UVavanyo lweNdlela yokuSebenza kwamaLungiselelo oLwabiwo lwaMandla eSouth Sudan: Indlela yoLwakhiwo loXolo kunye noSombululo-mpikiswano
Abstract:
Ingxabano enobundlobongela eSouth Sudan inezizathu ezininzi nezinzima. Kukho ukunqongophala kwamandla ezopolitiko avela kuMongameli uSalva Kiir, uDinka wohlanga, okanye owayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli uRiek Machar, iNuer, ukuphelisa ubutshaba. Ukumanyanisa ilizwe nokuxhasa urhulumente wokwabelana ngolawulo kuya kufuna ukuba iinkokeli zibeke bucala iiyantlukwano zazo. Eli phepha lisebenzisa inkqubo-sikhokelo yokwabelana ngamandla njengendlela yokwakha uxolo kunye nesisombululo songquzulwano ekusonjululweni kongquzulwano phakathi kwabahlali kunye nasekuvaleni iyantlukwano ebukhali kuluntu oludlakazwe yimfazwe. Idatha eqokelelwe kolu phando ifunyenwe ngohlalutyo olubanzi lwesihloko soncwadi olukhoyo malunga nongquzulwano eMzantsi Sudan kunye namanye amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla emva kongquzulwano kwi-Afrika iphela. Idatha yayisetyenziselwa ukukhomba izizathu ezidibeneyo kunye nezintsonkothileyo zobundlobongela kunye nokuphonononga isivumelwano soxolo se-ARCSS ka-Agasti 2015 kunye nesivumelwano soxolo se-R-ARCSS ngoSeptemba 2018, esaqala ukusebenza nge-22 kaFebruwari.nd, 2020. Eli phepha lizama ukuphendula umbuzo omnye: Ngaba ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngegunya yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokwakha uxolo nokusombulula iingxabano eSouth Sudan? Ithiyori yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwisakhiwo kunye nethiyori yongquzulwano lwamaqela inika ingcaciso enamandla ngongquzulwano eSouth Sudan. Eli phepha libonisa ukuba, kulo naliphi na ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla ukuba libambe eSouth Sudan, ukuthembana kufuneka kwakhiwe kwakhona phakathi kwabachaphazelekayo abahlukeneyo kwingxabano, efuna ukuchithwa kwezixhobo, ukuchithwa, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwakhona (DDR) kwemikhosi yezokhuseleko, ubulungisa kunye nokuphendula. , amaqela oluntu awomeleleyo, kunye nolwabiwo olulinganayo lobutyebi bendalo phakathi kwawo onke amaqela. Ukongeza, ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla lilodwa alinakuzisa uxolo nokhuseleko oluzinzileyo eMzantsi Sudan. Uxolo kunye nokuzinza kunokufuna inyathelo elongezelelweyo lokuqhawula ipolitiki kwisizwe, kunye nesidingo sokuba abalamli bagxininise ngokucokisekileyo kwiingcambu kunye nezikhalazo zemfazwe yamakhaya.
Khuphela Eli nqaku
Ukucetyiswa:
Darboe, F. (2022). Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwamalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla eSouth Sudan: Indlela yokwakha uxolo kunye nokusombulula impixano. Ijenali yokuHlala Ndawonye, 7(1), 26-37.
Ulwazi lwenqaku:
@Inqaku{Darboe2022}
Isihloko = {Ukuvavanya iNdlela yokuSebenza koLwabelwano lwaMandla eSudan yaseMzantsi: Indlela yoKwakha uxolo kunye noSombululo-ngxabano}
Umbhali = {Foday Darboe}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-power-sharing-arrangements-in-south-sudan-a-peacebuilding-and-conflict-resolution-approach/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Shicilela); 2373-6631 (kwi-intanethi)}
Unyaka = {2022}
Umhla = {2022-12-10}
Ijenali = {Ijenali yokuHlala kunye}
Umthamo = {7}
Inani = {1}
Amaphepha = {26-37}
Umshicileli = {Iziko leHlabathi le-Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Idilesi = {White Plains, New York}
Uhlelo = {2022}.
intshayelelo
Ithiyori yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwisakhiwo kunye nethiyori yongquzulwano lwamaqela inika ingcaciso enamandla ngongquzulwano eSouth Sudan. Izifundiswa kwizifundo zoxolo nongquzulwano ziye zagcina ukuba ubulungisa, iimfuno zoluntu, ukhuseleko, kunye nesazisi zezona zizathu zongquzulwano xa zishiywa zingalungiswanga (Galtung, 1996; Burton, 1990; Lederach, 1995). Emazantsi eSudan, ubundlobongela obukwisakhiwo buthatha indlela yokungohlwaywa okuxhaphakileyo, ukusetyenziswa kobundlobongela ukugcina amandla, ukujongelwa phantsi, kunye nokungabikho kokufikelela kwimithombo kunye namathuba. Oku kungalingani okuye kwaphumela ekubeni kungene kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nezentlalo zelizwe.
Oyena nobangela wongquzulwano eSouth Sudan kukujongelwa phantsi kwezoqoqosho, ukhuphiswano lobuzwe lwamandla, izixhobo, kunye namashumi eminyaka obundlobongela. Abaphengululi kwinzululwazi yezentlalo baluchaze unxibelelwano phakathi kweempawu zeqela kunye nongquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela. Iinkokeli zopolitiko zihlala zisebenzisa isazisi seqela njengesikhalo sokuhlanganisa abalandeli bazo ngokuzichaza ngokwahlukileyo kwamanye amaqela oluntu (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Ukukhuthaza ukwahlukana kweentlanga ngale ndlela kukhokelela ekukhuphisaneni kwamandla ezopolitiko kwaye kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kweqela, okwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula iingxabano kunye nokwakha uxolo. Ukuzoba kwiziganeko ezininzi eSouth Sudan, iinkokeli zezopolitiko ezivela kwiintlanga zeDinka kunye neNuer zisebenzise uloyiko kunye nokungakhuselekanga ukukhuthaza ungquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela.
Urhulumente okhoyo eSouth Sudan uphume kwisivumelwano soxolo esiqukayo esibizwa ngokuba siSivumelwano soXolo esiBanzi (i-CPA). ISivumelwano soXolo esiBanzi, esasayinwa nge-9 kaJanuwari ka-2005 nguRhulumente weRiphabhlikhi yaseSudan (GoS) kunye neqela eliphikisayo eliphambili eMzantsi, iSudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), yafikelela esiphelweni ngakumbi. ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini eminyaka yemfazwe yamakhaya enobundlobongela eSudan (1983–2005). Njengoko imfazwe yamakhaya yayiphela, amalungu akwizikhundla eziphezulu zeSudan People's Liberation Movement/Army abeka bucala iiyantlukwano zawo ukuze abonise umphambili omanyeneyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, azibeke kwiofisi yezopolitiko (Okiech, 2016; Roach, 2016; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Ngo-2011, emva kwamashumi eminyaka emfazwe ethatha ixesha elide, abantu baseSouthern Sudan bavotela ukuba bahlukane noMantla kwaye baba lilizwe elizimele. Sekunjalo, kwiminyaka nje emibini emva kokuba ilizwe lifumene inkululeko, eli lizwe labuyela kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Ekuqaleni, iyantlukwano yayiphakathi kukaMongameli uSalva Kiir kunye nowayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli uRiek Machar, kodwa iqhinga lezopolitiko liye ladodobala kugonyamelo lobuzwe. Urhulumente weSudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) kunye nomkhosi wakhe, iSudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), bahlukene emva kongquzulwano ekudala ikho. Njengoko ukulwa kwasasazeka ngaphaya kweJuba kwezinye iindawo, ubundlobongela bahlukanisa zonke iintlanga ezinkulu (Aalen, 2013; Radon & Logan, 2014; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017).
Ukuphendula, i-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) yalamla isivumelwano soxolo phakathi kwamaqela alwayo. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe angamalungu aphambili abonise ukunqongophala komdla wokufumana isisombululo esomeleleyo ngokusebenzisa i-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development inkqubo yothethathethwano loxolo ukuphelisa ungquzulwano. Kwiinzame zokufumana isisombululo esinoxolo kungquzulwano lwaseSudan olungaphendukiyo olukuMntla-Mzantsi, indlela yokwabelana ngamandla emacala maninzi yaphuhliswa ngaphakathi kweSivumelwano soXolo esiBanzi sowama-2005, ukongeza kwiSivumelwano sika-Agasti ka-2015 sokuSombululwa kweNgxaki eSouth Sudan (ARCSS), ejongene nokwandiswa kobundlobongela bangaphakathi eMzantsi (de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Abaphengululi abaliqela kunye nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo baluthathelel’ ingqalelo ungquzulwano lwase-Sudan njengongquzulwano phakathi kwamaqela—kodwa ukuyila ungquzulwano ikakhulu ngokwemigaqo yobuhlanga kuyasilela ukujongana neminye imiba eyendele nzulu.
NgoSeptemba ka-2018 Revitalized Aisivumelwano kwi Rukupheliswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Sisivumelwano se-udan (R-ARCSS) senzelwe ukuvuselela iSivumelwano sika-Agasti 2015 kwiSigqibo seNgxaki eSouth Sudan, eyayineziphene ezininzi kwaye yayingenazo iinjongo ezichazwe kakuhle, izikhokelo, kunye nesakhelo sokwakha uxolo kunye nokukhulula amaqela avukelayo. Nangona kunjalo, zombini iSivumelwano kwiSigqibo seNgxaki eSouth Sudan kunye ne Revitalized Aisivumelwano kwi Rukupheliswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Si-udan igxininise ukusasazwa kwamagunya phakathi kwezopolitiko kunye nezomkhosi. Le ngqwalasela imxinwa yandisa ukujongelwa phantsi kwezopolitiko, uqoqosho, kunye noluntu oluqhuba ubundlobongela eSouth Sudan. Akukho nasinye kwezi zivumelwano zibini zoxolo esineenkcukacha ngokwaneleyo ukujongana nemithombo enzulu yongquzulwano okanye ukuphakamisa imephu yendlela yokumanyanisa amaqela omkhosi kwimikhosi yokhuseleko ngelixa ulawula iinguqu kwezoqoqosho kunye nokulungisa izikhalazo.
Eli phepha lisebenzisa inkqubo-sikhokelo yokwabelana ngamandla njengendlela yokwakha uxolo kunye nesisombululo songquzulwano ekusonjululweni kongquzulwano phakathi kwabahlali kunye nasekuvaleni iyantlukwano ebukhali kuluntu oludlakazwe yimfazwe. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukwabelana ngamagunya kunomnqweno wokuqinisa iyantlukwano ekhokelela ekuwohlokeni komanyano lwesizwe kunye nokwakha uxolo. Idatha eqokelelwe kolu phando ifunyenwe ngohlalutyo olupheleleyo lwemixholo yoncwadi olukhoyo ngongquzulwano lwaseSudan yoMzantsi kunye namanye amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla emva kongquzulwano kwi-Afrika iphela. Idatha yayisetyenziselwa ukukhomba izizathu ezidibeneyo kunye nezinzima zobundlobongela kwaye zihlolisise iSivumelwano sika-Agasti 2015 kwiSigqibo seNgxaki eSouth Sudan kunye noSeptemba 2018. Revitalized Aisivumelwano kwi Rukupheliswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Sudan, eyaqala ukusebenza nge-22 kaFebruwarind, 2020. Eli phepha lizama ukuphendula umbuzo omnye: Ngaba ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngegunya yeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokwakha uxolo nokusombulula iingxabano eSouth Sudan?
Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ndichaza imvelaphi yembali yongquzulwano. Uphononongo loncwadi luphonononga imizekelo yamalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla kwangaphambili eAfrika njengomgaqo osisikhokelo. Emva koko ndicacisa izinto eziza kukhokelela kwimpumelelo yorhulumente womanyano, ndisithi ukuseka uxolo nozinzo, ukumanyanisa ilizwe, nokwenza urhulumente wokwabelana ngegunya kuya kufuna ukuba iinkokeli ziphinde zakhe ukuthembana, zabelane ngokulinganayo ngemithombo yendalo kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. amaqela eentlanga, uhlengahlengiso lwamapolisa, ukuhlutha izixhobo zomkhosi, ukukhuthaza uluntu olusebenzayo noludlamkileyo, kunye nokuseka isikhokelo soxolelwaniso ukujongana nexesha elidlulileyo.
Amalinge oXolo
ISivumelwano sika-Agasti ka-2015 malunga neSigqibo seNgxaki kwisivumelwano soxolo eSouth Sudan, elamlwa yi-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), yayijoliswe ekusombululeni ingxabano yezopolitiko phakathi kukaMongameli Kiir kunye nowayesakuba nguSekela-Mongameli wakhe, uMachar. Ngamaxesha amaninzi kulo lonke uthethathethwano, uKiir noMachar baphule umtya wezivumelwano zangaphambili ngenxa yokungavisisani kokwabelana ngamandla. Phantsi koxinzelelo lweBhunga loKhuseleko lweZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNSC) kunye nezohlwayo ezawiswa yi-United States, kunye nothintelo lwezixhobo ukuphelisa udushe, omabini amaqela atyikitya isivumelwano sokwabelana ngolawulo esathi saphelisa udushe okwethutyana.
Izibonelelo zesivumelwano soxolo sika-Agasti 2015 senze izithuba zabaphathiswa ezingama-30 ezahlulwe phakathi kweKiir, Machar, kunye namanye amaqela aphikisayo. UMongameli Kiir wayenolawulo lwekhabhinethi kunye nobulungu abaninzi abaphikisayo kwipalamente kazwelonke ngelixa uSekela Mongameli uMachar wayenolawulo lwamalungu omabini aphikisayo kwikhabhinethi (Okiech, 2016). Isivumelwano soxolo sika-2015 sanconywa ngokujongana neenkxalabo ezahlukeneyo zabo bonke abachaphazelekayo, kodwa besingenandlela yokugcina uxolo yokuthintela ubundlobongela ngexesha leenguqu. Kwakhona, isivumelwano soxolo sahlala ixesha elifutshane ngenxa yomlo ohlaziyiweyo ngoJulayi ka-2016 phakathi kwemikhosi karhulumente kunye noSekela Mongameli othembekileyo uMachar, owanyanzela uMachar ukuba abaleke elizweni. Omnye wemiba ephikisanayo phakathi komongameli uKiir kunye neqela eliphikisayo yayiyisicwangciso sakhe sokwahlula amazwe ali-10 kwilizwe libe ngama-28. Ngokutsho kweqela eliphikisayo, imida emitsha iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli Kiir weDinka isizwe esikhulu sepalamente enamandla kunye nokutshintsha ukulingana kobuhlanga belizwe (Sperber, 2016 ). Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zinto zikhokelele ekuweni koRhulumente weTransitional of National Unity (TGNU).
Isivumelwano soxolo sika-Agasti 2015 kunye nelungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla ngoSeptemba ka-2018 lwakhiwe ngakumbi kumnqweno wokwenziwa ngokutsha kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kumaziko kunokudala izakhiwo zezopolitiko zexesha elide kunye neendlela zokudala uxolo. Ngokomzekelo, i Revitalized Aisivumelwano kwi Rukupheliswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Si-udan yenza isakhelo sikarhulumente omtsha wenguqu esibandakanya iimfuno zokubandakanywa konyulo lwabaphathiswa. I Revitalized Aisivumelwano kwi Rukupheliswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle SUdan uphinde wadala amaqela amahlanu ezopolitiko kwaye wabela oosekela-mongameli abane, kwaye uSekela Mongameli wokuqala, uRiek Machar, uza kukhokela icandelo lolawulo. Ngaphandle kosekela mongameli wokuqala, bekungayi kubakho ulawulo phakathi koosekela mongameli. Olu lungiselelo lolwabelwano lwamagunya lukaSeptemba 2018 luchaze indlela iTransitional National Legislature (TNL) eza kusebenza ngayo, indlela iTransitional National Legislative Assembly (TNLA) kunye neCouncil of Statess iya kusekwa ngayo, kunye nendlela iBhunga labaPhathiswa kunye namaSekela abaPhathiswa phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo. sebenza (Wuol, 2019). Izivumelwano zokwabelana ngamandla zazingenazo izixhobo zokuxhasa amaziko karhulumente kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba ulungiselelo lwenguqu luya kuhlala luqinile. Ngaphezu koko, ekubeni izivumelwano zasayinwa kumxholo wemfazwe yamakhaya eqhubekayo, akukho namnye owabandakanya onke amaqela kungquzulwano, nto leyo eyaxhokonxa ukuvela kwabaphangi kunye nokwandisa ixesha lemfazwe.
Nangona kunjalo, nge-22 kaFebruwari 2020, uRiek Machar kunye nezinye iinkokeli eziphikisayo bafungiswa njengoSekela Mongameli kurhulumente omtsha womanyano waseSudan. Esi sivumelwano soxolo sanika uxolelo kubavukeli kwimfazwe yamakhaya yaseSudan, kuquka noSekela Mongameli uMachar. Kwakhona, uMongameli uKiir waqinisekisa amazwe alishumi okuqala, nto leyo eyayisisivumelwano esibalulekileyo. Enye ingongoma yembambano yayilukhuseleko lobuqu lukaMachar eJuba; nangona kunjalo, njengenxalenye yemvumelwano yomda we-10 kaKiir, uMachar wabuyela eJuba ngaphandle kwemikhosi yakhe yokhuseleko. Ngezo ngxaki zimbini zixambulisanayo zigqityiwe, amaqela atywina isivumelwano soxolo, nangona eshiye amanqaku abalulekileyo-kubandakanya indlela yokukhawulezisa umanyano oluqhubekayo lwemikhosi yezokhuseleko ethembekileyo kuKiir okanye kuMachar kumkhosi omnye wesizwe-ukuba iqwalaselwe emva kolutsha. urhulumente uqalise ukusebenza (iQela leNgxaki yeHlabathi, yowama-2019; iQumrhu loSasazo laseBritani, ngowama-2020; iBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngowama-2020).
Ukujongisisa uluncwadi
Izifundiswa ezininzi ziye zaqhubela phambili ithiyori yedemokhrasi yonxibelelwano, kuquka uHans Daalder, uJorg Steiner, noGerhard Lehmbruch. Isindululo sethiyori sedemokhrasi yomanyano sesokuba amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamagunya anezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Abaxhasi bamalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla bagxininise iingxoxo zabo malunga nemigaqo esisiseko yokusonjululwa kwengxabano okanye iindlela zokwakha uxolo kuluntu olwahluleleneyo kumsebenzi wezemfundo ka-Arend Lijphart, ophando lwakhe olusisiseko "kwidemokhrasi yomanyano kunye nedemokhrasi yokuvumelana" yaseka impumelelo ekuqondeni iindlela. yedemokhrasi kuluntu olwahluleleneyo. U-Lijphart (2008) wathi idemokhrasi kuluntu olwahluleleneyo iyafikeleleka, naxa abemi bohlukene, ukuba iinkokeli zenza imbumba. Kwidemokhrasi yomanyano, imanyano isekwa ngabachaphazelekayo abamele onke amaqela aphambili oluntu kwaye babelwe ngokulinganayo iiofisi kunye nezibonelelo (Lijphart 1996 & 2008; O'Flynn & Russell, 2005; Spears, 2000).
U-Esman (2004) uchaza ukwabiwa kwamagunya “njengeseti yendalo yokucinga, iinkqubo, namaziko, apho ubugcisa bolawulo buba ngumcimbi wothethathethwano, uxolelwaniso, nokubeka esichengeni iminqweno kunye nezikhalazo zoluntu lwalo” (iphe. 178). Ke ngoko, idemokhrasi yomanyano luhlobo lwedemokhrasi eneseti eyahlukileyo yokwabelana ngamalungiselelo, izenzo kunye nemigangatho. Ngenjongo yolu phando, igama elithi "ukwabelana ngamandla" liya kuthatha indawo "idemokhrasi yomanyano" njengoko ukwabelana ngamandla kusembindini wesakhelo sethiyori yomanyano.
Kwisisombululo songquzulwano kunye nezifundo zoxolo, ukwabelana ngamandla kubonwa njengesisombululo songquzulwano okanye indlela yokwakha uxolo enokuthi ixazulule iingxabano ezintsonkothileyo, iingxabano phakathi koluntu, iingxabano zamaqela amaninzi, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwamaziko anoxolo kunye nedemokhrasi, ukubandakanywa, kunye nokwakhiwa kwemvumelwano (Cheeseman, 2011; Aeby, 2018; Hartzell & Hoddie, 2019). Kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, ukuphumeza amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla kuye kwaba yinto ephambili ekusonjululweni kongquzulwano phakathi koluntu eAfrika. Umzekelo, izikhokelo zokwabelana ngamandla zangaphambili zayilwa ngo-1994 eMzantsi Afrika; ngowe-1999 eSierra Leone; 1994, 2000, nowama-2004 eBurundi; ngowe-1993 eRwanda; ngowama-2008 eKenya; kunye no-2009 eZimbabwe. Emazantsi eSudan, ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla olunamacandelo amaninzi lalingundoqo kwiindlela zokusombulula iingxabano kuzo zombini iSivumelwano soXolo esiBanzi sowama-2005 (CPA), iSivumelwano sowama-2015 ngeSigqibo seNgxaki eSouth Sudan (ARCSS) isivumelwano soxolo, kunye nesivumelwano soxolo sikaSeptemba 2018. Isivumelwano soSombululo seNgxaki eSouth Sudan (R-ARCSS) isivumelwano soxolo. Ngokwethiyori, ingqikelelo yokwabelana ngamandla iquka ulungelelwaniso olubanzi lwenkqubo yezopolitiko okanye imibutho enokuthi ivale iyantlukwano ebukhali kuluntu oludlavulwe yimfazwe. Ngokomzekelo, eKenya, amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla phakathi kukaMwai Kibaki kunye noRaila Odinga basebenze njengesixhobo sokujongana nobundlobongela bezopolitiko kwaye baphumelele, ngokuyinxenye, ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwamaziko abandakanya imibutho yoluntu kunye nokunciphisa ukugxunyekwa kwezopolitiko ngumbutho omkhulu. umanyano (Cheeseman & Tendi, 2010; Kingsley, 2008). EMzantsi Afrika, ukwabiwa kwamagunya kwasetyenziswa njengesiseko seziko lexeshana ukuhlanganisa amaqela ahlukeneyo emva kokuphela kocalucalulo (Lijphart, 2004).
Abachasi belungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla njengoFinkeldey (2011) baye baphikisa ukuba ukwabelana kwamandla "kune-gap enkulu phakathi kwethiyori ngokubanzi kunye nezopolitiko" (iphe. 12). UTull noMehler (2005), okwangoku, balumkisa malunga "neendleko ezifihliweyo zokwabelana ngamandla," enye yazo kukubandakanywa kwamaqela anobundlobongela obungekho mthethweni ekufuneni izixhobo kunye namandla ezopolitiko. Ngaphezu koko, abagxeki bokwabelana ngegunya baye bacebisa ukuba "apho amandla abelwe abantu abakhethekileyo abachazwe ngokobuhlanga, ukwabelana ngamandla kunokunyusa ukwahlukana kobuhlanga kuluntu" (Aeby, 2018, p. 857).
Abagxeki baye baxoxa kwakhona ukuba yomeleza izazisi zobuhlanga ezileleyo kwaye inika uxolo lwexeshana elifutshane kunye nozinzo, ngaloo ndlela isilela ukwenza umanyano lwedemokhrasi. Kumxholo weSouth Sudan, ukwabiwa kwamandla okudityaniswayo kuye kwavunywa njengokubonelela nge-architype yokusombulula ungquzulwano, kodwa le ndlela iphezulu yolwabelwano lwamandla ayizange ikhuphe uxolo oluzinzileyo. Ngaphandle koko, inqanaba izivumelwano zokwabelana ngamagunya ezinokukhuthaza uxolo nozinzo, ngokuyinxenye, kwicala lamaqela kungquzulwano, kubandakanywa nendima enokubakho ‘yababhuqi’. Njengoko u-Stedman (1997) wachazayo, umngcipheko omkhulu wokwakhiwa koxolo kwiimeko zasemva kongquzulwano uvela "kubaphangi": ezo nkokeli kunye namaqela anamandla kwaye azimisele ukubhenela kubundlobongela ukuphazamisa iinkqubo zoxolo ngokusebenzisa amandla. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamaqela amaninzi aqhekekayo kulo lonke elaseSouth Sudan, amaqela axhobileyo angazange abe yinxalenye yesivumelwano soxolo sika-Agasti 2015 abe negalelo ekuphazamisekeni kwelungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla.
Kucacile ukuba ukuze amalungiselelo okwabelana ngegunya aphumelele, kufuneka andiselwe kumalungu amanye amaqela ngaphandle kwabo batyikityayo. EMazantsi eSudan, eyona ngqwalasela ingundoqo kukhuphiswano lukaMongameli Kiir kunye noMachar kwagquma izikhalazo zabemi abaqhelekileyo, ezaqhubela umlo phakathi kwamaqela axhobileyo. Ngokusisiseko, isifundo kumava anjalo sesokuba amalungiselelo okwabelana ngegunya kufuneka alungelelaniswe ngokwenyani, kodwa iindlela ezingaqhelekanga zokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwezopolitiko phakathi kwamaqela ukuba aza kuba nethuba lokuphumelela. Kwimeko yeSouth Sudan, ukwahlukana kobuhlanga kusembindini wongquzulwano kwaye yeyona nto iphambili kubundlobongela, kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuba likhadi lasendle kwezopolitiko zaseSudan. Iipolitiki zobuhlanga ezisekelwe kukhuphiswano lwembali kunye noqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezizukulwana lumisele ukubunjwa kwamaqela alwayo eSouth Sudan.
U-Roeder noRothchild (2005) bathi amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla anokuba nemiphumo enenzuzo ngexesha lokuqala lokuguquka ukusuka kwimfazwe ukuya eluxolweni, kodwa imiphumo eyingxaki ngakumbi kwixesha lokudibanisa. Ulungiselelo lwangaphambili lokwabelana ngamagunya eSudan yoMzantsi, umzekelo, lugxile kwinkqubo yokumanyanisa amandla okwabelwana ngawo, kodwa alinika ingqwalasela enganeno kubadlali abaninzi abangaphakathi kwiSudan yoMzantsi. Kwinqanaba leengcamango, abaphengululi kunye nabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo baye baxela ukuba ukungabikho kwengxoxo phakathi kophando kunye nee-ajenda zohlalutyo kuye kwaba noxanduva lweendawo ezingaboniyo kwiincwadi, eziye zathanda ukungabahoyi abadlali abanokuba nefuthe kunye ne-dynamics.
Ngelixa uncwadi ngolwabelwano lwamandla luvelise iimbono ezahlukeneyo malunga nokusebenza kwalo, intetho emalunga nombono ihlalutywe ngokukodwa ngeelensi ze-intra-elite, kwaye kukho izikhewu ezininzi phakathi kwethiyori kunye nokusebenza. Kula mazwe akhankanywe ngasentla apho oorhulumente bokwabelana ngamandla badalwa, kugxininiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwixesha elifutshane kunokuba uzinzo lwexesha elide. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kwimeko yaseSouth Sudan, amalungiselelo angaphambili okwabelana ngamandla awaphumelelanga ngenxa yokuba amisele isisombululo kuphela kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo, ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo uxolelwaniso lobuninzi. Esinye isilumkiso esibalulekileyo sesokuba ngelixa amalungiselelo okwabelana ngamandla ajongene nokwakha uxolo, ukusonjululwa kweengxabano kunye nokuthintela ukuphinda kwemfazwe, ayiwuhoyanga umgaqo wokwakha umbuso.
Izinto eziya kuKhokela kwiMpumelelo yoRhulumente woManyano
Naliphi na ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla, eneneni, lifuna ukuhlanganisa zonke iindawo eziphambili zoluntu kwaye ubanike isabelo samagunya. Ke, kulo naliphi na ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla ukuba libambe eSouth Sudan, kufuneka liphinde lakhe ukuthembana phakathi kwabo bonke abachaphazelekayo kungquzulwano, ukusuka ekuthotyweni izixhobo, ukudilizwa, kunye nokudityaniswa (DDR) kwamaqela ahlukeneyo ukuya kwimikhosi yokhuseleko ekhuphisanayo, kwaye kunyanzeliswe ubulungisa kunye nokuphendula. , ukuvuselela amaqela oluntu, kunye nokusasaza ubutyebi bendalo ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amaqela. Ukwakha ukuthembana kubalulekile kulo naliphi na inyathelo lokudala uxolo. Ngaphandle kobudlelwane obuluqilima bokuthembana phakathi kukaKiir noMachar ngokukodwa, kodwa kwakhona, phakathi kwamaqela aqhekekayo, ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla liya kusilela kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo lisenokusasaza ukungakhuseleki ngakumbi, njengoko kwenzekile kwimeko yesivumelwano sokwabelana ngo-Agasti 2015. Isivumelwano saqhawuka kuba uSekela Mongameli uMachar wasuswa emva kwesibhengezo sikaMongameli Kiir sokuba uMachar uzame ukubhukuqa. Oku kwafaka iqela lohlanga lweDinka oluhambelana noKiir kunye nabo bavela kwisizwe saseNuer ababexhasa uMachar omnye komnye (Roach, 2016; Sperber, 2016). Enye into enokukhokelela kwimpumelelo yelungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla kukwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamalungu amatsha ekhabhinethi. Ukuze ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla lisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, bobabini uMongameli Kiir kunye noSekela Mongameli Machar kufuneka benze umoya wokuthembana macala omabini ngexesha lenguqu. Uxolo lwexesha elide luxhomekeke kwiinjongo kunye nezenzo zawo onke amaqela kwisivumelwano sokwabelana ngegunya, kwaye owona mngeni uphambili iya kuba kukusuka kumagama anenjongo entle ukuya kwizenzo ezisebenzayo.
Kwakhona, uxolo nonqabiseko luxhomekeke ekuhluthweni kwezixhobo amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo abavukeli elizweni. Ngokufanelekileyo, uhlaziyo lwecandelo lokhuseleko kufuneka luphunyezwe njengesixhobo sokudala uxolo ukunceda ukudibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo axhobileyo. Uhlaziyo lwecandelo lezokhuseleko kufuneka lugxininise ukulungelelanisa ngokutsha abo babefudula bengabalwa babe ngumkhosi wesizwe, amapolisa kunye neminye imikhosi yokhuseleko. Amanyathelo okwenene okuphendula ajongana nabavukeli nokusetyenziswa kwabo ukuphembelela ungquzulwano olutsha ayafuneka ukuze abo babesakuba ngamadabi, abasandul’ ukuhlanganiswa, bangabi saphazamisa uxolo nozinzo lwelizwe. Ukuba kwenziwe ngokufanelekileyo, oko kuthotywa kwezixhobo, ukudilizwa, kunye nokubuyiselwa eluntwini (DDR) kuya komeleza uxolo ngokukhuthaza ukuthembana phakathi kwabo babefudula bechasene nokukhuthaza ukuthotywa kwezixhobo ngakumbi kunye neenguqu ezininzi zomlo kubomi basekuhlaleni. Ke ngoko, uhlaziyo lwecandelo lokhuseleko kufuneka lubandakanye ukwenza imikhosi yezokhuseleko yaseSouth Sudan ibe yipolitiki. Inkqubo eyimpumelelo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo, ukudilizwa, kunye nokudibanisa ngokutsha (DDR) nayo iyakuvula indlela yozinzo nophuhliso lwexesha elizayo. Ubulumko obuqhelekileyo bubambe ukuba ukudibanisa abavukeli bangaphambili okanye amajoni kumkhosi omtsha kunokusetyenziselwa ukwakha umlingiswa wesizwe omanyeneyo (iMvana & Stainer, 2018). Urhulumente womanyano, ngokusebenzisana neZizwe eziManyeneyo (UN), iManyano ye-Afrika (i-AU), iGunya eliPhakathi koRhulumente kuPhuhliso (IGAD), kunye nezinye ii-arhente, kufuneka athabathe umsebenzi wokuhlutha izixhobo kunye nokubuyisela abo babesakuba ngamajoni kubomi boluntu ngeli xesha. ejolise kukhuseleko olusekwe kuluntu kunye nendlela yokuya phezulu.
Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba inkqubo yezobulungisa kufuneka iguqulwe ngokulinganayo ukuze kuqinisekwe ngokukholelekayo umthetho, ukuseka kwakhona ukuthembela kumaziko karhulumente, nokomeleza idemokhrasi. Kuxoxiwe ukuba ukusetyenziswa kohlaziyo lobulungisa bexeshana kwimibutho yasemva kongquzulwano, ngakumbi iiKomishoni zeNyaniso noXolelwaniso (TRC), kusenokuphazamisana nezivumelwano zoxolo ezisalindileyo. Nangona oku kunokuba njalo, kumaxhoba, iinkqubo zobulungisa benguqu emva kongquzulwano zinokutyhila inyaniso malunga nokungabikho kobulungisa kwangaphambili, ukuphonononga oonobangela bazo, ukutshutshisa abenzi bobubi, amaziko ohlengahlengiso, kunye nokuxhasa uxolelwaniso (Van Zyl, 2005). Ngokomgaqo, inyaniso kunye noxolelwaniso luya kunceda ukwakha kwakhona ukuthembana eSouth Sudan kwaye uthintele ukuphinda ungquzulwano. Ukudala inkundla yomgaqo-siseko yethutyana, uhlaziyo lwenkundla, kunye ne i-Ad hoc IKomiti yoLungiso lwezoBulungisa (JRC) ukunika ingxelo kwaye yenze iingcebiso ngexesha lenguqu, njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSivumelwano esiVuselelweyo kwiSigqibo sokuQothulwa kweNgqungquthela eSouth Sudan (R-ARCSS) isivumelwano, siya kubonelela ngesithuba sokuphilisa iiyantlukwano ezinzulu zentlalo kunye nokwenzakala. . Ngenxa yoxanduva lwamanye amaqela kungquzulwano, nangona kunjalo, ukuphumeza la manyathelo kuya kuba yingxaki. IKomishoni eyomeleleyo yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso (TRC) ngokuqinisekileyo inokuba negalelo elibalulekileyo kuxolelwaniso nozinzo, kodwa kufuneka ibone ukuwiswa kobulungisa njengenkqubo engathatha amashumi eminyaka okanye izizukulwana. Kubalulekile ukuseka nokugcina ulawulo lomthetho kunye nokuphumeza imigaqo neenkqubo ezicinezela amagunya awo onke amaqela kwaye ziwabeke uxanduva ngezenzo zawo. Oku kunokunceda ukuthomalalisa ukungavisisani, ukudala uzinzo, nokunciphisa ukubakho kongquzulwano olungakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ikhomishini enjalo yenziwe, kufuneka iphathwe ngononophelo ukuphepha ukuziphindezela.
Kuba amalinge okudala uxolo abandakanya izigaba ezininzi zabadlali kwaye ajolise kuyo yonke imiba yesakhiwo sikarhulumente, afuna inzame yebhodi emva kokuphunyezwa kwabo ngempumelelo. Urhulumente wenguqu kufuneka aquke amaqela aliqela ukusuka kumanqanaba asezantsi kunye namanqanaba aphezulu ukuya kulwakhiwo ngokutsha lwasemva kongquzulwano kunye nemizamo yokwakha uxolo eSouth Sudan. Ukuqukana, ingakumbi oko kwamaqela oluntu, kuyafuneka ekomelezeni iinkqubo zoxolo zesizwe. Uluntu olusebenzayo noludlamkileyo-kuquka iinkokeli zezenkolo, iinkokeli zabasetyhini, iinkokeli zolutsha, iinkokeli zoshishino, izifundiswa, kunye nothungelwano lwezomthetho-lunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizithembiso zokudala uxolo ngelixa likhuthaza ukuvela koluntu oluthatha inxaxheba kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko yedemokhrasi (Quinn, 2009). Ukumisa ukuqhubela phambili kongquzulwano, iinzame zaba badlali bahlukeneyo kufuneka zijongane zombini ubungakanani bokusebenza kunye neemvakalelo zoxinzelelo lwangoku, kwaye omabini amacala kufuneka aphumeze umgaqo-nkqubo ojongana nemibuzo yokubandakanywa ngexesha lenkqubo yoxolo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhethwa kwabameli. elubala.
Okokugqibela, omnye wabaqhubi beengxabano ezingapheliyo eSouth Sudan lukhuphiswano oludala phakathi kweDinka kunye neNuer elite lokulawula amandla ezopolitiko kunye nemithombo ye-oyile enkulu kulo mmandla. Izikhalazo eziphathelele ukungalingani, ukucalulwa, ukunganyaniseki, ukucalulana, nezobupolitika zobuhlanga ziphakathi koothunywashe abaninzi abaphawula olu ngquzulwano lukhoyo ngoku. Urhwaphilizo kunye nokhuphiswano lwamandla ezopolitiko ziyafana, kwaye iiwebhu ze-kleptocratic exploitation ziququzelela ukuxhaphazwa kwezibonelelo zoluntu ukuze kuzuze umntu. Ingeniso evela kwimveliso ye-oyile kufuneka ijolise, endaweni yoko, kuphuhliso loqoqosho oluzinzileyo, olufana notyalo-mali kwintlalontle, uluntu kunye nenkunzi yeziko. Oku kungaphunyezwa ngokuseka indlela esebenzayo yokongamela elawula urhwaphilizo, ukuqokelelwa kwengeniso, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukwabiwa kwengeniso, kunye nenkcitho. Ukongeza, abaxhasi akufuneki bancedise urhulumente wobumbano ukuba akhe ngokutsha uqoqosho lwelizwe neziseko ezingundoqo, kodwa babeke umyinge wokuphepha urhwaphilizo olumandla. Ke, ukusasazwa ngokuthe ngqo kobutyebi, njengoko kufunwa ngamanye amaqela abavukeli, akusayi kunceda uMzantsi Sudan ukuba ulawule intlupheko ngokuzinzileyo. Ukwakhiwa koxolo lwexesha elide eSudan yaseSudan kufuneka, endaweni yoko, kuqwalaselwe izikhalazo ezinokwenyani, ezinjengokumelwa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amanqanaba ezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Ngelixa abalamli bangaphandle kunye nabaxhasi banokuququzelela kwaye baxhase ukwakhiwa koxolo, inguqu yedemokhrasi kufuneka ekugqibeleni iqhutywe ngamandla angaphakathi.
Iimpendulo kwimibuzo yophando zixhomekeke kwindlela urhulumente wokwabelana ngegunya ajongana ngayo nezikhalazo zengingqi, wakha kwakhona ukuthembana phakathi kwamaqela kungquzulwano, ukudala ukuthotywa kwezixhobo okusebenzayo, iinkqubo zokudilizwa, kunye nokubuyiselwa eluntwini (DDR), ukunikezela ngobulungisa, ubamba abenzi bobubi, ukhuthaza abenzi bobubi. uluntu oluluqilima olugcina urhulumente wokwabelana ngamagunya enoxanduva, nokuqinisekisa ukwabiwa okulinganayo kwemithombo yendalo phakathi kwawo onke amaqela. Ukuze ugweme ukuphindaphinda, urhulumente omtsha womanyano kufuneka axoshwe, aguqule amacandelo okhuseleko kwaye alungise ukwahlukana phakathi kweKiir neMachar. Onke la manyathelo abalulekile kwimpumelelo yokwabelana ngamandla kunye nokwakha uxolo eSouth Sudan. Sekunjalo, impumelelo yorhulumente omtsha womanyano ixhomekeke kukuzimisela kwezobupolitika, ukuzibophelela kwezobupolitika, nentsebenziswano yawo onke amaqela abandakanyekileyo kungquzulwano.
isiphelo
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, olu phando lubonise ukuba abaqhubi bengxabano e-South Sudan banzima kwaye baninzi. Oyena nobangela wokungquzulana phakathi kukaKiir noMachar ikwayimiba eyendele nzulu, njengolawulo olulambathayo, imilo yamagunya, urhwaphilizo, ukucalulana, kunye nokwahlukana ngokobuhlanga. Urhulumente omtsha womanyano kufuneka ajongane ngokwaneleyo nobume beyantlukwano yobuhlanga phakathi kweKiir neMachar. Ngokuxhasa iyantlukwano yobuzwe ekhoyo kunye nokusebenzisa umoya woloyiko, omabini amacala ahlanganise abaxhasi ngokufanelekileyo kulo lonke elaseSouth Sudan. Umsebenzi ongaphambili ngowokuba urhulumente wethutyana wobumbano aseke isicwangciso-nkqubo sokutshintsha izixhobo ezisisiseko kunye neenkqubo zengxoxo yesizwe ebandakanyayo, alungise iyantlukwano yobuhlanga, achaphazele utshintsho lwecandelo lezokhuseleko, alwe urhwaphilizo, anikezele ngobulungisa bexeshana, kunye nokunceda ekuhlalisweni ngokutsha abantu abagxothiweyo. Urhulumente womanyano kufuneka aphumeze iinjongo zexesha elide kunye nezexesha elifutshane ezijongana nezi zinto ziphazamisayo, ezihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuqhubela phambili kwezopolitiko kunye nokuxhotyiswa ngamacala omabini.
Urhulumente waseMzantsi Sudan kunye namahlakani akhe ophuhliso baye bagxininisa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kombuso kwaye bengagxininisi ngokwaneleyo ekwakheni uxolo. Ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngegunya lilodwa alinakuzisa uxolo nonqabiseko oluzinzileyo. Uxolo nozinzo lusenokufuna inyathelo elongezelelekileyo lokudityaniswa kwezopolitiko kubuzwe. Yintoni eya kunceda ukwenza iSouth Sudan ibe noxolo kukujongana neengxabano zasekhaya kunye nokuvumela ukubonakaliswa kwezikhalazo ezininzi ezigcinwe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kunye nabantu ngabanye. Ngokwembali, i-elite ibonakalisile ukuba uxolo ayisiyiyo le nto bazabalazela yona, ke ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe kwabo bantu banqwenela uxolo kunye neSudan yaseMazantsi. Kuphela yinkqubo yoxolo ethathela ingqalelo amaqela ahlukeneyo, amava abo aphila kuwo, kunye nezikhalazo zabo ekwabelwana ngazo ezinokuzisa uxolo olulangazelela uMzantsi Sudan. Okokugqibela, ukuze kubekho ilungiselelo elibanzi lokwabelana ngamandla ukuze liphumelele eSouth Sudan, abalamli kufuneka bagxininise ngokupheleleyo koonobangela kunye nezikhalazo zemfazwe yamakhaya. Ukuba le miba ayilungiswanga kakuhle, urhulumente omtsha womanyano uya kusilela, kwaye iSudan yaseSouth Sudan iya kuhlala ililizwe elisilwa ngokwalo.
Ucaphulo
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