Amaxwebhu Asanda Kufunyanwa Ngembubhiso Yase-Armenia
Imbubhiso yaseArmenia
Inkcazo ngeNgqokelela eKhethekileyo yaMaXwebhu e-Ottoman aseMatenadaran Ngokuphathelele kwimbubhiso yase-Armenia nguVera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Umfundi, uMphandi oMncinci, "Matenadaran" iMesrop Mashtots Institute of Manuscripts yaMandulo, Armenia, Yerevan.
Iseshoni ye-Q&A kunye noVera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Umfundi, uPhando oluNcinci, "Matenadaran" Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Manuscripts Ancient, Armenia, Yerevan, kunye noYustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, uMhlohli oMkhulu, iNtloko yeZiko leZifundo zaseDolophini, iSoegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia. Imixholo: Ingqokelela ebalaseleyo yamaxwebhu e-Ottoman aseMatenadaran Ngokuphathelele kwiGenocide yase-Armenia. Inkqubo yeLungelo loLungiso lwamaxhoba ongquzulwano: ISifundo seNgcaciso yeenzame zokudala uxolo ngaphakathi kwe-Ambon ye-Post-Conflict.
Intetho ehloniphekileyo eyenziwa ngo-Oktobha 31, i-2018 kwiNkomfa yeZizwe ngezizwe ye-5th kwiSisombululo seNgqungquthela yezobuhlanga kunye neNkolo kunye noXolo olubanjwe yi-International Centre ye-Ethno-Religious Mediation kwi-Queens College, kwiYunivesithi yeSixeko saseNew York, ngokubambisana neZiko lobuhlanga, Ukuqondwa kobuhlanga kunye nenkolo (i-CERRU).
Abstract
I-Armenian Genocide ye-1915-16 eququzelelwe yi-Ottoman Empire sele ixoxwe ixesha elide kungakhathaliseki ukuba ayikaqatshelwa yiRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey. Nangona ukukhanyela ukubulawa kwabantu kuyindlela yokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho olutsha ngabanye abadlali baseburhulumenteni kunye nabangengawo karhulumente, ubungqina kunye nobungqina obukhoyo malunga ne-Armenian Genocide buyajongelwa phantsi. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuhloleni amaxwebhu amatsha kunye nobungqina bokuqinisa ibango lokuqaphela iziganeko ze-1915-16 njengesenzo sokubulala abantu. Uphononongo luvavanye amaxwebhu e-Ottoman agcinwe koovimba beMatenadaran kwaye awazange avavanywe ngaphambili. Omnye wabo bubungqina obukhethekileyo bomyalelo othe ngqo wokugxotha ama-Armenia kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala kwaye kuhlalise iimbacu zaseTurkey kwizindlu zaseArmenia. Kule nkalo, amanye amaxwebhu ahlolwe ngaxeshanye, ebonisa ukuba ukufuduka okuhleliweyo kwama-Ottoman Armenians kwakujoliswe ekubulaweni kwabantu ngamabomu kunye nokucwangciswa.
intshayelelo
Yinyaniso engenakuphikiswa nembali ebhaliweyo ukuba ngowe-1915-16 abantu baseArmenia ababehlala kuBukhosi baseOttoman babulawa ngokubulawa kwabantu. Ukuba urhulumente wangoku waseTurkey uyala ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo, luba luncedo kulwaphulo-mthetho. Xa umntu okanye urhulumente engakwazi ukwamkela ulwaphulo-mthetho abalwenzileyo, amazwe asele ephuhlile kakhulu kufuneka angenelele. La mazwe abeka ugxininiso oluphezulu ekunyhashweni kwamalungelo oluntu kwaye ukuthintela kwabo kuba sisiqinisekiso soxolo. Okwenzekileyo kwi-1915-1916 e-Ottoman Turkey kufuneka kubhalwe njengolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulawa kwabantu ngokuxhomekeke kuxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuba luhambelana nawo onke amanqaku eNgqungquthela yokuThintela kunye nokuSohlwaywa koLwaphulo-mthetho loBugebenga. Enyanisweni, uRaphael Lemkin wabhala inkcazo yegama elithi "i-genocide" eqwalasela ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuphulwa okwenziwe yi-Ottoman Turkey kwi-1915 (Auron, 2003, p. 9). Ngoko ke, iindlela ezikhuthaza ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa eluntwini, kunye nokwenzeka kwalo kwixesha elizayo kunye neenkqubo zokudala uxolo kufuneka ziphunyezwe ngokugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho oludlulileyo.
Isifundo solu phando luxwebhu olusemthethweni lwase-Ottoman olunamaphepha amathathu (f.3). Olu xwebhu lubhalwe nguMphathiswa waseTurkey weMicimbi yaNgaphandle kwaye luthunyelwe kwisebe lesibini elijongene nepropati elahliwe njengengxelo equlethe ulwazi malunga nokuxoshwa kweenyanga ezintathu (ukususela ngoMeyi 25 ukuya ku-Agasti 12) (f.3). Iquka ulwazi malunga nemiyalelo eqhelekileyo, intlangano yokugxothwa kwama-Armenia, inkqubo yokugxothwa, kunye neendlela apho ama-Armenia agxothwa khona. Ngaphezu koko, iqulethe ulwazi malunga nenjongo yezi zenzo, uxanduva lwamagosa ngexesha lokugxothwa, kuthetha ukuba uBukhosi base-Ottoman busetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa ukuxhaphazwa kwepropati yaseArmenia, kunye neenkcukacha malunga nenkqubo yeTurkification yama-Armenia ngokusabalalisa abantwana baseArmenia. kwiintsapho zaseTurkey kwaye baziguqulele kwinkolo yamaSilamsi (f.3).
Liqhekeza elikhethekileyo, kuba liqulethe imiyalelo engazange ifakwe kwamanye amaxwebhu ngaphambili. Ngokukodwa, inolwazi kwisicwangciso sokuhlalisa abantu baseTurkey kwizindlu zaseArmenia abafudukayo ngenxa yeMfazwe yeBalkan. Olu luxwebhu lokuqala olusemthethweni oluvela kwi-Ottoman Empire echaza ngokusesikweni nantoni na esiyaziyo ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Nanku omnye wale miyalelo yodwa:
I-12 ngoMeyi 331 (ngoMeyi 25, 1915), iCryptogram: Emva nje kokuchithwa kwe-Armenian [iilali], inani labantu kunye namagama eedolophana kufuneka aziswe ngokuthe ngcembe. Iindawo ezinabantu baseArmenia kufuneka zihlaliswe ngokutsha ngabafuduki abangamaSilamsi, amaqela abo agxile e-Ankara naseKonya. Ukusuka eKonya, bamele bathunyelwe eAdana naseDiarbekir (eTigranakert) yaye ukusuka eAnkara ukuya eSivas (Sebastia), eKesareya (eKayseri) naseMamuret-ul Aziz (eMezire, eHarput). Ngenxa yaloo njongo ikhethekileyo, abafuduki abaqeshwayo kufuneka bathunyelwe kwiindawo ezikhankanyiweyo. Kanye ngelo xesha lokufumana lo myalelo, abafuduki abavela kwizithili ezikhankanywe ngasentla kufuneka bahambe ngeendlela kunye neendlela ezikhankanywe. Ngale nto, sazisa ukufezekiswa kwayo. (f.3)
Ukuba sibuza abantu abasindayo kwimbubhiso okanye sifunde iimbali zabo ( Svazlian, 1995), siya kuza nobungqina obuninzi obubhalwe ngendlela efanayo, obufana nokuba babesityhala, besigxotha, besihlutha abantwana bethu ngenkani, besiba. iintombi zethu, ukunika iindawo zethu zokuhlala kubafuduki abangamaSilamsi. Obu bubungqina obuvela kwingqina, inyani erekhodiweyo kwinkumbulo eyathi yagqithiselwa ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwisizukulwana ngeentetho nangenkumbulo yofuzo. La maxwebhu kuphela kobungqina obusemthethweni obuphathelele Imbubhiso YaseArmenia. Olunye uxwebhu oluhlolisisiweyo oluvela kwi-Matenadaran yi-cryptogram malunga nokutshintshwa kwama-Armenian (omhla we-12 kaMeyi, 1915 kunye nowama-25 kaMeyi, 1915 kwikhalenda kaGregory).
Ngenxa yoko, iingongoma ezimbini ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Abantu baseArmenia kwafuneka bemke kwiiyure nje ezimbini emva kokuba bebhengeze lo mthetho. Ngoko ke, ukuba umntwana ulele kufuneka avuswe, ukuba umfazi ebezala kufuneka ahambe ngendlela kwaye ukuba umntwana oselula wayedada emlanjeni, unina kufuneka ahambe ngaphandle kokulinda umntwana wakhe.
Ngokwalo myalelo, indawo ethile, inkampu okanye ulwalathiso aluchazwanga ngelixa kugxothwa ama-Armenia. Abanye abaphandi babonisa ukuba icebo elithile alizange lifunyanwe ngelixa liphonononga amaxwebhu anxulumene ne-Armenian Genocide. Nangona kunjalo, kukho isicwangciso esithile esiqulethe ulwazi malunga nokufuduka kwabantu base-Armenia ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye kunye nee-odolo zokubabonelela ngokutya, indawo yokuhlala, amayeza kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ngelixa begxothwa. Ukufudukela kwindawo engu-B kufuneka ixesha elingu-X, elisengqiqweni kwaye umzimba womntu uyakwazi ukuphila. Akukho sikhokelo sinjalo. Abantu babekhutshelwa ngaphandle ezindlini zabo, bekhutshelwa ngaphandle ngocwangco, izikhokelo zeendlela zazitshintshwa amaxesha ngamaxesha njengoko babengenandawo yokugqibela. Enye injongo yayikukubhangisa nokufa kwabantu ngokuleqa nokubangcungcuthekisa. Ngokuhambelana nokufuduswa, urhulumente waseTurkey uye wabhalisa ngenjongo yokulungelelanisa, ukuze nje emva kokugxothwa kwama-Armenia ikomiti yokufuduka yabafuduki "iskan ve asayiş müdüriyeti" ibe lula ukuhlalisa abafuduki baseTurkey.
Ngokuphathelele abantwana, ababenyanzelekile ukuba babe ngamaTurkified, kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba babengavunyelwa ukuba bahambe nabazali babo. Kwakukho amashumi amawaka eenkedama zaseArmenia ezazikhala kwizindlu zabazali ezingenanto kwaye ziphantsi koxinzelelo lwengqondo (Svazlian, 1995).
Ngokuphathelele abantwana baseArmenian, iqoqo leMatenadaran lineCryptogram (29 Juni, 331 ngoJulayi 12, 1915, Cryptogram-telegram (şifre)). “Kusenokwenzeka ukuba abanye abantwana basenokuqhubeka bephila endleleni eya elubhacweni naselubhacweni. Ngenjongo yokuwafundisa nokuwafundisa, amele asasazwe kwiidolophu needolophana ezikwimeko entle ngokwemali, phakathi kweentsapho zabantu abadumileyo apho kungahlali abantu baseArmenia….” (f.3).
Ukusuka kuxwebhu lwe-Ottoman lwe-archive (lomhla we-17 kaSeptemba 1915) safumanisa ukuba ukusuka kumbindi we-Ankara 733 (amakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi amathathu anesithathu) abafazi nabantwana base-Armenia bagxothwa e-Eskişehir, besuka eKalecik 257, naseKeskin 1,169 (DH.EUM) 2. Şb) Oku kuthetha ukuba abantwana bezi ntsapho baba ziinkedama ngokupheleleyo. Kwiindawo ezinjengeKalecik neKeskin, ezinommandla omncinane kakhulu, abantwana abali-1,426 2 babaninzi gqitha. Ngokwalo xwebhu lunye, sifumanise ukuba abantwana abakhankanyiweyo basasazwa kwimibutho yamaSilamsi (DH.EUM. 2011. Şb). Kufuneka sichaze ukuba olu xwebhu lukhankanyiweyo lubandakanya ulwazi malunga nabantwana abaneminyaka engaphantsi kwemihlanu ngokuqwalasela ukuba isicwangciso seTurkification sabantwana baseArmenia sayilwa abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu (Raymond, XNUMX). Ingqiqo emva kwesi sicwangciso yayiyinkxalabo yokuba abantwana abangaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu baya kukhumbula iinkcukacha zolwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu baseArmenia babengenabantwana, bengenamakhaya, bebandezelekile engqondweni nasemzimbeni. Oku kufuneka kugwetywe njengolwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini. Ukungqina ezi zityhilelo zamva nje, kwesi sihlandlo sicaphula kucingo olunye loMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphakathi, kwakhona kwingqokelela yeMatenadaran.
15 Julayi 1915 (1915 Julayi 28). Ileta esemthethweni: “Kwasekuqaleni koBukhosi baseOttoman iilali ezinamaSilamsi zazincinane yaye zisemva ngenxa yokuba zazikude nempucuko. Oku kuchasene nesikhundla sethu esiphambili ekufuneka inani lamaSilamsi liphindaphindwe kwaye landiswe. Kufuneka kuphuhliswe izakhono zabarhwebi kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukuba kuhlaziywe kwakhona iilali zase-Armenia ezingahlali bantu kunye nabemi, ababefudula benezindlu ezilikhulu ukuya kwikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu. Faka isicelo ngokukhawuleza: Emva kokuhlaliswa kwazo, iilali ziya kuhlala zingenanto ukuze zibhalise ukuze emva koko zihlaliswe ngokutsha kunye nabafuduki abangamaSilamsi nezizwe (f.3).
Ngoko ke luhlobo luni lwenkqubo olwalukho ukuze kuphunyezwe lo mhlathi ukhankanywe ngasentla? Bekukade kukho iziko elikhethekileyo kuBukhosi base-Ottoman elinesihloko esithi "Ukugxothwa kunye nokuHlaliswa ngokutsha." Ngexesha lembubhiso, intlangano yayisebenzisana nokugunyaziswa kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezingenabani. Laliphumeze ukubhaliswa kwezindlu zaseArmenia laza lenza uludwe oluhambelana nalo. Ngoko nasi esona sizathu siyintloko sokugxothwa kwama-Armenia ngenxa yoko kwatshatyalaliswa uhlanga lonke entlango. Ngaloo ndlela, umzekelo wokuqala wokugxothwa kwawo ngowe-Aprili 1915 yaye uxwebhu lwamva nje, olukhoyo, lomhla ngo-Oktobha 22, 1915. Ekugqibeleni, saqala nini okanye saphela nini ukugxothwa okanye saba yintoni isiphelo?
Akukho ngcaciso. Inye kuphela inyaniso eyaziwayo yokuba abantu bebesoloko beqhutywa, betshintsha indlela abaya ngayo, ubuninzi bamaqela kunye namalungu eqela: amantombazana amancinci ngokwahlukeneyo, abadala, abantwana, abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu, iqela ngalinye ngokwahlukileyo. Kwaye endleleni, bahlala benyanzelwa ukuba baguquke.
Umyalelo oyimfihlo owatyobelwa nguTalyat Pasha, womhla wama-22 kuOktobha, wathunyelwa kumaphondo angama-26 unale nkcazelo ilandelayo: “Imiyalelo yeTalyat ukuba kukho nawaphi na amatyala okuguquka emva kokuba egxothiwe, ukuba izicelo zawo zamkelwe kwikomkhulu, ukufuduswa kwawo kufanele kupheliswe. yaye ukuba ilifa lawo selinikwe omnye umphambukeli lifanele libuyiselwe kumniniyo wokuqala. Ukuguqulwa kwabantu abanjalo kwamkelekile” (DH. ŞFR, 1915).
Ke, oku kubonisa ukuba iindlela zokuthinjwa zikarhulumente zabemi base-Armenia kwi-Ottoman Empire zasebenza ngaphambi kokuba iTurkey itsalwe emfazweni. Ezo zenzo nxamnye nabemi baseArmenia zazibubungqina bokunyhasha umthetho osisiseko welo lizwe njengoko uchazwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Kule meko, amaxwebhu okuqala oBukhosi base-Ottoman anokuba bubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo kunye nobunyani benkqubo yokuvuselelwa kwamalungelo anyathelweyo amaxhoba okubulawa kwabantu baseArmenia.
isiphelo
La maxwebhu asandul’ ukufunyaniswa abubungqina obunokuthenjwa malunga neenkcukacha zembubhiso yaseArmenia. Ziquka imiyalelo yabona magosa aphakamileyo oBukhosi baseOttoman yokuba kugxothwe abemi baseArmenia, kuhluthwe izinto zabo, kuguqulelwe abantwana base-Armenia ekubeni babe ngamaSilamsi, yaye ekugqibeleni babacim’ igama. Zibubungqina bokuba isicwangciso sokwenza i-genocide yahlelwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba uBukhosi base-Ottoman bubandakanyeke kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Yayisisicwangciso esisemthethweni esasiyilwe kwinqanaba likarhulumente lokutshabalalisa abantu baseArmenia, ukutshabalalisa ilizwe labo lembali kunye nokuhlutha impahla yabo. Amazwe aphuhlileyo kufuneka axhase ukugwetywa kokwaliwa kwazo naziphi na izenzo zokubulawa kwabantu. Ngoko ke, ngokupapashwa kwale ngxelo, ndingathanda ukuthathela ingqalelo iingcaphephe kwicandelo lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukukhuthaza ukugwetywa kwembubhiso kunye noxolo lwehlabathi.
Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuthintela ukubulawa kohlanga sisohlwayo samazwe atshabalalisayo. Ukuhlonipha inkumbulo yamaxhoba okubulawa kwabantu, ndibiza ukugwetywa kocalucalulo kubantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangoobani, ubuzwe, inkolo kunye nesini.
Akukho zimbubhiso, akukho mfazwe.
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