sebopeho sa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tsa koranta ea litsebi mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa likhohlano tsa bolumeli le tlhahisoleseling mabapi le tataiso ea kamano. Ho feta moo, e fana ka mohlala oa tlhahlobo ea kamano ea likhohlano tsa bolumeli kapa pefo le kholo ea moruo. Likarolo tse 'ne li totobatsa linaha tse itseng molemong oa lipatlisiso tsena.
Kopitsa Sengoloa Sena
Tlhahiso:
Kominkiewicz, FB (2022). Kamano pakeng tsa likhohlano tsa ethno-religious le kholo ea moruo: Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tsa litsebi. Journal of Living Hammoho, 7(1), 38-57.
Lintlha tsa Sengoloa:
@Sengoloa{Kominkiewicz2022}
Sehlooho = {Kamano lipakeng tsa Khohlano ea Bolumeli ba Ethno le Khōlo ea Moruo: Tlhahlobo ea Lingoliloeng Tsa Boithuto}
Mongoli = {Frances Bernard Kominkiewicz}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/relationship-between-ethno-religious-conflict-and-economic-growth-analysis-of-the-scholarly-literature/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Printa); 2373-6631 (Inthaneteng)}
Selemo = {2022}
Letsatsi = {2022-12-18}
Journal = {Journal of Living Hammoho}
Bolumo = {7}
Nomoro = {1}
Maqephe = {38-57}
Mohatisi = {Setsi sa Machaba sa Bobuelli ba Ethno-Bolumeli}
Aterese = {White Plains, New York}
Khatiso = {2022}.
Selelekela
Bohlokoa ba ho ithuta kamano pakeng tsa likhohlano tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo ha ho tsejoe. Ho ba le tsebo ena ho bohlokoa ho sebetsa le baahi ho ama kaho ea khotso. Khohlano e bonoa e le "matla a bōpang moruo oa lefats'e" (Ghadar, 2006, p. 15). Likhohlano tsa merabe kapa tsa bolumeli li nkuoa e le litšoaneleho tsa bohlokoa tsa likhohlano tsa ka hare ho linaha tse tsoelang pele empa li rarahane haholo hore li ka ithutoa joalo ka likhohlano tsa bolumeli kapa tsa merabe (Kim, 2009). Liphello tsa kholo ea moruo li bohlokoa ho hlahlojoa ho ea pele ka kaho ea khotso. Tšusumetso ea likhohlano ho motse-moholo oa 'mele le tlhahiso, le litšenyehelo tsa moruo tsa ntoa ea sebele, e ka ba sepheo sa pele se lateloang ke liphetoho leha e le life tse teng tikolohong ea moruo e bakoang ke likhohlano tse ka amang phello ea moruo ea likhohlano ho nts'etsopele ea naha ( Schein, 2017). Tekolo ea lintlha tsena e bohlokoa haholo ho fumana phello moruong ho feta ha naha e ka hlola kapa e lahleheloa ke likhohlano (Schein, 2017). Hase kamehla ho nepahetseng hore ho hlōla khohlano ho ka fella ka liphetoho tse ntle tikolohong ea moruo, le ho lahleheloa ke khohlano ho fella ka liphello tse mpe tikolohong ea moruo (Schein, 2017). Khohlano e ka hlola, empa haeba khohlano e ka baka litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong ea moruo, moruo o ka senyeha (Schein, 2017). Ho lahleheloa ke likhohlano ho ka lebisa ntlafatsong ea maemo a moruo, ka hona tsoelo-pele ea naha e thusoa ke khohlano (Schein, 2017).
Lihlopha tse ngata tse iponang e le litho tsa moetlo o tšoanang, ebang ke oa bolumeli kapa oa morabe, li ka 'na tsa ameha khohlanong ho ntšetsa pele puso eo ea boipheliso (Stewart, 2002). Phello ea moruo e bonahala polelong ea hore likhohlano le ntoa li ama kabo ea baahi (Warsame & Wilhelmsson, 2019). Tlokotsi e kholo ea baphaphathehi linaheng tse nang le moruo o robehileng habonolo joalo ka Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, le Djibouti e bakiloe ke ntoa ea lehae Iraq, Libya, Yemen le Syria (Karam & Zaki, 2016).
Methodology
E le ho lekola phello ea khohlano ea bolumeli ba ethno-ethno-coonce kholisong ea moruo, ho ile ha qalisoa tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng tsa litsebi tse shebaneng le mantsoe ana. Ho ile ha fumanoa lingoliloeng tse buang ka lintho tse fapaneng tse kang bokhukhuni, ntoa khahlanong le bokhukhuni le likhohlano linaheng tse itseng tse amanang le likhohlano tsa merabe le bolumeli, 'me ke lihlooho tsa koranta tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka tse neng li bua ka kamano ea likhohlano tsa merabe le/kapa tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo. e kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso.
Ho ithuta ka liphello tsa moruo oa mabaka a bolumeli e ka ba mosebetsi o boima haholo kaha ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse sebetsanang le litaba sebakeng sena. Ho hlahloba palo e kholo ea lipatlisiso ka sehlooho ho thata ho bafuputsi ba ithutang lingoliloeng (Bellefontaine & Lee, 2014; Glass, 1977; Light & Smith, 1971). Ka hona, tlhahlobo ena e ne e etselitsoe ho rarolla potso ea lipatlisiso mabapi le kamano ea likhohlano tsa merabe le / kapa tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo ka mefuta e khethiloeng. Lipatlisiso tse hlahlobiloeng li ne li kenyelletsa mekhoa e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa ea boleng, palo, le e tsoakiloeng (boleng le bongata).
Tšebeliso ea Lipatlisiso tsa Marang-rang
Mananeo a liphuputso a inthaneteng a fumanehang laeboraring ea akatemi ea sengoli a sebelisitsoe ho batlisisa ho fumana lingoloa tsa koranta tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka tse amanang. Ha ho ntse ho phenyekolloa lingoliloeng, ho ile ha sebelisoa sethibelo sa “Libuka Tse Hlahlobisoang Lithutong tsa Lithaka”. Ka lebaka la likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng le tse fapaneng tsa likhohlano tsa bolumeli le kholo ea moruo, ho ile ha phenyekolloa marang-rang a mangata le a fapaneng a marang-rang. Mananeo a marang-rang a batlisisitsoeng a kenyelelitsoe, empa a sa felle feela ho tse latelang:
- Academic Search Ultimate
- Amerika: Nalane le Bophelo bo nang le mongolo o felletseng
- Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Antiquarian (AAS) Pokello ea Linako tsa Histori: Letoto la 1
- Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Antiquarian (AAS) Pokello ea Linako tsa Histori: Letoto la 2
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- Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Antiquarian (AAS) Pokello ea Linako tsa Histori: Letoto la 4
- Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Antiquarian (AAS) Pokello ea Linako tsa Histori: Letoto la 5
- Art Abstracts (HW Wilson)
- Atla Religion Database with AtlaSerials
- Biography Reference Bank (HW Wilson)
- Setsi sa Litšupiso tsa Biography
- Litlhaloso tsa Likokoana-hloko
- Pokello ea Litšupiso tsa Biomedical: Motheo
- Mohloli oa Khoebo o Felletse
- CINAHL e nang le Mongolo o Felletseng
- Ngoliso ea Bohareng ea Cochrane ea Liteko tse Laoloang
- Cochrane Clinical Likarabo
- Database ea Cochrane ea Tlhahlobo ea Tsamaiso
- Ngoliso ea Methodology ea Cochrane
- Puisano le Mecha ea Phatlalatso e Felletseng
- Pokello ea Tsamaiso ea EBSCO
- Mohloli oa Lithuto tsa Khoebo
- ERIC
- Essay and General Literature Index (HW Wilson)
- Bukana ea Lingoliloeng tsa Lifilimi le Thelevishene e nang le mongolo o felletseng
- Fonte Acadêmica
- Tonakholo ea Fuente Academica
- Database ea Boithuto ba Tekano
- GreenFILE
- Business Business FullTEXT
- Mohloli oa Bophelo - Khatiso ea Bareki
- Mohloli oa Bophelo: Nursing/Academic Edition
- Setsi sa Litšupiso tsa Histori
- Mongolo o Felletseng oa Botho (HW Wilson)
- Bibliography ea Machabeng ea Theatre & Dance e nang le mongolo o felletseng
- Libuka tsa Laeborari, Saense ea Boitsebiso le Theknoloji
- Literary Reference Center Plus
- MagillOnLiterature Plus
- MAS Ultra - Khatiso ea Sekolo
- MasterFILE Tonakholo
- MEDLINE e nang le Mongolo o Felletseng
- Middle Search Plus
- Pokello ea Sesole le 'Muso
- MLA Directory of Periodicals
- MLA International Bibliography
- Bukana ea Bo-rafilosofi
- Patlo ea Pele
- Pokello ea ntlafatso ea litsebi
- LITŠOANTŠISO
- PsychINFO
- Tataiso ea Babali Full Text Select (HW Wilson)
- Referencia Latina
- Litaba tsa Khoebo tsa Libaka
- Setsi sa Litšupiso tsa Khoebo e Nyane
- Mongolo o Feletseng oa Saense ea Sechaba (HW Wilson)
- Litlhaloso tsa Mosebetsi oa Sechaba
- SocINDEX e nang le mongolo o felletseng
- LIHLOOHOBatla
- Vente le Gestion
Tlhaloso ea Liphetoho
Phello ea moruo ea likhohlano tsa bolumeli ba ethno-religious e hloka litlhaloso tsa mefuta-futa e boletsoeng tlhahlobisong ena ea lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso. Joalokaha Ghadar (2006) a hlalosa, "Tlhaloso ea likhohlano ka boeona e ntse e fetoha ha ketsahalo ea likhohlano tse tloaelehileng tsa machaba li ntse li fokotseha ha liketsahalo tsa ntoa ea lehae le bokhukhuni li eketseha" (leq. 15). Mantsoe a ho batla a hlalosoa ke mefuta-futa, kahoo tlhaloso ea mantsoe a ho batla e bohlokoa ho hlahloba lingoliloeng. Ha ho hlahlojoa lingoliloeng, tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ea "khohlano ea bolumeli" le "kholo ea moruo" e ne e ke ke ea fumanoa. ka bobeli ka mantsoe ao hantle, empa ho sebelisitsoe mantsoe a sa tšoaneng a ka bolelang moelelo o tšoanang kapa o tšoanang. Mantsoe a ho batla a neng a sebelisoa haholo ho fumana lingoliloeng a ne a kenyelletsa "morabe", "ethno", "bolumeli", "bolumeli", "moruo", "moruo", le "khohlano". Tsena li kopantsoe ka litumello tse fapaneng le mantsoe a mang a patlo joalo ka mantsoe a patlo a Boolean ho database.
Ho ea ka Oxford English Dictionary Online, "ethno-" e hlalosoa e le e latelang ka likarolo tsa "feela", "archaic", le "rare" tse tlositsoeng molemong oa lipatlisiso tsena: "E sebelisitsoe mantsoeng a amanang le thuto ea batho kapa litso. , e hlomamisitsoeng pele ho (a) ho kopanya mefuta (joaloka ethnography n., ethnology n., joalo-joalo), le (b) mabitso (joaloka ethnobotany n., ethnopsychology n., joalo-joalo), kapa lihlahisoa tsa tsena” ( Oxford English Dictionary , 2019e). “Morabe” o hlalosoa litlhalosong tsena, hape o tlosa lihlopha tse sa sebelisoeng ka kakaretso, “joaloka lebitso: qalong le haholo-holo. Histori ea Boholo-holo ea Bagerike. Lentsoe le bolelang bochaba kapa sebaka sa tsoalo”; le “qalong US Setho sa sehlopha kapa sehlotšoana se nkoang e le sa leloko le tloaelehileng, kapa se nang le moetlo o tšoanang oa naha kapa oa setso; esp. setho sa morabe o monyenyane.” Joaloka lehlaodi, “morabe” o hlalosoa e le “qalong Histori ea Boholo-holo ea Bagerike. Ea lentsoe: le bolelang bochaba kapa sebaka sa tsoalo”; le "Tšimolohong: ea kapa e amanang le batho mabapi le leloko la bona (ea sebele kapa le nahanoang) le tloaelehileng. Hona joale hangata: ea kapa e amanang le tšimoloho ea naha kapa setso kapa moetlo”; "Ho khetholla kapa ho amana le likamano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa baahi ba naha kapa sebaka, joalo-joalo. moo ho nang le bora kapa kgohlano; e etsahalang kapa e teng lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse joalo, tsa merabe e fapaneng”; “Sehlopheng sa baahi: se nkoang se na le leloko le tšoanang, kapa moetlo o tšoanang oa naha kapa oa setso”; “Ho qapa kapa ho amana le bonono, ’mino, moaparo, kapa likarolo tse ling tsa setso tse khethollang sehlopha se itseng (se seng sa Bophirimela) sa sechaba kapa sa moetlo; e entsoeng ka mohlala kapa e kenyeletsang likarolo tsa tsona. Kahoo: (colloquial) linaheng tse ling, tse sa tloaelehang”; Ho hlaola kapa ho amana le sehlopha se senyenyane sa baahi (ka har'a sehlopha se ka sehloohong sa naha kapa setso) se nkoang e le se nang le lesika le tšoanang kapa moetlo oa naha kapa oa setso. United States ka linako tse ling moelelo. ho khetha litho tsa lihlopha tse fokolang tsa batho ba batšo. Hona joale hangata ho nahanoa khopisa”; "Ho khetha tšimoloho kapa boitsebahatso ba naha ka tsoalo kapa leloko ho fapana le bochaba ba hona joale" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019d).
Lipatlisiso tse mabapi le hore na "bolumeli" bo ameha joang likhohlanong tse mabifi li belaella mabaka a mane (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Taba ea pele ke hore ho na le mathata a ho khetha pakeng tsa likhopolo tse lekang ho hlalosa likhohlano tse mabifi (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Khatisong ea bobeli, mathata a tsoa meeling e fapaneng ea litlhaloso mabapi le pefo le likhohlano (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1990, ntoa le likhohlano tse mabifi tsa machaba li ne li le sebakeng sa litaba tsa likamano tsa machaba le ts'ireletso le lithuto tsa maano le hoja likhohlano tse mabifi tsa intra-state li ile tsa eketseha haholo ka mor'a 1960s (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Taba ea boraro e amana le maemo a fetohang mabapi le matšoenyeho a lefats'e a pefo lefatšeng le ho fetoha ha likhohlano tsa hona joale tsa libetsa (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Taba ea ho qetela e bua ka tlhokeho ea ho khetholla lipakeng tsa mefuta ea sesosa kaha khohlano e mabifi e na le likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng le tse hokahaneng, lia fetoha, 'me ke sehlahisoa sa lintlha tse ngata (Cederman & Gleditsch, 2009; Dixon, 2009; Duyvesteyn, 2000; Feliu & Grasa, 2013; Themnér & Wallensteen, 2012).
Lentsoe “bolumeli” le hlalosoa e le lehlaodi mantsoeng ana le lihlopha tse sa sebelisoeng ka kakaretso li tlosoe: “La motho kapa sehlopha sa batho: ba tlangoa ke likano tsa bolumeli; ba mokhatlo oa baitlami, joalo-joalo. Kerekeng ea Roma e K’hatholike”; “Sa ntho, sebaka, jj.: ho ba kapa ho amana le tsamaiso ya baitlami; baitlami”; “Ka sehloohong ho motho: ea inehetseng bolumeling; ho bontša liphello tsa moea kapa tse sebetsang tsa bolumeli, ho latela litlhoko tsa bolumeli; barapeli, ba tšabang Molimo, ba tšabang Molimo”; “Ya, e amanang le, kapa e amehang ka bodumedi” le “E hlwekileng, e tiileng, e tiileng, e hlokolosi. Ha ho hlalosoa “bolumeli” e le lereho, ho kenyellelitsoe likarolo tse latelang tsa tšebeliso e akaretsang: “Batho ba tlanngoeng ke likano tsa baitlami kapa ba inehetseng bophelong ba bolumeli, mohl. Kerekeng ea Roma e K’hatholike” le “Motho ea tlanngoeng ke likano tsa bolumeli kapa ea inehetseng bophelong ba bolumeli, mohl. Kerekeng ea Roma e K’hatholike” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019g).
“Bolumeli” bo hlalosoa, ho kenyelletsoa likarolo tsa tšebeliso e akaretsang, e le “Boemo ba bophelo bo tlanngoeng ke likano tsa bolumeli; boemo ba ho ba setho sa sehlopha sa bolumeli; “Ketso kapa boitšoaro bo bontšang ho lumela, ho mamela le ho hlompha molimo, melimo, kapa matla a tšoanang a phahametseng a motho; phethahatso ea litšebeletso kapa mekete ea bolumeli” ha e kopantsoe le “ho lumela kapa ho lumela matla kapa matla a itseng a phahametseng a motho (esp. molimo kapa melimo) ao ka tloaelo a bonahatsoang ka kutlo, tlhompho le borapeli; tumelo e joalo e le karolo ea tsamaiso e hlalosang mokhoa oa bophelo, joalo-joalo. e le mokhoa oa ho finyella ntlafatso ea moea kapa ea lintho tse bonahalang”; le “Tsela e itseng ea tumelo le khumamelo” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019f). Tlhaloso ea ho qetela e ile ea sebelisoa patlisisong ena ea lingoliloeng.
Mantsoe a ho batla, "moruo" le "moruo" a sebelisitsoe ho batlisisa datha. Lentsoe, "moruo", le boloka litlhaloso tse leshome le motso o mong (11) ho Oxford English Dictionary (2019c). Tlhaloso e nepahetseng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea tlhahlobo ena ke e latelang: "Mokhatlo kapa boemo ba sechaba kapa sechaba mabapi le maemo a moruo, joalo-joalo. tlhahiso le tšebeliso ea thepa le litšebeletso le phepelo ea chelete (hona joale hangata ka ea); (hape) tsamaiso e itseng ea moruo” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). Mabapi le lentsoe, "moruo", tlhaloso e latelang e sebelisitsoe ho batla lingoliloeng tse amehang: "Ea, e amanang le, kapa e amehang ka mahlale a moruo kapa moruo ka kakaretso" le "e amanang le nts'etsopele le taolo ea lisebelisoa tsa sechaba kapa naha" (English Oxford Dictionary, 2019b).
Mantsoe a reng, "phetoho ea moruo", a buang ka liphetoho tse nyane ka har'a moruo, le "phetoho ea moruo", e bolelang phetoho e kholo ea mofuta ofe kapa ofe ho moruo o fapaneng ka ho felletseng, le ona a ne a nkuoa e le mantsoe a lipatlisiso lipatlisisong (Cottey, 2018, leqepheng la 215). Ka ho sebelisa mantsoe ana, ho kenyeletsoa menehelo eo hangata e sa kenyellelitsoeng moruong (Cottey, 2018).
Ho nahanoa lipatlisisong tsena ka tšebeliso ea mantsoe a ho batla e ne e le litšenyehelo tse tobileng le tse sa tobang tsa moruo tsa khohlano. Litšenyehelo tse tobileng ke litšenyehelo tse ka sebelisoang hang-hang khohlanong 'me li kenyelletsa kotsi ho batho, tlhokomelo le phalliso ea batho ba balehileng mahaeng a bona, tšenyo le tšenyo ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, le litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa sesole le tsa ts'ireletso ea ka hare (Mutlu, 2011). Litšenyehelo tse sa tobang li bua ka litlamorao tsa likhohlano tse joalo ka tahlehelo ea chelete ea batho ka lebaka la lefu kapa kotsi, chelete e lahlehileng e bakiloeng ke matsete a lahlehileng, sefofane sa chelete, ho falla ha basebetsi ba nang le boiphihlelo, le tahlehelo ea matsete a tsoang kantle ho naha le lekeno la bahahlauli (Mutlu, 2011 ). Batho ba amehang khohlanong ba ka boela ba lahleheloa ke tahlehelo e bakoang ke khatello ea kelello le ho sithabela maikutlo hammoho le tšitiso ea thuto (Mutlu, 2011). Sena se hlokometsoe phuputsong ea Hamber and Gallagher (2014) e fumaneng hore bahlankana ba Ireland Leboea ba ile ba tla ka litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le kelello, le hore palo e tlalehang ho intša kotsi, ho ba le mehopolo ea ho ipolaea, ho ipeha kotsing ea ho ipeha kotsing kapa ho leka ho ipolaea e ne e le "tšosa" (leq. 52). Ho ea ka barupeluoa, boitšoaro bona bo tlalehiloeng bo bakoa ke "khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, ho lemalla, ho nkoa e se oa bohlokoa, ho ikhalala, ho hloka tšepo ea bophelo, ho ikutloa u hlokomolohuoa, ho hloka tšepo, ho nyahama le tšoso le tšabo ea litlhaselo tsa paramilitary" (Hamber & Gallagher, 2014, p. 52).
“Khohlano” e hlalosoa e le "ho kopana le matsoho; ntoa, ntoa”; “ntoa ea nako e telele”; ho loana, ho loana ka lihlomo, lintoa tsa ntoa”; “ntoa ea kelello kapa ea moea ka hare ho monna”; "khohlano kapa phapang ea melao-motheo e hanyetsanang, lipolelo, likhang, joalo-joalo."; “bohanyetsi, ho motho ka mong, ea litakatso tse sa lumellaneng kapa litlhoko tsa matla a batlang a lekana; hape, boemo bo sithabetsang ba maikutlo bo bakoang ke khanyetso e joalo”; le "ho kotana, ho thula kapa ho tsukutlana ha 'mele" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019a). "Ntoa" le "bokhukhuni" li ne li boetse li sebelisoa e le mantsoe a ho batla ka mantsoe a boletsoeng ka holimo.
Lingoliloeng tsa Grey ha lia ka tsa sebelisoa tlhahlobong ea lingoliloeng. Lingoliloeng tse ngotsoeng ka botlalo hammoho le lingoliloeng tse neng li se mongolo o felletseng, empa li kopane le litlhaloso tsa mefuta e amehang, li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Kalimo ea lilaebrari e ile ea sebelisoa ho odara lingoloa tsa koranta tse hlahlobiloeng ke lithaka tse neng li se litaba tse felletseng litsing tsa polokelo tsa marang-rang tsa litsebi.
Nigeria le Cameroon
Mathata a Afrika, ho ea ka Mamdani, ke lipapiso tsa tlokotsi ea naha ea ka mor'a bokolone (2001). Colonialism e ile ea arola bonngoe har'a Maafrika 'me ea e nkela sebaka ka meeli ea merabe le ea naha (Olasupo, Ijeoma, & Oladeji, 2017). Morabe o busang mmuso o laola haholo, mme ka hona mmuso oa kamora boipuso o ile oa putlama ka lebaka la likhohlano tsa merabe le merabe e meng (Olasupo et al., 2017).
Bolumeli e ne e le tšobotsi ea bohlokoa likhohlanong tse ngata tsa Nigeria ho tloha ha e fumana boipuso ka 1960 (Onapajo, 2017). Pele ho ntoa ea Boko Haram, lithuto li fumane hore Nigeria e ne e le e 'ngoe ea linaha tsa Afrika tse nang le likhohlano tse ngata haholo tsa bolumeli (Onapajo, 2017). Likhoebo tse ngata li ile tsa koaloa Nigeria ka lebaka la merusu ea bolumeli 'me boholo ba tsona li ile tsa tlatlapuoa kapa tsa senngoa le beng ba tsona ba bolaoa kapa ba falla (Anwuloorah, 2016). Kaha likhoebo tse ngata tsa machaba le tsa linaha tse ngata li ne li fallela libakeng tse ling moo polokeho e seng taba, basebetsi ba ile ba hloka mosebetsi 'me malapa a ameha (Anwuluorah, 2016). Foyou, Ngwafu, Santoyo, and Ortiz (2018) ba buisana ka phello ea moruo ea bokhukhuni Nigeria le Cameroon. Bangoli ba hlalosa kamoo ho kenella ha Boko Haram ho tšela meeli ho ea Cameroon Leboea "ho kentse letsoho ho theoheng ha motheo o fokolang oa moruo o ts'ehelitseng libaka tse tharo tse ka leboea tsa Cameroon [Leboea, Leboa le Hōle le Adamawa] le ho sokela ts'ireletso ea naha. baahi ba se nang thuso sebakeng sena” (Foyou et al, 2018, leq. 73). Kamora hore bofetoheli ba Boko Horam bo tšele ka leboea ho Cameroon le likarolo tsa Chad le Niger, Cameroon e ile ea qetella e thusitse Nigeria (Foyou et al., 2018). Bokhukhuni ba Boko Haram Nigeria, bo lebisitseng lefung la batho ba likete ba kenyeletsang Mamosleme le Bakreste, le ho senngoa ha thepa, mehaho le merero ea nts'etsopele, e sokela "tšireletseho ea naha, e baka tlokotsi ea botho, ho sithabela kelellong, ho sitisoa ha mesebetsi ea sekolo, ho hloka mosebetsi. , le ho eketseha ha bofutsana, ho fella ka moruo o fokolang "(Ugorji, 2017, p. 165).
Iran, Iraq, Turkey le Syria
Ntoa ea Iran le Iraq e ile ea nka ho tloha ka 1980 ho ea ho 1988 ka litšenyehelo tsa moruo ho linaha tseo ka bobeli tsa liranta tse litrilione tse 1.097, tse baloang e le litrilione tse 1 le lidolara tse libilione tse 97 (Mofrid, 1990). Ka ho hlasela Iran, "Saddam Hussein o ile a batla ho rarolla lintlha le moahelani oa hae bakeng sa ho se lekane ho nahanoang ho Algiers Agreement, eo a neng a buisane le Shah oa Iran ka 1975, le bakeng sa tšehetso ea Ayatollah Khomeini bakeng sa lihlopha tsa bohanyetsi tsa Boislamo tse khahlanong le 'muso oa Iraq" (Parasiliti, 2003, leq.
Naha ea Boislamo e Iraq le Syria (ISIS) e ile ea matlafatsoa ke likhohlano le ho hloka botsitso 'me ea fetoha mokhatlo o ikemetseng (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). ISIS e ile ea hapa taolo ea libaka tse ka nģ'ane ho Syria, e tsoetseng pele Iraq le Lebanone, 'me likhohlanong tse mabifi, baahi ba ile ba bolaea baahi (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Ho ne ho e-na le litlaleho tsa "lipolao tse ngata le lipeto tsa Shi'is, Bakreste, le lihlopha tse ling tsa merabe le bolumeli" ka ISIS (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015. leq. 1). Ho ile ha boela ha bonoa hore ISIS e ne e e-na le kemiso e fetang lenaneo la karohano, 'me sena se ne se fapane le lihlopha tse ling tsa likhukhuni sebakeng sa Iran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Liphetoho tse ngata ho kenyelletsa mehato ea ts'ireletso li ama kholo ea litoropo tsa toropo, 'me tsena li kenyelletsa mofuta oa mehato ea ts'ireletso, kholo ea moruo le baahi, le monyetla oa ho ba le ts'okelo (Falah, 2017).
Ka mor'a Iran, Iraq e na le palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea baahi ba lefatše ba Shi'i e etsang hoo e ka bang 60-75% ea Ma-Iraqi, 'me e bohlokoa ho leano la bolumeli la Iran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Palo ea khoebo lipakeng tsa Iraq le Iran e ne e le $13 billion (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Kholo ea khoebo lipakeng tsa Iran le Iraq e bile teng ka ho matlafatsoa ha likamano lipakeng tsa baetapele ba linaha tse peli, Makurds, le malapa a manyane a Shi'i (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015).
Boholo ba Kurds ba lula sebakeng se fumanehang Iraq, Iran, Turkey le Syria tse bitsoang Kurdistan (Brathwaite, 2014). Matla a borena a Ottoman, Borithane, Soviet le Mafora a ne a laola sebaka sena ho fihlela bofelong ba WWII (Brathwaite, 2014). Iraq, Iran, Turkey le Syria li ile tsa leka ho hatella batho ba fokolang ba Kurdish ka maano a fapaneng a ileng a fella ka likarabelo tse fapaneng ho tsoa ho Makurds (Brathwaite, 2014). Baahi ba Kurdish ba Syria ha baa ka ba fetohela ho tloha 1961 ho fihlela bofetoheli ba PKK ka 1984 mme ha ho khohlano e ileng ea hasana ho tloha Iraq ho ea Syria (Brathwaite, 2014). MaKurds a Syria a ile a ikopanya le merabe ea bona ntoeng ea bona khahlanong le Iraq le Turkey ho fapana le ho qala likhohlano khahlanong le Syria (Brathwaite, 2014).
Sebaka sa Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI) se bile le liphetoho tse ngata tsa moruo lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ho kenyelletsa le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea ba khutlileng ho tloha 2013, selemo se boneng kholo ea moruo Iraqi Kurdistan (Savasta, 2019). E amang mekhoa ea ho falla Kurdistan ho tloha bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1980 ke ho falla nakong ea lets'olo la Anfal ka 1988, ho falla ho khutla pakeng tsa 1991 le 2003, le ho fallela litoropong ka mor'a hore puso ea Iraq e oele ka 2003 (Eklund, Persson, & Pilesjö, 2016). Lijalo tse ngata tsa mariha li ile tsa hlalosoa e le tse sebetsang nakong ea kaho e ncha ha li bapisoa le nako ea ka mor'a Anfal e bontšang hore mobu o mong o lahliloe ka mor'a hore letšolo la Anfal le tsosolosoe nakong ea kaho (Eklund et al., 2016). Keketseho ea temo e ne e ke ke ea etsahala ka mor'a likotlo tsa khoebo nakong ena e ka hlalosang ho atolosoa ha lijalo tsa mariha (Eklund et al., 2016). Libaka tse ling tse neng li sa lengoa pele li ile tsa fetoha masimo a lijalo tsa mariha mme ho bile le keketseho ea lijalo tsa mariha tse tlalehiloeng lilemo tse leshome kamora hore nako ea kaho bocha e fele mme puso ea Iraq e oa (Eklund et al., 2016). Ka khohlano pakeng tsa Naha ea Boislamo (IS) le mebuso ea Kurdish le Iraq, meferefere nakong ea 2014 e bontša hore sebaka sena se ntse se tsoela pele ho angoa ke likhohlano (Eklund et al., 2016).
Khohlano ea Kurdish naheng ea Turkey e simolohile nalaneng ea 'Muso oa Ottoman (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Baetapele ba morabe le ba bolumeli ba lokela ho kenyelletsoa ho utloisisa ntoa ena ea Kurdish (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Maikutlo a Kurds mabapi le likhohlano tsa Turkey le kutloisiso ea batho ba merabe ea Turkey hammoho le merabe e meng ea Turkey e bohlokoa ho utloisisa likhohlano sechabeng sena (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2016). Bofetoheli ba Kurdish likhethong tsa tlholisano tsa Turkey bo bonahala ka 1950 (Tezcur, 2015). Keketseho ea mokhatlo oa Kurdish o mabifi le o se nang mabifi oa Turkey o fumaneha nakong ea ka mor'a 1980 ha PKK (Partiya Karkereˆn Kurdistan), sehlopha sa marabele sa Makurde, se qala ntoa ea likhukhuni ka 1984 (Tezcur, 2015). Ntoa e ile ea tsoela pele ho baka lefu ka mor'a lilemo tse mashome a mararo ka mor'a ho qalisoa ha bofetoheli (Tezcur, 2015).
Khohlano ea Kurdish ea Turkey e nkoa e le "nyeoe e emelang lintoa tsa lehae tsa ethno-nationalist" ka ho hlalosa kamano pakeng tsa lintoa tsa lehae tsa ethno-nationalist le timetso ea tikoloho kaha lintoa tsa lehae li ka 'na tsa aroloa' me li lumella 'muso ho phethahatsa morero oa oona oa ho senya. bofetoheli (Gurses, 2012, p.268). Litšenyehelo tse hakantsoeng tsa moruo tseo Turkey e li entseng khohlanong le ba arohaneng le Kurdish ho tloha 1984 mme ho fihlela bofelong ba 2005 e bile $88.1 bilione ka litšenyehelo tse tobileng le tse sa tobang (Mutlu, 2011). Litšenyehelo tse tobileng li bakoa hang-hang likhohlanong ha litšenyehelo tse sa tobang e le litlamorao tse joalo ka tahlehelo ea batho ka lebaka la lefu kapa likotsi tsa batho ka bomong, ho falla, ho fofa ha chelete le matsete a lahliloeng (Mutlu, 2011).
Iseraele
Iseraele kajeno ke naha e arohaneng ka bolumeli le thuto (Cochran, 2017). Ho bile le khohlano e ntseng e tsoela pele lipakeng tsa Bajude le Maarabia Iseraeleng ho qala lekholong la mashome a mabeli la lilemo le ho tsoela pele ho fihlela qalong ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli a motso o mong (Schein, 2017). Mabrithani a ile a hapa naha ho Maottoman Ntoeng ea I ea Lefatše mme sebaka seo ea fetoha setsi se seholo sa phepelo ea mabotho a Borithane ho WWII (Schein, 2017). E matlafalitsoe tlas'a taelo ea Brithani le 'muso oa Iseraele, Iseraele e fane ka mehloli e fapaneng empa e sa lekana le phihlelo e fokolang ea mmuso le thuto ea bolumeli ho tloha 1920 ho fihlela joale (Cochran, 2017).
Phuputso e entsoeng ke Schein (2017) e fumane hore ha ho na phello e le 'ngoe e tiileng ea lintoa moruong oa Iseraele. WWI, WWII, le Ntoa ea Matsatsi a Tšeletseng li bile molemo moruong oa Iseraele, empa "'bofetoheli ba Maarabo" ba 1936-1939, ntoa ea lehae ka 1947-1948, ntoa ea pele ea Maarabia le Iseraele bakeng sa baahi ba Maarabia ba Tlamahaneng. Palestine, le li-intifada tse peli li bile le liphello tse mpe moruong "(Schein, 2017, p. 662). Liphello tsa moruo tsa ntoa ea 1956 le lintoa tsa pele le tsa bobeli tsa Lebanone "li ne li lekanyelitsoe hantle kapa tse mpe" (Schein, 2017, p. 662). Kaha liphapang tsa nako e telele tikolohong ea moruo ho tloha Ntoeng ea pele ea Maarabia le Iseraele bakeng sa baahi ba Bajuda ba Palestine e Tlamang le Ntoa ea Yom Kippur le phapang ea nakoana ea tikoloho ea moruo ho tloha Ntoeng ea Ntoa e ke keng ea khethoa, liphello tsa moruo. e ke ke ea rarolloa (Schein, 2017).
Schein (2017) e bua ka likhopolo tse peli ha ho baloa liphello tsa moruo oa ntoa: (1) ntlha ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa palong ena ke phetoho ea tikoloho ea moruo ho tloha ntoeng le (2) hore lintoa tsa ka hare kapa tsa lehae li baka tšenyo e eketsehileng moruong. kholo ha e bapisoa le tahlehelo ho chelete ea 'mele e tsoang lintoeng ho tloha ha moruo o emisa nakong ea lintoa tsa ka hare kapa tsa lehae. WWI ke mohlala oa phetoho ea tikoloho ea moruo ho tloha ntoeng (Schein, 2017). Le hoja WWI e sentse motse-moholo oa temo Iseraele, phetoho ea maemo a moruo ka lebaka la WWI e ile ea hlahisa kholo ea moruo ka mor'a ntoa, 'me ka hona WWI e bile le tšusumetso e ntle kholisong ea moruo Iseraele (Schein, 2017). Khopolo ea bobeli ke hore lintoa tsa ka hare kapa tsa lehae, tse bontšitsoeng ke li-intifada tse peli le 'Bofetoheli ba Maarabia', moo tahlehelo e bakiloeng ke moruo o sa sebetseng ka nako e telele, e bakile kotsi e kholo ho kholo ea moruo ho feta tahlehelo ea lichelete tsa 'mele ho tloha lintoeng. Schein, 2017).
Likhopolo tse mabapi le liphello tsa moruo tsa nako e telele le tse khutšoanyane tsa ntoa li ka sebelisoa thutong e entsoeng ke Ellenberg et al. (2017) mabapi le mehloli e meholo ea litšenyehelo tsa ntoa joalo ka litšenyehelo tsa sepetlele, lits'ebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo e matla, le ho latela morao-rao. Boithuto bona e ne e le tatellano ea likhoeli tsa 18 ea baahi ba Israele kamora ntoa ea 2014 Gaza nakong eo bafuputsi ba neng ba sekaseka litšenyehelo tsa bongaka tse amanang le litlhaselo tsa rocket mme ba hlahloba palo ea batho ba hlasetsoeng ba entseng likopo tsa bokooa. Litšenyehelo tse ngata nakong ea selemo sa pele li ne li amana le ho kena sepetlele le thuso bakeng sa khatello ea kelello (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Litšenyehelo tsa ambulatory le ho tsosolosa li ile tsa eketseha nakong ea selemo sa bobeli (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Liphello tse joalo tsa lichelete tikolohong ea moruo ha lia ka tsa etsahala feela selemong sa pele empa li ile tsa tsoela pele ho hōla nakong ea nako e telele.
Afghanistan
Ho tloha phetohelong ea sesole ea People's Democratic Party ea Afghanistan ka 1978 le tlhaselo ea Soviet ka 1979, Maafghan a bile le lilemo tse mashome a mararo tsa pefo, ntoa ea lehae, khatello le tlhoekiso ea morabe (Callen, Isaqzadeh, Long, & Sprenger, 2014). Khohlano ea kahare e ntse e tsoela pele ho ama nts'etsopele ea moruo oa Afghanistan hampe e fokolitseng matsete a bohlokoa a poraefete (Huelin, 2017). Ho na le mabaka a fapaneng a bolumeli le a merabe naheng ea Afghanistan moo merabe e leshome le metso e meraro e nang le litumelo tse fapaneng tse qothisanang lehlokoa le taolo ea moruo (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014).
E amang boemo ba moruo Afghanistan ke feudalism kaha e hohlana le tsoelopele ea moruo oa Afghan (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014). Afghanistan e sebetsa e le mohloli oa 87% ea opium le heroin e seng molaong ho tloha ha e nyatsa Taliban ka 2001 (Dixon et al., 2014). Ka hoo e ka bang 80% ea baahi ba Afghan ba amehang temong, Afghanistan e nkoa e le moruo oa temo (Dixon et al., 2014). Afghanistan e na le limmaraka tse fokolang, 'me opium e le eona e kholo ka ho fetisisa (Dixon et al., 2014).
Afghanistan, naha e harasoantsoeng ke ntoa e nang le matlotlo a tlhaho a ka thusang Afghanistan hore e se ke ea itšetleha haholo ka lithuso, bo-ramatsete le sechaba se sebetsana le maano a sa tsotelleng likhohlano ho tsoa mmusong le batseteli (del Castillo, 2014). Matsete a tobileng kantle ho naha (FDI) ho liminerale le masimong a temo, le maano a mmuso ho ts'ehetsa matsete ana, a bakile likhohlano le baahi ba balehileng mahaeng a bona (del Castillo, 2014).
Ho hakanngoa ke morero oa Litšenyehelo tsa Ntoa Setsing sa Watson sa Lithuto tsa Machabeng hore tšebeliso ea US ho tloha 2001 ho isa 2011 ka tlhaselo ea Iraq, Afghanistan, le Pakistan e bile $3.2 ho $4 trillion e neng e le makhetlo a mararo khakanyo ea semmuso (Masco, 2013). Litšenyehelo tsena li ne li kenyelletsa lintoa tsa 'nete, litšenyehelo tsa bongaka bakeng sa bahlabani, tekanyetso ea ts'ireletso ea molao, merero ea thuso ea Lefapha la Naha, le Tšireletso ea Lehae (Masco, 2013). Bangoli ba ngola hore ho bolailoe basebetsi ba sesole sa 10,000 ba US le borakonteraka mme likopo tsa bokooa tsa 675,000 li rometsoe ho Veteran Affairs ka Loetse 2011 (Masco, 2013). Litlokotsi tsa baahi ba Iraq, Afghanistan le Pakistan li hakanyetsoa bonyane ho 137,000, le baphaphathehi ba fetang limilione tse 3.2 ba tsoang Iraq ba seng ba lelekiloe ho pholletsa le sebaka seo (Masco, 2013). Morero oa Litšenyehelo tsa Lintoa o boetse o ithutile litšenyehelo tse ling tse ngata ho kenyelletsa litšenyehelo tsa tikoloho le litšenyehelo tsa menyetla (Masco, 2013).
Puisano le Qetello
Khohlano ea bolumeli e bonahala e ama linaha, batho ka bomong le lihlopha ka litsela tse tobileng le tse sa tobang tsa moruo. Litšenyehelo tseo li ka saloa morao ho litšenyehelo tse tobileng, joalo ka ha li bonoa lihloohong tse hlahlobiloeng thutong ena, hammoho le ka mokhoa o sa tobang, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ke thuto e shebaneng le liprofinse tse tharo tse ka boroa tsa Thailand - Pattani, Yala, le Narathiwat (Ford, Jampaklay, & Chamratrithirong, 2018). Phuputsong ena e kenyelletseng bacha ba baholo ba Mamoseleme ba 2,053 ba lilemo li 18-24, barupeluoa ba tlalehile maemo a tlase a matšoao a kelello leha liperesente tse nyane li tlalehile "palo e kholo e lekaneng ho tšoenyeha" (Ford et al., 2018, p. . 1). Matšoao a mangata a kelello le maemo a tlase a thabo a fumanoe ho barupeluoa ba neng ba lakatsa ho fallela sebakeng se seng bakeng sa mosebetsi (Ford et al., 2018). Barupeluoa ba bangata ba hlalositse matšoenyeho mabapi le pefo bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi mme ba tlaleha litšitiso tse ngata ho phehella thuto, ho kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, litšenyehelo tsa moruo tsa thuto, le tšokelo ea pefo (Ford, et al., 2018). Haholo-holo, barupeluoa ba banna ba bontšitse matšoenyeho mabapi le lipelaelo tsa ho kenya letsoho pefong le ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi (Ford et al., 2018). Morero oa ho falla kapa ho lula Pattani, Yala le Narathiwat o ne o amana le mosebetsi o thibetsoeng le tšokelo ea pefo (Ford et al., 2018). Ho ile ha fumanoa hore le hoja bacha ba bangata ba tsoela pele ka bophelo ba bona 'me ba bangata ba bontša hore ba tloaetse pefo, khatello ea moruo e bakoang ke pefo le tšoso ea pefo hangata li ama bophelo ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi (Ford et al., 2018). Litšenyehelo tse sa tobang tsa moruo li ne li ke ke tsa baloa habonolo ka har'a lingoliloeng.
Libaka tse ling tse ngata tsa liphello tsa moruo tsa likhohlano tsa bolumeli tsa ethno-religious li hloka lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng, ho kenyelletsa le lipatlisiso tse tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho bala likamano mabapi le likhohlano tsa bolumeli le liphello tsa moruo, linaha tse eketsehileng le libaka tse itseng, le bolelele ba likhohlano le phello ea eona. ka moruo. Joalo ka ha Collier (1999) a pheta, "Khotso e boetse e khutlisa liphetoho tse entsoeng ke ntoa ea lehae ea nako e telele. Se boleloang ke hore ka mor'a ho fela ha lintoa tse telele, mesebetsi e kotsing ea ntoa e ba le khōlo e potlakileng: kabo ea khotso e akaretsang e eketsoa ke phetoho ea lihlopha "(leq. 182). Bakeng sa boiteko ba ho aha khotso, lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele sebakeng sena ke tsa bohlokoa haholo.
Litlhahiso bakeng sa Lipatlisiso tse Tsoelang Pele: Mekhoa ea Mekhatlo e Kopanetsoeng ea Kaho ea Khotso
Ho feta moo, haeba ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling boitekong ba ho aha khotso joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana mabapi le likhohlano tsa bolumeli, ke mokhoa ofe, lits'ebetso le mekhoa ea boithuto e thusang lipatlisisong tseo? Bohlokoa ba tšebelisano-'moho le mekhatlo e fapaneng bo ke ke ba hlokomolohuoa kahong ea khotso kaha lithuto tse fapaneng tse kenyelletsang, empa li sa felle feela, mosebetsi oa boiketlo ba sechaba, thuto ea kahisano, moruo, likamano tsa machaba, lithuto tsa bolumeli, lithuto tsa tekano, nalane, anthropology, lithuto tsa puisano le mahlale a lipolotiki. ts'ebetso ea ho aha khotso ka mekhoa le mekhoa e fapaneng, haholo mekhoa ea maikutlo.
Ho bontša bokhoni ba ho ruta ho rarolla likhohlano le ho aha khotso e le ho aha toka ea morabe, ea sechaba, ea tikoloho le ea moruo ke karolo ea kharikhulamo ea thuto ea boiketlo ba sechaba le baithuti ba pele. Litaeo tse ngata li ameha ho ruteng tharollo ea likhohlano, 'me tšebelisano-'moho ea lihlopha tseo e ka matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho aha khotso. Lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo ea litaba ha lia ka tsa fumanoa ka ho batlisisa ka botlalo lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tse sebetsanang le tharollo ea likhohlano ho tsoa ponong ea litsebi tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa mekhoa e mengata, ho fapana ha maemo a fapaneng, maikutlo a kenyang letsoho botebong, bophara le bongata ba tharollo ea likhohlano. mekhoa ea ho aha khotso.
E amohetsoe ke mosebetsi oa boiketlo ba sechaba, pono ea tikoloho e ntlafalitsoeng ho tsoa ho theory ea litsamaiso mme e fane ka moralo oa mohopolo oa kholo ea mokhoa o akaretsang oa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi oa sechaba (Suppes & Wells, 2018). Mokhoa oa kakaretso o shebana le maemo a mangata, kapa litsamaiso, tsa ho kenella, ho kenyeletsoa motho ka mong, lelapa, sehlopha, mokhatlo le sechaba. Sebakeng sa kaho ea khotso le tharollo ea likhohlano, naha, naha, le lefats'e li eketsoa joalo ka maemo a ho kenella leha maemo ana hangata a sebetsoa joalo ka maemo a mokhatlo le sechaba. Ho Setšoantšo se Qanollang 1 ka tlase, naha, naha, le lefats'e li sebetsoa joalo ka maemo a arohaneng (litsamaiso) tsa ho kenella. Monahano ona o lumella lithuto tse fapaneng tse nang le tsebo le bokhoni ba ho aha khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano ho kenella ka kopanelo maemong a ikhethileng, e leng se etsang hore taeo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e fane ka matla a eona molemong oa ho aha khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano. Joalokaha ho boletsoe ho Setšoantšo se Qanollang 1, mokhoa o fapaneng oa litloaelo ha o lumelle feela, empa o khothalletsa, litloaelo tsohle ho kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea ho bōpa khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano haholo-holo ka ho sebetsa ka mekhoa e fapaneng joaloka likhohlanong tsa bolumeli.
Tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele ea ho rarolla likhohlano tsa thuto le litlhaloso tsa lithuto tsa ho haha khotso le mekhoa ea ho ruta mosebetsing oa boiketlo ba sechaba le litloaelo tse ling li khothaletsoa kaha mekhoa e metle ea ho aha khotso e ka hlalosoa ka botebo le ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa mesebetsi ea ho haha khotso. Liphetoho tse ithutoang li kenyelletsa tlatsetso le tsepamiso ea lithuto tse rutang lithuto tsa tharollo ea likhohlano le boitlamo ba baithuti ho rarolloeng ha likhohlano lefatšeng ka bophara. Ka mohlala, taeo ea mosebetsi oa boiketlo ba sechaba e shebane le toka ea sechaba, ea morabe, ea moruo le ea tikoloho ho rarolloeng ha likhohlano joalokaha ho boletsoe Leanong la Leano la Thuto ea Boiketlo ba Sechaba 2022 le Melao ea Kamohelo bakeng sa Mananeo a Baccalaureate le Master (leq. Thuto ea Mosebetsi, 9):
Bokhoni ba 2: Ho Ntšetsa Pele Litokelo tsa Botho le Toka ea Sechaba, Morabe, Moruo le Tikoloho
Basebeletsi ba boiketlo ba sechaba ba utloisisa hore motho e mong le e mong ho sa tsotellehe boemo ba sechaba sechabeng o na le litokelo tsa mantlha tsa botho. Basebeletsi ba boiketlo ba sechaba ba na le tsebo ka ho hloka toka lefatšeng ka bophara le ho tsoela pele ho pholletsa le histori e bakang khatello le khethollo ea morabe, ho kenyelletsa le karolo ea mosebetsi oa sechaba le karabelo. Basebeletsi ba boiketlo ba sechaba ba hlahloba ka botebo ho ajoa ha matla le tokelo sechabeng e le ho ntšetsa pele toka ea sechaba, morabe, moruo le tikoloho ka ho fokotsa ho se lekane le ho netefatsa seriti le tlhompho ho bohle. Basebeletsi ba boiketlo ba sechaba ba buella le ho kenya letsoho maqheka a ho felisa lithibelo tse hatellang tsa meralo ho netefatsa hore mehloli ea sechaba, litokelo le boikarabelo li abuoa ka ho lekana le hore litokelo tsa botho, tsa lipolotiki, tsa moruo, tsa sechaba le tsa setso li sirelelitsoe.
Basebeletsi ba boiketlo ba sechaba:
a) buella litokelo tsa botho boemong ba motho ka mong, lelapa, sehlopha, mokhatlo, le tsamaiso ea sechaba; le
b) ho etsa litloaelo tse ntšetsang pele litokelo tsa botho ho ntšetsa pele toka ea sechaba, morabe, moruo le tikoloho.
Tlhahlobo ea litaba, e entsoeng ka mohlala o sa reroang oa lithuto tsa tharollo ea likhohlano ka mananeo a univesithi le koleche United States le lefats'eng ka bophara, e fumane hore le hoja lithuto li ruta likhopolo tsa ho rarolla likhohlano, hangata lithuto ha li fuoe litlotla tsena thutong ea mosebetsi oa sechaba le ho lithuto tse ling. Lipatlisiso li boetse li fumane phapang e kholo palo ea lithupelo tse amehang ho rarolloeng ha likhohlano, tsepamiso ea lithupelo tseo ho rarolloeng likhohlano, sebaka sa lithupelo le mananeo a ho rarolla likhohlano ka har'a univesithi kapa kolecheng, le palo le mefuta ea lithuto tsa tharollo ea likhohlano. Patlisiso e fumanehang ka mekhoa le litloaelo tse fapaneng, tse matla, le tse sebelisanang tsa litsebo tsa ho rarolla likhohlano ka menyetla ea lipatlisiso le lipuisano tse tsoelang pele United States le lefats'e ka bophara (Conrad, Reyes, & Stewart, 2022; Dyson, del Mar Fariña, Gurrola, & Cross-Denny, 2020; Friedman, 2019; Hatiboğlu, Özateş Gelmez, & Öngen, 2019; Onken, Franks, Lewis, & Han, 2021).
Mosebetsi oa boiketlo ba sechaba e le litsebi tsa ho bōpa khotso le ho rarolla likhohlano li ne li tla sebelisa khopolo ea ecosystems mekhoeng ea bona. Mohlala, maqheka a fapaneng a marabele a sebelisitsoeng a se nang mabifi tlhahong (Ryckman, 2020; Cunningham, Dahl, & Frugé 2017) a entsoe lipatlisiso (Cunningham & Doyle, 2021). Litsebi tsa kaho ea khotso hammoho le litsebi li lebisitse tlhokomelo ho puso ea marabele (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Cunningham and Loyle (2021) ba fumane hore lipatlisiso mabapi le lihlopha tsa marabele li tsepamisitse maikutlo boitšoarong le liketsong tse bontšitsoeng ke marabele a seng sehlopheng sa ho loana, ho kenyelletsa le ho haha litsi tsa lehae le ho fana ka litšebeletso tsa sechaba (Mampilly, 2011; Arjona, 2016a; Arjona , Kasfir, & Mampilly, 2015). Ho phaella tsebong e fumanoeng lithutong tsena, lipatlisiso li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho hlahloba mekhoa e amanang le mekhoa ena ea puso linaheng tse ngata (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021; Huang, 2016; Heger & Jung, 2017; Stewart, 2018). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa puso ea borabele hangata li hlahloba litaba tsa puso haholo-holo e le karolo ea mekhoa ea ho rarolla likhohlano kapa li ka shebana feela le maqheka a mabifi (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Tšebeliso ea mokhoa oa tikoloho e ka ba molemo ho sebeliseng tsebo le litsebo tse fapaneng tsa thuto le litsebo tsa ho aha khotso le mekhoa ea ho rarolla likhohlano.
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