Ingxabano yaseBiafra
Iinjongo zokuFunda
- Intoni: Fumana iNgqungquthela yeBiafra.
- Ngubani: Yazi amaqela aphambili kolu ngquzulwano.
- phi: Qonda iindawo zemimandla ezibandakanyekayo.
- Ngoba: Cacisa imiba yolu ngquzulwano.
- Nini: Qonda imvelaphi yembali yolu ngquzulwano.
- Njani: Qonda iinkqubo zongquzulwano, iintshukumo, kunye nabaqhubi.
- Eyiphi: Fumanisa ukuba zeziphi na izimvo ezifanelekileyo ekusombululeni impixano yaseBiafra.
Fumana iNgqungquthela yeBiafra
Imifanekiso engezantsi ibonisa ibali elibonakalayo malunga nengxabano ye-Biafra kunye nokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kokuzimela kwe-Biafra.
Yazi aMaqela Amakhulu kungquzulwano
- Urhulumente waseBritane
- IRiphabhlikhi yoMdibaniso yaseNigeria
- Abantu bomthonyama baseBiafra (IPOB) kunye nenzala yabo engazange igqitywe kwimfazwe phakathi kweNigeria neBiafra ukusuka (1967-1970)
Abantu bemveli baseBiafra (IPOB)
Iintsalela zabantu bomthonyama baseBiafra (IPOB) kunye nenzala yabo engazange idliwe kwimfazwe phakathi kweNigeria neBiafra ukusuka (1967-1970) inamaqela amaninzi:
- The Ohaneze Ndi Igbo
- Igbo Leaders of Thinking
- I-Biafra Zionist Federation (BZF)
- Intshukumo yokuSebenzisa iLizwe eliLawulayo lase-Biafra (MASSOB)
- Radio Biafra
- IBhunga eliPhezulu laBadala baBantu boMthonyama baseBiafra (SCE)
Cacisa imiba ekolu ngquzulwano
Iingxoxo zeBiafrans
- IBiafra yayililizwe elikhoyo elizimele geqe phambi kokufika kwamaBritane eAfrika
- Udibaniso lwe-1914 oludibanisa uMntla kunye noMzantsi kwaye lwadala ilizwe elitsha elibizwa ngokuba yiNigeria akukho mthethweni kuba kwagqitywa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo (yayikudityaniswa ngenkani)
- Kwaye imiqathango ye-100 yeminyaka yovavanyo lokudityaniswa iphelelwe ngo-2014 ethe ngokuzenzekelayo yachitha iManyano.
- Ukujongelwa phantsi kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko ngaphakathi eNigeria
- Ukunqongophala kweeprojekthi zophuhliso e-Biafraland
- Iingxaki zokhuseleko: ukubulawa kwabantu baseBiafra kumantla eNigeria
- Uloyiko lokuphela ngokupheleleyo
Iingxoxo zikaRhulumente waseNigeria
- Yonke eminye imimandla eyinxalenye yeNigeria yayikho njengezizwe ezizimeleyo ngaphambi kokufika kweBritane
- Eminye imimandla nayo yanyanzeliswa kumanyano, nangona kunjalo, ootata baseNigeria bavuma ngamxhelo mnye ukuqhubeka nomanyano emva kwenkululeko ngo-1960.
- Ekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-100 yokuhlanganiswa, ulawulo oludlulileyo lwabiza iNgxoxo yeSizwe kwaye zonke iintlanga zaseNigeria zaxoxa ngemiba ephathelele umanyano, kubandakanywa nokugcinwa komanyano.
- Nayiphi na injongo echaziweyo okanye ilinge lokubhukuqa urhulumente wobumbano okanye urhulumente uthathwa njengongcatshi okanye ubuqhophololo.
Iimfuno zeBiafrans
- Uninzi lwabantu baseBiafra kubandakanywa nentsalela yabo engazange idliwe kwimfazwe ye-1967-1970 iyavuma ukuba iBiafra kufuneka ikhululeke. Kodwa ngelixa abanye abantu baseBiafra befuna inkululeko ngaphakathi eNigeria kanye njengomanyano njengoko lwenziwa e-UK apho amazwe amane aseNgilani, eSkotlani, eIreland naseWales engamazwe azilawulayo e-United Kingdom, okanye eCanada apho ingingqi yaseQuebec ikwakhona. ukuzilawula, abanye bafuna inkululeko ethe ngqo eNigeria” (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014, iphe. 17).
Apha ngezantsi sisishwankathelo semfuno zabo:
- Isibhengezo selungelo labo lokuzikhethela: Ukuzimela okuthe tye kwiNigeria; okanye
- Ukuzikhethela ngaphakathi kweNigeria njengakumanyano njengoko kwakuvunyelwene kwintlanganiso yase-Aburi ngo-1967; okanye
- Ukuchithwa kweNigeria ngokobuhlanga endaweni yokuvumela ilizwe ukuba liqhekeke ekuphalazweni kwegazi. Oku kuya kubuyisela umva umanyano luka-1914 ukuze wonke umntu abuyele kwilizwe looyisemkhulu njengoko wayenjalo ngaphambi kokufika kwamaBritane.
Funda ngeMvelaphi yeMbali yolu ngquzulwano
- Iimephu zaMandulo zase-Afrika, ngokukodwa imephu ye-1662, zibonisa uBukumkani obuthathu eNtshona Afrika ukusuka apho ilizwe elitsha elibizwa ngokuba yiNigeria ladalwa ngabaphathi bekoloniyali. Ezi zikumkani zintathu zazimi ngolu hlobo:
- UBukumkani baseZamfara eMantla;
- UBukumkani baseBiafra eMpuma; kwaye
- UBukumkani baseBenin eNtshona.
- Ezi zikumkani zintathu zikhona kwiMaphu yaseAfrika iminyaka engaphezu kwe-400 ngaphambi kokuba iNigeria idalwe kwi-1914.
- Ubukumkani besine obaziwa ngokuba yi-Oyo Empire babungekho kwiMaphu yamandulo yaseAfrika kwi-1662 kodwa yayibubukumkani obukhulu eNtshona Afrika (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014, iphe. 2).
- Imephu yeAfrika eveliswe ngamaPhuthukezi ukusuka ngo-1492 ukuya ku-1729 ibonisa iBiafra njengendawo enkulu ebhalwe ngokuthi "Biafara", "Biafar" kunye "neBiafares" enemida enobukhosi obunje nge-Ethiopia, Sudan, Bini, Kamerun, Congo, Gabon, kunye abanye.
- Kwakungowe-1843 ukuba imephu ye-Afrika yabonisa ilizwe elibhalwe njenge "Biafra" eneendawo ezithile zeCameroon yanamhlanje ngaphakathi komda wayo kubandakanya iPeninsula yaseBakassi.
- Ummandla wokuqala waseBiafra wawungaphelelanga kwiMpuma yeNigeria kuphela.
- Ngokweemephu, abahambi bamaPhuthukezi basebenzisa igama elithi "Biafara" ukuchaza wonke ummandla woMlambo iNiger esezantsi kwaye ngasempuma ukuya kwiNtaba yaseCameroon ukuya kutsho kwizizwe ezigudle unxweme lwaseMpuma, ngaloo ndlela kuquka iindawo zaseCameroon naseGabon (uRhulumente we-IPOB). , 2014, iphe. 2).
Biafra - uBudlelwane baseBrithani
- IBritane yayinobudlelwane bezozakuzo kunye namaBiafra ngaphambi kokuba iNigeria idalwe. UJohn Beecroft wayenguMmeli waseBrithani weBight of Biafra ukususela ngoJuni 30, 1849 ukuya kuJuni 10, 1854 kunye nekomkhulu lakhe eFernando Po kwiBight of Biafra.
- Isixeko saseFernando Po ngoku sibizwa ngokuba yiBioko e-Equatorial Guinea.
- Kwakusuka kwiBight of Biafra apho uJohn Beecroft, ezimisele ukulawula urhwebo kwinxalenye yaseNtshona kwaye exhaswa ngabavangeli abangamaKristu eBadagry, wahlasela iLagos eyaba yithanga laseBritane ngo-1851 kwaye yanikelwa ngokusemthethweni kuKumkanikazi uVictoria, uKumkanikazi waseNgilani. Ngowe-1861, okwathiywa igama lakhe iVictoria Island Lagos.
- Ngoko ke, abaseBrithani bamise ubukho babo e-Biafraland ngaphambi kokuba bathathe iLagos kwi-1861 (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014).
IBiafra yayiliLizwe eliLawulayo
- I-Biafra yayiliqumrhu elizimeleyo elinommandla walo wejografi oboniswe ngokucacileyo kwiMaphu yaseAfrika ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu baseYurophu njengezizwe zamandulo zase-Ethiopia, iYiphutha, iSudan, njl.
- Isizwe saseBiafra sasebenzisa idemokhrasi yokuzimela phakathi kwezizwe zalo njengoko zisenziwa phakathi kweIgbo namhlanje.
- Enyanisweni, iRiphabhlikhi yaseBiafra eyabhengezwa kwi-1967 nguGeneral Odumegwu Ojukwu yayingelona lizwe elitsha kodwa inzame yokubuyisela isizwe samandulo saseBiafra esasikho ngaphambi kokuba iNigeria idalwe yiBritani "(Emekesri, 2012, p. 18-19) .
Qonda IiNkqubo zeNgxwabangxwaba, iiDynamics, kunye nabaqhubi
- Umba obalulekileyo kolu ngquzulwano ngumthetho. Ngaba ilungelo lokuzikhethela lisemthethweni okanye alikho mthethweni elisekelwe kumgaqo-siseko?
- Umthetho uvumela abantu bomthonyama belizwe ukuba bagcine izazisi zabo zemveli nangona benikwe ubumi belizwe labo elitsha ngomanyano luka-1914.
- Kodwa ngaba umthetho unika abantu bomthonyama belizwe ilungelo lokuzikhethela?
- Ngokomzekelo, abantu baseScots bafuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuzilawula nokuseka iSkotlani njengelizwe elizimeleyo elizimeleyo kwiGreat Britain; kwaye amaCatalans atyhala ukuba ahlukane neSpain ukuze aseke iCatalonia ezimeleyo njengesizwe esizimeleyo. Ngendlela efanayo, abantu bomthonyama base-Biafra bafuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuzikhethela kunye nokuseka kwakhona, ukubuyisela isizwe sabo samandulo saseBiafra njengesizwe esizimeleyo esizimeleyo eNigeria (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014).
Ngaba isiphithiphithi sokuzimela nokuzimela sisemthethweni okanye akukho mthethweni?
- Kodwa umbuzo obalulekileyo omele uphendulwe ngulo: Ngaba ukuphazamiseka kokuzimela kunye nokuzimela kusemthethweni okanye akukho mthethweni ngaphakathi kwemimiselo yoMgaqo-siseko wangoku weRiphabhliki yaseNigeria?
- Ngaba izenzo ze-pro-Biafra zinokuthi zithathwe njengeNgcali okanye iTreasonable Felonies?
Ubungcatshi kunye nobuTyala obunongcatsha
- Amacandelo 37, 38 kunye ne-41 yeKhowudi yoLwaphulo-mthetho, iMithetho ye-Federation yaseNigeria, ichaza i-Treason and Treasonable Felonies.
- Ukungcatsha umbuso: Nabani na obiza imfazwe ngokuchasene noRhulumente waseNigeria okanye uRhulumente weNgingqi (okanye urhulumente) ngenjongo yokoyikisa, ukubhukuqa okanye ukoyikisa uMongameli okanye iRhuluneli, okanye wenze iyelenqe naye nawuphi na umntu ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kweNigeria ukuba abize imfazwe nxamnye neNigeria okanye ngokuchaseneyo. ummandla, okanye ukhuthaze umntu wasemzini ukuba ahlasele iNigeria okanye uMmandla onomkhosi oxhobileyo unetyala lokungcatsha kwaye unoxanduva lwesohlwayo sokufa ekugwetyweni.
- Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunobungcatshi: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nawuphi na umntu owenza injongo yokubhukuqa uMongameli okanye iRhuluneli, okanye ukuhlawulisa imfazwe nxamnye neNigeria okanye nxamnye noRhulumente, okanye ukukhuthaza umntu wasemzini ukuba enze uhlaselo oluxhobileyo nxamnye neNigeria okanye i-States, kwaye ubonakalise loo njongo. ngokwenza ngokuphandle unetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye unoxanduva lokuthothoza ubomi entolongweni xa efunyenwe enetyala.
Uxolo olubi kunye noXolo oluNgcono
Uxolo olubi - Abadala ngaphakathi eBiafraland:
- Ukukhokela kunye nokuququzelela inkqubo yokufumana ukuzimela ngokungenabugorha, iindlela zomthetho, Abadala baseBiafraland ababona imfazwe yamakhaya ye-1967-1970 bakha i-Customary Law Government of Indigenous People of Biafra ekhokelwa yiBhunga eliPhezulu laBadala (SCE).
- Ukubonisa ukungavumi kwabo ubundlobongela kunye nemfazwe echasene noRhulumente waseNigeria, kunye nokuzimisela kwabo kunye nenjongo yabo yokusebenza ngaphakathi kwemithetho yaseNigeria, iBhunga eliPhezulu laBadala limchasile uMnu.th NgoMeyi 2014 phantsi koMthetho weSintu.
- Ngokomthetho weCustomary Law, xa umntu ecalulwa ngabantu abadala, akanakuphinda amkelwe ekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba uyaguquka enze amasiko athile ukuze axolise abantu abadala nomhlaba.
- Ukuba uyasilela ukuguquka aze axolise abadala belizwe aze afe, i-ostracism iyaqhubeka ngokuchasene nenzala yakhe (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014, iphe. 5).
Uxolo Olulungileyo- Biafra Lutsha
- Ngokwahlukileyo koko, olunye ulutsha lwaseBiafra olukhokelwa nguMalathisi weRadio Biafra, uNnamdi Kanu, lubanga ukuba lulwela ubulungisa lisebenzisa zonke iindlela yaye alunangxaki xa luphumela kugonyamelo nemfazwe. Kubo, uxolo nokusesikweni asikokungabikho nje kogonyamelo okanye imfazwe. Ubukhulu becala sisenzo sokutshintsha imeko de inkqubo nemigaqo-nkqubo yengcinezelo ibhukuqwe, kwaye inkululeko ibuyiselwe kwabo bacinezelweyo. Oku bazimisele ukukuphumeza ngazo zonke iindlela nokuba kuthetha ngokusebenzisa izigalo, ubundlobongela kunye nemfazwe.
- Ukuqinisa iinzame zabo, eli qela lizihlanganisele kwizigidi, ekhaya naphesheya lisebenzisa imidiya yoluntu;
- ukuseta oonomathotholo nomabonakude kwi-intanethi; yasekwa Biafra Houses, Biafra Embasses phesheya, Biafra urhulumente zombini ngaphakathi Nigeria kunye ekuthinjweni, wavelisa Biafra passports, iiflegi, iimpawu, kunye namaxwebhu amaninzi; ugrogrise ngokunikezela ngeoyile eBiafraland kwinkampani yangaphandle; ukuseka iqela lesizwe lebhola ekhatywayo laseBiafra, kunye namanye amaqela ezemidlalo aquka ukhuphiswano lweBiafra Pageants; waqamba waza wavelisa umhobe wesizwe waseBiafra, umculo, njalo njalo;
- wasebenzisa ipropaganda nentetho yentiyo; uqhankqalazo oluye lwajika lunobundlobongela ngamanye amaxesha - ngakumbi uqhanqalazo oluqhubekayo olwaqala ngo-Okthobha 2015 ngokukhawuleza emva kokubanjwa koMlawuli weRadio Biafra kunye neNkokeli ezibiza ngokuba yiNkokheli kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko waBantu boMthonyama baseBiafra (IPOB) kuye. izigidi zabantu baseBiafra bazinikela ngokupheleleyo.
Fumanisa ukuba zeziphi iiMbono ezifanelekileyo zokuSombulula iNgxwabangxwaba ye-Biafra
- Ukungabonakali
- Ukugcina uxolo
- Ukudala uxolo
- Ukwakha uxolo
Ukungabonakali
- Yintoni i-irredentism?
Ukubuyiselwa, ukubuyisela, okanye ukuphinda kuhlale ilizwe, indawo okanye ilizwe elalifudula lilelabantu. Amaxesha amaninzi abantu bathi saa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi ngenxa yobukoloniyali, ukufuduka ngenkani okanye ngokunyanzelwa, kunye nemfazwe. I-Irredentism ifuna ukubuyisela ubuncinci abanye babo kwilizwe lookhokho babo (bona iHorowitz, i-2000, iphe. 229, 281, 595).
- I-Irredentism inokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezimbini:
- Ngogonyamelo okanye imfazwe.
- Ngenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho okanye ngenkqubo yomthetho.
I-Irredentism ngoBundlobongela okanye iMfazwe
IBhunga eliPhezulu le Abadala
- Imfazwe yaseNigeria-Biafra ye-1967-1970 ngumzekelo omhle wemfazwe eyalwelwa inkululeko yesizwe yabantu nangona amaBiafra ayenyanzeliswa ukuba alwe ngokuzikhusela. Kucacile kumava aseNigerian-Biafra ukuba imfazwe ngumoya ombi ongavuthuzeli mntu.
- Kuqikelelwa ukuba bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3 abantu abaphulukene nobomi babo ngexesha lale mfazwe kuquka nenani elikhulu labantwana kunye nabasetyhini ngenxa yezinto ezidityanisiweyo: ukubulawa ngokuthe ngqo, ukuthintelwa koluntu okubangele isifo esibulalayo esibizwa ngokuba yikwashiorkor. “INigeria xa iyonke kunye nentsalela yaseBiafra engazange iphele kule mfazwe isathwaxwa yimiphumo yemfazwe.
- Ukuba namava, kunye nokulwa ngexesha lemfazwe, iBhunga eliPhezulu laBadala baBantu baseBiafra abayamkeli ingcamango kunye nendlela yemfazwe kunye nobundlobongela kumzabalazo we-Biafra wokuzimela (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014, iphe. 15).
Radio Biafra
- Umbutho we-pro-Biafra okhokelwa yiRadio Biafra yaseLondon kunye noMlawuli wayo, uNnamdi Kanu, kunokwenzeka ukuba basebenzise ubundlobongela kunye nemfazwe njengoko le nto ibe yinxalenye yeengcamango zabo kunye neengcamango.
- Ngosasazo lwabo lwe-intanethi, eli qela lihlanganise izigidi zabantu baseBiafra kunye nabaxhasi babo eNigeria nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye kuxelwe ukuba "babize abantu baseBiafra kwihlabathi liphela ukuba banikele ngezigidi zeedola kunye neeponti kubo ukuze bafumane izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. ukuya kulwa imfazwe neNigeria, ngakumbi amaSilamsi akuMntla.
- Ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwabo lomzabalazo, bakholelwa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukufumana inkululeko ngaphandle kobundlobongela okanye imfazwe.
- Kwaye ngeli xesha, bacinga ukuba baya kuphumelela iNigeria emfazweni ukuba ekugqibeleni kuya kufuneka baye emfazweni ukuze bafezekise ukuzimela kwabo kwaye bakhululeke.
- Inkoliso yaba lulutsha olungazange lubone okanye lube namava emfazwe yamakhaya yowe-1967-1970.
I-Irredentism ngeNkqubo yoMthetho
IBhunga eliPhezulu laBadala
- Ukulahlekelwa yimfazwe ye-1967-1970, iBhunga eliPhakamileyo laBadala baBantu baseBiafra bakholelwa ukuba inkqubo yomthetho yindlela kuphela apho iBiafra inokufikelela ngayo ukuzimela kwayo.
- NgoSeptemba 13, i-2012, iBhunga eliPhakamileyo laBadala (i-SCE) laBantu boMthonyama baseBiafra basayine iSixhobo sezoMthetho kwaye bayifake kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Federal Owerri ngokuchasene norhulumente waseNigeria.
- Ityala lisesenkundleni. Isiseko sengxoxo yabo sisahlulo semithetho yamazwe ngamazwe neyesizwe eqinisekisa ilungelo lokuzikhethela kubantu bomthonyama "ngokulandela iSibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamalungelo abantu bomthonyama 2007 kunye neNqaku 19-22 Cap 10 Laws of the Federation. yaseNigeria, 1990, ethi iSiqendu 20(1)(2) sithi:
- “Zonke izizwe ziya kuba nelungelo lokuphila. Baya kuba nelungelo elingathandabuzekiyo nelingenakohluthwa lokuzikhethela. Baya kumisela ngokukhululekileyo isikhundla sabo sezopolitiko kwaye baya kuqhuba uphuhliso lwabo lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo ngokomgaqo-nkqubo abawukhethile ngokukhululekileyo. "
- "Izizwe ezingamathanga okanye ezicinezelekileyo ziya kuba nelungelo lokuzikhulula kumakhamandela olawulo ngokubhenela kuyo nayiphi na indlela eyamkelwa luluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe."
Radio Biafra
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNnamdi Kanu kunye neqela lakhe leRadio Biafra bathi "ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yomthetho ukufumana ukuzimela akuzange kwenzeke ngaphambili" kwaye ayiyi kuphumelela.
- Bathi "akunakwenzeka ukufumana ukuzimela ngaphandle kwemfazwe kunye nobundlobongela" (uRhulumente we-IPOB, i-2014, iphe. 15).
Ukugcina uxolo
- Ngokutsho kukaRamsbotham, iWoodhouse & Miall (2011), “ukugcinwa koxolo kufanelekile kumanqaku amathathu kwinqanaba lokunyuka: ukunqanda ubundlobongela nokubuthintela ekubeni lunyukele emfazweni; ukunciphisa ubunzulu, ukusasazeka ngokwejografi kunye nexesha lemfazwe xa sele iqhambukile; kunye nokuhlanganisa ukupheliswa kwemfazwe nokudala indawo yokwakhiwa ngokutsha emva kokuphela kwemfazwe” (iphe. 147).
- Ukuze kudalwe isithuba sezinye iindlela zokusombulula impixano - ulamlo kunye nengxoxo umzekelo-, kukho imfuneko yokubamba, kuncitshiswe okanye kuncitshiswe ubunzulu kunye nefuthe lobundlobongela emhlabeni ngokugcina uxolo kunye nemisebenzi yokunceda uluntu.
- Ngale nto, kulindeleke ukuba abagcini boxolo baqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye bakhokelwe ziikhowudi zokuziphatha ze-deontological ukuze bangenzi monakalo kubemi ekulindeleke ukuba babakhusele okanye babe yinxalenye yengxaki abathunyelwe ukuyilawula.
Ukwenza uxolo kunye nokwakha uxolo
- Emva kokuthunyelwa kwabalindi boxolo, kufuneka kwenziwe iinzame zokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamanyathelo okudala uxolo-uthethathethwano, ulamlo, ukuhlaliswa, kunye neendlela zediplomacy (Cheldelin et al., 2008, p. 43; Ramsbotham et al., 2011, p. 171; Pruitt & Kim, 2004, p. 178, Diamond & McDonald, 2013) ukusombulula ingxabano yaseBiafra.
- Amanqanaba amathathu eenkqubo zoxolo acetywayo apha:
- I-Intragroup Dialogue ngaphakathi kwe-Biafra separatist movement isebenzisa umkhondo we-2 diplomacy.
- Ukusonjululwa kwengxabano phakathi kukarhulumente waseNigeria kunye nentshukumo ye-pro-Biafra isebenzisa indibaniselwano yengoma 1 kunye nokulandelela idiplomacy ezimbini.
- I-Diplomacy ye-Multi-Track (ukusuka kumzila we-3 ukuya kumzila we-9) ihlelwe ngokukodwa kubemi abavela kwiintlanga ezahlukeneyo eNigeria, ngokukodwa phakathi kwe-Igbos yamaKristu (esuka eMzantsi-mpuma) kunye ne-Muslim Hausa-Fulanis (esuka eMntla)
isiphelo
- Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukusebenzisa amandla omkhosi kunye nenkqubo yokugweba yodwa ukusombulula iingxabano kunye namacandelo enkolo kunye nenkolo, ngakumbi eNigeria, kuya kukhokelela ekunyukeni ngakumbi kwengxabano.
- Isizathu sikukuba ungenelelo lomkhosi kunye nobulungisa obubuyisela emva abanazo izixhobo zokutyhila ubutshaba obufihliweyo obuphembelela impixano okanye izakhono, ukwazi kunye nomonde ofunekayo ukuguqula "ingxabano enzulu ngokususa ubundlobongela obukhoyo kunye abanye oonobangela neemeko zongquzulwano olunengcambu” (Mitchell & Banks, 1996; Lederach, 1997, ecatshulwe kwiCheldelin et al., 2008, p. 53).
- Ngenxa yesi sizathu, a utshintsho lweparadigm ukusuka kumgaqo-nkqubo wembuyekezo ukuya kubulungisa bembuyekezo kwaye ukusuka kumgaqo-nkqubo wesinyanzelo ukuya kulamlo kunye nengxoxo ku funeka (Ugorji, 2012).
- Ukufezekisa oku, izibonelelo ezininzi kufuneka zityalwe kumalinge okudala uxolo, kwaye kufuneka zikhokelwe yimibutho yoluntu kwinqanaba lengca.
Ucaphulo
- I-Cheldelin, S., Druckman, D., kunye ne-Fast, L. eds. (2008). Ungquzulwano, 2nd ed. London: Continuum Press.
- Umgaqo-siseko weFederal Republic of Nigeria. (1990). Ifunyenwe kwi-http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm.
- Diamond, L. & McDonald, J. (2013). I-Multi-Track Diplomacy: Indlela yeeNkqubo zoXolo. (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Kumarian Press.
- Emekesri, EAC (2012). I-Biafra okanye uMongameli waseNigeria: Yintoni i-Ibos eyifunayo. London: Uluntu lukaKristu The Rock.
- Urhulumente wabantu bomthonyama baseBiafra. (2014). IiNkcazo zePolisi kunye neMiyalelo. (1st ed.). Owerri: iBilie Human Rights Initiative.
- Horowitz, DL (2000). Amaqela eentlanga akwingxabano. Los Angeles: IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press.
- Lederach, JP (1997). Ukwakha Uxolo: UXolelwaniso oluZinzileyo kwiMibutho eyahluleleneyo. IWashington DC: Iziko le-US loXolo lweendaba.
- Imithetho yeFederation of Nigeria. Ummiselo 1990. (Ihlaziywe ed.). Ifunyenwe kwi-http://www.nigeria-law.org/LFNMainPage.htm.
- Mitchell, C R. & Banks, M. (1996). INcwadana yoSombululo lweNgxaki: Indlela yokuHlalutya iNgxaki yokuSombulula. London: Pinter.
- UPruitt, D., & Kim, SH (2004). Ungquzulwano lweNtlalo: Ukunyuka, ukuZinzisa kunye nokuZinziswa. (3rd ed.). ENew York, NY: McGraw Hill.
- Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., kunye noMiall, H. (2011). Ulungelelaniso lweNkqubela yeNkcazo. (uhlelo lwe-3). Cambridge, UK: iPolity Press.
- INkomfa yeSizwe yaseNigeria. (2014). Uyilo lokugqibela lweNgxelo yeNkomfa. Ifunyenwe kwi-https://www.premiumtimesng.com/national-conference/wp-content/uploads/National-Conference-2014-Report-August-2014-Table-of-Contents-Chapters-1-7.pdf
- Ugorji, B. (2012) .. Colorado: Outskirts Press. Ukusuka kuBulungisa beNkcubeko ukuya kuXolelwaniso lwezizwe ngezizwe: Ukubonakaliswa kokunokwenzeka kokuLamlelwa kwe-Ethno-Nkolo eAfrika.
- ISigqibo seZizwe eziManyeneyo esamkelwe yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. (2008). Isibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamalungelo abantu bemveli. Amazwe adbeneyo.
Umbhali, UGqr. Basil Ugorji, nguMongameli kunye ne-CEO yeZiko leHlabathi le-Ethno-Religious Mediation. Wafumana isidanga sePh.D. kuHlahlelo lweNgxwabangxwaba kunye noSombululo oluvela kwiSebe leZifundo zokuSombulula iiNgxwabangxwaba, kwiKholeji yoBugcisa, uBuntu kunye neSayensi yeNtlalo, kwiYunivesithi yaseNova kuMzantsi-mpuma, eFort Lauderdale, eFlorida.
