Amandla kunye nobuthathaka beModeli yokuLamla yeempawu zaseTshayina

Abstract:

Njengendlela ekhethwayo nethandwayo yokusonjululwa kwengxabano enembali ende kunye nesithethe, imodeli yolamlo yaseTshayina iye yaguquka yaba luphawu oluxubeneyo. Imodeli yolamlo oluphawulwayo lubonisa ukuba kwelinye icala, isimbo solamlo esinesiseko esimandla esikhokelwa ziinkundla zasekuhlaleni sisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizixeko ezininzi ezigudle unxweme ezinophuhliso loqoqosho noko; kwelinye icala, indlela yesithethe yolamlo apho iingxabano zisonjululwa ikakhulu ngeentloko zelali, iinkokeli zezindlu kunye/okanye abantu ababalaseleyo kuluntu isekhona kwaye isetyenziswa kwimimandla yasemaphandleni yaseTshayina. Olu phononongo lophando lwazisa iimpawu ezahlukileyo zemodeli yolamlo lwaseTshayina kwaye luxoxa ngokufaneleka kunye nobuthathaka bemodeli yolamlo oluphawu lwaseTshayina.

Funda okanye ukhuphele iphepha elipheleleyo:

Wang, Zhiwei (2019). Amandla kunye nobuthathaka beModeli yokuLamla yeempawu zaseTshayina

Ijenali yokuHlala Ndawonye, ​​6 (1), iphepha 144-152, 2019, ISSN: 2373-6615 (Shicilela); 2373-6631 (kwi-Intanethi).

@Inqaku{Wang2019
Isihloko = {Amandla kunye nobuthathaka beModeli yokuLamla yeempawu zaseTshayina}
Umbhali = {Zhiwei Wang}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/chinas-mediation-model/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Shicilela); 2373-6631 (kwi-intanethi)}
Unyaka = {2019}
Umhla = {2019-12-18}
Ijenali = {Ijenali yokuHlala kunye}
Umthamo = {6}
Inani = {1}
Amaphepha = {144-152}
Umshicileli = {Iziko leHlabathi le-Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Idilesi = {Mount Vernon, New York}
Uhlelo = {2019}.

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Amanqaku Afana

Ngaba Iinyaniso Ezininzi Zikho Ngaxeshanye? Nantsi indlela ukugwetywa okukodwa kwiNdlu yaBameli kunokuvula indlela yeengxoxo ezinzima kodwa ezinzima malunga neNgqungquthela yase-Israel-yasePalestina kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Le bhlog iphonononga kungquzulwano lwe-Israel-Palestine ngokuvuma iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Iqala ngovavanyo lokugxeka uMmeli uRashida Tlaib, kwaye emva koko ithathela ingqalelo iingxoxo ezikhulayo phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo - ekuhlaleni, kuzwelonke nakwihlabathi jikelele - eziqaqambisa ulwahlulo olukhoyo macala onke. Le meko inzima kakhulu, ibandakanya imiba emininzi efana nengxabano phakathi kweenkolo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuhlanga, ukuphathwa ngokungafaniyo kwaBameli beNdlu kwinkqubo yoluleko ye-Chamber, kunye nengxabano enzulu ye-multi-generational. Ukuntsonkotha kokukhalinyelwa kukaTlaib kunye nempembelelo yenyikima ebenayo kwabaninzi yenza ukuba kubaluleke ngakumbi ukuphonononga iziganeko ezenzeka phakathi kwe-Israel nePalestina. Wonke umntu ubonakala eneempendulo ezichanekileyo, kodwa akukho mntu unokuvuma. Kutheni kunjalo nje?

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Ukuguqulwa kwiSilamsi kunye nobuzwe bobuhlanga eMalaysia

Eli phepha licandelo leprojekthi yophando enkulu egxile ekunyukeni kobuhlanga baseMalay kunye nobukhulu eMalaysia. Ngelixa ukunyuka kobuzwe bobuzwe baseMalay kungabangelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo, eli phepha lijolise ngokukodwa kumthetho wokuguqulwa kwamaSilamsi eMalaysia kwaye nokuba uye womeleza na uvakalelo lobunganga baseMalay. IMalaysia lilizwe elinezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkolo ezininzi elafumana inkululeko yalo ngo-1957 kwiBritane. AmaMalay lelona qela likhulu belisoloko liluthatha unqulo lobuSilamsi njengenxalenye yesazisi sawo esilwahlula kwezinye iintlanga ezazingeniswa kweli lizwe ngexesha lolawulo lobukoloniyali baseBritani. Ngelixa ubuSilamsi buyinkolo esemthethweni, uMgaqo-siseko uvumela ezinye iinkolo ukuba zenziwe ngoxolo ngabantu baseMalaysia abangengoMalay, oko kukuthi amaTshayina namaIndiya. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho wamaSilamsi olawula imitshato yamaSilamsi eMalaysia ugunyazise ukuba abo bangengawo amaSilamsi baguqukele kwiSilamsi ukuba banqwenela ukutshata namaSilamsi. Kweli phepha, ndixela ukuba umthetho wokuguqulwa kwamaSilamsi usetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokuqinisa imvakalelo yobuzwe baseMalaysia eMalaysia. Idatha yokuqala yaqokelelwa ngokusekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe kunye namaSilamsi aseMalay atshate nabangengabo amaMalay. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba uninzi lwabantu ekwadliwan’ indlebe nabo baseMalaysia bajonga ukuguqukela kwiSilamsi njengento eyimfuneko njengoko kufunwa yinkolo yamaSilamsi kunye nomthetho welizwe. Ukongeza, ababoni sizathu sokuba abantu abangengabo amaMalay bangachasa ukuguqukela kwiSilamsi, njengoko betshatile, abantwana baya kuqwalaselwa ngokuzenzekelayo njengeMalay ngokoMgaqo-siseko, ohamba nenqanaba kunye namalungelo. Iimbono zabantu abangengoMalay abaguqukele kubuSilamsi zazisekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe lwesibini oluye lwenziwa ngabanye abaphengululi. Njengoko ukuba ngumSilamsi kunxulunyaniswa nokuba ngumMalay, abantu abaninzi abangengoMalay abaguqukileyo baziva behluthwe imvakalelo yabo yenkolo neyobuhlanga, kwaye baziva becinezelekile ukuba bamkele inkcubeko yohlanga lwaseMalay. Nangona ukutshintsha umthetho woguqulo kunokuba nzima, iingxoxo ezivulekileyo zeenkolo ngeenkolo ezikolweni nakumacandelo karhulumente inokuba linyathelo lokuqala lokujongana nale ngxaki.

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Iinkonzo e-Igboland: Ukwahluka, Ukufaneleka kunye nokubakho

Unqulo sesinye seziganeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho ezinefuthe elingenakuphikiswa eluntwini naphina ehlabathini. Njengobungcwele njengoko kubonakala ngathi, inkolo ayibalulekanga nje kuphela ekuqondeni ubukho babemi bomthonyama kodwa ikwanayo nomgaqo-nkqubo wokubaluleka kwimeko yobuhlanga kunye nophuhliso. Ubungqina bembali kunye ne-ethnographic kwiibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo kunye namagama okwenziwa kweziganeko zenkolo zininzi. Isizwe sama-Igbo kuMazantsi eNigeria, kumacala omabini oMlambo iNiger, lelinye lawona maqela makhulu enkcubeko yabarhwebi abamnyama eAfrika, anenzondelelo yenkolo engathandabuzekiyo ebandakanya uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe ngaphakathi kwemida yemveli. Kodwa imeko yonqulo yaseIgboland ihlala iguquka. Ukuza kuthi ga kowe-1840, eyona nkolo ibalaseleyo yamaIgbo yayiyeyemveli okanye yemveli. Ngaphantsi kwamashumi amabini eminyaka kamva, xa kwaqaliswa umsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni abangamaKristu kuloo mmandla, kwabakho umkhosi omtsha owawuza kuthi ekugqibeleni ulungelelanise inkangeleko yonqulo lwaloo mmandla. UbuKristu bakhula baba ncinane kakhulu kulawulo lwamva. Phambi kwekhulu leminyaka yobuKristu e-Igboland, amaSilamsi kunye nezinye iinkolo ezingaphantsi kwe-hegemonic zavela ukuze zikhuphisane neenkolo zemveli zaseIgbo kunye nobuKristu. Eli phepha lilandelela iiyantlukwano zenkolo kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kuphuhliso oluhambelanayo e-Igboland. Itsala idatha yayo kwimisebenzi epapashiweyo, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nezinto zobugcisa. Iphikisa ukuba njengoko iinkolo ezintsha zivela, indawo yenkolo ye-Igbo iya kuqhubeka nokuhlukahluka kunye / okanye ukulungelelanisa, nokuba kukubandakanya okanye ukuhluka phakathi kweenkolo ezikhoyo kunye nezikhulayo, ukuze kuphile i-Igbo.

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Ubuzwe njengeSixhobo sokuXolisa ubugqwirha beNkolo: Uphononongo lweNgxwabangxwaba ye-Intrastate eSomalia.

Inkqubo yeentsapho kunye nenkolo eSomalia zezona zizazisi zibalaseleyo ezichaza isiseko sentlalo yesizwe saseSomalia. Esi sakhiwo ibe yeyona nto idibanisa abantu baseSomalia. Ngelishwa, inkqubo efanayo ibonwa njengesikhubekiso kwisisombululo songquzulwano lwangaphakathi lwaseSomalia. Ngokucacileyo, isiduko sigqama njengentsika engundoqo yentlalontle eSomalia. Yindawo yokungena kwindlela yokuphila yabantu baseSomalia. Eli phepha liphonononga ukuba nokwenzeka kokuguqula ulawulo lokuzalana ngokweziduko libe lithuba lokuthomalalisa isiphumo esibi senzondelelo yenkolo. Eli phepha lamkela ithiyori yenguqu yongquzulwano eyavezwa nguJohn Paul Lederach. Imbono yefilosofi yeli nqaku luxolo olulungileyo njengoko luphuhliswe nguGaltung. Idatha ephambili yaqokelelwa ngeemibuzo, iingxoxo zeqela eligxininisekileyo (FGDs), kunye neeshedyuli zodliwano-ndlebe ezicwangcisiweyo ezibandakanya abaphenduli be-223 ngolwazi malunga nemiba yeengxabano eSomalia. Idatha yesibini yaqokelelwa ngophononongo loncwadi lweencwadi kunye neejenali. Uphononongo luchonge esi sizwe njengesona sinxibo sinamandla eSomalia esinokubandakanya iqela leenkolo ezinenzondelelo yempambano, iAl Shabaab, kuthethathethwano loxolo. Akunakwenzeka ukoyisa i-Al Shabaab njengoko isebenza phakathi kwabemi kwaye inokulungelelaniswa okuphezulu ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga emfazwe asymmetrical. Ukongeza, urhulumente waseSomalia ubonwa yi-Al Shabaab njengokwenziwa ngumntu kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iqabane elingekho mthethweni, elingafanelekanga ukuthetha naye. Ngaphaya koko, ukubandakanya iqela kuthethathethwano kuyingxaki; Iidemokhrasi azixoxisani namaqela abagrogrisi hleze ziwenze abe semthethweni njengelizwi loluntu. Ke ngoko, isiduko siba licandelo elisemthethweni lokujongana noxanduva lothethathethwano phakathi kukarhulumente kunye neqela lezenkolo, iAl Shabaab. Esi sizwe sinokudlala indima ephambili ekufikeleleni kulutsha ekujoliswe kulo kumaphulo otshintsho oluvela kumaqela aneembono ezibaxiweyo. Uphononongo lucebisa ukuba inkqubo yosapho eSomalia, njengeziko elibalulekileyo kweli lizwe, kufuneka idityaniswe nokubonelela ngomgangatho ophakathi kungquzulwano kwaye isebenze njengebhulorho phakathi kukarhulumente kunye neqela lezenkolo, iAl Shabaab. Inkqubo yeentsapho kusenokwenzeka ukuba izise izisombululo zasekhaya kungquzulwano.

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