Ukwabela amagunya: Umgaqo-nkqubo wokuphelisa ungquzulwano lobuzwe eNigeria
Abstract
Eli phepha ligxile kwinqaku le-BBC le-13, i-2017 enesihloko esithi "Ileta evela e-Afrika: Ngaba imimandla yaseNigeria kufuneka ifumane amandla?" Kwinqaku, umbhali, u-Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani, uxoxe ngobuchule ngezigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezenza iimeko zobundlobongela obunobundlobongela eNigeria. Ngokusekelwe kwikhwelo eqhubekayo yesakhiwo esitsha se-federal esikhuthaza ukuzimela kwemimandla kunye nokunciphisa amandla eziko, umbhali uhlolisise indlela ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo wokusabalalisa okanye ukusabalalisa kunokunceda ekunciphiseni iingxaki ze-ethno-zenkolo zaseNigeria.
Ingxabano yobuhlanga eNigeria: Imveliso ye-Byproduct ye-Federal Structure kunye nokungaphumeleli kobuNkokheli
Ungquzulwano olungapheliyo lobuzwe eNigeria, umbhali uphikisana, luyimveliso yesakhiwo sobumbano sikarhulumente waseNigeria, kunye nendlela iinkokeli zaseNigeria ezazilawula ngayo ilizwe ukusukela ekudityanisweni kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo zibe yimimandla emibini - umkhuseli ongasentla kunye nomkhuseli osezantsi. - kunye nokudityaniswa komntla nasezantsi kwilizwe elinye elibizwa ngokuba yiNigeria ngo-1914. Ngokuchasene nentando yezizwe zaseNigeria, amaBritane amanyanise ngamandla abantu bomthonyama kunye nezizwe ezahlukeneyo ezazingenabudlelwane ngaphambili. Imida yabo yatshintshwa; adityaniswa abe lilizwe elinye lanamhlanje ngabalawuli bamathanga aseBritani; kunye negama, iNigeria - igama elithathwe kwi-19th kwinkulungwane yenkampani yaseBritane, i Inkampani yaseRoyal Niger - yanyanzeliswa kubo.
Ngaphambi kokuzimela kweNigeria kwi-1960, abalawuli bekoloniyali baseBrithani balawula iNigeria ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo eyaziwa ngokuba ngumgaqo ongathanga ngqo. Umthetho ongangqalanga ngokwendalo yawo uvumela ucalucalulo nokucalula ngokusemthethweni. AmaBritane alawula ngookumkani bawo bemveli abathembekileyo, kwaye azisa imigaqo-nkqubo yengqesho egqwethekileyo apho abantu basemantla bagaywa emkhosini kunye nabasemazantsi kwinkonzo karhulumente okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente.
Ubume obugqwethekileyo bolawulo kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho athi amaBhritane azisa i-metamorphosed kwintiyo yezizwe ngezizwe, uthelekiso, ukukrokrelana, ukhuphiswano olumandla kunye nocalucalulo ngexesha langaphambi kwenkululeko (1914-1959), kwaye oku kwakhokelela kubundlobongela phakathi kobuhlanga kunye nemfazwe kwiminyaka emithandathu emva ko-1960. isibhengezo senkululeko.
Phambi kokudityaniswa kuka-1914, iintlanga ezahlukeneyo zazizilawula kwaye zilawula abantu bazo ngeenkqubo zabo zemveli zolawulo. Ngenxa yokuzimela geqe kunye nokuzimela kwezi zizwe zezizwe, kwakungekho ngquzulwano phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngokufika kokudityaniswa kwe-1914 kunye nokwamkelwa kwenkqubo yepalamente yorhulumente ngo-1960, iintlanga ezizimeleyo kunye nezizimele-umzekelo, i-Igbos, i-Yorubas, i-Hausas, njl. iziko. Oko kubizwa ngokuba lubhukuqo-mbuso olukhokelwa ngama-Igbo kaJanuwari 1966 olwakhokelela ekufeni koorhulumente abadumileyo kunye neenkokeli zomkhosi ikakhulu ezivela kummandla osemantla (iqela lohlanga lwamaHausa-Fulani) kunye nobhukuqo-mbuso lukaJulayi 1966, kunye ukubulawa kwabantu baseIgbos kumantla eNigeria ngabantu basemantla okujongwe luluntu njengempindezelo ngamantla eHausa-Fulanis ngokuchasene neIgbos yasemzantsi-mpuma, zonke ziziphumo zomzabalazo wezizwe ngezizwe zolawulo lwamandla kwiziko. Naxa i-federalism - inkqubo yobumongameli bukarhulumente - yamkelwa ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yesibini ngo-1979, umzabalazo wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokhuphiswano olunobundlobongela lwamandla kunye nolawulo lwemithombo kwiziko aluzange luyeke; kunoko, landa ngakumbi.
Iingxabano ezininzi phakathi kwezizwe, ubundlobongela kunye nemfazwe eye yathwaxa iNigeria kwiminyaka edlulileyo ibangelwa ngumlo malunga nokuba loluphi uhlanga oluya kuba yintloko yemicimbi, ukuqinisa amandla kwiziko, kunye nokulawula imicimbi yorhulumente wobumbano, kubandakanywa neoli. engowona mthombo wengeniso yaseNigeria. Uhlalutyo lukaNwaubani luxhasa ithiyori exhasa ipateni ephindaphindiweyo yokwenza kunye nokusabela kubudlelwane bezizwe ngezizwe eNigeria ngokhuphiswano lweziko. Xa elinye iqela lobuhlanga lihlutha igunya embindini (amandla e-federal), amanye amaqela eentlanga aziva ejongelwe phantsi kwaye engabandakanywa aqala ukuphazamisa ukubandakanywa. Izidubedube ezifana nezi zidla ngokukhokelela kugonyamelo nemfazwe. Ubhukuqo lomkhosi kaJanuwari 1966 olwakhokelela ekuveleni kwentloko yelizwe lase-Igbo kunye nobhukuqo-mbuso lukaJulayi 1966 olwakhokelela ekubhubheni kobunkokheli be-Igbo lwaza lwakhokelela kulawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi wabasentla, kunye nokuqhekeka kwelizwe. Ummandla osempuma ukwenza ilizwe elizimele geqe eBiafra kurhulumente womanyano waseNigeria owakhokelela kwimfazwe yeminyaka emithathu (1967-1970) eyabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezithathu, uninzi lwabo babengamaBiafra, yonke le mizekelo ipateni yesenzo-yempendulo yobudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe eNigeria. Kwakhona, ukunyuka kweBoko Haram kwabonwa njengelinge labantu basemantla lokubangela ukungazinzi kweli lizwe kunye nokunciphisa ulawulo lukarhulumente kaMongameli uGoodluck Jonathan ophuma kwi-oyile ecebileyo yaseNiger Delta yaseNigeria esemazantsi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, u-Goodluck Jonathan ulahlekelwe (kutsha) ukhetho lwe-2015 kuMongameli wangoku u-Muhammadu Buhari ovela kumntla weHausa-Fulani uhlanga.
Ukunyuka kukaBuhari kumongameli uhamba kunye neentshukumo ezimbini ezinkulu zentlalo kunye nemikhosi evela kumzantsi (ngokukodwa, kumzantsi-mpuma nakumazantsi-ezantsi). Olunye luvuselelo lwesiphithiphithi sokuzimela geqe kweBiafra esikhokelwa ngabemi bomthonyama baseBiafra. Enye kukuvela kwakhona kwentshukumo yentlalo esekwe kokusingqongileyo kwi-oyile yaseNiger Delta ekhokelwa yiNiger Delta Avengers.
Ukucinga kwakhona ngeSakhiwo sangoku saseNigeria
Ngokusekelwe kula maza ahlaziyiweyo esiphithiphithi sobuhlanga sokuzikhethela kunye nokuzimela, abaphengululi abaninzi kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo baqala ukucinga ngokutsha ubume bangoku borhulumente wobumbano kunye nemigaqo apho umanyano lwembumba lusekelwe khona. Kuxoxwa kwinqaku leBBC likaNwaubani ukuba ilungiselelo lokwabela amagunya apho imimandla okanye izizwe zobuhlanga zinikwa amandla angakumbi nokuzimela ukuze zilawule imicimbi yazo, kunye nokuphonononga nokulawula ubutyebi bazo bendalo ngelixa zihlawula irhafu kurhulumente womanyano, aziyi kuphela. uncedo ekuphuculeni ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu baseNigeria, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, umgaqo-nkqubo onjalo uya kuvelisa uxolo oluzinzileyo, ukhuseleko kunye nokukhula koqoqosho kuwo onke amalungu ombutho waseNigeria.
Umba wokwabela amagunya okanye unikezelo lwamagunya uxhomekeke kumba wamagunya. Ukubaluleka kwamandla ekwenziweni komgaqo-nkqubo akunakugxininiswa kakhulu kumazwe edemokhrasi. Emva kokutshintshela kwidemokhrasi ngo-1999, amandla okwenza izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo nokuziphumeza anikwe amagosa anyulwe ngokwedemokhrasi, ingakumbi abenzi bomthetho kwinkongolo. Aba banzi bemithetho, nangona kunjalo, amandla abo bawafumana kubemi ababanyulileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ipesenti enkulu yabemi awanelanga inkqubo yangoku karhulumente waseNigeria - oko kukuthi, ilungiselelo lomanyano - ngoko banamandla okuthetha nabameli babo malunga nesidingo sokuguqulwa komgaqo-nkqubo ngomthetho oya kubeka. endaweni inkqubo yolawulo olunabileyo oluya kunika amandla amaninzi kwimimandla kunye namandla amancinci kwiziko.
Ukuba abameli bayala ukumamela iimfuno kunye neemfuno zamalungu abo, ngoko abemi banegunya lokuvotela abenzi bomthetho abaya kukhuthaza umdla wabo, bavakalise ilizwi labo, kwaye bacebise imithetho exhasa bona. Xa amagosa anyuliweyo eyazi ukuba akayi kuphinda anyulwe ukuba abaxhasi i-decentralization bill eya kubuyisela ukuzimela kwimimandla, baya kunyanzeliswa ukuba bavotele ukuze bagcine izihlalo zabo. Ngoko ke, abemi banegunya lokutshintsha ubunkokeli bezobupolitika obuya kumisela imigaqo-nkqubo eya kusabela kwiimfuno zabo zokwabela amagunya nokwandisa ulonwabo lwabo.
Ukunatyiswa kwamagunya, ukuSombululwa kongquzulwano kunye nokuKhula koQoqosho
Inkqubo karhulumente eyabelwe amagunya ibonelela ngamaqumrhu aguquguqukayo - angaqinanga - ukusombulula impixano. Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo olungileyo lusekukwazini kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo ukusombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo okanye iingxabano. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ilungiselelo langoku le-federal elichaza amandla amaninzi kwiziko alikwazanga ukusombulula iingxabano zobuhlanga eziye zakhubaza iNigeria ukususela ekuzimeleni kwayo. Isizathu kukuba amandla amaninzi anikwa iziko ngelixa imimandla ihluthwa ukuzimela kwayo.
Inkqubo yokwabela amagunya inamandla okubuyisela amandla kunye nokuzimela kwiinkokheli zengingqi nezengingqi ezikufutshane kakhulu kwiingxaki zokwenyani abemi bajongana nazo mihla le, nabanolwazi lokusebenzisana nabantu ukufumana izisombululo ezihlala zihleli kwiingxaki zabo. . Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo ekwandiseni inxaxheba yasekuhlaleni kwiingxoxo zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, imigaqo-nkqubo yokwahlulwa kwemimandla inamandla okusabela kwiimfuno zabemi bendawo, ngelixa inyusa uzinzo kumanyano.
Ngendlela efanayo ukuba amazwe ase-United States abonwa njengeebhubhoratri zezopolitiko kwilizwe lonke, umgaqo-nkqubo obekwe phantsi kweNigeria uya kuxhobisa imimandla, ukuvuselela iingcamango ezintsha, kunye nokunceda ekufakeni ezi ngcamango kunye neenguqu ezintsha kwingingqi nganye okanye urhulumente. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha okanye imigaqo-nkqubo evela kwimimandla okanye imimandla inokuphinda iphindwe kwamanye amazwe ngaphambi kokuba ibe ngumthetho womanyano.
isiphelo
Ukuqukumbela, olu hlobo lolungiselelo lwezopolitiko luneenzuzo ezininzi, ezimbini zazo ezibalaseleyo. Okokuqala, inkqubo yolawulo lolawulo lwamagunya ayizukusondeza abemi kuphela kwezopolitiko nezopolitiko kufutshane nabemi, iya kutshintsha ingqwalasela yomzabalazo wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokhuphiswano kulawulo ukusuka kwiziko ukuya kwimimandla. Okwesibini, ukunatyiswa kwamagunya kuya kubangela ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nozinzo kwilizwe lonke, ngakumbi xa iinguqulelo ezintsha kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo evela kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla iphindaphindwa kwezinye iindawo zelizwe.
Umbhali, UGqr. Basil Ugorji, nguMongameli kunye ne-CEO yeZiko leHlabathi le-Ethno-Religious Mediation. Wafumana isidanga sePh.D. kuHlahlelo lweNgxwabangxwaba kunye noSombululo oluvela kwiSebe leZifundo zokuSombulula iiNgxwabangxwaba, kwiKholeji yoBugcisa, uBuntu kunye neSayensi yeNtlalo, kwiYunivesithi yaseNova kuMzantsi-mpuma, eFort Lauderdale, eFlorida.
