Iingxwabangxwaba zobuhlanga nezenkolo: Sinokunceda njani
intshayelelo
Ndingathanda ukunibulela ngokungazenzisiyo nonke ngobukho benu, buthakazelelwa kakhulu yiBhodi ye-ICERM kunye nam. Ndinombulelo kumhlobo wam, u-Basil Ugorji, ngokuzinikela kwakhe kwi-ICERM kunye noncedo oluqhubekayo, ngakumbi kumalungu amatsha afana nam. Isikhokelo sakhe ngenkqubo sandivumela ukuba ndidibanise neqela. Ngaloo nto, ndinombulelo kakhulu kwaye ndonwabile ukuba lilungu le-ICERM.
Umbono wam kukwabelana ngeengcinga ezithile malunga neengxabano zobuhlanga kunye nezenkolo: indlela ezenzeka ngayo kunye nendlela yokusombulula kakuhle. Kulo mba, ndiya kugxininisa kwiimeko ezimbini ezikhethekileyo: i-Indiya ne-Côte d'Ivoire.
Siphila kwihlabathi apho sijamelana neentlekele mihla le, ezinye zazo ziqatsela kwiimfazwe ezinogonyamelo. Iziganeko ezinjalo zibangela ukubandezeleka kwabantu kwaye zishiya iziphumo ezininzi, kuquka ukufa, ukulimala, kunye ne-PTSD (i-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
Ubume bezo ngquzulwano buyohluka ngokweemeko zoqoqosho, iimeko zemo yezopolitiko, imiba ye-ikholoji (ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezixhobo), ungquzulwano olusekwe kuzazisi olunjengobuhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, okanye inkcubeko nezinye ezininzi.
Phakathi kwazo, ungquzulwano lobuzwe nolonqulo lunendlela engokwembali yokudala iingxabano ezinogonyamelo, ezizezi: Imbubhiso ka-1994 nxamnye namaTutsi eRwanda yaxabisa amaxhoba angama-800,000 (umthombo: Marijke Verpoorten); iSrebenica yowe-1995, imfazwe eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia yabulala amaSilamsi angama-8,000 1988 (umthombo: TPIY); ingxabano yonqulo eXinjiang phakathi kwamaSilamsi eUighurs kunye noHans exhaswa ngurhulumente waseTshayina; ukutshutshiswa koluntu lwase-Iraki Kurdish ngo-XNUMX (ukusetyenziswa kwe-gaz ngokuchasene nabantu baseKurdish kwisixeko saseHalabja (umthombo: https://www.usherbrooke.ca/); kunye nokungavisisani ngokwenkolo eIndiya…, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwa.
Ezi ngxabano nazo zinzima kakhulu kwaye zinzima ukusombulula, uthatha umzekelo, ingxabano yama-Arab-Israel kuMbindi Mpuma, enye yeengxabano ezithatha ixesha elide kunye nezintsonkothileyo kwihlabathi.
Ungquzulwano olunjalo luhlala ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba lwendele nzulu kwiingxelo zeminyanya; bazuzw’ ilifa yaye bakhuthazwa kakhulu ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, nto leyo ebenza babe lucelomngeni ukusa esiphelweni. Kusenokuthatha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba abantu bavume ukuqhubela phambili nemithwalo kunye nokubawa kwangaphambili.
Amaxesha amaninzi, abanye abezopolitiko basebenzisa inkolo kunye nobuhlanga njengezixhobo zokukhohlisa. Aba bezopolitiko babizwa ngokuba ngoosomashishini bezopolitiko abasebenzisa isicwangciso esahlukileyo ukuxhaphaza uluvo kwaye boyikise abantu ngokubenza bazive ngathi kukho isoyikiso kubo okanye kwiqela labo elithile. Ekuphela kwendlela yokuphuma kukusabela ngelixa besenza ukuba iimpendulo zabo zibukeke njengomlo wokusinda (umthombo: François Thual, 1995).
Ityala laseIndiya (Christophe Jaffrelot, 2003)
Ngo-2002, ilizwe laseGujarat lafumana ubundlobongela phakathi koninzi lwamaHindu (89%) kunye negcuntswana lamaMuslim (10%). Izidubedube zeenkolo ngeemvaba zazihlala zisenzeka, kwaye ndingatsho ukuba zade zaba nezakhiwo eIndiya. Uphononongo olwenziwa nguJaffrelot lugxininisa ukuba, amaxesha amaninzi, izidubedube zenzeka ngobusuku bangaphambi konyulo ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu phakathi kwamaqela enkolo, amaqela ezopolitiko, kwaye akukho mzamo ukuba abezopolitiko baqinisekise abavoti ngeengxoxo zonqulo. Kulo ngquzulwano, amaSilamsi abonwa njengekholamu yesihlanu (abangcatshi) abasuka ngaphakathi, abasongela ukhuseleko lwamaHindu ngelixa behambelana nePakistan. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqela esizwe asasaza imiyalezo echasene namaSilamsi kwaye ngaloo ndlela adala umbutho wesizwe osetyenziselwa inzuzo yabo ngexesha lonyulo. Akunjalo kuphela ukuba amaqela ezopolitiko kufuneka abekwe ityala ngeemeko ezinjalo kuba amagosa karhulumente anoxanduva. Kolu hlobo lwengxwabangxwaba, amagosa karhulumente ayasokola ukugcina uluvo ekuthandeni kwawo, ngoko ke axhasa isininzi samaHindu ngabom. Ngenxa yoko, ungenelelo lwamapolisa kunye nomkhosi ngexesha lodushe luncinci kakhulu kwaye lucotha kwaye ngamanye amaxesha lubonakala emva kwexesha emva kokuqhambuka kunye nomonakalo omkhulu.
Kwabanye abemi bamaHindu, ezi zidubedube ngamathuba okuphindezela amaSilamsi, ngamanye amaxesha azizityebi kakhulu kwaye agqalwa njengabaxhaphazi ababalulekileyo bamaHindu omthonyama.
Ityala lase-Ivory Coast (Phillipe Hugon, 2003)
Ityala lesibini endifuna ukuxoxa ngalo yingxabano yaseCôte d'Ivoire ukususela ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2011. Ndandiligosa loqhagamshelwano xa urhulumente kunye nabavukeli batyikitya isivumelwano soxolo eOuagadougou ngoMatshi 4, 2007.
Olu ngquzulwano luchazwe njengongquzulwano phakathi kwamaSilamsi eDioulas asuka eMntla namaKristu asuka eMzantsi. Kangangeminyaka emithandathu (2002-2007), eli lizwe lahlulwa laba kuMntla, lihlala abavukeli ababexhaswa ngabemi baseMntla naseMzantsi, belawulwa ngurhulumente. Nangona ungquzulwano lubonakala ngathi lungquzulwano lwenkolo, kuyafuneka ukuba kuphawulwe ukuba akunjalo.
Ekuqaleni le ngxaki yaqala ngo-1993 xa owayesakuba nguMongameli uFélix Houphouët Boigny wasweleka. Inkulumbuso yakhe u-Alassane Ouattara wayefuna ukuthatha indawo yakhe, ebhekiselele kumgaqo-siseko, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke ngendlela awayeceba ngayo, kwaye walandelwa ngumongameli wepalamente, uHenry Konan Bédié.
UBédié ke waququzelela unyulo kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngo-1995, kodwa u-Alassane Ouattara akazange afakwe kukhuphiswano (ngamaqhinga asemthethweni…).
Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, ngowe-1999 uBédié wagxothwa kubhukuqo-mbuso olwalukhokelwa ngamajoni aselula akuMntla anyanisekileyo kuAlassane Ouattara. Iziganeko zalandelwa ngonyulo oluququzelelwe kwi-2000 yi-putschists, kwaye u-Alassane Ouattara waphinda wakhutshelwa ngaphandle, evumela uLaurent Gbagbo ukuba aphumelele ukhetho.
Emva koko, ngo-2002, kwakukho ukuvukela uGbagbo, kwaye imfuno ephambili yabavukeli yayikubandakanywa kwabo kwinkqubo yentando yesininzi. Baye baphumelela ukunyanzela urhulumente ukuba aququzelele unyulo ngo-2011 apho uAlassane Ouattara wavunyelwa ukuba athathe inxaxheba njengomgqatswa emva koko waphumelela.
Kule meko, ukufuna igunya lezobupolitika kwaba ngunobangela wongquzulwano olwajika lwaba yimvukelo ngezixhobo lwaza lwabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-10,000 XNUMX. Ukongeza, ubuzwe kunye nenkolo zazisetyenziselwa kuphela ukukholisa amajoni, ngakumbi abo basemaphandleni, abo bangafundanga.
Kwiimfazwe ezininzi zobuhlanga kunye nezenkolo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobuhlanga kunye neengxabano zenkolo yinto yokuthengisa kwinkonzo yoosomashishini bezopolitiko ejolise ekuhlanganiseni amatsha ntliziyo, abalweli kunye nezibonelelo. Ngoko ke, ngabo abagqibayo ukuba yeyiphi na imilinganiselo abaza kuyidlala ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo.
Yintoni Esinokuyenza?
Iinkokeli zabahlali zibuyele emgceni kwiindawo ezininzi kulandela ukusilela kweenkokeli zezopolitiko kuzwelonke. Oku kulungile. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho indlela ende yokwakha ukuthembana nokuzithemba phakathi kwabemi bengingqi, kwaye inxalenye yemingeni kukungabikho kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ukujongana neendlela zokusombulula iingxabano.
Nabani na unokuba yinkokeli kumaxesha azinzile, kodwa ngelishwa, ngenxa yeentlekele ezininzi ezenzeka rhoqo, kubalulekile ukukhetha iinkokeli ezifanelekileyo kuluntu kunye namazwe. Iinkokeli ezinokuwufeza ngempumelelo umsebenzi wazo.
isiphelo
Ndiyazi ukuba le ithisisi ixhomekeke kwizigxeko ezininzi, kodwa ndifuna nje ukuba siyigcine le nto engqondweni: iimpembelelo kwiingxabano azikho kwasekuqaleni. Kusenokufuneka sembe nzulu ngaphambi kokuba siqonde eyona nto iphembelela iingxabano. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ungquzulwano lwenkolo lusetyenziselwa ukugubungela amabhongo ezopolitiko kunye neeprojekthi.
Kuluxanduva lwethu ke njengabadali boxolo ukuchonga nakweyiphi na impixano enye ukuba ngoobani abadlali abasaphuhlayo kunye nezinto abazithandayo. Nangona oko kusenokungabi lula, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuqeqesha kunye nokwabelana ngamava kunye neenkokheli zabahlali ukunqanda impixano (kweyona meko ilungileyo) okanye ukuyisombulula apho sele iqatsele.
Kulo nqaku, ndiyakholelwa ukuba i-ICERM, iZiko leZizwe ngezizwe le-Ethno-Religious Mediation, yindlela ebalaseleyo yokusinceda ukuba sifezekise ukuzinza ngokuzisa abaphengululi, iinkokeli zezopolitiko kunye noluntu ukuze babelane ngolwazi kunye namava.
Enkosi ngengqalelo yakho, kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba oku kuya kuba sisiseko seengxoxo zethu. Kwaye ndiyabulela kwakhona ngokundamkela kwiqela kunye nokundivumela ukuba ndibe yinxalenye yolu hambo lumangalisayo njengabadali boxolo.
Malunga noSomlomo
U-Yacouba Isaac Zida wayeligosa eliphezulu lomkhosi waseBurkina Faso kwinqanaba leNjengele.
Waqeqeshwa kumazwe amaninzi aquka iMorocco, iCameroon, iTaiwan, iFransi, neKhanada. Wayekwathatha inxaxheba kwiNkqubo yeMisebenzi eDityanisiweyo kwiDyunivesithi yaseTampa, eFlorida, eUnited States.
Emva koqhankqalazo lwabantu eBurkina Faso ngo-Okthobha ka-2014, uMnu. Zida waqeshwa ngumkhosi njengeNtloko yethutyana yelizwe laseBurkina Faso ukuba akhokele uthethwano olwakhokelela ekuqeshweni komntu njengenkokeli yotshintsho. UMnu.Zida wonyulwa njengeNkulumbuso ngoNovemba ka-2014 ngurhulumente wenguqu.
Warhoxa kweyoMnga ka-2015 emva kokwenza olona nyulo lukhululekileyo awakhe walwenza eBurkina Faso. Ukususela ngoFebruwari 2016 uMnu Zida uhlala e-Ottawa, eCanada, kunye nosapho lwakhe. Wagqiba ekubeni abuyele esikolweni ukuze afumane iPh.D. kungquzulwano Izifundo. Imidla yakhe yophando igxile kubugrogrisi kwingingqi yeSahel.
