Usombululo lweeMbango oluLulelekileyo ngokweNkcubeko

Eyona ndlela iphambili yoSombululo lweengxabano ezizezinye (ADR) yavela e-US, kwaye ibandakanya ixabiso le-Euro-American. Nangona kunjalo, ukusonjululwa kweengxabano ngaphandle kweMelika kunye neYurophu kwenzeka phakathi kwamaqela aneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko, ubuhlanga, inkolo kunye nobuhlanga. Umlamli oqeqeshwe kwi-(Global North) i-ADR iyazabalaza ukulinganisa amandla phakathi kwamaqela kwezinye iinkcubeko kunye nokulungelelanisa ixabiso labo. Enye indlela yokuphumelela kulamlo kukusebenzisa iindlela ezisekelwe kwisiko lemveli nelomthonyama. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-ADR zingasetyenziselwa ukuxhobisa iqela elinamandla amancinci, kunye nokuzisa ukuqonda okukhulu kwinkcubeko ebalaseleyo yolamlo / abalamli. Iindlela zemveli ezihlonipha iinkqubo zeenkolelo zengingqi nangona kunjalo zinokuqulatha ukuphikisana kumaxabiso eGlobal North mediators. Ezi xabiso ze-Global North, njengamalungelo oluntu kunye nokuchasana nenkohlakalo, azikwazi ukunyanzeliswa kwaye zingabangela ukukhangela umphefumlo onzima ngabalamli be-Global North malunga nemingeni yokuphela kwendlela.  

“Ihlabathi owazalelwa kulo ngumzekelo nje omnye wokwenene. Ezinye iinkcubeko azikho iinzame ezingaphumeleliyo zokuba nguwe; ziimbonakaliso ezikhethekileyo zomoya womntu.” – Wade Davis, American/Canada anthropologist

Injongo yale nkcazo-ntetho kukuxoxa ngendlela iingxabano ezisonjululwa ngayo kwiinkqubo zobulungisa zemveli nezemveli kunye noluntu lwezizwe, kunye nokwenza izindululo zendlela entsha yeengcali zeGlobal North ze-Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Uninzi lwenu lunamava kwezi ndawo, kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba nizakutsiba nibelane ngamava enu.

Izifundo phakathi kweenkqubo kunye nokufakwa kwezichumiso ezinqamlezileyo kunokuba kuhle ukuba nje ukwabelana kuhambelana kwaye kunentlonipho. Kubalulekile kwingcali ye-ADR (kunye nequmrhu elimqeshileyo okanye elimbonelelayo) ukuba baqonde ubukho nexabiso labanye, ingakumbi amaqela emveli nawemveli.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokusombulula iingxabano. Imizekelo ibandakanya uthethathethwano, ulamlo, ulamlo kunye nokugweba. Abantu basebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokusingatha iingxabano ekuhlaleni, eziquka ingcinezelo yoontanga, intlebendwane, ikhethe, ugonyamelo, ukuhlaziswa esidlangalaleni, ubugqwirha, ukuphiliswa ngokomoya, nokugezelwa kwezalamane okanye iindawo zokuhlala. Eyona ndlela yokusombulula iingxabano /ADR yavela e-US, kwaye ibandakanya amaxabiso aseYurophu-Amerika. Ndibiza le-Global North ADR ukuyahlula kwiindlela ezisetyenziswa kwiGlobal South. Iingcali zeGlobal North ADR zinokubandakanya iingcamango malunga nentando yesininzi. NgokukaBen Hoffman, kukho “inkonzo yokufundisa” yeGlobal North style ADR, apho abalamli:

• abathathi cala.
• abanagunya lokwenza izigqibo.
• azikho myalelo.
• ukuququzelela.
• akufuneki banike zisombululo kumaqela.
• musa ukuxoxisana namaqela.
• abakhethi buso ngokubhekiselele kwisiphumo solamlo.
• akukho kungqubana kwezilangazelelo.[1]

Kule nto, ndongeza ukuba:

• ukusebenza ngeekhowudi zokuziphatha.
• baqeqeshiwe kwaye baqinisekisiwe.
• gcina imfihlo.

Enye i-ADR iqhutyelwa phakathi kwamaqela aneenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, ubuhlanga, kunye nobuhlanga, apho ingcali ihlala izama ukugcina itafile (ibala lokudlala) phakathi kwamaqela, kuba kukho ukuhlukana kwamandla amaninzi. Enye indlela yokuba umlamli abe novelwano kwiimfuno zamaqela kukusebenzisa iindlela ze-ADR ezisekelwe kwiindlela zemveli. Le ndlela inezinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhobisa iqela elidla ngokuba namandla amancinane kunye nokuzisa ukuqonda okukhulu kwiqela lenkcubeko elongamileyo (kwabo bakungquzulwano okanye abalamli). Ezinye zezi nkqubo zemveli zineendlela zokunyanzeliswa nokubekwa kweliso kwisisombululo esinentsingiselo, kwaye zinentlonipho kwiinkqubo zeenkolelo zabantu ababandakanyekayo.

Lonke uluntu lufuna iiforam zolawulo nokusombulula iingxabano. Iinkqubo zesiNtu zihlala zijongwa njengezo zenkokeli okanye umdala ohlonitshwayo oququzelelayo, olamla, olamla, okanye asombulule impikiswano ngokwakha isivumelwano ngenjongo “yokulungisa ubudlelwane babo” endaweni “yokufumana inyaniso, okanye ukumisela ubutyala uxanduva.”

Indlela abaninzi bethu abaqhuba ngayo i-ADR icelwa umngeni ngabo bafuna ukuvuselelwa kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona kokusombulula iingxabano ngokwenkcubeko kunye nesiko leqela lemveli okanye iqela lendawo, elinokusebenza ngakumbi.

Ukugweba kwiingxabano ze-post-colonial kunye ne-diaspora kufuna ulwazi olungaphaya koko i-ADR ingcali ngaphandle kobugcisa obuthile benkolo okanye yenkcubeko inokubonelela, nangona ezinye iingcali kwi-ADR zibonakala zikwazi ukwenza yonke into, kubandakanywa neengxabano ze-diaspora ezivela kwiinkcubeko zabaphambukeli e-United States naseYurophu. .

Ngokuthe ngqo, amancedo eenkqubo zemveli ze-ADR (okanye ukusombulula impixano) inokuphawulwa ngolu hlobo:

• eqhelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko.
• ingenarhwaphilizo noko. (Oku kubalulekile, kuba amazwe amaninzi, ngakumbi kuMbindi Mpuma, akafikeleli kwimigangatho yeGlobal North yolawulo lomthetho kunye nokuchasana norhwaphilizo.)

Ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-ADR yemveli kukuba:

• ngokukhawuleza ukufikelela kwisigqibo.
• ngexabiso eliphantsi.
• iyafikeleleka ekuhlaleni kwaye inezibonelelo.
• kunyanzeliswa kuluntu olungagungqiyo.
• uthembekile.
• kugxininise ekubuyiseleni okusesikweni kunempindezelo—ukugcina imvisiswano phakathi koluntu.
• oluqhutywa ziinkokeli zoluntu ezithetha ulwimi lwasekuhlaleni neziqonda iingxaki zasekuhlaleni. Izigqibo zidla ngokumkelwa luluntu ngokubanzi.

Kwabo basegumbini basebenze ngeenkqubo zemveli okanye zemveli, ngaba olu luhlu luyavakala? Ungongeza ezinye iimpawu kuyo, ukusuka kumava akho?

Iindlela zasekuhlaleni zinokubandakanya:

• izangqa ezenza uxolo.
• ezithetha izangqa.
• inkomfa yosapho okanye yeqela labahlali.
• ukuphiliswa ngokwesithethe.
• ukutyunjwa komdala okanye umntu osisilumko ukuba agwebe imbambano, ibhunga labadala, kunye neenkundla zasekuhlaleni.

Ukungaphumeleli ukulungelelanisa imingeni yomxholo wendawo yimbangela eqhelekileyo yokungaphumeleli kwi-ADR xa usebenza neenkcubeko ezingaphandle kweGlobal North. Iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zabenzi bezigqibo, iingcali, kunye nabavavanyi abenza iprojekthi ziya kuchaphazela iimbono kunye nezigqibo zabo babandakanyekayo ekusonjululweni kweengxabano. Izigwebo malunga norhwebo phakathi kweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamaqela abemi zinxulunyaniswa nexabiso. Iingcali kufuneka zizazi ezi ntlupheko kwaye zizichaze, ubuncinci kubo, kwinqanaba ngalinye kwinkqubo. Ezi ntlupheko aziyi kuhlala zisonjululwa kodwa zinokuncitshiswa ngokuvuma indima yemilinganiselo, nokusebenza kumgaqo wobulungisa kwimeko enikiweyo. Nangona kukho iingqiqo ezininzi kunye neendlela zobulungisa, ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanywe koku kulandelayo izinto ezine eziphambili:

• intlonipho.
• ukungathathi hlangothi (ukungabi nacala kunye nomdla).
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba.
• ukuthembeka (enganxulumananga kangako nokunyaniseka okanye ubuchule kodwa ingcinga yononophelo lweenqobo ezisesikweni).

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kubhekiselele kwingcamango yokuba wonke umntu ufanelwe nethuba elifanelekileyo lokufezekisa amandla akhe apheleleyo. Kodwa ke, kwinani lemibutho yemveli, abafazi bakhutshelwa ngaphandle ithuba - njengoko babenjalo kumaxwebhu okusekwa kwe-United States, apho onke "amadoda adalwe alingana" kodwa eneneni ayecalulwe bubuhlanga, kwaye abafazi bakhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokuphandle. amalungelo amaninzi kunye neenzuzo.

Enye into emele iqwalaselwe lulwimi. Ukusebenza ngolwimi olungelulo ulwimi lwakho lweenkobe kunokuba nefuthe kwizigqibo ezisesikweni. Ngokomzekelo, uAlbert Costa weUniversitat Pompeu Fabra yaseSpeyin noogxa bakhe bafumanisa ukuba ulwimi okuthethwa ngalo nengxaki yokuziphatha lunokuyitshintsha indlela abantu abasabela ngayo kule ngxaki. Bafumanise ukuba iimpendulo ezinikwe ngabantu bezinengqiqo kwaye ziluncedo ngokusekwe kweyona nto ilungileyo kubantu abaninzi. Umgama ngokwasengqondweni nangokweemvakalelo wadalwa. Abantu bakwatyekele ekuqhubeni ngcono kuvavanyo lwengqiqo esulungekileyo, ulwimi lwasemzini-kwaye ngakumbi kwimibuzo enempendulo ecacileyo-kodwa-engachanekanga kunye nempendulo echanekileyo ethatha ixesha ukusebenza.

Ngaphezu koko, inkcubeko inokumisela iikhowudi zokuziphatha, njengakwimeko ye-Afghanistani kunye ne-Pakistani Pashtunwali, apho umgaqo wokuziphatha unobukho obunzulu kwingqondo ehlangeneyo yesizwe; ibonwa 'njengomgaqo-siseko' ongabhalwanga wesizwe. Ubuchule benkcubeko, ngokubanzi, yiseti yeendlela zokuziphatha ezihambelanayo, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo edibana kunye kwinkqubo, i-arhente, okanye phakathi kweengcali ezivumela umsebenzi osebenzayo kwiimeko zenkcubeko. Ibonisa amandla okufumana nokusebenzisa ulwazi lweenkolelo, izimo zengqondo, izenzo kunye neepatheni zonxibelelwano zabahlali, abaxumi kunye neentsapho zabo ukuphucula iinkonzo, ukomeleza iinkqubo, ukwandisa ukuthatha inxaxheba koluntu, kunye nokuvala izikhewu kwisimo phakathi kwamaqela abantu abahlukeneyo.

Imisebenzi ye-ADR ke ngoko kufuneka isekelwe kwinkcubeko kwaye iphenjelelwe, kunye neenqobo ezisemgangathweni, izithethe, kunye neenkolelo ezimisela uhambo lomntu kunye neqela kunye nendlela eyodwa yoxolo nokusombulula impixano. Iinkonzo kufuneka zisekelwe kwinkcubeko kwaye zenziwe ngumntu.  I-Ethnocentrism kufuneka iphetshwe. Inkcubeko, kunye neemeko zembali, kufuneka zifakwe kwi-ADR. Uluvo lobudlelwane kufuneka lwandiswe ukuze luquke izizwe neziduko. Xa inkcubeko kunye nembali ishiywe ngaphandle okanye iphathwa ngendlela engafanelekanga, amathuba e-ADR anokutshatyalaliswa kunye neengxaki ezininzi zidalwe.

Indima yengcali ye-ADR inokuba ngaphezulu kombhexeshi onolwazi olusondeleyo malunga nonxibelelwano lweqela, iingxabano kunye nezinye izinto eziguqukayo, kunye nokubanakho kunye nomnqweno wokungenelela. Ukomeleza le ndima, kufuneka kubekho uqeqesho olufanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko yokusombulula iingxabano kunye neenkqubo zamalungu e-ADR, amalungelo oluntu, amaqela amalungelo oluntu kunye namaziko karhulumente adibana kunye/okanye abonisane nabantu bokuqala kunye namanye amaqela omthonyama, emveli kunye namaqela emveli. Olu qeqesho lunokusetyenziswa njengento ekhuthaza ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yokusombulula iingxabano ehambelana nenkcubeko kuluntu lwalo. Iikomishoni zamalungelo oluntu zikaRhulumente, urhulumente wesigqeba, umkhosi kunye namanye amaqela karhulumente, amaqela oluntu, imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, kunye nabanye, ukuba iprojekthi iphumelele, babe nako ukulungelelanisa imigaqo kunye nobuchule bokusombulula iingxaki zamalungelo oluntu. neminye imiba naphakathi kolunye uluntu lwenkcubeko.

Iindlela ezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko ze-ADR azisoloko, okanye jikelele, zilungile. Zisenokubangela iingxaki zokuziphatha—ezibandakanya ukungabikho kwamalungelo kumabhinqa, inkohlakalo, ukusekelwe kudidi lwabantu okanye kudidi lwabantu, yaye kungenjalo ukungayifikeleli imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yehlabathi. Kusenokubakho ngaphezulu kwenkqubo enye yemveli esebenzayo.

Ukusebenza kwezi ndlela zokufikelela kumalungelo akumiselwa kuphela ngamatyala afunyenweyo okanye alahlekileyo, kodwa nangomgangatho wezigqibo ezinikiweyo, ukwaneliseka oku kumnika umfaki-sicelo, kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemvisiswano.

Okokugqibela, ingcali ye-ADR isenokungakhululeki ekuvakaliseni ubumoya. EUnited States, ngokuqhelekileyo siqeqeshelwa ukuba singaluvanzi unqulo—ibe ngokukodwa “elungathathi cala”—intetho. Nangona kunjalo, kukho uhlobo lwe-ADR oluziswa yinkolo. Umzekelo ngulowo kaJohn Lederach, owakhokelwa yiCawa yamaMennonite aseMpuma. Ubungakanani bomoya bamaqela umntu asebenza nawo ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka buqinisekiswe. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kuMthonyama waseMelika, amaqela abantu bokuqala kunye nezizwe, nakuMbindi Mpuma.

UZen Roshi Dae Soen Sa Nim wasebenzisa eli binzana ngokuphindaphindiweyo:

“Lahla zonke iimbono, zonke izinto ezithandwayo nezingathandwayo, kwaye ugcine ingqondo engakwaziyo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu.”  (Seung Sahn: Andazi; Ukwalusa iinkomo; http://www.oxherding.com/my_weblog/2010/09/seung-sahn-only-dont-know.html)

Enkosi kakhulu. Zeziphi izimvo kunye nemibuzo onayo? Yeyiphi eminye imizekelo yale miba ukusuka kumava akho?

UMarc Brenman nguMdala Ukuqhutywaluncedo Buzaugqirha, iKomishoni yamaLungelo oLuntu eWashington State.

[1] UBen Hoffman, iZiko laseKhanada loThethathethwano oluSetyenzisiweyo, Phumelela eso siVumelwano: Ukuvuma koMlamli weHlabathi lokwenyani; Iindaba zeCIIAN; Ebusika ngo-2009.