I-Hindutva e-USA: Ukuqonda ukuPhakanyiswa kweNgqungquthela yoBuzwe kunye neNkolo

imvelaphi

I-Indiya lilizwe elahlukileyo ngokwezizwe ezizibhiliyoni eziyi-1.38. Ekubeni igcuntswana layo lamaSilamsi liqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-200, ezobupolitika zaseIndiya zazilindeleke ukuba zamkele ukuvotela amaqela amaninzi njengenxalenye yophawu lwayo “njengeyona demokrasi inkulu ehlabathini.” Ngelishwa, kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ezopolitiko zaseIndiya ziye zahlukana ngakumbi kunye ne-Islamophobic.

Ukuze siqonde intetho yayo eyahlulahlulayo kwezopolitiko nenkcubeko ubani usenokukhumbula iminyaka engama-200 yolawulo lobukoloniyali baseBritani, okokuqala yiBritish East India Company emva koko yiBritish Crown. Ngaphezu koko, iSahlulo saseIndiya nePakistan esasiphalazwa igazi saye sahlukanisa lo mmandla ngokwemigaqo yonqulo, nto leyo eyaphumela kumashumi eminyaka yengxwabangxwaba phakathi kweIndiya nommelwane wayo, iPakistan, ilizwe eliphantse libe nabemi abangamaSilamsi abazizigidi ezingama-1947.

"I-Hindutva" yingcamango yobukhulu obufanayo nenkolo yobuHindu ebuyileyo echasa ubuzwe kwaye ibona iIndiya "njengelizwe lamaHindu". I-Hindutva ngumgaqo okhokelayo we-Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), iphiko lasekunene, i-Hindu nationalist, intlangano ye-paramilitary eyasungulwa kwi-1925 edityaniswe nenethiwekhi enkulu yemibutho yamalungelo, kuquka i-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ukhokele urhulumente waseIndiya ukusukela ngo-2014. UHindutva akabheneli nje kudidi oluphezulu uBrahmin ofuna ukubambelela kumalungelo kodwa ubekwe njengombutho woluntu olubhenela “kumbindi ongahoywanga. ^[1]. "

Nangona umgaqo-siseko waseIndiya wasemva kobukoloniyali uvala ucalucalulo olusekwe kubuntu obuthile, inkqubo yocalucalulo nangona kunjalo isasele inamandla enkcubeko e-Indiya, umzekelo yadityaniswa yangamaqela oxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Ubundlobongela phakathi koluntu kunye nokubulala zisacaciswa kwaye zide zilungelelaniswe ngokobuhlanga. Umbhali waseIndiya, uDevdutt Pattanaik, uchaza indlela “uHindutva aye wabomeleza ngayo iibhanki zamaHindu ngokunempumelelo ngokuvuma ubunyaniso bobuhlanga kwakunye nokuthiywa kwamaSilamsi okusisiseko nokukufanisa ngokuphandle nobuzwe.” Kwaye uNjingalwazi uHarish S. Wankhede uye waqukumbela^[2], "I-right-wing dispensation yangoku ayifuni ukuphazamisa i-normative yentlalo esebenzayo. Endaweni yoko, abaxhasi beHindutva benza ipolitiki yokwahlulwahlulwa kwabantu ngokweendidi, bakhuthaza imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoosolusapho kwaye babhiyozele izinto zenkcubeko yamaBrahmanical.”

Ngokwandayo, abantu abambalwa babandezeleke kukunganyamezeli ngokwenkolo kunye nokucalulwa phantsi korhulumente omtsha we-BJP. Kujongwe kakhulu, amaSilamsi aseIndiya abone ukunyuka okuyothusayo kweenkokeli ezinyuliweyo ekukhuthazeni amaphulo okuxhatshazwa kwi-Intanethi kunye nokukwaywa kwezoqoqosho kwamashishini angamaSilamsi ukuya kwiminxeba ecacileyo yokubulawa kohlanga ziinkokeli ezithile zamaHindu. Ubundlobongela obuchasene nabambalwa buquka ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nokuphaphela.^[3]

Kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo, ubuzwe bobuHindu obungabandakanyiyo buqukwe kuMthetho woLungiso woBumi waseIndiya wowama-2019 (CAA), ogrogrisa ukurhoxisa izigidi zamaSilamsi aseBengali. Njengoko kuphawuliwe yiKomishoni yase-US yeNkululeko yaMazwe ngaMazwe, "i-CAA ibonelela ngomkhondo okhawulezayo kubafuduki abangengawo amaSilamsi abavela kumaSilamsi-uninzi lwase-Afghanistan, eBangladesh nasePakistan ukuba bafake izicelo kwaye bafumane ubumi baseIndiya. Umthetho ngokusisiseko unika abantu abakhethiweyo, abangengabo amaSilamsi kula mazwe iwonga lokuba yimbacu eIndiya kwaye ulugcinele amaSilamsi udidi 'lwabaphambukeli ngokungekho mthethweni'.^[4] AmaSilamsi eRohingya abalekela ukubulawa kwabantu eMyanmar kwaye ahlala eJammu agrogriswa ngobundlobongela kunye nokugxothwa ziinkokeli zeBJP.^[5] Abaphembeleli be-Anti-CAA, iintatheli kunye nabafundi baye baxhatshazwa kwaye bavalelwa.

Iingcamango zamaHindutva zisasazwa yimibutho emininzi ubuncinane kumazwe angama-40 ehlabathini lonke, ekhokelwa ngabaxhasi beqela elilawulayo lezobupolitika laseIndiya kunye neNkulumbuso uNarendra Modi. I-Sangh Parivar (“Usapho lwe-RSS”) ligama esambulela sengqokelela yemibutho yobuzwe bamaHindu equka iVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, okanye “iWorld Hindu Organisation,”) eyathi iCIA yayichaza njengombutho wenkolo olwayo kwihlabathi layo. Ukungena kwe-Factbook ka-2018^[6] yeIndiya. Ibanga "ukukhusela" inkolo kunye nenkcubeko yamaHindu, iphiko lolutsha le-VHP i-Bajrang Dal igwebe inani elikhulu lezenzo zobundlobongela.^[7] ijolise kumaSilamsi aseIndiya kwaye yachazwa njengemfazwe. Nangona i-Factbook okwangoku ingenzi zizigqibo ezinjalo, bekukho iingxelo ngo-Agasti 2022 zokuba uBajrang Dal uququzelela "uqeqesho lwezixhobo zamaHindu."^[8]

Nangona kunjalo, eminye imibutho emininzi ikwasasaze imbono yeHindutva yobuzwe eIndiya nakwihlabathi liphela. Umzekelo, iVishwa Hindu Parishad yaseMelika (VHPA) inokwahlulwa ngokusemthethweni kwiVHP yaseIndiya eyaphembelela ukutshatyalaliswa kweBabri Mosque eyimbali ngo-1992 kunye nobundlobongela phakathi koluntu olwalandelayo.^[9] Nangona kunjalo, izixhase ngokucacileyo iinkokeli zeVHP ezikhuthaza ubundlobongela. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2021 i-VHPA yamema uYati Narsinghanand Saraswati, umfundisi oyintloko weTempile yaseDasna Devi eGhaziabad, e-Uttar Pradesh, kunye nenkokeli yamaHindu Swabhiman (Ukuzihlonipha kwamaHindu), ukuba abe sisithethi esibekekileyo kumsitho wonqulo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezixhokonxayo, uSaraswati waziwa ngokuncoma ababulali abangamaHindu bobuzwe baseMahatma Gandhi, nangokubiza amaSilamsi ngokuba ziidemon.^[10] I-VHPA iye yanyanzeleka ukuba isirhoxise isimemo sayo kulandela uxwebhu lwezikhalazo lwe #RejectHate, kodwa abanye abanxulumana nombutho, abanjengo Sonal Shah, basanda kuqeshwa kwizikhundla ezinempembelelo kuLawulo lweBiden.^[11]

EIndiya, uRashtrasevika Samiti umele iphiko labasetyhini, eliphantsi kombutho wamadoda weRSS. IHindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) isebenze e-USA, iqala ngokungacwangciswanga ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 yaza yafakwa ngo-1989, ngelixa isebenza kumazwe angaphezu kwe-150 anamasebe aqikelelwa kwi-3289.^[12]. E-USA, iinqobo ze-Hindutva zikwavakaliswa kwaye zikhuthazwa yi-Hindu American Foundation (HAF), umbutho oxhasayo obonisa ukugxekwa kwe-Hindutva ngokufanayo ne-Hinduphobia.^[13]

Le mibutho ihlala idibana, isenza inethiwekhi ebandakanyekayo kakhulu yeenkokeli zamaHindutva kunye nabaphembeleli. Olu nxulumano lwabonakala ngoSeptemba ka-2019 ngexesha lendibano kaHowdy Modi eHouston, eTexas, umzuzu apho amandla ezopolitiko oluntu lwamaHindu aseMelika afumana ingqalelo kwimithombo yeendaba eMelika. Ukuma ecaleni, uMongameli uTrump kunye neNkulumbuso uModi badumisa omnye komnye. Kodwa 'Howdy, Modi' bahlanganisana kunye kungekuphela nje uMongameli uTrump kunye nama-50,000 amaIndiya aseMelika, kodwa uninzi lwezopolitiko, kubandakanya iNkokeli yeDemocratic House Majority uSteny Hoyer kunye noSenenja waseRiphabhlikhi yaseTexas uJohn Cornyn kunye noTed Cruz.

Njengoko i-Intercept yabika ngelo xesha^[14], “Usihlalo wekomiti eququzelelayo ethi 'Howdy, Modi', uJugal Malani, usisizalwane kasekela mongameli wesizwe we-HSS.^[15] kwaye umcebisi kwi-Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation yase-USA^[16], umbutho ongenzi nzuzo kwezemfundo oneqabane laseIndiya elimanyene nehlumelo le-RSS. Umtshana kaMalani, uRishi Bhutada*, wayesisithethi esiyintloko somsitho kwaye ulilungu lebhodi yeHindu American Foundation.^[17], eyaziwa ngokuba namaqhinga okuphembelela intetho yezopolitiko eIndiya kunye nobuHindu. Esinye isithethi, uGitesh Desai, ngumongameli^[18] kwisahluko saseHouston seSewa International, umbutho wenkonzo onxibelelene neHSS.”

Kwiphepha lophando lika-2014 elibalulekileyo nelineenkcukacha kakhulu^[19] ukwenza imephu ye-Hindutva landscape e-USA, iSouth Asia Citizens Web abaphandi babesele beyichazile iSangh Parivar (i-Sangh "usapho"), uthungelwano lwamaqela aphambili kwintshukumo yamaHindutva, njengokuba nobulungu obuqikelelwayo bubalelwa kwizigidi, kwaye ukuxhasa izigidi zeerandi kumaqela esizwe eIndiya.

Kubandakanya onke amaqela eenkolo, abemi baseIndiya baseTexas baphindeke kabini kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo ukuya kutsho kuma-450,000, kodwa uninzi lusahleli luzimanya neqela leDemocratic Party. Impembelelo yomzuzu we-Howdy Modi^[20] ibonise impumelelo yeNkulumbuso uModi ekuboniseni iminqweno yaseIndiya kunakuwo nawuphi na umtsalane kuMongameli uDonald Trump. Uluntu lukwayipro-Modi kune-pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), njengabaphambukeli abaninzi baseIndiya.^[21] eUnited States bavela eMzantsi India apho Modi ulawulo BJP akabambeleli kakhulu. Ngaphaya koko, nangona ezinye iinkokeli zamaHindutva e-USA zaluxhasa ngamandla udonga lomda weTrump eTexas, inani elandayo labaphambukeli baseIndiya bawela umda osemazantsi.^[22], kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo yolawulo lwakhe malunga nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe - ngokukodwa imida kwii-visa ze-H1-B, kunye nesicwangciso sokuhlutha abanini-visa be-H-4 (abalingane be-visa ye-H1-B) ilungelo lokusebenza-kwahlukanisa abanye abaninzi kuluntu. "AmaHindu elizwe laseMelika asebenzise iwonga labo elincinci ukuze azikhusele ngelixa exhasa intshukumo enkulu eIndiya," ngokutsho kukaDieter Friedrich, umhlalutyi wemicimbi yaseMzantsi Asia ecatshulwe yi-Intercept.^[23] Kuzo zombini i-Indiya kunye ne-USA, iinkokeli ezinocalucalulo zobuzwe zazikhuthaza ezopolitiko ukuba zibhenele kubavoti bazo.^[24]

Njengoko intatheli uSonia Paul wabhala kwi-Atlantic,^[25] "URadha Hegde, unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseNew York kunye nomhleli we Incwadi yeRoutledge ye-Indian Diaspora, yaqulunqa indibano kaModi yaseHouston njengokugqamisa iblokhi yokuvota uninzi lwabantu baseMelika abangayijongiyo. 'Ngalo mzuzu wobuzwe bamaHindu,' wandixelela, 'avuselelwa njengamaHindu aseMelika.'” Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uninzi lwamalungu angamaHindu aseMelika akumaqela anxulumene neRSS akafundiswanga ngokupheleleyo, kodwa anxulumana namaIndiya abuyileyo. ubuzwe. Kwaye kuseyikhathaza kakhulu into yokuba oku "kuvuka" kwenzeke kwiiveki nje emva kokuba urhulumente we-Modi ehluthe ukuzimela kweJammu kunye neKashmir kwaye wabeka izigidi ezibini zamaSilamsi emngciphekweni wokungabi nalizwe kwi-Assam State.^[26]

Iimfazwe zeNkcubeko yeNcwadi

Njengoko abantu baseMelika sele besazi ngokuqhubekayo "amalungelo abazali" kunye neCritical Race Theory (CRT) iingxoxo, iidabi zekharityhulam yesikolo zibunjwa ziimfazwe ezinkulu zenkcubeko. Ukubhalwa ngokutsha okucwangcisiweyo kwembali yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengcinga yobuzwe yamaHindu kwaye ukungena kweHindutva kwikharityhulam kubonakala kuhlala kuyinkxalabo yesizwe e-Indiya nase-USA. Ngelixa uphuculo oluthile ekufanekisweni kwamaHindu lusenokuba lwalufuneka, le nkqubo iye yafakwa kwezopolitiko kwasekuqaleni.^[27]

Ngowama-2005 amatsha ntliziyo eHindutva ammangalela [ngubani] ukuba athintele “imifanekiso engafanelekanga” yokuqukwa kwenkqubo yezifundo.^[28]. Njengoko iiLebhu zoLingano zichazwe kuphando lwabo luka-2018 lwe-caste eMelika, "ukuhlelwa kwabo kubandakanya ukuzama ukucima igama elithi "Dalit", ukucima imvelaphi yeCaste kwisibhalo samaHindu, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye benciphisa imingeni kwiCaste kunye neBrahmanism nguSikh, UbuBhuda, kunye nezithethe zamaSilamsi. Ukongezelela, aye azama ukungenisa iinkcukacha zasentsomini kwimbali ye-Indus Valley Civilization ngoxa ezama ukunyelisa ubuSilamsi njengonqulo loloyiso logonyamelo kuMzantsi Asia.”^[29]

Kubalandeli besizwe abangamaHindu, ixesha elidluleyo laseIndiya libunjwa yimpucuko ezukileyo yamaHindu elandelwa ziinkulungwane zolawulo lwamaSilamsi iNkulumbuso uModi eyaluchaza njengewaka leminyaka “lobukhoboka.”^[30] Ababhali-mbali abahlonitshwayo abazingisayo ekuchazeni imbono entsonkothileyo bafumana ukuxhatshazwa okubanzi kwi-Intanethi ngeembono "ezichasene namaHindu, ezichasene neIndiya". Umzekelo, umbhali-mbali oneminyaka engama-89 ubudala, uRomila Thapar, ufumana uthotho lwemifanekiso engamanyala kubalandeli bakaModi.^[31]

Ngo-2016 iYunivesithi yaseCalifornia (Irvine) yala i-6-million-dollar grant evela kwi-Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) emva kokuba iingcali ezininzi zemfundo zityikitye uxwebhu lwezikhalazo ezichaza ukuba i-DCF edibeneyo izamile ukwazisa utshintsho olungeyonyani kwiincwadi zezifundo zebanga lesithandathu zaseCalifornia. malunga nobuHindu^[32], kwaye ivakalisa inkxalabo malunga nengxelo yamajelo eendaba ebonisa ukuba umnikelo wawuxhomekeke ekubeni iyunivesiti ikhethe abo bagqatswa ifunwa yi-DCF. Ikomiti yobuhlakani yafumana isiseko "siqhutywa ziingcamango kakhulu" kunye "neembono zamaphiko asekunene."^[33] Emva koko, i-DCF ibhengeze izicwangciso zokunyusa isigidi seerandi^[34] kwiYunivesithi yamaHindu yaseMelika^[35], ebonelela ngenkxaso kwiziko kubantu abakumacandelo emfundo abekwe phambili yiSangh, njengephiko lezemfundo leVHPA.

Ngo-2020, abazali abanxulunyaniswa nooMama abachasene neNtiyo yokuFundisa eziKolweni (iProjekthi-MATHS) babuze ukuba kutheni i-Epic yokufunda app, apho izikolo zikarhulumente kulo lonke elase-US zinayo kwikharityhulamu yazo, ibonise i-biography yeNkulumbuso uModi ebonisa amabango akhe obuxoki malunga nekharikhyulamu yakhe. impumelelo yemfundo, kunye nokuhlaselwa kwakhe kwiCongress Party yaseMahatma Gandhi.^[36]

Ukungavisisani kuye kwaqhubeka kusanda. Ekwindla ka-2021 abameli bamalungelo oluntu kunye nabagxeki bolawulo lwe-Modi baququzelele inkomfa ye-intanethi, i-Dismantling Global Hindutva, kuquka iiphaneli zenkqubo ye-caste, i-Islamophobia kunye nomahluko phakathi kobuHindu inkolo kunye ne-Hindutva ingcamango enkulu. Lo msitho uxhaswe ngamasebe angaphezu kwama-40 kwiiyunivesithi zaseMelika, kubandakanya iHarvard neColumbia. IHindu American Foundation kunye namanye amalungu ombutho wamaHindutva asigxeka esi siganeko esithi sidala imekobume echasayo kubafundi bamaHindu.^[37] Phantse isigidi see-imeyile zathunyelwa kuqhanqalazo kwiidyunivesithi, kwaye iwebhusayithi yomsitho yaya ngaphandle kweintanethi kangangeentsuku ezimbini emva kwesikhalazo sobuxoki. Ngexesha lomsitho ngoSeptemba we-10, abaququzeleli bawo kunye nezithethi bebefumene izigrogriso zokufa nezidlwengulo. EIndiya, amajelo eendaba ePro-Modi akhuthaze izityholo zokuba inkomfa yabonelela “ngesigqubuthelo sobulumko kwiTaliban.”^[38]

Imibutho yamaHindutva yathi esi siganeko sasasaza “intiyo yobuHindu.” “Basebenzisa ulwimi lwezithethe ezininzi zaseMelika ukubiza nakuphi na ukugxeka njengeHinduphobia,” utshilo uGyan Prakash, umbhali-mbali kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton owayesisithethi kwinkomfa yeHindutva.^[39] Abanye abafundisi bezemfundo barhoxa kweso siganeko ngenxa yokoyika iintsapho zabo, kodwa abanye abafana no-Audrey Truschke, unjingalwazi wembali yaseMzantsi Asia kwiYunivesithi yaseRutgers, sele efumene izoyikiso zokufa nezidlwengulo ezivela kumaHindu esizwe ngomsebenzi wakhe kubalawuli abangamaSilamsi eIndiya. Uhlala efuna ukhuseleko oluxhobileyo kwimisitho yokuthetha esidlangalaleni.

Iqela labafundi abangamaHindu abavela eRutgers labongoza abaphathi, lifuna ukuba angavunyelwa ukuba afundise izifundo zobuHindu neIndiya.^[40] Unjingalwazi u-Audrey Truschke naye waqanjwa kwisimangalo se-HAF sokuthumela i-tweeting^[41] malunga nebali le-al Jazeera kunye ne-Hindu American Foundation. NgoSeptemba 8, 2021, wangqina kwiCongress Briefing, "Hindutva Attacks on Academic Freedom."^[42]

Ubuzwe bamaHindu obuphiko lwasekunene buphuhlise njani ukufikelela kwabo ngokubanzi kwizifundiswa?^[43] Ekuqaleni kuka-2008 iPhulo lokuNqanda intiyo yeNkxaso-mali (CSFH) lalikhuphe ingxelo yalo, “Ngokungathandabuzekiyo i-Sangh: i-HSC yeSizwe kunye ne-Ajenda yayo ye-Hindutva,” igxile ekukhuleni kwephiko labafundi be-Sangh Parivar e-USA – iBhunga labaFundi bamaHindu (HSC). ).^[44] Ngokusekwe kwiimbuyekezo zerhafu ye-VHPA, iifayili kwi-Ofisi yePatent yase-US, ulwazi lwesizinda sobhaliso lwe-Intanethi, oovimba kunye noshicilelo lwe-HSC, le ngxelo ibhala “umkhondo omde noxineneyo woqhakamshelwano phakathi kwe-HSC ne-Sangh ukususela ngo-1990 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.” I-HSC yasekwa ngo-1990 njengeprojekthi ye-VHP yaseMelika.^[45] I-HSC ikhuthaze izithethi ezahlulayo nezingamahlelo afana no-Ashok Singhal kunye noSadhvi Rithambara kwaye bachasa iinzame zabafundi zokukhulisa ubandakanyo.^[46]

Nangona kunjalo, ulutsha lwase-India lwaseMelika lungajoyina i-HSC ngaphandle kolwazi "ngonxibelelwano olungabonakaliyo" phakathi kwe-HSC kunye ne-Sangh. Umzekelo, njengelungu elikhutheleyo leqela lakhe labafundi abangamaHindu kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell, uSamir wayejonge ukukhuthaza uluntu lwakhe ukuba lubandakanyeke kwingxoxo yobulungisa boluntu nobuhlanga kunye nokukhuthaza ubumoya. Wandixelela indlela afikelele ngayo kwiBhunga leSizwe lamaHindu ukuba liququzelele inkomfa enkulu yabafundi eyayibanjelwe kwi-MIT kwi-2017. Xa ethetha nabalingani bakhe abaququzelelayo, ngokukhawuleza wakhathazeka kwaye waphoxeka xa i-HSC imema umbhali uRajiv Malhotra njengesithethi esiphambili.^[47] UMalhotra ungumxhasi okhutheleyo weHindutva, umhlaseli ojongene nabagxeki beHindutva kunye ne-intanethi. umhlali ngokuchasene nezifundiswa angavumelani nazo^[48]. Umzekelo, uMalhotra ebesoloko ejolisa kumfundi uWendy Doniger, emhlasela ngokwesondo nangobuntu, ezathi kamva zaphindwa kwizityholo eziphumeleleyo eIndiya ukuba ngo-2014 wafumana incwadi yakhe ethi, “AmaHindu,” yavalwa kweli lizwe.

Ngaphandle komngcipheko, abanye abantu kunye nemibutho baqhubekile nokubuyela umva ngokuchasene neHindutva esidlangalaleni^[49], ngoxa abanye befuna ezinye iindlela. Ukususela kumava akhe nge-HSC, uSamir uye wafumana indawo yamaHindu enobubele nenengqondo ephangaleleyo kwaye ngoku ukhonza njengelungu lebhodi yeSadhana, umbutho wamaHindu onenkqubela. Uthi: “Ukholo lunenkalo yobuqu. Nangona kunjalo, e-USA kukho imigca ephosakeleyo yobuhlanga kunye neyobuhlanga efuna ukuqwalaselwa, kodwa e-Indiya ezi zixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigaqo yenkolo, kwaye nokuba ukhetha ukugcina ukholo kunye nezopolitiko zahlukene, kunzima ukungalindeli izimvo kwiinkokeli zonqulo zendawo. Iimbono ezahlukeneyo zikhona kwibandla ngalinye, kwaye ezinye iitempile zihlala kude naliphi na izimvo "zezopolitiko", ngelixa ezinye zibonisa ukuqhelaniswa nobuzwe, ngenkxaso yokwakhiwa kweTempile yaseRam Janmabhoomi kwindawo yemosque yase-Ayodhya ebhuqiweyo, umzekelo. Andiqondi ukuba ulwahlulo lwaKhohlo/ekunene e-USA luyafana naseIndiya. I-Hindutva kwiimeko zaseMelika idibana ne-Evangelical Right kwi-Islamophobia, kodwa hayi kuyo yonke imiba. Amaqhina asekunene anzima.”

Ukutyhala ngokusemthethweni

Izenzo zomthetho zakutsha nje zenze umba wobuhlanga wabonakala ngakumbi. NgoJulayi ka-2020, abalawuli baseCalifornia bamangalela inkampani yetekhnoloji iCisco Systems ngesityholo sokucalulwa kwenjineli yaseIndiya ngoogxa bakhe baseIndiya ngelixa bonke bebesebenza kurhulumente.^[50]. Isimangalo sibanga ukuba uCisco khange ajongane ngokwaneleyo nenkxalabo yomqeshwa kaDalit owonileyo wokuba uxhatshazwe ngabasebenzi abakumgangatho ophezulu wamaHindu. Njengoko uVidya Krishnan ebhala kwiAtlantiki, “Ityala laseCisco liphawula umzuzu oyimbali. Inkampani—nayiphi na inkampani—ayinakuze ijamelane nezityholo ezinjalo eIndiya, apho ucalucalulo olusekelwe kudidi lwabantu, nangona lungekho mthethweni, luyinyani eyamkelekileyo… isigwebo siya kumisela umzekelo kuzo zonke iinkampani zaseMelika, ngakumbi ezo zinamanani amakhulu abasebenzi baseIndiya okanye imisebenzi. eIndiya.”^[51] 

Kunyaka olandelayo, ngoMeyi ka-2021, ityala lomanyano latyhola umbutho wamaHindu, uBochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, owaziwa ngokubanzi njenge-BAPS, uye watsala abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-200 abakumgangatho ophantsi ukuya e-US ukuba bakhe itempile enkulu yamaHindu eNew Jersey. , ebahlawula imali encinane yee-$1.20 ngeyure kangangeminyaka eliqela.^[52] Isimangalo sathi abasebenzi bahlala kwindawo ebiyelweyo apho iintshukumo zabo zijongwa ziikhamera kunye noonogada. I-BAPS ibala ngaphezulu kwe-1200 mandirs kwinethiwekhi yayo kunye neetempile ezingaphezu kwama-50 e-USA nase-UK, ezinye zintle kakhulu. Ngelixa yaziwa ngenkonzo yoluntu kunye nesisa, i-BAPS iye yaxhasa esidlangalaleni kwaye yaxhasa ngemali iRam Mandir e-Ayodhya, eyakhiwe kwindawo yemosque eyimbali eyadilizwa ngabezwe bamaHindu, kwaye iNkulumbuso yaseIndiya uModi wayenobudlelwane obusondeleyo nombutho. IBAPS izikhabile izityholo zokuxhaphaza abasebenzi.^[53]

Kwangelo xesha linye, imanyano ebanzi yabaphembeleli baseMelika baseMelika kunye nemibutho yamalungelo oluntu yacela uLawulo lwamaShishini amaNcinci aseMelika (i-SBA) ukuba iphande ukuba amaqela amaHindu aphiko lasekunene afumana njani na amakhulu amawaka eedola kwiimali zoncedo ze-COVID-19, njengoko kuxeliwe. nguAl Jazeera ngoAprili 2021.^[54] Uphando lubonise ukuba i-RSS eqhagamshelene nemibutho ifumene ngaphezulu kwe-833,000 yeedola kwiintlawulo ezithe ngqo, kunye neemali-mboleko. UAl Jazeera ucaphule uJohn Prabhudoss, usihlalo weFederation of Indian American Christian Organisations: “Amaqela ajongana norhulumente kunye nemibutho yamalungelo oluntu kufuneka ayithathele ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwenkxaso-mali ye-COVID ngamaqela amaHindu awongamileyo eUnited States.”

I-Islamophobia

Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, eIndiya ukukhuthazwa kweentetho ezichasene namaSilamsi kuxhaphakile. I-pogrom echasene namaSilamsi eDelhi^[55] idibene notyelelo lokuqala lukaDonald Trump lukamongameli eIndiya^[56]. Kwaye kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo amaphulo e-intanethi akhuthaze uloyiko malunga “nejihad yothando”^[57] (ejolise kubudlelwane beenkolo kunye nemitshato), Coronajihad”^[58], (ebeka ityala lokusasazeka kobhubhane kumaSilamsi) kunye ne “Spit Jihad” (oko kukuthi, “Thook Jihad”) betyhola ukuba abathengisi bokutya abangamaSilamsi batshicela ekutyeni abakuthengisayo.^[59]

NgoDisemba ka-2021, iinkokeli zamaHindu “kwiPalamente yoNqulo” eHaridwar zahlaba ikhwelo lokuba kubulawe inyambalala yamaSilamsi.^[60], ngaphandle kokugwetywa yiNkulumbuso uModi okanye abalandeli bakhe. Kwiinyanga nje ngaphambili, iVHP yaseMelika^[61] wayememe uYati Narsinghanand Saraswati, umbingeleli omkhulu weTempile yaseDasna Devi njengesithethi esiphambili^[62]. Umsitho obucetyiweyo uye warhoxiswa emva kwezikhalazo ezininzi. U-Yati wayesele edume kakubi "ngokukhupha intiyo" iminyaka kwaye wavalelwa emva kokubiza ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngoDisemba.

Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho intetho ebanzi ekhoyo ye-Islamophobic eYurophu^[63], i-USA, Canada kunye nezinye izizwe. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Mosque kuye kwachaswa e-USA iminyaka emininzi^[64]. Inkcaso enjalo ihlala ibonakaliswa ngokonyuka kwenkxalabo yezendlela kodwa ngo-2021 yaphawuleka indlela amalungu oluntu lwamaHindu aye abachasi ababonakalayo bokwandiswa kwemosque eNaperville, IL.^[65].

ENaperville abachasi bavakalisa inkxalabo malunga nokuphakama kwe-minaret kunye nokwenzeka kokubizelwa komthandazo kusasazwa. Kutshanje eCanada, uRavi Hooda, ivolontiya kwisebe lendawo yeHindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)^[66] kunye nelungu leBhodi yeSithili seSithili sasePeel kwindawo yaseToronto, kuTwitter ukuba ukuvumela iminxeba yamaSilamsi ukuba isasazwe kuvula umnyango “weendlela ezahlukeneyo zeenkamela kunye nabakhweli beebhokhwe” okanye imithetho “efuna ukuba bonke abafazi bazigqume ukusuka entloko ukuya ezinzwaneni ezintenteni. .”^[67]

Iintetho ezinentiyo nezithoba isidima ezilolo hlobo ziye zakhuthaza ugonyamelo nenkxaso yogonyamelo. Kuyaziwa ukuba kwi-2011, iphiko lasekunene elingu-Anders Behring Breivik liphefumlelwe ngokuyinxenye ngeengcamango zeHindutva zokubulala amalungu olutsha angama-77 ahlangene neNorwegian Labor Party. NgoJanuwari 2017^[68], uhlaselo lwabagrogrisi kwimosque kwisiXeko saseQuebec lwabulala amaSilamsi ama-6 asuka kwamanye amazwe lwaza lwenzakalisa abali-19^[69], iphefumlelwe bubukho obuqinileyo bephiko lasekunene ekuhlaleni (kubandakanya isahluko seqela lentiyo laseNordic^[70]) kunye nentiyo ye-intanethi. Kwakhona eCanada, ngo-2021 iqela laseKhanada le-Canadian Hindu Advocacy elikhokelwa ngu-Islamophobe uRon Banerjee, laceba indibano yokuxhasa indoda eyabulala amaSilamsi amane ngelori yakhe kwisixeko saseCanada eLondon.^[71]. Nkqu noNobhala Jikelele weZizwe eziManyeneyo waye waqaphela kwaye walugxeka olu hlaselo lujoliswe kuko^[72]. I-Banarjee idume kakubi. Kwividiyo efakwe kwiakhawunti ye-YouTube ye-Rise Canada ngo-Okthobha ka-2015, u-Banerjee wayenokubonwa ephethe iKur'an ngelixa eyitshicela kwaye eyosula ngasemva kwakhe. Kwividiyo efakwe kwi-akhawunti ye-YouTube ye-Rise Canada ngoJanuwari ka-2018, u-Banerjee wachaza i-Islam njengenkolo yodlwengulo.^[73]

Ukusasaza impembelelo

Ngokucacileyo uninzi lwamaHindu elizwe lase-USA aluyixhasi inkuthazo okanye izenzo zobundlobongela ezinjalo. Noko ke, imibutho ephefumlelweyo yeHindutva iphambili ekwenzeni abahlobo nokuphembelela abantu kurhulumente. Impumelelo yemizamo yabo inokubonwa ngokusilela kweNkongolo yase-US ukugxeka ukucinywa kokuzimela geqe kweKashmir ngo-2019 okanye ukungavunyelwa kwamaSilamsi kwiLizwe lase-Assam. Inokuphawulwa kwiSebe leSizwe lase-US ukusilela ukutyumba iIndiya njengeLizwe leNgcaciso eKhethekileyo (CPC), nangona isincomo esinamandla seKomishoni yase-US yeNkululeko yeNkolo yeZizwe ngeZizwe.

Njengoko inamandla kwaye izimisele njengokungenwa kwayo kwinkqubo yemfundo yase-US, ukufikelela kwi-Hindutva kujolise kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente, njengoko benelungelo lokwenza njalo. Nangona kunjalo, amaqhinga abo oxinzelelo anokuba ndlongondlongo. I-Intercept^[74] ichaze indlela iNkongolo yaseIndiya yaseMelika uRo Khanna arhoxe ngayo kwingxelo kaMeyi ka-2019 malunga noCalucalulo lweCaste ngomzuzu wokugqibela ngenxa “yengcinezelo evela kumaqela amaninzi amaHindu anempembelelo.”^[75] Ugxa wakhe uPramila Jayapal wahlala enguye yedwa umxhasi walo msitho. Kunye nokuququzelela uqhanqalazo kwimisitho yakhe yasekuhlaleni,^[76] Amatsha ntliziyo ahlanganise amaqela angaphezu kwama-230 amaHindu kunye namaIndiya aseMelika kunye nabantu, kubandakanya iHindu American Foundation, ukuba bathumele uKhanna ileta egxeka intetho yakhe ngeKashmir kwaye emcela ukuba arhoxe kwiCongressional Pakistan Caucus, awayesandula ukuyijoyina.

Abameli u-Ilham Omar kunye noRashida Tlaib baye baxhathisa kumaqhinga oxinzelelo olunjalo, kodwa abanye abaninzi abazange; umzekelo, u-Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), owakhetha ukubuyisela umva kwiingxelo ezimiselweyo kwiKashmir. Kwaye ngaphambi konyulo lukaMongameli, iHindu American Foundation yalumkisa ngokumnyama malunga nobunkokeli beqela leDemocratic Alliance ukuba buhlale "bumbukeli osisimumu" we "Hinduphobia ekhulayo" kwiqela.^[77].

Emva konyulo luka-2020 lukaMongameli uBiden, uLawulo lwakhe lwabonakala luthobela ukugxekwa ngokukhetha kwakhe abameli bephulo.^[78]. Ukhetho lwephulo lakhe lika-Amit Jani njengomnxibelelanisi noluntu lwamaSilamsi ngokuqinisekileyo lwaphakamisa amashiya, njengoko usapho lwakhe lwalunonxibelelwano olwaziwayo kwiRSS. Abanye abahlalutyi bagxekile "imanyano ye-motley yamaSilamsi, iDalit, kunye namaqela asekhohlo" ngephulo labo le-Intanethi ngokuchasene noJani, utata wakhe ongasekhoyo waseka Abahlobo base-Overseas be-BJP.^[79]

Imibuzo emininzi iye yaphakanyiswa malunga noMmeli weCongressional (kunye nomgqatswa kaMongameli) ikhonkco likaTulsi Gabbard kumanani amaHindu asekunene.^[80]. Ngelixa umyalezo wamaHindu ophiko lwasekunene kunye nephiko lasekunene lamaHindu usebenza ngaxeshanye endaweni yokuhlangana, iRep Gabbard ayiqhelekanga ekunxibelelaneni kuzo zombini iindawo zovoto.^[81]

Kwinqanaba leNdlu yowiso-mthetho yaseNew York, iLungu leNdibano uJenifer Rajkumar ugxekwe ngabaxhasi bakhe abanxibelelene neHindutva.^[82] Iqela lasekuhlaleni i-Queens Against Hindu Fascism naye wamqaphela ukuba wabonakalisa inkxaso kwiNkulumbuso uModi. Omnye ummeli walapha, uSenator wePhondo lase-Ohio uNiraj Antani uthe kwingxelo kaSeptemba ka-2021 ukuba wayigxeka inkomfa "yokudilizwa kweHindutva" "ngeyona nto inokwenzeka" ngokuthi "ayiyonto ngaphandle kobuhlanga kunye nokucalula amaHindu."^[83] Kusenokwenzeka ukuba mininzi imizekelo efana nale ye-pandering enokugrunjwa ngophando olongezelelekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kukho iinzame ezithe rhoqo zokufikelela koosodolophu basekuhlaleni nokuqeqesha amasebe amapolisa.^[84] Ngelixa uluntu lwamaIndiya namaHindu lunalo lonke ilungelo lokwenza oku, abanye abakhi-mkhanya baye baphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokubandakanyeka kweHindutva, umzekelo ukwakha ubudlelwane be-HSS namasebe amapolisa eTroy naseCaton, eMichigan, nase-Irving, eTexas.^[85]

Kunye neenkokheli ezinempembelelo zamaHindutva, iingcinga, iilobbyists kunye nabasebenzi bobuntlola baxhasa amaphulo empembelelo karhulumente weModi e-USA naseCanada.^[86] Nangona kunjalo, ngaphaya koku, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngcono uphononongo, ukusasaza ulwazi kunye namaphulo osasazo akhuthazwayo kwi-intanethi.

Imidiya yoluntu, ubuntatheli kunye neeMfazwe zeNkcubeko

I-Indiya yeyona marike inkulu kaFacebook, inabantu abazizigidi ezingama-328 abasebenzisa iqonga lonxibelelwano. Ukongeza, malunga nezigidi ezingama-400 zamaIndiya asebenzisa inkonzo yemiyalezo kaFacebook, uWhatsApp^[87]. Ngelishwa, ezi media zentlalo ziye zaba zizithuthi zentiyo kunye ne-disinformation. EIndiya, ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi benkomo kwenzeka emva kokuba amahemuhemu esasazeke kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo, ngakumbi kuWhatsApp^[88]. Iividiyo ze-lynching kunye nokubethwa zihlala zikwabelwana ngazo kuWhatsApp.^[89] 

Abacholacholi beentatheli abangamabhinqa babandezeleke ngokukodwa zizisongelo zobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo, “izinto ezingeyonyani” kunye ne-doxing. Abagxeki beNkulumbuso uModi beze ngobundlobongela obungakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2016, intatheli uRana Ayub yapapasha incwadi malunga nokuthotyelwa kweNkulumbuso kunye nezidubedube ezibulalayo ze-2002 eGujarat. Kungekudala emva koko, ukongeza ekufumaneni izisongelo zokufa ezininzi, u-Ayub uye waqaphela ividiyo engamanyala ekwabelwana ngayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo e-WhatsApp.^[90] Ubuso bakhe babubekwe phezu kobuso bomdlali wefilimu engamanyala, esebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-Deepfake eyalawula ubuso bukaRana ukuze alungelelanise iintetho ezivuselela inkanuko.

UNksz Ayub ubhala athi, "Uninzi lwezibambo ze-Twitter kunye neeakhawunti ze-Facebook ezithumele ividiyo yezonografi kunye ne-screenshots zichaza ukuba zingabalandeli bakaMnu Modi kunye neqela lakhe."^[91] Ezo zoyikiso kwiintatheli ezingamabhinqa nazo zibangele ukuba kubulawe ngokwenene. Ngo-2017, emva kokuxhatshazwa okuxhaphakileyo kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo, intatheli kunye nomhleli uGauri Lankesh wabulawa ziiradicals zamaphiko asekunene ngaphandle kwekhaya lakhe.^[92] ULankesh wayeqhuba iimagazini ezimbini ngeveki kwaye wayengumgxeki wephiko lasekunene lamaHindu awayethe iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zamgweba enetyala lokunyelisa ngokugxeka kwakhe i-BJP.

Namhlanje, izixhokonxa “zokuhlazisa intlenge” zisaqhubeka. Ngo-2021, usetyenziso olubizwa ngokuba yiBulli Bai olubanjwe kwiqonga lewebhu le-GitHub labelana ngeefoto zabafazi abangamaSilamsi abangaphezu kwe-100 besithi "bayathengiswa."^[93] Enza ntoni amaqonga onxibelelwano ukuze alawule le ntiyo? Ngokucacileyo akwanelanga.

Kwinqaku elibetha nzima lika-2020, Amaqhina kaFacebook kwiQela elilawulayo laseIndiya awenza nzima umlo walo wokuchasana neNtetho yeNtiyo, Intatheli ye-Time Magazine uTom Perrigo uchaze ngokucacileyo indlela i-Facebook India ilibazise ngayo ukuthabatha intetho yentiyo ye-ant-Muslim xa yenziwa ngamagosa aphezulu, nasemva kokuba i-Avaaz kunye namanye amaqela e-activist enza izikhalazo kunye nabasebenzi be-Facebook babhala izikhalazo zangaphakathi.^[94] UPerrigo uphinde wabhala unxibelelwano phakathi kwabasebenzi abaphezulu bakaFacebook eIndiya kunye neqela le-BJP likaModi.^[95] Embindini ka-Agasti ka-2020, iWall Street Journal yabika ukuba abasebenzi abaphezulu baphikisa ngelithi ukohlwaya abenzi bomthetho kuya kwenzakalisa amathuba oshishino lukaFacebook.^[96] Kwiveki elandelayo, iReuters ichazwe njani, ekuphenduleni, abasebenzi be-Facebook babhala ileta evulekileyo yangaphakathi bebiza abaphathi ukuba bagxeke ubuqhetseba obuchasene namaSilamsi kwaye basebenzise imithetho yenzondo ngokuqhubekayo. Le leta ikwatyhola ngelithi akukho basebenzi bangamaSilamsi kwiqela lemigaqo-nkqubo yeqonga laseIndiya.^[97]

Ngo-Okthobha ka-2021 iNew York Times isekwe kwinqaku kumaxwebhu angaphakathi, inxalenye ye-cache enkulu yezinto ezibizwa Amaphepha kaFacebook iqokelelwe ngu-whistleblower uFrances Haugen, owayesakuba ngumphathi wemveliso kaFacebook.^[98] La maxwebhu aquka iingxelo zendlela ii-bots kunye neeakhawunti zomgunyathi, ikakhulu ezinxulunyaniswa nemikhosi yezopolitiko yasekunene ezenze umonakalo kunyulo lwesizwe, njengoko benzile eUnited States.^[99] Bakwanika iinkcukacha ngendlela imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Facebook eyakhokelela ngayo kulwazi olungeyonyani eIndiya, ngakumbi intsholongwane ngexesha lo bhubhani.^[100] La maxwebhu achaza indlela eli qonga lalisoloko lisilela ngayo ukulawula intiyo. Ngokutsho kwenqaku: "I-Facebook iphinde yathandabuza ukuchonga i-RSS njengombutho onobungozi ngenxa "yokukhathazeka kwezopolitiko" ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi yoluntu elizweni."

Ekuqaleni kuka-2022 iphephancwadi leendaba laseIndiya, The ucingo, Iveze ubukho benkqubo eyimfihlo entsonkothileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-'Tek Fog' eyayisetyenziswa ziitroli ezinxulumana neqela elilawulayo laseIndiya ukuqweqwedisa amajelo osasazo oluntu kunye nokubeka esichengeni amaqonga emiyalezo afihliweyo afana ne-WhatsApp. I-Tek Fog inokuqweqwedisa icandelo 'elihamba phambili' lika-Twitter kunye ne-'trend' kuFacebook. Abaqhubi beTek Fog banokuguqula amabali asele ekhona ukwenza iindaba zobuxoki.

Emva kophando oluthathe iinyanga ezingama-20, esebenza nomntu obetha impempe kodwa eqinisekisa uninzi lwezityholo zakhe, le ngxelo iphonononga ukuba le app yenza njani intiyo kunye nokuxhatshazwa okujoliswe kuko kwaye isasaze ipropaganda. Ingxelo iqaphela uqhagamshelo lwe-app kwinkampani yeenkonzo zobuchwephesha yase-India yaseMelika, i-Persistent Systems, etyale kakhulu ekufumaneni izivumelwano zikarhulumente e-Indiya. Ikwakhuthazwa yi #1 ye-app yemidiya yoluntu yaseIndiya, iSharechat. Ingxelo icebisa ukuba unxibelelwano olunokwenzeka kwii-hashtag ezinxulumene nobundlobongela kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-COVID-19. Abaphandi bafumanise ukuba “kwizithuba ezizigidi ezi-3.8 zizonke eziphononongiweyo… phantse i-58% (i-2.2 yezigidi) kuzo zinokubhalwa 'njengentetho yentiyo'.

Ngo-2019, i-EU DisinfoLab, i-NGO ezimeleyo ephanda ngamaphulo e-disinformation ajolise kwi-EU, yapapasha ingxelo echaza uthungelwano olungaphezu kwama-260 "imithombo yeendaba yasekhaya yobuxoki" ethatha amazwe angama-65, kubandakanya neNtshona.^[101] Le nzame ibonakala ijolise ekuphuculeni imbono ye-Indiya, kunye nokomeleza i-pro-Indian kunye ne-anti-Pakistani (kunye ne-anti-Chinese) iimvakalelo. Kunyaka olandelayo, le ngxelo yalandelwa yingxelo yesibini efunyenwe kungekuphela nje ngaphezulu kwe-750 yemithombo yeendaba yobuxoki, egubungela amazwe angama-119, kodwa ubusela bezazisi ezininzi, ubuncinci i-10 yaphangwa iBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu le-UN elivunyiweyo, kunye namagama angama-550 abhalisiweyo.^[102]

I-EU DisinfoLab yafumanisa ukuba imagazini “yomgunyathi”, I-EP Namhlanje, ilawulwa ngabachaphazelekayo baseIndiya, kunye nezibophelelo kwinethiwekhi enkulu yeengcamango, ii-NGO, kunye neenkampani ezivela kwiQela leSrivastava.^[103] Loo maqhinga aye akwazi “ukutsala inani elandayo lee-MEPs kwintetho exhasa i-India kunye ne-anti-Pakistani, ehlala esebenzisa izizathu ezinje ngamalungelo abantu abambalwa kunye namalungelo abasetyhini njengendawo yokungena.

Ngo-2019 amalungu angamashumi amabini anesixhenxe epalamente yaseYurophu andwendwela iKashmir njengeendwendwe zombutho ongacacanga, iTanki yokucinga yezoQoqosho kunye neNtlalo yabasetyhini, okanye i-WESTT, ekwanxibelelene nenethiwekhi ye-pro-Modi.^[104] Badibene neNkulumbuso uNarendra Modi kunye noMcebisi wezoKhuseleko lweSizwe uAjit Doval eNew Delhi. Olu fikelelo lwavunywa ngaphandle kokwala kukarhulumente weModi ukuvumela uSenator wase-US uChris Van Hollen ukuba atyelele^[105] okanye kwaneBhunga leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lamaLungelo oLuntu ukuba lithumele abameli balo kuloo mmandla^[106]. Yayingoobani ezi ndwendwe zithenjiweyo? Ubuncinci ngama-22 kwangama-27 asuka kumaqela asekunene, afana neFrance's National Rally, Law and Justice yasePoland, kunye neAlternative for Germany, eyaziwa ngezimvo ezirhabaxa malunga nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Islamization of Europe".^[107] Olu hambo "lomkhi-mkhiqizi osemthethweni" lubonakalise impikiswano, njengoko lenzeka kungekuphela nje ngelixa iinkokeli ezininzi zaseKashmiri zahlala zivalelwe kwaye iinkonzo ze-intanethi zanqunyanyiswa, kodwa kwanangexesha amaLungu ePalamente amaninzi aseIndiya ayengavunyelwa ukuba atyelele eKashmir.

I-EU Disinfo Lab NGO ine-Twitter handle ye-@DisinfoEU. Ukulungelelanisa igama ngendlela edidayo, ngo-Epreli ka-2020 into engaqondakaliyo ethi "Disinfolab" yenziwe kuTwitter phantsi kwesiphatho @DisinfoLab. Umbono wokuba i-Islamophobia e-Indiya iyenyuka ichazwa "njengeendaba zobuxoki" kwinkonzo yomdla wasePakistan. Ukuphindaphinda kwii-tweets kunye neengxelo, kubonakala ngathi kukho ukuthanda kakhulu I-Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) kunye noMseki wayo, uShaik Ubaid, echaza ukufikelela kubo okumangalisayo nempembelelo.^[108]

Ngo-2021, iDisinfoLab bhiyozelwa Ukusilela kweSebe leLizwe lase-US ukubiza i-Indiya njengeLizwe eliNxulumene ngokukodwa^[109] kwaye rhoxiswa kwingxelo yeUnited States Commission on International Religious Freedom “njengombutho oxhalabisayo” kwimibutho elawulwa yiMuslim Brotherhood.^[110]

Oku kuchukumisa ababhali beli nqaku elide, kuba kwiSahluko seSine sengxelo yalo, "i-Disnfo Lab" ichaza umbutho wamalungelo oluntu esiwusebenzelayo, i-Justice for All, ebonisa i-NGO njengohlobo lokuthuthwa kwempahla kunye namakhonkco angacacanga kwi-Jamaat. /Ubuzalwana bamaSilamsi. Ezi zityholo zobuxoki ziphinda ezo zenziwa emva kwe-9/11 xa i-Islamic Circle yaseMntla Melika (ICNA) kunye neminye imibutho yamaSilamsi aseMelika abambelele ngokwenkolo yatyholwa njengeyelenqe elikhulu lamaSilamsi kwaye yanyeliswa kumajelo eendaba asekunene ixesha elide emva kokuba abasemagunyeni belugqibile uphando lwabo.

Ukususela ngo-2013 ndiye ndasebenza njengomcebisi weJustice for All, i-NGO eyasungulwa ngexesha lokubulawa kwabantu baseBosnia ukuphendula ukutshutshiswa kwamaSilamsi amancinci. Ivuselelwe kwi-2012 ukuba igxininise kwi-genocide yaseRohingya "yokutshisa ngokukhawuleza", iinkqubo zokukhusela amalungelo oluntu ziye zanda ukuze zibandakanye ama-Uyghur kunye nama-Indiya amancinci, kunye namaSulumane aseKashmir naseSri Lanka. Nje ukuba iinkqubo zaseIndiya kunye neKashmir ziqalile, ukunyathela kunye ne-disinformation kwanda.

USihlalo wezoBulungisa kubo bonke, uMalik Mujahid, uboniswa ebandakanya ikhonkco elisebenzayo ne-ICNA, elikude nenyani, njengoko wahlukana nombutho kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo.^[111] Ukusebenza njengombutho wamaSilamsi waseMelika onokuziphatha okuqinileyo kwenkonzo yoluntu, i-ICNA iye yanyeliswa kakhulu ngamatanki okucinga e-Islamophobic kule minyaka. Njengoninzi “lwezifundo” zabo, “isifundo seDisinfo” besiya kuhlekisa ukuba besingenako ukonakalisa ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo bokusebenza, ukwakha ukungathembani nokuvala ubuhlakani obunokubakho kunye nenkxaso-mali. Iitshathi “zemephu yobudlelwane” eKashmir naseIndiya zinokutsala umdla kodwa zingathethi nto.^[112] Ezi zisebenza njengamaphulo okusebeza okubonwayo, kodwa ngelishwa azikhange zisuswe kwi-Twitter nangona zinomxholo onyelisayo kunye nokwenzeka kokwenzakalisa igama. Nangona kunjalo, i-Justice for All ayikhange ityhafe kwaye iye yandisa impendulo yayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yaseIndiya eya isanda iyantlukwano kwaye iyingozi.^[113] Eli phepha labhalwa ngokuzimeleyo kwiprogramu eqhelekileyo.

Yintoni Ngokwenene?

NjengamaSilamsi ahlala kuMntla Merika, ababhali baqaphela impoxo yokuba kweli nqaku silandela umkhondo wothungelwano olukhulu lwabasebenzi abaqhutywa yinkolo. Siyazibuza: ngaba sizihlalutya ngeendlela ezifana "nophando" lwe-Islamophobes yemibutho yaseMelika yaseMelika? Sikhumbula iitshathi ezilula zeMibutho yaBafundi bamaSilamsi kunye "namakhonkco" abo kuMbutho wamaSilamsi woMntla Merika. Siyazi ukuba iiklabhu zabafundi bamaSilamsi ziye zathotywa njani na (kungafane kubekho luthungelwano lomyalelo) kwaye siyazibuza ukuba ingaba nathi siyalubaxa umanyano lothungelwano lweHindutva ekuxoxwe ngalo kumaphepha angaphambili.

Ngaba uphononongo lwethu lonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela eHindutva lwakha imephu yobudlelwane egqithisa iinkxalabo zethu? Ngokucacileyo njengolunye uluntu olungaphambi kwabo, amaSilamsi asuka kwamanye amazwe kunye namaHindu asuka kwamanye amazwe afuna ukhuseleko olukhulu kunye nethuba. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, i-Hinduphobia ikhona, njengoko kunjalo nge-Islamophobia kunye ne-Antisemitism kunye nezinye iindlela zokukhetha. Ngaba abaninzi abathiyileyo abaphenjelelwa luloyiko nengqumbo yakhe nabani na owahlukileyo, abahluli phakathi komHindu onxibe ngokwesithethe, umSikh okanye umSilamsi? Ngaba ngokwenene akukho ndawo yezizathu eziqhelekileyo?

Ngelixa iingxoxo zeenkolo ngeemvaba zibonelela ngendlela enokubakho eya ekudaleni uxolo, siye safumanisa ukuba ezinye iimbumbano zeenkolo ngeemvaba ziye zawaxhasa ngokungaziyo amabango amaHindutva okuba ukugxekwa kweHindutva kulingana nobuHindu. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2021 ileta eyabhalwa yi-Interfaith Council of Metropolitan Washington yayinyanzelisa ukuba iidyunivesithi zirhoxe ekuxhaseni ingqungquthela ye-Dismantling Hindutva. I-Interfaith Council idla ngokusebenza ekuchaseni intiyo nomkhethe. Kodwa ngamaphulo okusasaza ulwazi olungachananga, ngobulungu obukhulu kunye nokubandakanyeka kubomi boluntu, imibutho yaseMelika yamaHindutva ikhonza ngokucacileyo umdla wombutho olungelelaniswe kakhulu wobugqwesa obuseIndiya osebenzela ukujongela phantsi ubuninzi kunye nedemokhrasi ngokukhuthaza intiyo.

Amanye amaqela eenkonzo ezimanyeneyo abona ingozi yodumo ekugxekeni uHindutva. Kukwakho nezinye izinto eziphazamisayo: umzekelo, kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, iIndiya ivalele amanye amaqela eDalit ukuba avunywe iminyaka emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2022 amaqela eenkolo ezininzi ngokuthe ngcembe aqalisa ukubandakanyeka ekuthetheni. Sele, iManyano eChasene nokuBulawa kwabantu[114] yadalwa emva kobundlobongela eGujarat (2002) xa uModi wayengumphathiswa oyintloko karhulumente, efumana inkxaso evela kuTikkun kunye ne-Interfaith Freedom Foundation. Kutshanje, ngempembelelo ye-USCIRF, phakathi kwabanye, i-International Religious Freedom Roundtable iququzelele iinkcazo-mfutshane, kwaye ngoNovemba ka-2022 iiNkolo zoXolo (RFPUSA) yabamba ingxoxo yephaneli enentsingiselo. Ubhengezo loluntu lunokuthi ekugqibeleni lukhuthaze abaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo eWashington DC ukuba bajongane nemiceli mngeni yolawulo-melo phakathi kwamahlakani ezopolitiko aseMelika afana neIndiya.

Idemokhrasi yaseMelika ikwabonakala iphantsi kongqingo-kanye njengeCapitol Building nge-6 kaJanuwari 2021-imvukelo ebandakanya uVinson Palathingal, indoda yaseIndiya yaseMelika ephethe iflegi yaseIndiya, umxhasi kaTrump ekuxelwe ukuba wonyulelwe kwiBhunga likaMongameli lokuThumela ngaphandle.^[115] Ngokuqinisekileyo maninzi amaHindu aseMelika axhasa uTrump kwaye asebenzele ukubuya kwakhe.^[116] Njengoko sifumana amakhonkco phakathi kwamajoni akwiphiko lasekunene kunye namagosa asebupoliseni kunye namalungu eenkonzo ezixhobileyo, kusenokubakho okunye okwenzekayo ngaphantsi komhlaba kwaye kungabonakali.

Kutshanje, abanye abashumayeli baseMerika baye banyelisa izithethe zamaHindu, yaye eIndiya, amaKristu eevangeli asoloko ejongelwa phantsi yaye ade ahlaselwe. Kukho iyantlukwano ecacileyo phakathi kwentshukumo yamaHindutva kunye nelungelo lobuKristu lobuvangeli. Nangona kunjalo, olu luntu luyahlangana ekuxhaseni ubuzwe obunephiko lasekunene, ukwamkela inkokeli enegunya, kunye ne-Islamophobia. Kubekho oogxa babo abangabaziyo.

USalman Rushdie uye wabiza iHindutva "Crypto Fascism"^[117] kwaye wasebenza ukuchasa intshukumo kwilizwe lakhe lokuzalwa. Ngaba siyayikhaba imizamo kaSteve Bannon, ekhuthazwa ziimbono zobuzwe bobuzwe obuvakaliswa ngu AmaFascist Traditionalists, ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zobuhlanga zobunyulu buka-Aryan?^[118] Ngexesha eliyingozi kwimbali, inyaniso kunye nobuxoki bubhidekile kwaye budibene, kwaye i-intanethi ibumba indawo yentlalo elawulayo kwaye iphazamise ngokuyingozi. 

• Ubumnyama buyahla kwakhona; kodwa ngoku ndiyazi
• Ezo nkulungwane zamashumi amabini zokulala ngamatye
• Bakhathazwa yiphupha elibi ngenxa yebhedi eshukumayo,
• Kwaye yintoni irhamncwa elirhabaxa, ilixa lalo lifikile ekugqibeleni,
• Ngaba uza kuzalwa eBhetelehem?

Ucaphulo

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[27] Ebhala “kwimbono kaHindutva ngeMbali”, uKamala Visweswaran, uMichael Witzel et al, banika ingxelo yokuba ityala lokuqala elaziwayo lokutyhola ucalucalulo oluchasene nobuHindu kwiincwadi zase-US lenzeka eFairfax County, eVirginia ngo-2004. Ababhali bathi: “Imfundo kwi-Intanethi Izixhobo eziphuma kwiwebhusayithi ye-ESHI zinika amabango ebaxiweyo nangenabungqina ngembali yamaIndiya nobuHindu ahambelana notshintsho olwenziwe kwiincwadi zezifundo eIndiya. Noko ke, ababhali bakwaphawula ukwahluka okuthile kweqhinga: “Iincwadi zaseGujarat zibonisa inkqubo yokucalulana ngokweendidi njengempumelelo yempucuko yama-Aryan, ngoxa utyekelo lwamaqela amaHindutva eUnited States lwalukukucima ubungqina bonxibelelwano phakathi kobuHindu nenkqubo yokucalulana ngokweendidi. Sikwabonile ukuba uhlengahlengiso lweencwadi zezifundo eGujarat lukhokelele kuhlaziyo lobuzwe baseIndiya njengomkhosi womkhosi, owadibanisa amaSilamsi nabanqolobi kwaye walihlaziya ilifa likaHitler njengelilungileyo, ngelixa ngokubanzi (kwaye mhlawumbi ngokufihlakeleyo) kufakwe imixholo yentsomi kunye namanani iingxelo zembali.”

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