Ubomi Obumnyama bubalulekile: Ukucinywa koCalucalulo Olufihliweyo
Abstract
Ukuphazamiseka kwe Imiba ebomnyama intshukumo iye yalawula intetho yesidlangalala eUnited States. Uququzelelwa ngokuchasene nokubulawa kwabantu abantsundu abangaxhobekanga, lo mbutho kunye nabaxhasi babo benze uthotho lwamabango obulungisa nesidima kubantu abantsundu. Nangona kunjalo, abagxeki abaninzi baye baphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokuba semthethweni kwebinzana, into yobomi abamnyama ukususela ngoku ubomi bonke nokuba loluphi na uhlanga, kufuneka ibaluleke. Eli phepha alizimiselanga kuqhuba ingxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwesemantic ye ubomi abamnyama or ubomi bonke. Endaweni yoko, iphepha lifuna ukufunda, ngokusebenzisa iilensi zethiyori ezigxekayo zase-Afrika zaseMelika (uTyson, 2015) kunye nezinye iithiyori ezifanelekileyo zongquzulwano lwentlalo, utshintsho oluhlala lungahoywa kodwa olubalulekileyo olwenzekile kubudlelwane bobuhlanga eMelika, ukusuka ubuhlanga obucacileyo kwimo yayo efihlakeleyo - ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Yingxabano yeli phepha njengokuba i-Civil Rights Movement yaba negalelo ekupheliseni ubuhlanga obucacileyo, ucalucalulo oluvulekileyo kunye nocalucalulo, i Imiba ebomnyama intshukumo ibe sisixhobo esikhaliphileyo ukususa uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo ucalucalulo olufihliweyo eUnited States.
Intshayelelo: Iingqwalasela zokuqala
Ibinzana elithi "Ubomi Obumnyama bubalulekile," "Umbutho wenkululeko yabaMnyama" okhulayo we-21st kwinkulungwane, iye yalawula iintetho zesidlangalala nezabucala eUnited States. Ukusukela ekudalweni kwayo ngo-2012 emva kokubulawa ngokungekho mthethweni kwenkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-17 ubudala yase-Afrika yaseMelika, uTrayvon Martin, ngumdlali waseSanford, eFlorida, uGeorge Zimmerman, owakhululwa emsulwa yijaji ngesiseko sokuzikhusela phantsi kweFlorida " Yima umgaqo wakho womhlaba, "owaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi "ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwamandla" (Florida Legislature, 1995-2016, XLVI, Ch. 776), i-Black Lives Matter intshukumo iye yahlanganisa izigidi zabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunye nabaxhasi babo ukulwa nokubulawa kwabantu. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunye nenkohlakalo yamapolisa; ukufuna ubulungisa, ukulingana, ubulungisa nobulungisa; kunye nokubanga amabango abo asisiseko samalungelo kunye nesidima soluntu.
Amabango abekwe phambili yi-Black Lives Matter movement, nangona amkelwe ngokubanzi ngabalandeli beqela, baye badibana nezigxeko zabo bakholelwa ukuba bonke ubomi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bubuhlanga, uhlanga, inkolo, isini okanye isimo sentlalo, yinto. Kuxoxwa ngabasekeli be "All Lives Matter" ukuba akulunganga ukugxila kuphela kwimiba yase-Afrika yaseMelika ngaphandle kokuvuma igalelo kunye nemibingelelo eyenziwa ngabantu abavela kwezinye iindawo ukukhusela bonke abemi kunye nelizwe lonke, kubandakanywa nemibingelelo yobuqhawe. yamapolisa. Ngokusekwe koku, amabinzana athi All Lives Matter, Native Lives Matter, Latino Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, kunye nePolice Lives Matter, avele ngokuphendula ngokuthe ngqo "kumatsha ntliziyo ahlanganisene ngokuchasene nenkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabantu abamnyama" (Iidolophu, 2015, isitanza sesi-3).
Nangona iingxoxo zabaxhasi bazo zonke izinto zobomi zinokubonakala zinenjongo kwaye zizonke, iinkokeli ezininzi ezidumileyo eMelika zikholelwa ukuba intetho ethi "ubomi babantu abamnyama" isemthethweni. Echaza ukuba semthethweni "kokubaluleka kobomi abamnyama" kwaye kutheni kufuneka kuthathwe ngokungathí sina, uMongameli uBarack Obama, njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwi-Townes (2015), uthi:
Ndicinga ukuba isizathu sokuba abaququzeleli basebenzise ibinzana elithi 'ubomi bomntu omnyama bubalulekile' yayingekuko ukuba babecebisa ukuba ubomi bomnye umntu bubalulekile. Into ebebeyicebisa kukuba, kukho ingxaki ethile eyenzekayo kuluntu lwase-Afrika naseMelika engenzekiyo kwezinye iindawo. Kwaye lowo ngumba osemthethweni ekufuneka siwusombulule. (isitanza. 2)
Le ngxaki iyingqayizivele kuluntu lwase-Afrika yaseMelika uMongameli Obama abhekisela kuyo inxulumene nenkohlakalo yamapolisa, ukubulawa kwabantu abamnyama abangaxhobileyo, kunye nomlinganiselo othile, ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngokungafanelekanga kolutsha lwase-Afrika lwaseMelika ngenxa yamatyala amancinci. Njengoko uninzi lwabahlalutyi base-Afrika baseMelika baye bachaza, kukho “inani elingalinganiyo lamabanjwa anemibala kweli lizwe [eUnited States]” (Tyson, 2015, iphe. 351) abakholelwa ukuba kungenxa “yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga phakathi kwelizwe. iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nokuthotyelwa komthetho” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Ngenxa yezi zizathu, abanye ababhali bathi “ayithi 'bonke ubomi bubalulekile,' kuba xa kufikwa kwinkohlakalo yamapolisa, ayingawo onke amaqumrhu ajongana namanqanaba afanayo okujongelwa phantsi kobuntu kunye nobundlobongela olwenziwa ngamaqumrhu antsundu” (Brammer, 2015, para. .13).
Eli phepha alizimiselanga kuqhuba ingxoxo yoluntu malunga nokuba i-Black Lives Matter isemthethweni okanye ingaba i-All Lives Matter kufuneka inikwe ingqalelo elinganayo njengoko ababhali abaninzi kunye nabahlalutyi benzile. Ngenxa yokutyhilwa kocalucalulo ngabom olujoliswe kuluntu lwase-Afrika lwaseMelika ngokwesiseko sobuhlanga ngokusebenzisa ubundlavini bamapolisa, izenzo zenkundla kunye neminye imisebenzi ephenjelelwa lucalucalulo, nokwazi ukuba ezi zenzo zocalucalulo zangabom zikwaphula isiHlomelo seshumi elinesine kunye neminye imithetho yomanyano. , eli phepha lifuna ukufunda kwaye liqinisekise ukuba umba osisiseko we-Black Lives Matter intshukumo ilwela kwaye ulwa nawo. ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Igama elithile ucalucalulo olufihliweyo iphefumlelwe nguRestrepo noHincapíe's (2013) "Umgaqo-siseko ofihliweyo: iParadigm entsha yengcinezelo," othi:
Injongo yokuqala yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo kukufihla yonke imilinganiselo yamandla. Ngokufihlwa kolwimi lobuchwephesha kwaye, ke ngoko, iinkqubo, iiprothokholi kunye nezigqibo, ukubonakaliswa okuchuliweyo kwamandla kuye kungabonakali kuye nabani na ongenalo ulwazi lolwimi lokwaphula ufihlo. Ngaloo ndlela, uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo luxhomekeke kubukho beqela elinokufikelela kwiifomyula zofihlo kunye nelinye iqela elingabahoyi ngokupheleleyo. Aba bamva, bengabafundi abangagunyaziswanga, bavuleleke ekusetyenzisweni. (iphe. 12)
Ucalucalulo olufihliweyo njengoko isetyenziswe kweli phepha ibonisa ukuba i ucalucalulo olufihliweyo uyazi kwaye uyayiqonda imigaqo esisiseko ye ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kunye nobundlobongela kodwa abanako ukucalula ngokuphandle nangokuphandle kuluntu lwase-Afrika lwaseMelika ngenxa yokuba ucalucalulo oluvulekileyo kunye nobuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo buthintelwe kwaye lwenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni nguMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu we-1964 kunye neminye iMithetho ye-Federal. Ingxoxo ephambili yeli phepha kukuba uMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu we-1964 owapasiswa yiNkongolo ye-88 (1963-1965) kwaye usayinwe njengomthetho ngoJulayi 2, 1964 nguMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson waphela. ubuhlanga obucacileyo kodwa, ngelishwa, ayizange iphele ucalucalulo olufihliweyo, okuyiyo i-cover uhlobo localucalulo ngokobuhlanga. Endaweni yoko, uthintelo olusemthethweni lwe ubuhlanga obucacileyo wazala olu hlobo lutsha localucalulo ngokobuhlanga olufihlwe ngabom yi abacalucalulo abafihliweyo, kodwa ifihliwe kumaxhoba, ukudelwa kobuntu, ukugrogriswa kunye nokuxhaphaza uluntu lwase-Afrika yaseMelika.
Nangona zombini ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kwaye ucalucalulo olufihliweyo kubandakanya isikhundla segunya okanye igunya, njengoko kuya kuchazwa kwizahluko ezilandelayo, ukuba yintoni eyenza ucalucalulo olufihliweyo ihlukile kwi ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kukuba lo mva wenziwa kumaziko kwaye wajongwa ngokusemthethweni phambi kokwamkelwa koMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu we-1964, ngelixa owokuqala ufihliwe kwaye unokubonwa njengento engekho mthethweni kuphela xa, okanye ukuba kwaye kuphela, ikhutshwe kwaye ingqinwe ngamagunya aphezulu. Ucalucalulo olufihliweyo utyala uhlobo oluthile lwe amandla angawomntu kwi ucalucalulo olufihliweyo abathi basebenzise yona ukuphatha abantu abangenamandla, abasesichengeni, nabangenaluvelwano base-Afrika baseMelika. “Isitshixo kumandla njengolawulo kwihlabathi lethu le-pseudodemokhrasi, lehlabathi jikelele kukufihlakala kwalo. Umsebenzi wethu kukuphuhlisa amacebo okutshatyalaliswa kwayo "(Restrepo and Hincapíe, 2013, p. 1). Ngendlela yokufanisa phakathi kwe-Civil Rights Movement ekhokelwa nguDkt Martin Luther King, Jr. kunye ne-Black Lives Matter movement ekhokelwa nguPatrisse Cullors, u-Opal Tometi, kunye no-Alicia Garza, eli phepha liqinisekisa ukuba kanye njengokuba i-Civil Rights Movement yaba negalelo isiphelo ubuhlanga obucacileyo, ucalucalulo oluvulekileyo kunye nolwahlulo e-United States, i-Black Lives Matter intshukumo iye yasebenza ngesibindi ekudambiseni ucalucalulo olufihliweyo eUnited States – uhlobo lobuhlanga oluye lwenziwa ngokubanzi ngabantu abaninzi abakwizikhundla zokuphatha kuquka namagosa omthetho.
Uphononongo malunga nokuphazamiseka kwentshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter ayisayi kugqitywa ngaphandle kovavanyo lwentelekelelo yethiyori esisiseko sobudlelwane bobuhlanga eUnited States. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, eli phepha lizama ukufumana impembelelo kwiithiyori ezine ezifanelekileyo. Eyokuqala "yi-African American Criticism," ithiyori ebalulekileyo ehlalutya imiba yobuhlanga eye yabonakalisa imbali yase-Afrika yaseMelika ukususela kwi-"Middle Passage: ukuthuthwa kwabathinjwa base-Afrika ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic Ocean" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) ukuya eUnited States apho baye boyiswa njengamakhoboka kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Okwesibini nguKymlicka (1995) “Ubumi beenkcubeko ezininzi: Ithiyori yeLiberal yamaLungelo amaNcinane” evuma kwaye ivumelane «amalungelo ahlukeneyo ngamaqela» kumaqela athile athe abandezeleka ngenxa yobuhlanga, ucalucalulo kunye nokujongelwa phantsi (umzekelo, uluntu lwase-Afrika yaseMelika). Eyesithathu yinkcazo-bungcali kaGaltung (1969) ethi ubundlobongela besakhiwo enokuqondwa kumahluko phakathi “kobundlobongela obuthe ngqo nobungathanga ngqo”. Ngelixa ubundlobongela obuthe ngqo bubamba ababhali ingcaciso yobundlobongela ngokwasemzimbeni, ubundlobongela obungathanga ngqo bumele iziseko zengcinezelo ezithintela icandelo labemi ekufikeleleni kwiimfuno zabo zoluntu ezisisiseko kunye namalungelo abo ngaloo ndlela kunyanzelwa "izinto ezibambekayo zokuqonda kunye neengqondo zabantu ukuba zibe ngaphantsi kwezinto ezinokubakho" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168). Kwaye okwesine kukugxeka kukaBurton's (2001) "kwisakhiwo semveli esinamandla-elite" - isakhiwo esifanekiselwa kwingqondo ethi "thina-bona"-, ebambe ukuba abantu abaphantsi kobundlobongela obunxulumene nesakhiwo ngamaziko kunye nezithethe ezihambelanayo. Isakhiwo esinamandla-elite siya kuphendula ngokuqinisekileyo sisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, kubandakanya ubundlobongela kunye nokungathobeli kwentlalo.
Ngokusebenzisa iilensi zezi thiyori zongquzulwano lwentlalo, eli phepha lihlalutya ngokunzulu utshintsho olubalulekileyo olwenzekile kwimbali yaseMelika, oko kukuthi, inguqulelo ubuhlanga obucacileyo ukuba ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Ngokwenza oku, kwenziwa iinzame zokuqaqambisa amaqhinga amabini abalulekileyo afumaneka kuzo zombini ezi ntlobo zocalucalulo. Olunye bubukhoboka, ucalucalulo olusekuhleni kunye nocalucalulo oluphandle olubonakalisa ubuhlanga obukhoyo. Enye bubundlavini bamapolisa nokubulawa kwabantu abantsundu abangaxhobanga ngumzekelo wocalucalulo olufihliweyo. Ekugqibeleni, indima yentshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter ekukhupheleni ucalucalulo olufihliweyo iyahlolwa kwaye ichazwe.
Ubuhlanga bobuGcisa
I-advocacy ye-Black Lives Matter intshukumo ihamba ngaphaya kwenkohlakalo yamapolisa eqhubekayo kunye nokubulawa kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunye nabaphambukeli base-Afrika. Abaseki balo mbutho bachaza ngokweenkcukacha kwiwebhusayithi yabo, #BlackLivesMatter ku-http://blacklivesmatter.com/ ukuba “Ibeka abo bebejongelwe phantsi kwimibutho yenkululeko yabaNtsundu, iyenza iqhinga loku (phinda) ukwakha umbutho wenkululeko yabaNtsundu..” Ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwam, umbutho weBlack Lives Matter ulwa ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, umntu akanakuqonda ucalucalulo olufihliweyo eUnited States ngaphandle koncedo ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo, ngenxa ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo yenziwe ucalucalulo olufihliweyo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ze-Afrika yaseMelika yobutshantliziyo obungenabudlobongela kunye nokwabelana ngesondo lo mzabalazo waba nemithetho, okwenza ucalucalulo olufihliweyo ukuzala kwe ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo.
Ngaphambi kokuba sihlolisise iinyani zembali ezijikeleze ubuhlanga e-United States, kubalulekile ukubonakalisa kwiingcamango zokungqubuzana kwezentlalo ezikhankanywe ngasentla ngelixa zigxininisa ukubaluleka kwazo kumbandela. Siqala ngokuchaza amagama: buhlanga, isakhiwo, yaye kosongekeko. Ubuhlanga buchazwa ngokuthi "ubudlelwane bamandla obungalinganiyo obukhula ukusuka kulawulo lwentlalo-ntle yohlanga olunye kunye nolunye kwaye lubangele izenzo ezicwangcisiweyo zocalucalulo (umzekelo, ulwahlulo, ukulawulwa, kunye nentshutshiso)" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ubuhlanga obuyilwe ngolu hlobo bunokuchazwa ngokusuka kwinkolelo engokwengcamango “yomnye,” oko kukuthi, ukongama kohlanga olubalaseleyo kunohlanga olulawulwayo. Ngesi sizathu, uninzi lweethiyori ezigxekayo zase-Afrika zaseMelika zahlula ezinye izigama ezinxulumene nobuhlanga, kubandakanywa kodwa kungaphelelanga apho. ubuhlanga, umntu wobuhlanga kwaye ngebala. Ubuhlanga "yinkolelo yokuphakama kobuhlanga, ubuncinci, kunye nokuhlambuluka okusekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba iimpawu zokuziphatha kunye nengqondo, njengeempawu zomzimba, ziyimpawu zebhayoloji ezahlula iintlanga" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ngoko ke umcalucalulo nguye nabani na oneenkolelo ezilolo hlobo ukongama kohlanga, ukuthobeka, nobunyulu. Yaye umcalucalulo nguye nabani na “okwisikhundla sokuba negunya njengelungu leqela elilawulayo kwezobupolitika” ozifica kuqheliselo olucwangcisiweyo localucalulo, “ngokomzekelo, ukwala abantu abafanelekayo imisebenzi yebala, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, okanye nantoni na eyenye abanokuthi bayenze. 'unelungelo" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ngezi nkcazo zengqiqo, kuba lula ukuba siqonde ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kwaye ucalucalulo olufihliweyo.
Intetho ethi, ucalucalulo ngokwesakhiwo, iqulethe igama elibalulekileyo ekuya kuthi ngalo uviwo olucingisisiweyo lusincede siliqonde eli kota. Igama eliza kuhlolwa lithi: isakhiwo. Ulwakhiwo lunokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngokwenjongo yeli phepha, iinkcazelo ezibonelelwe yiOxford Dictionary kunye nesichazi-magama sabafundi ziya kwanela. Kwangaphambili, isakhiwo lithetha “ukwakha okanye ukulungisa ngokwesicwangciso; ukunika umfuziselo okanye umbutho kwinto ethile” (Ingcaciso ka isakhiwo ngesiNgesi, nakwisichazi-magama se-intanethi sikaOxford); kwaye ngokutsho kokugqibela “yindlela into eyakhiwe ngayo, ecwangciswe ngayo, okanye elungelelaniswe ngayo” (Inkcazelo yoMfundi yesakhiwo, nd Kwisichazi-magama somfundi se-intanethi sikaMerriam-Webster). Iinkcazo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo zicebisa ukuba phambi kokudalwa kwesakhiwo, bekukho isicwangciso, isigqibo esisengqondweni sokucwangcisa okanye ukulungelelanisa into ngokweso sicwangciso, kulandelwa kukuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso kunye nokuthotyelwa ngokuthe ngcembe, nokunyanzeliswa okukhokelela ekusekweni kwesicwangciso. ipateni. Ukuphindwa phindwa kwale nkqubo kuya kunika abantu umbono obonakala ungeyonyani wesakhiwo-indlela yokuphila engunaphakade, engaguqukiyo, engaguqukiyo, ezinzileyo, engatshintshiyo, engaguqukiyo neyamkelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele ehlala ingenakuguqulwa-indlela eyenziwa ngayo into. Ngenxa yale nkcazo, sinokuqonda indlela izizukulwana zabantu baseYurophu ezakhiwe ngayo, zafundiswa kwaye zafundiswa inzala yabo, izakhiwo zobuhlanga ngaphandle kokuqaphela inqanaba lomonakalo, ukwenzakala kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni ababekwenza kwezinye iintlanga, ngakumbi uhlanga olumnyama.
Ukungabikho kokusesikweni okuqokelelweyo okuququzelelwe yi izakhiwo zobuhlanga ngokuchasene nama-Afrika aseMelika angundoqo wokuphazamiseka kwe-Black Lives Matter intshukumo yobulungisa kunye nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo. Ukusuka kwimbono yethiyori, intshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter inokuqondwa "kwi-African American Criticism," ithiyori egxekayo ehlalutya imiba yobuhlanga eye yaphawula imbali yase-Afrika yaseMelika ukusukela "kwiPaji ePhakathi: ukuthuthwa kwabathinjwa base-Afrika kulo lonke ilizwe. Ulwandle lweAtlantiki” (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) ukuya eUnited States apho baye boyiswa njengamakhoboka kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi. Ukuze uchaze imingeni ejongene nama-Afrika aseMelika ngenxa yobukhoboka, ubuhlanga, kunye nocalucalulo, abagxeki base-Afrika baseMelika basebenzisa i-"Critical Race Theory" (uTyson, i-2015, iphe. 352 -368). Le nkcazo-bungcali ixhalabele ngokuyintloko kuvavanyo lwentsebenziswano yethu ngokwembono yobuhlanga kwakunye nokubuza ukuba olu nxibelelwano luyichaphazela njani impilo yemihla ngemihla yabambalwa, ngakumbi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngokuhlalutya iziphumo ezifihlakeleyo nezifihlakeleyo zentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunye nabantu abaninzi baseYurophu (abazibiza ngokuba ngabamhlophe) eUnited States, uTyson (2015) uqinisekisa ukuba:
ithiyori yogqatso olugxekayo iphonononga iindlela iinkcukacha zobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla ezinxulumene nobuhlanga, nangona sisenokungayiqondi, kwaye iphonononga iinkolelo ezintsonkothileyo ezisisiseko sento ebonakala ilula, ingqikelelo eqhelekileyo malunga nobuhlanga ukuze kuboniswe apho kwaye njani ubuhlanga. isaqhuba kakuhle kubukho bayo 'obufihlakeleyo'. (iphe. 352)
Imibuzo ethi qatha engqondweni yile: Ingaba ithiyori yobuhlanga ibaluleke kangakanani kwintshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter? Kutheni ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kusengumba eMelika ngenxa yokuba izenzo zocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ezicacileyo ezenziwa ngabantu base-Afrika baseMelika ngexesha leMovement yamaLungelo oLuntu zaye zapheliswa ngokusemthethweni yiMithetho yamaLungelo oLuntu ka-1964, kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba okwangoku. Umongameli wase-United States naye uyinzalelwane yase-Afrika yaseMelika? Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuqala, kubalulekile ukugqamisa into yokuba bobabini abaxhasi kunye nabachasi be-Black Lives Matter movement abavumelani nemiba yobuhlanga eyakhokelela ekuveleni kwentshukumo. Ukungavisisani kwabo kukwindlela okanye indlela amatsha-ntliziyo ombutho weBlack Lives Matter azama ngayo ukufezekisa iinjongo zabo. Ukubonisa ukuba intshukumo ye-Black Lives Matter inebango elisemthethweni lokulingana, ukulingana kunye namanye amalungelo oluntu, abagxeki babo, ngokukodwa abaxhasi be-All Lives Matter intshukumo ngokubandakanya baquka ama-Afrika aseMelika kwicandelo elithi "Bonke Ubomi" obubalulekileyo njengoko bona. ukuxhasa ukulingana kunye nokulingana kubo bonke abemi ngaphandle kobuhlanga, isini, inkolo, isakhono, ubuzwe, njalo njalo.
Ingxaki ngokusetyenziswa kwe "All Lives Matter" kukuba iyasilela ukuvuma iinyani zembali kunye nobuhlanga kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwangaphambili okubonisa i-United States. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, iithiyori ezininzi ze-liberal ze amalungelo abantu abambalwa kwaye iinkcubeko ezininzi bathi ulwahlulo olufana nolufana nolu “All Lives Matter” luyawakhupha “amalungelo awodwa eqela” okanye, abekwe ngokwahlukileyo, “amalungelo awohlulwe ngamaqela” (Kymlicka, 1995). Ukuze kuqatshelwe kwaye kuvunyelwane «amalungelo ahlukeneyo ngamaqela» kumaqela athile athe abandezeleka ngenxa yobuhlanga, ucalucalulo kunye nokujongelwa phantsi (umzekelo, uluntu lwase-Afrika yaseMelika), uWill Kymlicka (1995), omnye wethiyori ekhokelayo kwimbali. iinkcubeko ezininzi, uye wabandakanyeka ngokunyanisekileyo kuhlalutyo lwefilosofi, uphando lwezifundo kunye nokuqulunqwa komgaqo-nkqubo kwimiba enxulumene namalungelo eqela elincinci. Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, “Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights,” uKymlicka (1995), njengeethiyori ezininzi ezigxeka uhlanga, ukholelwa ukuba inkululeko njengoko iqondwa kwaye isetyenziswa ekuqulunqeni imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ayiphumelelanga ekukhuthazeni amalungelo oluntu. abantu abambalwa abahlala phakathi koluntu olukhulu, umzekelo, uluntu lwase-Afrika lwaseMelika eUnited States. Ingcamango eqhelekileyo malunga nenkululeko yeyokuba “ukuzinikela ngokukhululekileyo kwinkululeko yomntu kuyachasana nokwamkelwa kwamalungelo adibeneyo; kwanokuba ukuzinikela kwenkululeko kumalungelo ehlabathi kuchasene nokwamkelwa kwamalungelo amaqela athile” (Kymlicka, 1995, p. 68). KuKymlicka (1995), le “politiki yokungahoywa kakuhle” (iphe. 107-108) ekhokelele ekujongelwe phantsi ngokuqhubekayo kwabambalwa kufuneka ilungiswe.
Ngendlela efanayo, iithiyori zobuhlanga ezigxekayo zikholelwa ekubeni imigaqo yenkululeko njengoko iyilwe yaza yaqondwa isikelwe umda xa isetyenziswa kuluntu oluneenkcubeko ezininzi. Umbono kukuba njengoko i-conservatism isichase ngokukrakra nasiphi na isindululo somgaqo-nkqubo esibonwa njengenzuzo kubantu abambalwa abacinezelweyo, inkululeko yenkululeko akufanele ihlale. uxolelaniso or i moderation njengoko bekunjalo kwimiba yobuhlanga. Kuyinyani ukuba inkululeko ibe luncedo, ngokomzekelo, ekupasiseni umthetho oyilwayo owahlula izikolo, kodwa iithiyori ezigxekayo zobuhlanga zikholelwa ukuba “akukho nto iyenzileyo ukulungisa ukuba izikolo zisacalulwa kungengamthetho kodwa ngentlupheko” (uTyson, 2015, iphe. 364). Kwakhona, nangona uMgaqo-siseko uqinisekisa amathuba alinganayo kubo bonke abemi, ucalucalulo lusaqhubeka mihla le kwiinkalo zengqesho nezindlu. UMgaqo-siseko awukhange uphumelele ekuyekisweni ucalucalulo olufihlakeleyo kunye nezenzo zocalucalulo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika abaqhubeka bekwimeko embi, ngelixa abantu baseYurophu (abamhlophe) beqhubeka besonwaba. lungelo phantse kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu.
Ucalulo lolwakhiwo lunokuchazwa njengolunika ilungelo elinye icandelo loluntu ngaphezu kwelinye – abantu abambalwa. Amalungu eqela anelungelo loluntu - abemi abamhlophe - banikwa ukufikelela ngokulula kwizabelo zolawulo lwentando yesininzi ngelixa abambalwa abangathathi ntweni bethintelwe ngabom, ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngokuphandle ukuba babe nokufikelela kwizabelo ezifanayo ezibonelelwa lulawulo lwentando yesininzi. Yintoni ke ngoko ilungelo elimhlophe? Njani na abangenalungelo Abantwana base-Afrika baseMelika abathi, ngokungazikhetheli ngokwabo, bazalelwa kwintlupheko, kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo, kwizikolo ezingenazo izixhobo, kunye neemeko ezivumela ucalucalulo, ukubeka iliso, ukumisa kunye ne-frisk, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ubundlobongela bamapolisa, bancediswe ukukhuphisana nabamhlophe babo?
"Ilungelo elimhlophe," ngokutsho kweDelgado & Stefancic (2001, njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwiTyson, 2015) inokuchazwa "njengentlaninge yeenzuzo zentlalo, izibonelelo, kunye neembeko eziza nokuba lilungu logqatso olubalaseleyo" (iphe. 361) ). Ngamanye amazwi, "ilungelo elimhlophe luhlobo lobuhlanga bemihla ngemihla kuba yonke ingcamango yelungelo ixhomekeke kwingcamango yokungabikho" (Tyson, 2015, p. 362). Ukuncama inyhweba emhlophe, uWildman (1996, njengoko ecatshulwe kuTyson, 2015) ukholelwa ukuba “kukuyeka ukwenza ngathi uhlanga alunamsebenzi” (iphe. 363). Ingcamango yelungelo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni imeko yase-Afrika yaseMelika. Ukuzalelwa kwintsapho yase-Afrika yaseMelika ayixhomekekanga kukhetho lomntwana wase-Afrika waseMelika. Ngamanye amazwi, isekelwe kwithamsanqa kwaye kungekhona kukhetho; kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu, umntwana wase-Afrika waseMelika akufanele ohlwaywe ngenxa yokhetho okanye isigqibo angasenzanga. Ngokwale mbono, u-Kymlicka (1995) ukholelwa ngamandla ukuba “amalungelo awohlukileyo eqela” okanye “amalungelo awohlulwe ngamaqela” athetheleleka “kwithiyori yolingano ekhululekileyo… egxininisa ukubaluleka kokulungisa ukungalingani okungakhethwanga” (iphe. 109). Ukolula lo mgca wengcinga kancinci ukuya kwisigqibo sayo esinengqiqo, umntu unokuxoxa ukuba amabango entshukumo ye "Black Lives Matter" kufuneka athathwe ngokulinganayo, kuba la mabango abalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amaxhoba ocalucalulo ngokwesakhiwo okanye kwiziko. kunye nobundlobongela baziva.
Enye yeethiyori zongquzulwano lwentlalontle umsebenzi wayo "kwisakhiwo sobundlobongela" uhlala ufanelekile ekuqondeni ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo or ubuhlanga obuseziko eUnited States yi Galtung (1969). Ingcinga kaGaltung (1969) yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwesakhiwo eqhubeka ngqo kwaye ngqo ubundlobongela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, bunokusinceda siqonde indlela amaziko kunye namaziko enzelwe ukukhuthaza ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ngokuchasene nohlanga lwase-Afrika yaseMelika kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci zisebenza. Ngelixa ubundlobongela obuthe ngqo ibamba ingcaciso yababhali nodlova, ubundlobongela obungangqalanga imele izakhiwo zengcinezelo ezithintela icandelo labemi ekufikeleleni kwiimfuno zabo zoluntu ezisisiseko kunye namalungelo ngoko ke kunyanzeliswa "ukuqonda kokwenyani kwengqondo kunye nokuqonda kwabantu ukuba kube ngaphantsi kwezinto ezinokubakho" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168).
Ngendlela yokufanisa, umntu unokutsho ukuba kanye njengokuba ama-indigenes e-Niger Delta yaseNigeria aye afumana imiphumo enganyamezelekiyo yobundlobongela besakhiwo ezandleni zikaRhulumente waseNigeria kunye neenkampani zeoli zamazwe ngamazwe, amava ase-Afrika aseMelika e-United Sates, eqala ukusuka. ixesha lokufika kwamakhoboka okuqala, ukutyhubela ixesha le Emancipation, i UMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu, kwaye de kube kukuvela kwamva nje kwe Imiba ebomnyama intshukumo, iphawulwe kakhulu ngu ubundlobongela besakhiwo. Kwimeko yaseNigeria, uqoqosho lwaseNigeria lusekelwe ngokukodwa kwimithombo yendalo, ngokukodwa ukukhutshwa kweoli kwingingqi yaseNiger Delta. Ingeniso evela kwintengiso ye-oyile evela kwi-Niger Delta isetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa ezinye izixeko ezikhulu, ukutyebisa amaphulo okukhutshwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nabasebenzi bamazwe angaphandle, ukuhlawula abezopolitiko, kunye nokwakha iindlela, izikolo kunye nezinye iziseko kwezinye izixeko. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseNiger Delta abahlupheki kuphela kwimiphumo emibi yokukhutshwa kweoli - umzekelo ukungcoliseka kwendalo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yabo yokuhlala enikwe nguThixo -, kodwa baye bangahoywa kangangeenkulungwane, bathuliswa, bephantsi kobuhlwempu obugqithiseleyo kunye nokuphathwa kakubi. Lo mzekelo wasuka wazifikela engqondweni yam njengoko ndandifunda iingcaciso zikaGaltung (1969) zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwesakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, amava ase-Afrika aseMelika obundlobongela besakhiwo ngokukaTyson (2015) kungenxa yokuba:
ukufakwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo nezenzo zocalucalulo kumaziko uluntu olusebenza ngawo: umzekelo, imfundo; urhulumente, urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekhaya; umthetho, ngokumalunga noko kubhaliweyo ezincwadini kunye nendlela ophunyezwa ngayo ziinkundla nangamagosa asebupoliseni; ukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nehlabathi loshishino. (iphe. 345)
Ukudilizwa kwezakhiwo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlanga kufuna umngeni ongenabundlobongela okanye ngamanye amaxesha unobundlobongela kunye neendleko zamaziko kunye nezakhiwo zengcinezelo. Ngendlela efanayo naleyo iinkokeli zeNiger Delta, ezazixhaswa nguKen Saro-Wiwa, zalwa umlo ongenabundlobongela wobulungisa ngokuchasene noozwilakhe baseNigeria ngelo xesha, apho uSaro-Wiwa kunye nabanye abaninzi bahlawula ibhaso lenkululeko ngobomi babo njengoozwilakhe basemkhosini. wabagwebela ukufa ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, uMartin Luther King Omnci. “waba yinkokeli yoMbutho Wamalungelo Oluntu” (Lemert, 2013, iphe. 263) owasebenzisa iindlela ezingenabundlobongela ukuphelisa ngokusemthethweni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga eUnited States. Ngelishwa, uGqr King "wabulawa eMemphis ngo-1968 njengoko wayeququzelela 'uhambo lwabantu abahluphekileyo' eWashington" (Lemert, 2013, p. 263). Ukubulawa kwabaphembeleli abangenabundlobongela abafana noGqr King kunye no-Ken Saro-Wiwa kusifundisa isifundo esibalulekileyo malunga nobundlobongela besakhiwo. Ngokutsho kukaGaltung (1969):
Xa isakhiwo sisongelwa, abo baxhamla kubundlobongela besakhiwo, ngaphezu kwabo bonke abo baphezulu, baya kuzama ukugcina imeko elungiselelwe kakuhle ukukhusela iimfuno zabo. Ngokujonga imisebenzi yamaqela ahlukeneyo kunye nabantu xa isakhiwo sisongelwa, kwaye ngakumbi ngokuqaphela ukuba ngubani oza kuhlangula isakhiwo, uvavanyo lokusebenza luyaziswa olunokuthi lusetyenziswe ukubeka amalungu esakhiwo ngokwemidla yabo. ekugcineni isakhiwo. (iphepha 179)
Umbuzo othi qatha engqondweni ngulo: Kuya kude kube nini abagcini bobundlobongela bezakhiwo beqhubeka nokugcina isakhiwo? Kwimeko yaseUnited States, kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuqala inkqubo yokudiliza izakhiwo ezifakwe kucalucalulo lobuhlanga, kwaye njengoko intshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter ibonisile, mninzi umsebenzi ekufuneka wenziwe.
Ngokuhambelana nombono kaGaltung (1969) wobundlobongela obuphathelele kulwakhiwo, uBurton (2001), ekugxekeni kwakhe “isakhiwo semveli samandla-elite” – isakhiwo esifanekiselwa kwisimo sengqondo sika-“thina-bona”-, ikholelwa ukuba abantu abaphantsi kobundlobongela obucwangcisiweyo ngamaziko kunye nemimiselo ekhoyo kwisakhiwo esinamandla-elite ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuphendula besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, kubandakanywa ubundlobongela kunye nokungathobeli kwentlalo. Ngokusekelwe kwinkolelo kwintlekele yempucuko, umbhali ugxininisa into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwenyanzeliso akusenelanga ukugcina ubundlobongela besakhiwo kumaxhoba ayo. Inkqubela phambili ephezulu kwitekhnoloji yonxibelelwano, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye nokukwazi ukuququzelela kunye nokuhlanganisa abaxhasi banokuzisa ngokulula utshintsho olufunekayo lwentlalo-utshintsho kumandla okutshintsha, ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa, kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke into yokuphela kobundlobongela obucwangcisiweyo. uluntu.
Ucalucalulo Olufihliweyo
Njengoko kuxoxiwe kwizahluko ezandulelayo - izahluko ezithetha ngengqwalasela yokuqala kunye ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo – omnye umahluko phakathi ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kwaye ucalucalulo olufihliweyo kukuba ngexesha lokucwangciswa kobuhlanga, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babebhalwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba ngabangengabo abemi okanye abaphambukeli kwaye bahluthwa amalungelo okuvota kunye nethuba lokuhlanganisana ukuze bathethelele, benze kunye nobulungisa, ngelixa besengozini enkulu yokubulawa kwabantu baseYurophu (abamhlophe). ) abantu abakhulu eUnited States, ngakumbi eMzantsi. Abamnyama, ngokutsho kukaDu Bois (1935, njengoko kukhankanyiwe eLemert, ngo-2013) babejongene nemiphumo yobuhlanga obungapheliyo eMzantsi. Oku kubonakala "kumvuzo woluntu kunye nowengqondo" owahlukileyo "iqela elimhlophe labasebenzi" (i-Lemert, i-2013, iphe. 185) ifumene ukongeza kumvuzo wabo ophantsi, ngokuchasene "neqela elimnyama labasebenzi" abahlupheke kwisakhiwo. , ucalucalulo ngokwasengqondweni nangoluntu. Ukongezelela, amajelo aqhelekileyo "aphantse angayinaki i-Negro ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokugculelwa" (Lemert, 2013, p. 185). Abantu baseYurophu babengawakhathaleli amakhoboka aseAfrika abawazisa eMelika, kodwa imveliso yawo yayixatyiswa yaye ixatyiswa kakhulu. Umsebenzi wase-Afrika "waye wahluka kwaye wahlukanisiwe" kwimveliso yakhe. La mava angacaciswa ngakumbi kusetyenziswa ithiyori kaMarx (njengoko ecatshulwe kuLemert, 2013) ethi “Estranged Labour” ethi:
Ukwahlukaniswa komsebenzi kwimveliso yakhe akuthethi nje ukuba umsebenzi wakhe uba yinto, ubukho bangaphandle, kodwa ukuba bukhona ngaphandle kwakhe, ngokuzimeleyo, njengento engaqhelekanga kuye, kwaye ibe ngamandla ayo ajongene naye; kuthetha ukuba ubomi abunike entweni bujongana naye njengento enobutshaba nengaqhelekanga. (iphe. 30)
Ukwahlukaniswa kwekhoboka lomNtu kwimveliso yalo - ezona zimveliso zomsebenzi wakhe - luphawu olubalaseleyo ekuqondeni ixabiso elibalelwa kuma-Afrika ngabaqweqwedisi baseYurophu. Isibakala sokuba ikhoboka laseAfrika lahluthwa ilungelo lalo lokufumana imveliso yomsebenzi walo sibonisa ukuba ababemthimbile babengamjongi njengomntu, kodwa njengento, njengento ephantsi, impahla enokuthengwa ize ithengiswe, enokusetyenziswa. okanye utshatyalaliswe ngentando yakhe. Noko ke, emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka noMthetho Wamalungelo Oluntu wowe-1964 owaluvala ngokusemthethweni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga eUnited Sates, iimeko zobuhlanga eMerika zatshintsha. Injini (okanye ingcamango) eyaphembelela yaza yaphembelela ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga yasuswa kurhulumente yaza yabhalwa ezingqondweni, ezintloko, emehlweni, ezindlebeni nasezandleni zabantu abathile baseYurophu (abamhlophe). Ekubeni urhulumente waye wanyanzeliswa ukuba aphule umthetho ubuhlanga obucacileyo, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga lwalungasekho ngokusemthethweni kodwa ngoku lwalungekho mthethweni.
Kanye njengokuba ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa, "imikhwa emidala ifa nzima," kunzima kakhulu ukutshintsha kwaye ukuyeka ukuziphatha okanye umkhwa oqhelekileyo kunye okhoyo ukuze ulungelelanise indlela entsha yokuphila - inkcubeko entsha, entsha. weltanschauung kunye nomkhwa omtsha. Ukusukela oko awukwazi ukufundisa inja endala amaqhinga amatsha, kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye kucotha kubantu abathile baseYurophu (abamhlophe) ukuba balahle ubuhlanga baze bamkele umyalelo omtsha wobulungisa nokulingana. Ngomthetho karhulumente osesikweni kunye nethiyori, ubuhlanga bapheliswa phakathi kwezakhiwo ezazisele zimiselwe zengcinezelo. Ngelifa lenkcubeko elingekho sikweni, eliqokelelweyo, kwaye ngokwezenzo, ubuhlanga bumetamorphosed ukusuka kwimithetho-siseko yolwakhiwo ukuya kwifom efihliweyo; ukusuka kulawulo lukarhulumente ukuya kulawulo lomntu; ukusuka kwinto ecacileyo necacileyo ukuya kutsho kwizinto ezisithele ngakumbi, ezifihlakeleyo, ezifihlakeleyo, ezingabonakaliyo, ezigqunyiweyo, nezifihlakeleyo. Oku yayikukuzalwa kuka ucalucalulo olufihliweyo eUnited States of America apho umbutho weBlack Lives Matter uhlasela, uqhankqalaza kwaye ulwa kwi21.st ngenkulungwane.
Kwintshayelelo yeli phepha, ndichaze ukuba ukusebenzisa kwam eli gama, ucalucalulo olufihliweyo iphefumlelwe nguRestrepo noHincapíe's (2013) "Umgaqo-siseko ofihliweyo: iParadigm entsha yengcinezelo," othi:
Injongo yokuqala yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo kukufihla yonke imilinganiselo yamandla. Ngokufihlwa kolwimi lobuchwephesha kwaye, ke ngoko, iinkqubo, iiprothokholi kunye nezigqibo, ukubonakaliswa okuchuliweyo kwamandla kuye kungabonakali kuye nabani na ongenalo ulwazi lolwimi lokwaphula ufihlo. Ngaloo ndlela, uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo luxhomekeke kubukho beqela elinokufikelela kwiifomyula zofihlo kunye nelinye iqela elingabahoyi ngokupheleleyo. Aba bamva, bengabafundi abangagunyaziswanga, bavuleleke ekusetyenzisweni. (iphe. 12)
Ukusuka kwesi sicatshulwa, umntu unokuqonda ngokulula iimpawu zangaphakathi ze ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Okokuqala, kuluntu olufihliweyo lobuhlanga, kukho amaqela amabini abantu: iqela elinelungelo kunye neqela elingenalungelo. Amalungu eqela anelungelo lokufikelela koko u-Restrepo no-Hincapíe (2013) babiza ngokuthi "ifomula ye-encryption" (iphe. 12) apho imigaqo ucalucalulo olufihlakeleyo okanye olufihliweyo kunye nezenzo zocalucalulo zisekelwe. Ngenxa yokuba amalungu eqela anelungelo ngabo bakwizikhundla zobunkokeli kwii-ofisi zoluntu nakwamanye amacandelo acwangcisiweyo oluntu, kwaye benikwa inyani yokuba banazo. iifomula zoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo, oko kukuthi, iikhowudi ezifihlakeleyo apho amalungu eqela elinelungelo lekhowudi kunye ne-algorithm okanye iiseti zomyalelo kunye neepateni zokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqela anelungelo kunye namaqela angenanto, okanye abekwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye ngokucacileyo, phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama eUnited States, abantu abamhlophe (abanelungelo) banokucalula ngokulula kwaye bajongele phantsi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika (abamnyama abangenalungelo), ngamanye amaxesha bengaqondi ukuba banobuhlanga. Eyokugqibela, ayinakho ukufikelela kwi iifomula zoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo, iiseti ezifihlakeleyo zolwazi, okanye iikhowudi zokusebenza ezifihlakeleyo ezijikeleza phakathi kweqela elikhethekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha abaqondi nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kubo. Oku kuchaza uhlobo localucalulo olufihlakeleyo, olufihlakeleyo okanye olufihliweyo lobuhlanga olwenzeka ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yemfundo, izindlu, ingqesho, ezopolitiko, ezosasazo, ubudlelwane bamapolisa noluntu, inkqubo yobulungisa, njalo njalo. UTyson (2015) ubamba ngokungathanga ngqo ingcamango ucalucalulo olufihliweyo kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo eUnited States ngokuqinisekisa ukuba:
Njengoko uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bayo yonke imibala besazi, nangona kunjalo, ubuhlanga abukanyamalala: buhambile “ngaphantsi komhlaba.” Oko kukuthi, ukungabikho kokusesikweni ngokobuhlanga eUnited States kuseyingxaki enkulu nengxamisekileyo; iye yabonakala ingaphantsi kunangaphambili. Ukungabikho kokusesikweni ngokobuhlanga kuqheliselwa kumaqhophololo, ngokungathi kunjalo, ukuze aphephe ukumangalelwa ngokusemthethweni, yaye kuye kwanda ngendlela, kwiimeko ezininzi, ngamaxhoba ako kuphela azi kakuhle ngokwenene. (iphe. 351)
Mininzi imizekelo umntu anokubonisa ngayo imisebenzi yocalucalulo olufihliweyo. Omnye umzekelo kukuchasa ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokufihlakeleyo kwamanye amaRiphabhlikhi kuzo zonke izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezathi uMongameli uBarack Obama, uMongameli wokuqala wase-Afrika waseMelika wase-United States, wazisa. Nasemva kokuba ephumelele unyulo lukamongameli ngo-2008 nango-2012, iqela lamaRiphabhlikhi atshatshelelwa nguDonald Trump lisaxoxa ngelithi uMongameli Obama akazalelwanga eMelika. Nangona abantu abaninzi baseMelika bengamthathi nzulu uTrump, kodwa umntu kufuneka abuze izizathu zakhe zokuhlutha u-Obama amalungelo akhe omgaqo-siseko njengommi wokuzalwa wase-US. Ngaba le asiyondlela efihlakeleyo, ebhalwe ngekhowudi okanye efihliweyo yokuba u-Obama akafanelekanga ukuba nguMongameli wase-United States kuba engumntu ontsundu ophuma kwinzala yase-Afrika, kwaye akamhlophe ngokwaneleyo ukuba abe ngumongameli kwilizwe apho uninzi lwabo mhlophe?
Omnye umzekelo libango elicatshulwe ngabagxeki base-Afrika baseMelika malunga nezenzo zocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwiinkqubo zomthetho nezomthetho. “Ukuba neegram ezingama-28 ze<em>crack cocaine (esetyenziswa kakhulu ngabantu abamnyama baseMerika) ngokuzenzekelayo kuxhokonxa isigwebo esisisinyanzelo seminyaka emihlanu entolongweni. Nangona kunjalo, kuthatha i-500 grams ye-powder cocaine (esetyenziswa kakhulu ngabamhlophe baseMelika) ukuqalisa kwaloo minyaka emihlanu yesigwebo esisinyanzelo sentolongo "(Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Ukongeza, ucalucalulo kunye nocalucalulo oluphembelele ukubekwa kweliso kwamapolisa kwindawo yase-Afrika yaseMelika kunye nesiphumo sokumisa kunye nengxabano, inkohlakalo yamapolisa kunye nokudutyulwa ngokungeyomfuneko kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunokubonwa ngokulinganayo njengokuphuma kwimithetho-siseko. ucalucalulo olufihliweyo.
Ucalucalulo olufihliweyo njengoko isetyenziswe kweli phepha ibonisa ukuba i ucalucalulo olufihliweyo uyazi kwaye uyayiqonda imigaqo esisiseko ye ucalucalulo lolwakhiwo kunye nobundlobongela kodwa awukwazi ngokuphandle nangokuphandle ukucalula uluntu lwase-Afrika yaseMelika ngenxa yokuba ucalucalulo oluvulekileyo kunye nobuhlanga obucacileyo besakhiwo buthintelwe kwaye lwenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni nguMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu we-1964 kunye neminye iMithetho ye-Federal. UMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu wowe-1964 owapasiswa yiNkongolo yama-88 (1963–1965) waza watyikitywa waba ngumthetho nge-2 kaJulayi, ngo-1964 nguMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson waphela. ubuhlanga obucacileyo kodwa, ngelishwa, ayizange iphele ucalucalulo olufihliweyo, okuyiyo i-cover uhlobo localucalulo ngokobuhlanga. Ngokuqhubekayo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe uhlanganisa izigidi zabantu kungekuphela e-United States kodwa nakwihlabathi liphela ngokuchasene i-ajenda efihliweyo yobuhlangaa of the white supremacists, i-Black Lives Matter intshukumo iphumelele ekudaleni ulwazi kunye nokunyusa ukuqonda kwethu kwiinyani ucalucalulo olufihliweyo ezibonakalalisa ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekubhengezeni iprofayili ukuya kwinkohlakalo yamapolisa; ukusuka ekucatshulweni nasekubanjweni ukuya ekubulaweni kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika abangaxhobanga; ngokunjalo nokusuka kwingqesho nezenzo zocalu-calulo lwezindlu ukuya ekujongelwe phantsi okuqhutywa lubuhlanga kunye nengcinezelo ezikolweni. Le yimizekelo embalwa yocalucalulo olufihliweyo oluthe intshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter yanceda ukuyicombulula.
Ukucima Ucalucalulo Olufihliweyo
Oko ucalucalulo olufihliweyo ikhutshiwe ekuguqulelweni koguqulelo ngokusebenza kwentshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter ayingoyilo olucwangciswe kwangaphambili, kodwa ukuzola - igama elisetyenziswe ngoJanuwari 28, 1754 nguHorace Walpole elithetha "ukufunyanwa, ngengozi kunye nobuqili, bezinto" (Lederach 2005, p. 114) engekaziwa. Akunjalo ngobukrelekrele obuqhelekileyo babaseki be-Black Lives Matter intshukumo, kodwa yintlungu kunye neentlungu zolutsha olungaxhobekiyo kunye namakhulukhulu obomi abantsundu obathi banqunyulwa ngequbuliso ngemipu yabazibiza ngokuba bangoongantweni abamhlophe ezintliziyweni zabo. intiyo enetyhefu efihliweyo kubomi babantu abamnyama, kwaye ezingqondweni, entloko nasengqondweni yakhe isigqibo sokubulala umntu omnyama ongaxhobileyo sivuselelwe kukukhumbula izinto zakudala. izakhiwo zobuhlanga.
Kungaxoxwa ukuba ubundlavini bamapolisa, umkhethe, ucalucalulo kunye neembono ezicingelwayo ngokuchasene nohlanga oluntsundu kwilizwe lonke nazo zazixhaphakile kumacandelo amadala obuhlanga. Kodwa iminyhadala yaseFerguson, eMissouri, inike abaphandi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ukuqonda okunzulu ngobume benkqubo. ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Ubutshantliziyo bentshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter yaba sisixhobo ekwandiseni ukukhanya kophando kwizenzo zocalucalulo ezichasene, nokubulawa kwabantu abangaxhobanga, ama-Afrika aseMelika. Uphando lweSebe lamaPolisa aseFerguson olwenziwa kwaye lwapapashwa liSebe lezoBulungisa eUnited States kwiCandelo lamaLungelo oLuntu ngoMatshi 4, 2015 emva kokubulawa kukaMichael Brown, Omnci. lutyhila ukuba izenzo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho zaseFerguson ziyingozi ngokungafanelekanga abahlali baseFerguson base-Afrika-baseMelika kwaye baqhutywa. ngokuyinxenye ngokucalucalula ngokobuhlanga, kubandakanywa neengcinga ezibambekayo (ingxelo ye-DOJ, i-2015, iphe. 62). Ingxelo ichaza ngakumbi ukuba izenzo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kaFerguson zibeka impembelelo eyahlukileyo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika abaphula umthetho we-federal; nokuba izenzo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kaFerguson zikhuthazwa ngokuyinxenye ngenjongo yocalucalulo ngokwaphulwa kweSihlomelo seShumi elineSine kunye neminye imithetho yomanyano (DOJ Civil Rights Division Report, 2015, p. 63 – 70).
Ngoko ke, ayimangalisi into yokuba uluntu lwase-Afrika lwaseMelika lucatshukiswe zizenzo eziphenjelelwa lucalucalulo lwamapolisa alawulwa ngabamhlophe. Omnye umbuzo oza engqondweni ngulo: ngaba i-DOJ Civil Rights Division iye yaphanda iSebe lePolisa laseFerguson ukuba kungekhona ngenxa ye-activism ye-Black Lives Matter movement? Mhlawumbi hayi. Mhlawumbi, ukuba bekungenjalo ngenxa yoqhanqalazo oluzingisileyo olwenziwa yintshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter, ukubulawa kwabantu abantsundu abangaxhobanga eFlorida, Ferguson, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, nakwezinye izixeko ezininzi kunye namazwe ngamapolisa, bekungeke kwenzeke. ziye zabhencwa kwaye zaphandwa. I-Black Lives Matter intshukumo inokutolikwa njenge "ilizwi lombala" eliyingqayizivele (uTyson, i-2015, iphe. 360) - ingcamango ebalulekileyo yobuhlanga ebamba ukuba "ababhali abancinci kunye nabacinga ngokuqhelekileyo bakwimeko engcono kunababhali abamhlophe kunye nabacinga. ukubhala nokuthetha ngobuhlanga nobuhlanga kuba bafumana ubuhlanga ngokuthe ngqo” (Tyson, 2015, p. 360). Abaxhasi “belizwi lombala” bamema amaxhoba okucalucalulwa ngokobuhlanga ukuba abalise amabali abo njengoko ayefumana ucalucalulo. Intshukumo yeBlack Lives Matter idlala le ndima ibalulekileyo yokubalisa amabali, kwaye ngokwenza njalo, isebenza njenge 21.st umnxeba wenkulungwane ukuba ungatshintshi kuphela imeko yangoku efakwe kuyo ucalucalulo olufihliweyo, kodwa ukuveza kunye nokucima oko u-Restrepo noHincapíe (2013) babiza ngokuthi "ifomula ye-encryption" (iphe. 12), iikhowudi ezifihlakeleyo apho amalungu eqela elinelungelo lekhowudi kunye ne-decode i-algorithm kunye neepatheni zokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqela anelungelo kunye namaqela angenanto. , okanye ibekwe ngokwahlukileyo nangokucacileyo, phakathi kwabamhlophe nabantsundu eUnited States.
isiphelo
Ngenxa yobunzima kunye nobunzima bobuhlanga e-United States, kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo imida umbhali adibana nayo ngelixa eqokelela idatha kumatyala amaninzi obundlobongela kubantu abamnyama, uninzi lwabagxeki banokuphikisa ukuba eli phepha alinayo idatha eyaneleyo yentsimi (oko kukuthi, imithombo ephambili. ) apho iingxoxo kunye nezikhundla zombhali kufuneka zisekwe khona. Kuyavunywa ukuba uphando lwentsimi okanye ezinye iindlela zokuqokelelwa kwedatha yimeko eyimfuneko kwiziphumo zophando olusebenzayo kunye neziphumo, nangona kunjalo, umntu unokuphinda axoxe ukuba ayisiyo imeko eyaneleyo yohlalutyo olubalulekileyo lweengxabano zentlalo njengoko kuye kwenziwa ngokubonakalayo kweli phepha. kusetyenziswa iithiyori zongquzulwano lwentlalo ezihambelana nombandela ofundiswayo.
Njengoko kuphawuliwe kwisingeniso, injongo ephambili eli phepha lijongene nokuhlola nokuhlalutya imisebenzi yentshukumo ye "Black Lives Matter" kunye nemigudu yabo yokutyhila ucalucalulo olufihlakeleyo lobuhlanga olufakwe kumaziko kunye nembali yase-United States ukuze. ukudala indlela yobulungisa, ukulingana kunye nokulingana kwabambalwa, ngakumbi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ukufezekisa le njongo, iphepha lihlolisise iithiyori ezine ezifanelekileyo zokungqubuzana kwezentlalo: "Ukugxekwa kwe-Afrika yaseMelika" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344); Kymlicka's (1995) "Ubumi beenkcubeko ezininzi: Ithiyori yeNkululeko yamaLungelo amaNcinane" enika ingqwalasela kwaye ivumele "amalungelo ahlukeneyo ngamaqela" kumaqela athile athe abandezeleka ngenxa yobuhlanga, ucalucalulo kunye nokucalulwa; Ithiyori kaGaltung (1969) ye ubundlobongela besakhiwo eqaqambisa izakhiwo zengcinezelo ezithintela icandelo labemi ekufikeleleni kwiimfuno zabo zoluntu ezisisiseko kunye namalungelo ngokwenjenjalo kunyanzeliswa “ukuqonda kokwenyani kwabantu okuphathekayo nokwasengqondweni ukuba kube ngaphantsi kwezinto abanokuzifumana” (Galtung, 1969, p. 168); kwaye okokugqibela uBurton's (2001) ugxeka "isakhiwo semveli esinamandla-elite" - ulwakhiwo olufanekiselwa kwingqondo ethi "thina-bona"-, ebambe ukuba abantu abaphantsi kobundlobongela besakhiwo ngamaziko kunye nezithethe ezihambelana namandla- Isakhiwo se-elite siya kuphendula ngokuqinisekileyo sisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, kubandakanya ubundlobongela kunye nokungathobeli kwentlalo.
Uhlalutyo lwengxabano yobuhlanga e-United States ukuba eli phepha lenze ngempumelelo ekukhanyeni kwezi nkcazo, kwaye ngoncedo lwemizekelo ebonakalayo ibonisa inguqu okanye ukusuka ubuhlanga obucacileyo ukuba ucalucalulo olufihliweyo. Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ngomthetho karhulumente osesikweni kunye nethiyori, ubuhlanga bapheliswa eUnited States. Ngelifa lenkcubeko elingekho sikweni, eliqokelelweyo, kwaye ngokwezenzo, ubuhlanga buye batshintsha ukusuka kwimithetho-siseko ecacileyo ukuya kwifom efihliweyo, efihlakeleyo; yasuka kulawulo lukarhulumente yaya kulawulo lomntu; ukusuka kwinto ecacileyo necacileyo ukuya kutsho kwizinto ezisithele ngakumbi, ezifihlakeleyo, ezifihlakeleyo, ezingabonakaliyo, ezigqunyiweyo, nezifihlakeleyo.
Olu hlobo lufihliweyo, olufihlakeleyo, olunekhowudi okanye olufihlakeleyo localucalulo ngokobuhlanga koko eli phepha libhekisa kulo njengocalucalulo olufihliweyo. Eli phepha liqinisekisa ukuba kanye njengokuba i-Civil Rights Movement yaba negalelo ekupheliseni ubuhlanga obucacileyo, ucalucalulo oluvulekileyo kunye nolwahlulo e-United States, i-Black Lives Matter intshukumo iye yasebenza ngesibindi ekudambiseni ucalucalulo olufihliweyo eUnited States. Umzekelo othile unokuba ziziganeko eFerguson, eMissouri, ezibonelele ngokunzulu ukuqonda ubume be ucalucalulo olufihliweyo kubaphandi, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi ngeNgxelo ye-DOJ (2015) etyhila ukuba izenzo zokunyanzeliswa komthetho zaseFerguson ziyingozi ngokungafanelekanga abahlali base-Ferguson base-Afrika-American kwaye ziqhutywa ngokuyinxenye ngokucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, kubandakanywa stereotyping (iphe. 62). I-Black Lives Matter intshukumo ngoko ke "ilizwi lombala" eliyingqayizivele (uTyson, i-2015, iphe. 360) inceda abantu base-Afrika baseMerika ababelawulwa ngokwembali kunye nobuhlanga ukuba baxelele amabali abo njengoko bafumana ucalucalulo.
Amabali abo abe negalelo ekupheliseni ucalucalulo olufihliweyo e-United States. Noko ke, uphando olongezelelekileyo luyafuneka ukuze kuqondwe iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngazo i-21st Abaphembeleli benkulungwane baseMelika abangenabundlobongela benza amazwi abo avakale, kwaye bahlalutye imiceli mngeni abadibana nayo kubutshantliziyo babo kunye nokuvavanya indlela abasabela ngayo kurhulumente kunye nabemi abamhlophe ababalaseleyo.
Ucaphulo
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