Ukusombulula iiNgxwaba-ngxwaba ezingapheliyo kwi-Oli eKrwada kunye neGesi eTyebileyo yase-Ekpetiama yoBukumkani: Uphononongo lwe-Agudama Ekpetiama Impasse
Ekpetiama Kingdom
Intetho ehloniphekileyo nguKumkanikazi wakhe, uKumkani uBubaraye Dakolo, u-Agada IV, u-Ibenanaowei wase-Ekpetiama yoBukumkani, i-Bayelsa State, eNigeria.
Abaqulunqi: uDenis Bikesha, Ph.D., uMphathi weSikole soMthetho kunye noMhlohli woMthetho, iYunivesithi yaseRwanda, iSikolo soMthetho, iKhampasi yaseGikondo. Ubukhosi bakhe bobukhosi, uKumkani uBubaraye Dakolo, u-Agada IV, u-Ibenanaowei wase-Ekpetiama yoBukumkani, i-Bayelsa State, eNigeria. USihlalo: U-Basil Ugorji, uMongameli kunye ne-CEO, i-International Centre ye-Ethno-Religious Mediation, eNew York.
Intetho ehloniphekileyo eyenziwa ngo-Oktobha 31, i-2018 kwiNkomfa yeZizwe ngezizwe ye-5th kwiSisombululo seNgqungquthela yezobuhlanga kunye neNkolo kunye noXolo olubanjwe yi-International Centre ye-Ethno-Religious Mediation kwi-Queens College, kwiYunivesithi yeSixeko saseNew York, ngokubambisana neZiko lobuhlanga, Ukuqondwa kobuhlanga kunye nenkolo (i-CERRU).
intshayelelo
I-Agudama yenye yeendawo ezisixhenxe ezihlala ecaleni kwe-oyile ekrwada kunye negesi etyebileyo kwibhanki yoMlambo iNun yase-Ekpetiama kwingingqi yeNiger River Delta, kwiphondo laseBayelsa, eNigeria. Olu luntu lunabemi abamalunga namawaka amathathu luthwaxwa ziingxaki zeminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, emva kokubhubha kwenkokeli yabahlali, ngenxa yokulandelelana kunye nemingeni yokulawula i-oli ekrwada nerhasi. Ukongezelela kwinkitha yamatyala enkundla awalandelayo, olu ngquzulwano lwabulala abantu abathile. Ukwazi ukuba uxolo luya kuzisa uphuhliso olufunekayo oluye lwabakho abantu ixesha elide nangona benikwe i-oyile negesi imithombo, ukumkani omtsha wobukumkani base-Ekpetiama wakugqala ukubuyiselwa koxolo e-Agudama nakuzo zonke ezinye iindawo zobukumkani njengento ephambili. Indlela yokusombulula ingxabano yobukumkani bemveli base-Ekpetiama yasetyenziswa. Ulwazi olufanelekileyo malunga ne-imbroglio lukhutshwe kumaqela kwibhotwe lika-Agada IV Gbarantoru. Ekugqibeleni, intlanganiso yawo onke amaqela kunye nabakhi-mkhanyo abangathathi hlangothi abasuka kwezinye iindawo ebukumkanini yayicwangciselwe ukuba ibanjelwe kwibhotwe lekumkani entsha ukuze kusonjululwe impumelelo yongquzulwano.
Phakathi koloyiko olubonakaliswa ngamaqela kunye nabathandabuzayo, isikhundla sika-Ibenanaowei (ukumkani) sishiye wonke umntu onelisekile ngokufanelekileyo. Kwizinto ezine ezifunekayo ukuze amaqela afezekiswe njengabantu abaxolelanisiweyo, ezimbini ziphunyezwa ngokudibeneyo ngawo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo, ngoxa eyesithathu yafezwa ngokupheleleyo ebukumkanini. Umnyhadala omtsha weYam ngoJuni (Okolode) 2018. Ezinye iimfuno ezimbini zonyulo kunye nokufakwa kwenkokeli entsha yoluntu kwi-Agudama ziyaqhubeka.
Olu luphononongo lwendlela, ngokunyaniseka kwenjongo, indlela yemveli yokusombulula iingxabano e-Ekpetiama enokuthi isetyenziswe ukusombulula iingxaki ezingapheliyo eziye zadelela iindlela zasentshona njengoko zisetyenziswa eNigeria. Isiphumo esiqhelekileyo yi-win-win. Ityala le-Agudama, eliye lahlala iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ngaphandle kwezigwebo ezininzi zenkqubo yobulungisa yaseBritane, liyasonjululwa ngendlela ye-Ekpetiama yokusombulula ingxabano.
Geography
I-Agudama yenye yeendawo ezisixhenxe ezihlala ecaleni kwe-oyile ekrwada kunye negesi etyebileyo kwibhanki yoMlambo iNun yase-Ekpetiama kwingingqi yeNiger River Delta, kwiphondo laseBayelsa, eNigeria. Luluntu lwesithathu lwase-Ekpetiama olulandela indlela yokuhamba yoMlambo iNun, ukubala ezantsi ukusuka eGbarantoru, eyona dolophu ingasentla ebukumkanini. ISiqithi saseWilberforce ligama lomhlaba apho iAgudama imi khona. Ubuhle bayo obugqithileyo kwiinkulungwane zakudala zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zisahleli - zinyulu. Ngaphandle kweendawo esele zihlanjululwe kwiindlela zale mihla kunye nezindlu, okanye ezo zicociwe ukusebenza kwe-oyile negesi, kwaye kutshanje kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseBayelsa. Uqikelelo lwabemi baseAgudama malunga namawaka amathathu abantu. Idolophu yenziwe ziikhompawundi ezintathu, ezizezi, i-Ewerewari, i-Olomowari kunye ne-Oyekewari.
Imbali yongquzulwano
Ngomhla wama-23 kuDisemba, ngo-1972, uAgudama wafumana i-Amananaowei entsha, iRoyal Highness Turner Eradiri II owalawula de kwangoDisemba 1, 2002, xa wayengena kwizinyanya zakhe. Isitulo se-Agudama sifakwe kwigazethi njengesitulo semveli sodidi lwesithathu kwiphondo laseBayelsa. UPaliowei wakhe, uSekela Ntloko uAwudu Okpopon emva koko walawula njengebambela e-Amananaowei yale dolophu de kwangonyaka ka-2004, xa abantu babefuna i-Amananaowei entsha. Ngenxa yokuba ngaphambili loo dolophu yayilawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga, isicelo somgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo samkelwa njengenyathelo lokuqala eliyimfuneko. Inkqubo yokuyilwa komgaqo-siseko yaqalisa ngoJanuwari 1, 2004. Oku kwabangela ukungqubana kwezimvo, kodwa ngoFebruwari 10, 2005, abahlali kwintlanganiso yabo eyayibanjelwe kwibala ledolophu baphakamisa isindululo sokuba kwamkelwe umgaqo-siseko weAgudama. Le nkqubo yavelisa isiphithiphithi sazo zonke iindidi ezithe ekugqibeleni zazisa urhulumente waseBayelsa njengomlamli.
Owayesakuba ngusihlalo webhunga labalawuli bemveli kwiphondo laseBayelsa, uKumkani wakwaHRM uJoshua Igbagara wenziwa usihlalo wekomiti karhulumente yaseBayelsa eAgudama, ngegunya lokunceda uluntu ukuba luqhubele phambili iinkqubo zokufakwa kweAmananaowei ngoxolo. Ubunzima bokufumana wonke umntu ekwamkeleni umgaqo-siseko omtsha buyibambezele inkqubo ezinye iinyanga. Nangona kunjalo, ngoMeyi 25, 2005 umgaqo-siseko owamkelweyo wanikezelwa kuluntu lwaseAgudama. Kwangaxeshanye kuye kwamiselwa ikomiti yenguqu, logama onke amanye amaqumrhu afana nebhunga leenkosi, ikomiti yophuhliso loluntu (CDC) njalo-njalo athe ashiywa ngongasekhoyo uAmananaowei. Kodwa malunga nesiqingatha sabantu abachaphazelekayo sala ukuchithwa. Ibambela u-Amananaowei, umlinganiswa obalulekileyo kuluhlu lweziganeko, wamkele isikhundla esitsha kwaye wayeka ecaleni ukuze ikomiti yenguqu yamadoda amahlanu iqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo. Lilonke, isibini esinesiqingatha kwiikhompawundi ezintathu edolophini, ezibandakanya malunga ne-85% yabahlali bamkele isikhundla esitsha. Emva, ukumiselwa kwekomiti yonyulo (ELECO) kwenzeka ngoJuni 22, 2005 nabantu abathathwe kuzo zontathu iikhompawundi zase-Ewerewari, Olomowari kunye ne-Oyekewari. Ikomiti yolonyulo iqhubekile nokubhengeza ukuthengiswa kweefomu ngokusebenzisa ummemezeli wedolophu yendawo kunye nesikhululo sikanomathotholo saseBayelsa. Emva kweveki yokubhengeza unyulo, abo babeluchasile olo tshintsho bacela abalandeli babo ukuba balutyeshele unyulo. Bakwabhengeze ikhwelo labo lokukwaywa ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa unomathotholo karhulumente.
Ngaphandle kokwayikiswa, ikomiti yonyulo iqhube unyulo ngoJulayi 9, 2005 emva koko i-Agudama king-makers yafaka umgqatswa oyedwa kunye nophumeleleyo njengo-Amananaowei wase-Agudama - Uphakamileyo wakhe u-Imomotimi Happy Ogbotobo ngoJulayi 12, 2005.
Esi siphumo sade sakhokelela kwiingxabano ezininzi ngakumbi. Urhulumente welizwe watyholwa ngokukhetha icala ngamanye amalungu oluntu. Amatyala ezinkundleni afakwa ngokukhawuleza ngabo bantu banxungupheleyo babambe ulonyulo. Amatyala ekhawuntara afakwa ngokuchasene nabo. Amatyala amaninzi eefisticuffs ezathi kamva zehla zaya kutsho kubundlobongela obufanelekileyo nazo zenzeka. Kwakukho ukubanjwa kunye nokubanjwa okuqalwe ngala maqela mabini. Njengoko iintsuku zazihamba amatyala amaninzi aye afakwa kwaye abantu abaninzi bamangalelwa ngokwaphula umthetho okwahlukileyo. Isimangalo sombango esicela umngeni kwiinkqubo ezikhokelele ekuveleni kwe-Amananaowei entsha ekugqibeleni sagqitywa ngokuchasene naye sadanisa abaxhasi bakhe ababezele. Waphulukana netyala kuzo zonke iinkalo. Inkundla, ngoSeptemba 2012, yalubhangisa unyulo lukaHappy Ogbotobo njengo-Amananaowei. Ke ngoko, phambi komthetho naphambi kwabo bonke abemi abathobela umthetho baseAgudama nangaphaya, akazange abe yinkosi nangomzuzwana omnye. Ngoko waba njengamanye ama-Agudama amaIndiya angazange abe nguAmananaowei. Ke ngoko wayengazukubonwa okanye abizwe njengowayesakuba nguAmananaowei ebukumkanini base-Ekpetiama. Esi sigwebo sibuyisele ulawulo lwabahlali kwibhunga elashiywa yinkosi engasekhoyo. Esi sikhundla siphinde sacelwa umngeni enkundleni kodwa isigwebo sathi ibhunga likamfi Amananaowei maliqhubeleke nolawulo lwale dolophu nanjengoko indalo iyalicaphukela ivacuum.
Imisebenzi ye-oli nerhasi ekrwada yafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngo-2004 nango-2005, njengoko iSPDC yaqalisa ukuxhaphaza owona mmandla mkhulu werhasi yase-Afrika eselunxwemeni. Baye baqala iprojekthi yeGbaran/Ubie yezigidi ngezigidi zeedola kwiqela laseGbarain/Ekpetiama. Oku kuze nethuba elingazange libonwe ngaphambili lokungena kwemithombo yezemali kunye neeprojekthi ezifanayo zophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo zoluntu e-Ekpetiama naseGbarain ubukumkani, kuquka i-Agudama.
Phakathi konyaka ka-2005 xa konyulwa i-Amananaowei owagxothwayo nango-2012 xa inkundla yalubhangisa ulawulo lwakhe, abo bahlali babemchasile nolawulo lwakhe abazange bamqonde njengo-Amananaowei ngoko ke abazange bamthobele. Kwakukho izenzo ezininzi zangabom zokungathobeli ngokuchasene nesikhundla sakhe. Ngoko ke isigwebo senkundla esathi sarhoxisa isikhundla siphembelela nje ukujongelwa phantsi kobunkokeli. Ngeli xesha uninzi lwabantu baseAgudama. Ukuthembeka kowayesakuba ngu-Amananaowei uxoxa ngelithi khange bayifumane intsebenziswano yabalawuli boluntu abakhoyo kunye nabaxhasi babo ngexesha labo ukuze nabo banganikezeli okwabo.
Iinzame zangaphambili zokuSombulula iNgxaki
Lo mbhodamo (omalunga neshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka ubudala) ubone omabini amaqela alwayo e-Agudama esenza uhambo olungenakubalwa ukuya kwizikhululo zamapolisa ezikummandla osemazantsi eNigeria, ukuya kwiinkundla zamatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nakwindawo yokugcina izidumbu ukuya kukhusela okanye ukubuyisa abaswelekileyo. . Kwiimeko ezimbalwa, abanye abantu baye bazama ukulungisa iingxaki ngaphandle kwenkundla, kodwa akukho namnye owabona ukukhanya kwemini. Ngokwesiqhelo kanye kwi-nick yokufumana i-truce enye okanye amabini kulo naliphi na icala eliphikisanayo baya kuyichitha inkqubo kwaye baphelise umzamo.
Xa uKumkani uKumkani uBubaraye Dakolo wabekwa etroneni njengo-Ibenanaowei wobukumkani base-Ekpetiama ngo-2016, ukukrokrelana kunye nokuxabana kwakukwincopho yabo phakathi kwabantu base-Agudama. Kodwa ezimisele ngokupheleleyo ukusombulula i-imbroglio, uye waqalisa iingxoxo kunye nawo onke amaqela kuluntu - abacalu-calula nabangenacalucalulo ngokufanayo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuba ezinzile. ungquzulwano.
Iiseshoni ezininzi ezisesikweni nezingekho sikweni zabanjwa nokumkani kwibhotwe lika-Agada IV. Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nezigwebo zenkundla kunye nezigwebo, zathiwa thaca macala onke ukuqinisa amabango abo. Izixhobo nobungqina obunikelwa ngomlomo zahlolisiswa ngenyameko ngaphambi kokuba ukumkani agqibe kwelokuba azihlanganisele ndawonye kwibhotwe lakhe okokuqala emva kwexesha elide.
Izenzo zangoku
Intsimbi yesi-2:17 nge-2018 ka-Epreli XNUMX yayilixesha nomhla owamkelekileyo wokuba onke amaqela eze kwibhotwe lokumkani ukuze alamle / alamle. Phambi kwentlanganiso, bekukho iintelekelelo namarhe malunga neziphumo ezingathandekiyo nezinomkhethe. Okubangela umdla kukuba onke amaqela aye abandakanyeka kurhwebo oluqikelelwayo lweziphumo. Ekugqibeleni lafika ixesha elimisiweyo kwaye uKumkani uKumkani uBubaraye Dakolo, u-Agada IV, weza wahlala phantsi.
Wathetha kwindibano yenyanga yeThupha yabantu abamalunga namashumi asibhozo. Wajonga ezo nyaniso wayecinga ukuba zonke kufuneka zivume, kwaye wachaza ukuba:
iinkundla, ngoSeptemba 2012, zalubhangisa unyulo lukaHappy Ogbotobo njengo-Amananaowei – ngoko ke phambi komthetho naphambi kwethu njengabemi abathobela umthetho base-Agudama, kufuneka sivume ukuba wayengeyiyo, kwaye akazange abe yinkosi nangomzuzwana omnye. Ke ufana naye nawuphi na umntu oseAgudama ongenguye kwaye ongazange abe yiAmananaowei. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba kubhekiselwa kuye njengenkosi, kwaye oko kungenzeka ngamanye amaxesha, oko akuthethi kwaye akunakuthetha ukuba wayengu-Amananaowei wangaphambili kobu bukumkani ngokomthetho. UNkosi uMhlekazi uBubaraye Geku ungusihlalo weBhunga laseAgudama. Kwaye oku kuye kwaqinisekiswa kwaye kwaqinisekiswa yinkundla yomthetho efanelekileyo. Loo nto yenza ukuba ubunkokeli bakhe bexeshana be-Agudama bube semthethweni. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba kufuneka siqhubele phambili, kwaye kufuneka senze njalo namhlanje, ndiyakholelwa ukuba uya kuvuma ukuba sonke senza njalo namhlanje. KUFUNEKA SONKE simngqonge. Sonke masixhase ixesha lakhe lokuhlala kwi-Agudama engcono.
Ikumkani ikwajonge neminye imiba ephambili echukumisayo efana noyilo lomgaqo-siseko. Elinye iqela lalifuna ukuba kuphinde kubhalwe umgaqo-siseko omtsha ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa abanye bathi hayi bethi idrafti yomgaqo siseko ka2005 mayigcinwe. Ukumkani umile ngelithi iseyidrafti kuba ayivunywanga ngokupheleleyo ngabantu base-Agudama kwaye umntu usenokucela umngeni kuyo ukuba into ayenzekanga. Uye wabacela ukuba bajongisise ngakumbi ukuze babone ukuba iqulethe njani incwadi yabo yelifa ebhalwe ngobuchule, kwanendima eyidlalileyo ekugxothweni kukaMnu. Happy Ogbotobo kwisikhundla sakhe esingekho mthethweni. Wabuza: Ngaba kuya kuba bubulumko ukuyilahla kwaye uyilahle kuba iqulethe umsebenzi kunye nentando yabantu baseAgudama? Ingakumbi kubantu abaxolelanayo? Ngabantu abaxolelanisiweyo? Wathi uzothi hayi. Hayi kuba kufuneka senze inkqubela. Hayi kuba akukho mgaqo-siseko weli hlabathi ugqibeleleyo. Hayi naleyo yaseUnited States of America! Ngokuqinisekileyo, ugcina ukuva, ukulungiswa kokuqala kunye nokulungiswa kwesibini, njl.
Ityala Elingekagqitywa kwiNkundla yeziBheno
Kusekho ityala elisamisiweyo kwinkundla yezibheno eBhayi. Oku kufuneka kusonjululwe njengoko lungekho unyulo olutsha lwase-Amananaowei olunokuthi luqhutywe ngaphandle kokuba kuqale kusonjululwe nawuphi na umcimbi onxulumeneyo enkundleni.
U-Ibenanaowei wenze isibongozo esichukumisayo kubo bonke ababekule ndibano ngesidingo sokubeka eli tyala kwinkundla yesibheno eBhayi kwindawo yokuqala. Bebenenkolelo yenkosi yokuba isiphumo setyala elisachotshelwe kwinkundla yezibheno eBhayi akusombululi nayiphi na ingxaki. Nangona bekuya kunika abaphumeleleyo, nokuba bangaba ngubani na, imizuzu embalwa yolonwabo engayi kutshintsha nto ibengcono e-Agudama. “Ke, ukuba siyamthanda uAgudama, besingaliphelisa elo tyala namhlanje. Kufuneka siyirhoxise. Masihambe siyirhoxise,” utshilo. Ekugqibeleni oku kwamkelwa ngabo bonke. Ukuqonda ukuba umba wenkundla yezibheno eBhayi ukuba uthe warhoxiswa unokuvula indlela yolonyulo kwabavuyisa kakhulu abaninzi.
“Iimfuno Zam Zabantu baseAgudama”
Intetho kakumkani kwindlela eya phambili yabahlali yayinomxholo othi 'Amabango am kubantu baseAgudama'. Ucele ukuba bonke bavume kwaye basebenzisane noChief Sir Bubaraye Geco ekhokele ibhunga njengorhulumente osemthethweni waseAgudama kwaye wafuna ngokulinganayo ukuba ibhunga elikhokelayo uSir Bubaraye Geco wenze umsebenzi olula wokungacalucalulo kuye nawuphi na umntu waseAgudama kwiinkqubano zakhe nedolophu. ukusuka kuloo mzuzu. Wongeze ngelithi intloko yebhunga nayo izakuqhuba owona msebenzi unzima kakhulu wokungabonakali kucalucalulo ngakuye nawuphi na umntu wase-Agudama kwiinkqubano zakhe nedolophu ukusukela ngoko. Olu tshintsho kwimbono lwalubaluleke kakhulu.
Ukumkani wafuna ukuba aseke ikomiti yonyulo engakhethi cala yase-Agudama, e-Ekpetiama ukuze iqhube unyulo lwase-Agudama ekupheleni konyaka ukuba zonke ezinye iimfuno ziyahlangatyezwa. Ukwacebise ukuba umgaqo-siseko wase-Agudama osetyenzisiweyo nokwabhekiselwa kuwo kwisigwebo esatshitshisa unyulo lukaMnumzana Happy Ogbotobo nolawulo lwakhe uhlaziywe ngokufanelekileyo njengoko eli ingeloxesha lotshintsho olubalulekileyo.
Ngomoya wokujikeleza njengoko kugxininiswe kumgaqo-siseko kunye nokuvumela ukuvalwa okufanelekileyo, ubuzalwana, ubulungisa, uxolelwaniso lokwenene lwabantu base-Ekpetiama baseAgudama, kunye nothando loluntu, unyulo lwesitulo se-Amananaowei yase-Agudama kufuneka luvumele kuphela abagqatswa. ukusuka e-Ewerewari nase-Olomowari. Bonke baye bakhuthazwa ukuba baveze okanye baxhase abagqatswa abaphuma kwezi khompawundi kwaye bavumele ukuba kunyulwe umntu obonakalise uthando lokwenene kuluntu. Esi siphakamiso, njengesithuba sethutyana, sijolise ekunikeni uluhlu olubanzi lweminqweno yabantu base-Agudama.
KuMnumzana Happy Ogbotobo
Inkokeli yasekuhlaleni eyagxothwayo, uMnumzana Happy Ogbotobo, kwaxoxwa nayo. Uvela e-Ewerewari compound. Ekubeni unyulo lwakhe kunye nolawulo lwakhe lwavalwa, kuya kuba kuhle ukuba aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde afune kwaye ahlangabezane nezinye iindlela zokunyulwa kwisihlalo sika-Amananaowei sase-Agudama.
isiphelo
Ekugqibeleni i-Ibenanaowei yanika abantu base-Agudama iinyanga ezintathu ukuba basebenze kunye njengenye. Ubacele ukuba basirhoxise isibheno esingekapheli kwaye baxhase urhulumente okhoyo. Baye bayalelwa ukuba babhiyozele ngokudibeneyo i-Okolode ngoJuni 2018. Ngokwenene babonisa ngokudibeneyo iqela lomthendeleko ongcono kakhulu.
Kwenziwa isithembiso sekomiti yonyulo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ukuba babonise ukulungela. Ukumkani wayibethelela into yokuba ubutshaba yayingelodabi lokungavisisani, kodwa ingxabano yosapho ithathelwe kude, kwaye indlela yesiko lesisombululo eyamkelweyo yayiyeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphelisa iingxabano zosapho. Nangona abanye besenokuba baphoxekile kodwa ukumkani ukholelwa ekubeni u-Agudama kufuneka amanyane kwaye asebenzisane kwaye angacingi ukuba angayifumana yonke into. Kuhlala kukupha kwaye uthabathe, wagxininisa. Kwaye eli lixesha lokupha kunye nokuthabatha. Iseshoni yaphela ngesilogeni senkcubeko - Aahinhhh Ogbonbiri! Onua.
I ngcebiso
Indlela yokusombulula impixano ye-Ekpetiama esoloko ijonge kwisiphumo sokuphumelela ibe sisisingqi soxolo kunye nokuhlalisana ukusuka kumaxesha amandulo kwaye iseyinyani nanamhlanje ukuba usompempe enika indlebe yokuphulaphula kwaye agcine ukunyaniseka kwenjongo.
Urhulumente welizwe laseBayelsa ngokukodwa kunye nawo onke amanye amaqumrhu karhulumente angawugcina lo mkhuba ngokufumana iiyunivesithi ukuba ziphande ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zibhale phantsi lo mkhuba, kunye nokuwusebenzisa ukusombulula iingxabano ezininzi ezityhutyha ioli ekrwada kunye negesi kwi-Niger Delta nakwezinye iindawo.
