Ukuntsonkotha kwisenzo: Ingxoxo yeenkolo kunye nokwenza uxolo eBurma naseNew York
intshayelelo
Kubalulekile ukuba uluntu lokusombulula impixano luqonde ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezininzi ezidibanayo ukuvelisa impixano phakathi nangaphakathi kuluntu lwezenkolo. Uhlalutyo olulula ngokuphathelele indima yonqulo alunamveliso.
E-USA olu hlalutyo luphosakeleyo lubonakaliswa kwintetho yeendaba malunga ne-ISIS kunye nokutshutshisa iinkolo ezincinci. Inokubonwa nakwiingxoxo zezopolitiko (kutsha nje ngoJuni ka-2016) inika iingcali ezikhohlisayo ithuba lokuthetha phambi kwabenzi bomthetho belizwe. Izifundo ezinje ngo “Fear Inc.”[1] ziyaqhubeka nokubonisa indlela iphiko lasekunene lezopolitiko elandise ngayo uthungelwano lweetanki zokucinga ukukhuthaza “ubuchwephesha” obunjalo kumajelo eendaba nezopolitiko, bade bafikelele kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Iintetho zikawonke-wonke ziya zingcoliswa ziimbono zokuchasana nokuchaswa kwabemi bamanye amazwe, hayi eYurophu nase-USA kuphela kodwa nakwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, eMzantsi kunye neMpuma ye-Asia i-Islamophobia iye yaba ngumbutho wezopolitiko owonakalisayo eMyanmar / Burma, eSri Lanka naseIndiya. Kubalulekile ukuba abaphandi bangawafumani amava 'aseNtshona' ongquzulwano, iimpikiswano okanye inkolo; Kukwabalulekile ukuba singaziniki inyhweba ezi nkonzo zintathu zika-Abraham ngaphandle kwezinye izithethe ezinokuthi ziqweqwediswe bubuzwe okanye eminye imidla yezopolitiko.
Ngesongelo esiqhubekayo sokwenyani kunye nesibonwayo songquzulwano kunye noloyiko, ukhuseleko lweentetho zoluntu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kunokukhokelela kwimbono egqwethekileyo yempembelelo yeengcamango zonqulo. Abanye abalamli banokuvuma okanye bengazi ukuba babhalise kwiingcamango zokungquzulana kwempucuko okanye inkcaso ebalulekileyo phakathi kwehlabathi kunye nengqiqo kwelinye icala kunye nenkolo kunye nokungabi nangqiqo kwelinye.
Ngaphandle kokubhenela kungquzulwano kunye neengxoxo zobuxoki zeengxoxo zokhuseleko ezidumileyo, singazihlola njani iinkqubo zeenkolelo-zombini ezabanye kunye nezethu-ukuqonda indima yeenqobo "zenkolo" ekuqulunqeni iimbono, unxibelelwano, kunye nenkqubo yoxolo?
Njengomseki we-Flushing Interfaith Council, kunye neminyaka yomsebenzi wobulungisa bentlalontle kwintsebenziswano yeenkolo ezisezantsi, ndiphakamisa ukuphonononga imifuziselo eyahlukeneyo yothethathethwano lweenkolo kwisiXeko saseNew York. NjengoMlawuli weeNkqubo ze-UN kwi-Burma Task Force, ndiphakamisa ukuphanda ukuba le mizekelo inokudluliselwa kwezinye iimeko zenkcubeko, ngokukodwa eBurma naseMzantsi Asia.
Ukuntsonkotha kwisenzo: Ingxoxo yeenkolo kunye nokwenza uxolo eBurma naseNew York
Iintetho zikawonke-wonke ziya zingcoliswa ziimbono zokuchasana nokuchaswa kwabemi bamanye amazwe, hayi eYurophu nase-USA kuphela kodwa nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Umzekelo oza kuxutyushwa kweli phepha, eMzantsi Mpuma ye-Asia i-Islamophobia ibe yinto etshabalalisayo eMyanmar / eBurma. Apho, intshukumo ekhohlakeleyo yama-Islamophobic ekhokelwa ziimonki zamaBhuda ezineengcwangu ngokunxulumana nezinto ezazisakuba nguzwilakhe emkhosini ziye zabangela ukuba igcuntswana lamaRohingya Muslim lingabi nalizwe kwaye lihlaselwe.
Kangangeminyaka emithathu ndisebenzela iBurma Task Force njengoMlawuli weeNkqubo ze-UN. I-Burma Task Force yinkqubo yamalungelo oluntu yaseMelika yaseMelika exhasa amalungelo oluntu eRohingya etshutshiswa ngokuhlanganisa amalungu oluntu, ukubandakanya umsebenzi obanzi weendaba kunye neentlanganiso kunye nabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo.[2] Eli phepha lilinge lokuqonda imeko yangoku yothethathethwano lweenkolo eBurma kunye nokuvavanya amandla ayo okudala uxolo olunobulungisa.
Ngokumiselwa kuka-Epreli ka-2016 urhulumente omtsha waseBurma okhokelwa nguMcebisi kaRhulumente uAung San Suu Kyi, ngokwenene kukho amathemba amatsha ohlaziyo lomgaqo-nkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Oktobha i-2016 kwakungekho manyathelo abambekayo okubuyisela nawaphi na amalungelo oluntu kwi-1 yezigidi ze-Rohingya, abahlala benqatshelwe ukuhamba ngaphakathi kweBurma, bafumane imfundo, bayenze ngokukhululekileyo intsapho ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwe-bureaucratic okanye ukuvota. (Akbar, 2016) Amakhulu amawaka amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana baye baxoshwa kwi-IDP kunye neenkampu zababaleki. Usihlalo owayenguNobhala Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan iKomishoni yeeNgcebiso yahlanganiswa ngo-Agasti 2016 ukuba ihlolisise le "meko enzima" njengoko uDaw Suu Kyi ebiza, kodwa iKhomishoni ayibandakanyi amalungu eRohingya. Okwangoku inkqubo yoxolo yesizwe iye yabizelwa ukusombulula ezinye iingxabano ezinzulu, zexesha elide zezizwe ezijikeleze isizwe - kodwa akubandakanyi i-Rohingya encinci. (Myint 2016)
Ukuthathela ingqalelo iBurma ngakumbi, xa ubuxhakaxhaka beentlobo ngeentlobo burhangqwa, buchaphazeleka njani ubudlelwane beenkonzo ezahlukeneyo kwinqanaba lengingqi? Xa urhulumente eqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu zedemokhrasi, zeziphi iindlela ezivelayo? Zeziphi iindawo zokuhlala ezikhokelayo kwinguqu yongquzulwano? Ngaba iingxoxo zeemvaba ngeemvaba zisiwe ekudaleni uxolo, okanye ngaba zikho ezinye iimodeli zokwakha ukuthembana nentsebenziswano?
Inqaku elinye malunga nembono: imvelaphi yam njengomSilamsi waseMelika kwisiXeko saseNew York inefuthe kwindlela endiyiqonda ngayo kwaye ndiyayila le mibuzo. I-Islamophobia ibe nefuthe elibi kwingxoxo yezopolitiko kunye neendaba kwi-post 9/11 USA. Ngezoyikiso eziqhubekayo zangempela kunye nezibonwayo zongquzulwano kunye noloyiko, ukugcinwa kwe-securitization yentetho kawonkewonke kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kunokukhokelela ekuvavanyeni okugwenxa kwempembelelo yeengcamango zonqulo. Kodwa endaweni yesizathu esinye—iSilamsi– izinto ezininzi zentlalo nenkcubeko ziyahlangana ukuze zivelise impixano phakathi naphakathi koluntu lwezenkolo. Uhlalutyo olulula malunga nendima yeemfundiso zonqulo luchasene nemveliso, nokuba malunga nobuSilamsi okanye ubuBhuda okanye nayiphi na inkolo. (Jerryson, 2016)
Kweli phepha lifutshane ndicebisa ukuba ndiqale ngokuphonononga iindlela zangoku zokuthethana kweenkolo ngeenkolo zaseBurma, kulandele ujongo olufutshane kwiimodeli ezisezantsi zokubandakanya iinkolo ezininzi kwisiXeko saseNew York, ezibonelelwa njengesakhelo sokuthelekisa kunye nokucamngca.
Ngenxa yokuba ngoku kukho idatha encinci enokulinganiswa efumanekayo evela eBurma, olu phononongo lwangaphambili lusekwe ngokuyintloko kwiincoko kunye noogxa abahlukeneyo abaqinisekiswa ngamanqaku kunye neengxelo ze-intanethi. Bobabini bamele kwaye bazibandakanye noluntu lwaseBurma olutsala nzima, la madoda kunye nabasetyhini bakha ngokuzolileyo iziseko zendlu yoxolo yexesha elizayo, ngeyona ndlela ibandakanyayo.
AmaBhaptizi eBurma: Iminyaka Engamakhulu Ambini Yobudlelwane
Ngowe-1813 amaBhaptizi aseMerika uAdoniram noAnn Judson baba ngabavangeli basemazweni bokuqala baseNtshona abahlala baza baba nempembelelo eBurma. Kwakhona uAdoniram waqulunqa isichazi-magama solwimi lwaseBurma waza waguqulela iBhayibhile. Phezu kwako nje ukugula, intolongo, imfazwe, nokungabi namdla phakathi kwenkoliso yamaBhuda, kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amane abakwaJudsons bakwazi ukumisela ubukho obuhlala buhleli bamaBhaptizi eBurma. Kwiminyaka engama-63 emva kokufa kuka-Adoniram, iBurma yayineecawa zamaKristu ezingama-163, abavangeli basemazweni abali-7,000, namaguquka angaphezu kwama-XNUMX XNUMX abhaptiziweyo. Ngoku iMyanmar inenani lesithathu ngobukhulu lamaBhaptizi ehlabathini, emva kwe-USA neIndiya.
IiJudsons zathi zazinenjongo “zokushumayela iindaba ezilungileyo, kungekhona ukuchasa ubuBhuda.” Noko ke, inkoliso yokwanda komhlambi wabo yayiphuma kwizizwe ezikholelwa kwi-animst, kunokuba ivela kuninzi lwamaBhuda. Ngokukodwa, amaguquka avela kubantu abangamaKaren, iqaqobana elitshutshiswayo elinenani lezithethe zamandulo ezazibonakala zivumelana neTestamente Endala. Izithethe zabo zazibaxhobisele ukwamkela umesiya oza nemfundiso yokubasindisa.[3]
Ilifa likaJudson lihlala kubudlelwane benkolo yaseBurma. Namhlanje eBurma iJudson Research Centre kwiMyanmar Theological Seminary isebenza njengeqonga labaphengululi, iinkokeli zonqulo nabafundi bezakwalizwi abahlukahlukeneyo “lokuphuhlisa iincoko nezenzo zokucombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo ukuze kuphuculwe uluntu.” Ukusukela ngo-2003 i-JRC ibize uthotho lweeforam ezidibanisa amaBhuda, amaSilamsi, amaHindu kunye namaKrestu kunye, "ukwakha ubuhlobo, ukuqondana, ukuthembana kunye nentsebenziswano." (Iindaba kunye neMisebenzi, iwebhusayithi)
Amaqonga eengxoxo ayedla ngokuba nomba osebenzisekayo ngokunjalo. Umzekelo, ngo-2014 iZiko libambe uqeqesho lokulungiselela amatsha ntliziyo ali-19 eenkolo ezininzi ukuba abe ziintatheli okanye abe ngumthombo wee-arhente zosasazo. Kwaye ngo-Agasti 28, 2015 ngaphezu kwe-160 yootitshala nabafundi bathathe inxaxheba kwiNgxoxo yezeMfundo phakathi kwe-ITBMU (i-International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University) kunye ne-MIT (i-Myanmar Institute of Theology) ngomxholo othi "Uvavanyo olubalulekileyo loXolelwaniso kwiimbono zamaBhuda kunye nobuKristu." Le Dialogue yeyesithathu kuluhlu oluyilelwe ukwenza nzulu ukuqondana phakathi koluntu.
Uninzi lwe-20th Ngenkulungwane iBurma yalandela imodeli yemfundo eyayifakwe ngurhulumente wekoloniyali waseBritani kwaye ubukhulu becala yade yafumana inkululeko ngo-1948. Kwiminyaka emininzi eyalandelayo inkqubo yemfundo ephantsi korhulumente kunye nehlwempuzekileyo yahlukanisa abanye abantu baseBurma ngokujongelwa phantsi kweempawu zobuhlanga kodwa yakwazi ukunyamezela, ngakumbi amaqela aphakamileyo. Nangona kunjalo, emva koMbutho weDemokhrasi wowe-1988 inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe yatshatyalaliswa kakhulu ngexesha elide lokucinezelwa kwabafundi. Ngeminyaka yee-1990 iiyunivesiti zavalwa kangangethuba leminyaka emihlanu ubuncinane kwaye ngamanye amaxesha unyaka wokufunda wawumfutshane.
Ukusukela oko yasekwayo ngo-1927, umbutho wabazali be-JRC iMyanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) yanikezela ngeenkqubo zesidanga sezakwalizwi kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ngonyaka ka-2000, ukuphendula imingeni kunye neemfuno zemfundo zelizwe, iSeminary yasungula iNkqubo yoBugcisa obuKhululekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yiBachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) neyathi yatsala amaSilamsi namaBhuda kwakunye namaKrestu. Le nkqubo yalandelwa linani lezinye iinkqubo ezintsha kuquka MAID (Master of Arts in Interfaith Studies and Dialogue).
Umfundisi uKaryn Carlo nguKapteni wamaPolisa weSixeko saseNew York osele esidla umhlala-phantsi owajika waba ngumshumayeli, utitshala, nomvangeli waseBhaptizi owachitha iinyanga ezininzi phakathi ku-2016 efundisa kwiPwo Karen Theological Seminary kufutshane neYangon eBurma. ( UCarlo, 2016 ) Xa ethelekiswa nabafundi abayi-1,000 1897 baseMyanmar Theological Seminary, isikolo sakhe sobufundisi sikwisinye kwisihlanu ngobukhulu, kodwa senziwe kakuhle, kuba saqalwa ngo-4 kwathiwa “Isikolo SeBhayibhile SaseKaren.” Ukongeza kwizakwalizwi, iiklasi ziquka isiNgesi, izakhono zeKhompyutha kunye neNkcubeko kaKaren.[XNUMX]
Ukubalwa malunga nezigidi ezisi-7, iqela lesizwe samaKaren nalo liye labandezeleka kakhulu kungquzulwano kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle phantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo "yeBurmanization" eyenzelwe ukubajongela phantsi. Ukubandezeleka kuthathe ngaphezu kwamashumi amane eminyaka, okunempembelelo enkulu kwintlalontle. Ngokomzekelo, ekhuliswe ngumakhulu wakhe ngeli xesha lokungazinzi, uMongameli weSeminary wangoku uMfundisi uDkt. Soe Thihan wafundiswa ukutya ukutya ngokukhawuleza xa ehlaselwa, kwaye ahlale ephethe irayisi ezipokothweni zakhe ukuze aphile emahlathini esitya. iinkozo ezimbalwa ngosuku. (unxibelelwano lobuqu kunye no-K. Carlo)
Phakathi kowe-1968 nowe-1988 akukho mntu wasemzini wavunyelwayo eBurma, yaye oku kwahlulwa kwakhokelela ekubeni imfundiso yezakwalizwi yamaBhaptizi iphele ekuhambeni kwexesha. Iimpikiswano zezakwalizwi zanamhlanje ezifana nemiba ye-LGBT kunye ne-Liberation Theology zazingaziwa. Nangona kunjalo, kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo kuye kwakho ukubanjwa okuninzi phakathi kwabafundi beeseminari ukuba akunjalo kwinqanaba lecawe yendawo, ehlala ibambelele kakhulu. Eqinisekisa ukuba “iDialogue ingundoqo kukholo lobuKristu,” uMfu.
Umfundisi uCarlo waziqonda iinkalo zobukoloniyali kwibali lika-Adoniram Judson kodwa wayamkela indima yakhe ekusekeni icawa eBurma. Wathi kum, “Ndibaxelele abafundi bam: UYesu wayengowaseAsiya. Unokubhiyozela uJudson- ngelixa uphinda uzuze iingcambu zaseAsia zokholo lobuKristu. ” Ubuye wafundisa iklasi “eyamkelwe kakuhle” malunga neenkolo ezininzi kwaye inani labafundi libonise umdla wokuba nengxoxo namaSilamsi. Ngokonqulo bavumelana ngelithi, “Ukuba uMoya Oyingcwele awunakubotshwa lunqulo, noMoya Oyingcwele uthetha namaSilamsi.”
Umfundisi uCarlo naye wamfundisa iiSeminarians ezivela kwimisebenzi kaMfundisi uDaniel Buttry, umbhali owaziwayo kunye nomqeqeshi ohambelana ne-International Ministries, ohamba kwihlabathi lonke ukuqeqesha uluntu kwiinguqu zongquzulwano, ukungabi nobundlobongela kunye nokwakha uxolo. Ubuncinci ukususela ngo-1989, uMfundisi Buttry uye watyelela eBurma ukunika iiseshoni zeqela malunga nohlalutyo lweengxabano, ukuqonda iindlela zokungqubuzana zomntu, ukulawula utshintsho, ukulawula ukuhlukahluka, amandla okuguquguquka kunye nokuphulukiswa kwentlungu. Uhlala ebhala izibhalo zeTestamente eNdala kunye nentsha ukukhokela incoko, njengeyesi-2 kaSamuweli 21, uEstere 4, uMateyu 21 kunye neZenzo 6: 1-7. Nangona kunjalo, ukwasebenzisa ngobuchule izicatshulwa ezivela kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo, njengoko kwingqokelela yakhe yevolumu emibini epapashiweyo ethi "Interfaith Just Peacemaking" kunye neemodeli zayo ezingama-31 zobunkokeli bobulungisa boluntu kwihlabathi liphela. (Buttery, 2008)
Ukuchaza iinkolo zika-Abraham njengabazalwana abaphikisanayo, uDaniel Buttry uye wasebenzisana noluntu lwamaSilamsi ukusuka eNigeria ukuya eIndiya, kunye neDetroit ukuya eBurma. Ngowama-2007, abaphengululi abangamaSilamsi abangaphezu kwe-150 bakhupha isibhengezo esithi “Ilizwi Eliqhelekileyo Phakathi Kwethu Nawe” befuna ukuchonga izinto ezifanayo ukuze kwakhiwe ubudlelwane obuseluxolweni bokumanyanisa iicawa.[5] I-American Baptist Church nayo iququzelele uthotho lweenkomfa zamaSilamsi-Bhaptizi malunga nolu xwebhu. Ukongeza kokubandakanya esi sixhobo, u-Buttry wathelekisa izicatshulwa zobuKristu kunye namaSilamsi malunga noxolo ngexesha lakhe likaDisemba 2015 loqeqesho kwi-IONA Mosque eDetroit, ngentsebenziswano "ephumelele kakhulu" kunye no-Imam El Turk weBhunga leeNkokeli zeenkolo ezidibeneyo zeMetro Detroit. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi zoqeqesho abantu baseMelika abahlukeneyo ukusuka eBangladesh ukuya eUkraine babelane ngezicatshulwa ezigxile kubulungisa bentlalontle, kuquka "iNtshumayelo yaseNtabeni" njenge "Jihad kaYesu." (Buttery 2015A)
Indlela kaButtry ethi “Interfaith Just Peacemaking” imiliselwe kwimigaqo eli-10 yombutho othi “Just Peacemaking” owaphuhliswa ngugxa wakhe waseBhaptizi uGlen Stassen, owaqulunqa izenzo ezithile ezinokunceda ukwakha uxolo kwisiseko esiluqilima, hayi nje ukuchasa imfazwe. (Stassen, 1998)
Ngethuba lokuhamba kwakhe njengomcebisi, uDaniel Buttry blogs malunga nemigudu yakhe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zongquzulwano. Olunye uhambo lwakhe lwe-2011 lunokuthi lutyelele iRohingya[6]; zonke iinkcukacha zikhutshiwe kwi-akhawunti, nangona inkcazo ibonakala ingena ngokusondeleyo. Le yintelekelelo; kodwa kwezinye iimeko, ungqale ngakumbi kwiingxelo zakhe zoluntu ezivela eBurma. KwiSahluko 23 (“Oko Ukutshoyo Akuncedi nganto,” in SiziKawusi) umenzi woxolo ubalisa ibali leseshoni yoqeqesho eMntla Burma, apho umkhosi wawubulala abavukeli bezizwe (uhlanga olungachazwanga). Ubukhulu becala abafundi baseBurma bayamhlonela kakhulu umhlohli wabo ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba bangabi nabuganga bokuvakalisa izimvo zabo ezizimeleyo. Kwakhona, njengoko ebhala, “kwakukho uloyiko olukhulu ngomkhosi ngoko abantu abaninzi babethandabuza ukuthetha nantoni na kwindawo yokusebenzela. Abathathi-nxaxheba babenendawo encinci “yokuthuthuzela” kwaye yayingekude “kwindawo ye-alarm” apho inkxalabo yayikukuzikhusela kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, u-Buttry ubalisa ngomnye umfundi owamcela umngeni ngokweemvakalelo kwaye wathi amaqhinga angenabugorha angenza ukuba bonke babulawe. Emva kokucingisisa, abaqeqeshi bakwazi ukuyijika loo nto ngokubonisa ubugorha obungaqhelekanga bombuzo; "Yintoni ekunika amandla angaka?" babuza. Bamnika amandla lowo ubuzayo, edibanisa nomsindo wakhe wokungekho sikweni aze ngaloo ndlela angene kwiimpembelelo ezinzulu. Xa babuyela kuloo mmandla kwiinyanga eziliqela kamva bafumanisa ukuba amanye amaqhinga angenagonyamelo aye azama ngempumelelo kumphathi-mkhosi owavumayo ukufumana indawo yokuhlala. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwindibano yocweyo bathi ibikokokuqala befumana naluphi na uhlobo loloyiso ngomkhosi waseBurma. (Buttery, 2015)
Ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni, ungquzulwano kunye nentlupheko isenokuba yanceda ukugcina imvakalelo eyomeleleyo yokuxhomekeka phakathi, ukuba ayilulo umanyano. Amaqela aye adingana ukuze aphile. Iinkokeli zeRohingya ndiye ndaxoxisana nazo zonke zikhumbula ixesha le-30 kwiminyaka edlulileyo xa ukutshatana kunye nokusebenzisana kwakuxhaphake (Carroll, 2015). UKaryn Carlo undixelele ukuba kukho i-mosque ngakwisango lelokishi ye-Alone eYangon, kwaye amaqela ahlukeneyo asarhweba kwaye axubane kwiimarike ezivulekileyo. Ukwachaze ukuba ootitshala abangamaKristu kunye nabafundi abavela kwiSeminari baya kundwendwela iziko lokubuyela umva lamaBhuda ukuze bacamngce. Bekuvuleleke kumntu wonke.
Ngokuchaseneyo noko, uthe oogxa bakhe ngoku boyika ukuba ngotshintsho lwezopolitiko ukuphazamiseka kokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunokucela umngeni kule mvakalelo yomanyano loluntu, njengoko iphazamisa isiqhelo sosapho lwezindlu ezininzi. Emva kwamashumi eminyaka karhulumente kunye nengcinezelo yomkhosi, ibhalansi phakathi kokugcinwa kwezithethe kunye nokuvulelwa kwihlabathi elibanzi ibonakala ingaqinisekanga kwaye yoyikisa kwabaninzi baseBurma, eBurma nase-diaspora.
I-Diaspora kunye noLawulo loTshintsho
Ukusukela ngo-1995 iMyanmar Baptist Church[7] ibigcinwe kwisakhiwo esiphangaleleyo saseTudor kwisitrato esinamagqabi eGlendale, NY. Kukho ngaphezu kwe-2,000 yeentsapho zamaKaren eziya kwiTabernacle Baptist Church (TBC) emantla e-Utica, kodwa iSixeko saseNew York esisekelwe kwi-MBC sasigcwele imithandazo yangeCawa ngo-Okthobha 2016. Ngokungafaniyo neCawa yase-Utica, ibandla le-MBC lihluke ngokobuhlanga, kunye noMon noKachin. kunye neentsapho zaseBurma zixubana ngokulula noKaren. Omnye umfana undixelela ukuba uyise ngumBhuda nonina ngumKristu, nokuba phezu kwako nje ukuthandabuza okuncinane uyise uye wavumelana nokhetho awalwenzayo ekukhetheni iCawa yaseBhaptizi. Ibandla licula ingoma ethi “Sihlanganisana Kunye” nelithi “Ubabalo Olumangalisayo” ngesiBurma, yaye umfundisi wawo onexesha elide uMfundisi u-U Myo Maw uqalisa intshumayelo yakhe phambi kwelungiselelo lezityalo ezintathu zeorchid ezimhlophe.
Iingongoma zogxininiso ngesiNgesi zandivumela ukuba ndiyilandele loo ntshumayelo ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, kodwa emva koko ilungu lebandla noMfundisi ngokwakhe bacacisa intsingiselo yakhe. Umxholo wale ntshumayelo yayingumxholo othi “UDaniyeli neeNgonyama” awathi uMfundisi uMaw wasebenzisa ucelomngeni lokumela ngokuqinileyo inkcubeko nokholo, nokuba kuphantsi kwengcinezelo yomkhosi eBurma okanye ukuntywiliselwa kwiziphazamiso zenkcubeko yaseNtshona. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, ikhwelo lokubambelela ngokuqinileyo kwisithethe lalikwakhatshwa ngamagqabaza amaninzi okuxabisa ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkonzo ezininzi. Umfundisi Maw wachaza ukubaluleka “kweQibla” kumakhaya amaSilamsi aseMalaysia, ukuze awakhumbuze ngalo lonke ixesha ngemiyalelo yokubhekisa imithandazo yawo kuThixo. Kwakhona wawancoma izihlandlo eziliqela amaNgqina kaYehova ngokuzinikela kwawo esidlangalaleni kukholo lwawo. Umyalezo ocacileyo yayikukuba sonke sinokuhlonelana kwaye sifunde omnye komnye.
Nangona uMfundisi uMaw engazange akwazi ukuchaza nakuphi na ukunxulumana kwebandla lakhe, wavuma ukuba kule minyaka ili-15 ekwisiXeko saseNew York, uye wabona ukwanda kweeNkonzo zeeNkonzo eziManyeneyo njengempendulo ngo-9/11. Wavuma ukuba ndizise abantu abangengomaKristu ukuba batyelele iCawa. Ngokuphathelele iBurma, wavakalisa ukuba nethemba. Waphawula ukuba uMphathiswa Wemicimbi Yonqulo wayekwanguloo mfo wasemkhosini owayekhonza phantsi koorhulumente bangaphambili kodwa wabonakala esandul’ ukuguquka, ehlengahlengisa umsebenzi woBulungiseleli bakhe ukuze ekugqibeleni uquke kungekuphela nje amaBhuda kodwa nezinye iinkonzo zaseBurma.
AmaBhaptizi kunye neendlela zoXolo
Izikolo zezakwalizwi zaseBurma, ngakumbi amaBhaptizi, zibonakala ngathi zenze unxibelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kokwakha ukuthembana kweenkolo kunye noxolo. Ukudibana okuqinileyo phakathi kobuhlanga kunye nenkolo yobuBhaptizi kunokuba luncedo ekudibaniseni ezi zimbini, kunye neziphumo ezakhayo zobunkokeli obusekwe kwinkolo kwinkqubo yoxolo.
Abasetyhini baquka kuphela ipesenti ze-13 zaseBurma ezibandakanyekayo kwiNkqubo yoXolo lweSizwe, ekwangabandakanyi ama-Muslim Rohingya. (Jonga uJosephson, 2016, Win, 2015) Kodwa ngenkxaso evela kurhulumente wase-Australia (ngokukodwa i-AUSAid) i-N Peace Network, inethiwekhi yamazwe amaninzi yabameli boxolo, isebenze ukukhuthaza ubunkokeli babasetyhini kulo lonke elase-Asiya. (jonga iN Peace Fellows ku http://n-peace.net/videos ) Kwi-2014 inethwekhi yahlonipha abadlali ababini baseBurma kunye nobudlelwane: uMi Kun Chan Non (i-Mon ethnic) kunye noWai Wai Nu (inkokeli yeRohingya). Emva koko inethiwekhi iye yahlonipha iRakhine yobuhlanga ecebisa i-Arakan Liberation Army kunye neKachin ezininzi ezihlangene neCawa kuquka nabafazi ababini baseBurma abakhokela iintlanga ngenkqubo yoxolo yelizwe kunye nokubambisana ne-Shalom Foundation, i-NGO yaseBurma esekwe nguMfundisi Omkhulu waseBaptisti uMfundisi uDkt. USaboi Jum kwaye ngokuyinxenye uxhaswa ngemali nguNozakuzaku waseNorway, iUNICEF kunye neNceba Corps.
Emva kokuvula iZiko loXolo elixhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente waseJapan, iShalom Foundation yaseka iMyanmar Ethnic Nationalities Mediators' Fellowship ngo-2002, yaza yabiza amaQela eNtsebenziswano yeenkolo ngo-2006. Igxininise kakhulu kwiimfuno zeKachin State, kwi-2015 iSiseko satshintshela ugxininiso kuluntu lwazo. Iprojekthi yokuHlola i-Ceasefire Monitoring, ngokuyinxenye isebenza ngeenkokeli zonqulo ezahlukeneyo, kunye neprojekthi ye-Space for Dialogue ukudala inkxaso yenkqubo yoxolo. Eli phulo liquka abantu abangama-400 abahlukahlukeneyo baseBurma ababa nenxaxheba kuMthandazo Weenkonzo Ezimanyeneyo ngoSeptemba 8, 2015 phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zaseBurma ngaphandle kweRakhine State. Ingxelo yonyaka yeSiseko yaloo nyaka ibala imisebenzi ye-45 yeenkolo ezifana neminyhadala kunye nezinye iziganeko zentlalo kunye neziganeko ze-526 zizonke zokuzibandakanya kolutsha lwamaBhuda, kunye ne-457 kunye ne-367 yamaKristu kunye namaSilamsi ngokulandelelana, ngokulingana ngokwesini ngokusondeleyo. [8]
Kucace gca ukuba amaBhaptizi athabathe indima ephambili kwingxoxo yeenkolo ngeemvaba kunye nasekwenzeni uxolo eBurma. Nangona kunjalo amanye amaqela enkolo nawo aya phambili.
I-Pluralism okanye i-Globalization of Interfaith Dialogue?
Ukuphendula nge-alarm ekunyukeni kwe-xenophobia kunye nentshutshiso yenkolo ejoliswe kwi-Rohingya kwi-2012, inani lamaqela ngamazwe liye lafikelela kwiinkokeli zendawo. Ngaloo nyaka, Iinkonzo Zoxolo zavula ama-92 ayond isahluko eBurma.[9] Oku kwazisa ingqalelo kunye nenkxaso yezinye izahluko zengingqi ngokunjalo, ngothethwano lwakutsha nje eJapan. “INkomfa yeHlabathi ye Iinkolo zoXolo wazalelwa eJapan,” watsho uGqr. William Vendley, uNobhala Jikelele we RfP Ehlabathini lonke “IJapan inelifa elikhethekileyo lokunceda iinkokeli zonqulo kumazwe anengxaki.” Eli gqiza laliquka amalungu eqela lamaBhuda anenzondelelo yempambano iMa Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
Edibene neZiko lamaSilamsi eMyanmar, ilungu elisungula u-Al Haj U aye Lwin wandixelela ngoSeptemba 2016 malunga nemigudu ekhokelwa yiRFP Myanmar Myint Swe; AmaSulumane kunye namalungu amaBhuda asebenze kunye noluntu lwawo ukubonelela ngoncedo loluntu kubantu abasengozini, ngakumbi abantwana abachatshazelwa yingxabano.
U Myint Swe, ubhengeze ukuba "ekuphenduleni ukunyuka kobuzwe kunye neengxabano zoluntu eMyanmar, iRfP yaseMyanmar yasungula iprojekthi entsha "yokwamkela enye" kwimimandla ekujoliswe kuyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba balungiselela ukusombulula iingxabano kunye nemisebenzi yokwakha ibhulorho yoluntu. Ngomhla we-28-29 kaMatshi 2016, u-U Myint Swe, uMongameli we-RfP Myanmar kunye noMfundisi u-Kyoichi Sugino, uSekela-Nobhala Jikelele we-RfP International, batyelele eSittwe, eRakhine State, eMyanmar, "indawo yobundlobongela phakathi koluntu."
Ulwimi olubi malunga "nobundlobongela phakathi kwabantu" aluqhelekanga ukuxhaswa ngamaSilamsi aseBurma, ekhumbula ukutshutshisa ngamaBhuda ngabom kwigcuntswana lamaRohingya. U-Al Haj U Aye Lwin, wongeze ukuba "RfP I-Myanmar iyaqonda ukuba i-Rohingya ifanelwe ukuphathwa kungekuphela nje ngezizathu zobuntu kodwa ngokufanelekileyo nangobulungisa ngokuhambelana nemithetho ehambelana nemigaqo kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe. RfP IMyanmar iya kuxhasa urhulumente weDaw Aung San Suu Kyi ekusekweni komthetho kunye nelungelo loluntu. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ngenxa yoko, kwakuya kulandela amalungelo abantu nokungacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nangonqulo.”
Ukwahluka okunjalo kwembono kunye nemiyalezo akukhange kuthintele iiNkolo zoXolo eMyanmar. Ngomsebenzi omnye ohlawulwayo kodwa kungekho nkxaso karhulumente, ngo-2014 iphiko lokuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini lisungule i-“Women of Faith Network” edibene neGlobal Women of Faith Network. Kwi-2015 ulutsha kunye namaqela amabhinqa aququzelele impendulo yamavolontiya kwizikhukula eMektila, kwi-Ethnically polarized State Rakhine. Amalungu aqhube iindibano zocweyo ezibanjwe yiMyanmar Institute of Theology kwaye athatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yenkolo yomnye nomnye, kuquka iMibhiyozo yoMhla wokuzalwa woMprofeti kunye noHindu Diwali.
Ekunye nogxa wakhe u-U Myint Swe, u-Al Haj U Aye Lwin uceliwe ukuba ajoyine iKhomishoni entsha yeeNgcebiso enikwe umsebenzi wokuvavanya "iMiba yeRakhine" kuquka nombuzo weRohingya "kwaye uye waphoswa ngabanye ngenxa yokungacinezeli umba we ingxaki yobuhlanga kunye neMithetho yeNkolo ejolise kumalungelo eRohingya. (Akbar 2016) Nangona kunjalo, u-Aye Lwin undixelele ukuba ubhale kwaye wasasaza ngeendleko zakhe incwadi ephikisa ingxaki yeMithetho yoHlanga kunye neNkolo. Ukudiliza ezinye zeenkolelo ezibangela ukwanda kwe-Islamophobia, wajonga ukubaqinisekisa oogxa bakhe abangamaBhuda. Ukuphikisa imbono yembali ekwabelwana ngayo ngokubanzi yokuba amaSilamsi ngokuqinisekileyo athimba iintlanga zamaBhuda, wabonisa ukuba kuqondwa kakuhle, "i-dawah" yamaSilamsi okanye umsebenzi wobuvangeli awunakubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa.
Abathathi-nxaxheba beeNkolo zoXolo nabo bancedise ekuqiniseni inani lobambiswano. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-2013 egameni le-International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), i-International Movement for a Just World (JUST), kunye neeNkolo zoXolo (RfP) UMnu Aye Lwin wanceda ukudibanisa imbumba yamaSilamsi kunye neenkokeli zamaBuddha. ukusuka kummandla ojikeleze ukudibana ukuze kunyuswe iSibhengezo seDusit sika-2006. ISibhengezo sicele abezopolitiko, abezosasazo nabafundisi-ntsapho ukuba bacinge kakuhle kwaye bahloniphe umahluko ngokwenkolo. (iBlog yePalamente ka-2013)
Ngo-2014 i-Interfaith for Children yadibana kunye ukuxhasa ukhuseleko lwabantwana, ukusinda kunye nemfundo. Kwaye ngenkxaso evela kwiqabane leeNkolo zoXolo uMbutho weRatana Metta (RMO) amalungu eBhuda, amaKrestu, amaHindu namaSilamsi eli qela nawo enze ingxelo phambi konyulo luka-2015 ecinga ngoluntu olunyamezelayo oluhlonipha iiyantlukwano zonqulo nobuhlanga. UBertrand Bainvel weUNICEF wathi: “Ubukhulu becala ikamva laseMyanmar lixhomekeke koko abantu baseMyanmar baza kukwenzela abantwana ngoku. Unyulo oluzayo lelona xesha lifanelekileyo kungekuphela nje lokuzibophelela kwimigaqo-nkqubo emitsha, iinjongo kunye nemithombo yabantwana, kodwa nokugxininisa imilinganiselo yoxolo nonyamezelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwabo ngemvisiswano.”
Ulutsha lwaseBurma luye lwabandakanyeka kwiiNkolo zoXolo "Inethiwekhi yoLutsha yeHlabathi yoLutsha", ibiza ukudalwa kweePaki zoXolo, imfundo yamalungelo oluntu, kunye namathuba okutshintshiselana kolutsha njengesithuthi sokuzibandakanya kwihlabathi kunye nokuhamba kwentlalo. Amalungu olutsha lwaseAsia acebise “Iziko Lokuthelekisa Iinkonzo neeNkcubeko zaseAsia.” [10]
Mhlawumbi ngakumbi kwabaselula, ukuvulwa koluntu lwaseBurma kunika ixesha lethemba. Kodwa ekuphenduleni, iinkokeli ezahlukeneyo zonqulo zikwanikezela ngemibono yazo yoxolo, ubulungisa kunye nophuhliso. Uninzi lwazo luzisa iimbono zehlabathi kunye nezixhobo zotyalo-mali kuqoqosho olutsala nzima lokuziphatha eBurma. Eminye imizekelo iyalandela.
Abarhwebi boXolo: amaBhuda kunye namaSilamsi amaNyathelo
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
U-Master Hsin Tao wazalelwa kubazali baseTshayina base-Upper Burma kodwa wafudukela eTaiwan eseyinkwenkwana. Njengoko waba yiNgqondi yobuBhuda kunye nesiseko seChan, wagcina unxibelelwano kunye nezithethe zeTheravāda kunye neVajrayāna, evunyiweyo yiPatriarch ePhakamileyo yaseBurma kunye neNyingma Kathok yomnombo weTibetan Buddhism. Ugxininisa isiseko esivumelanayo kuzo zonke izikolo zamaBhuda, uhlobo loqheliselo abhekisela kulo “njengokumanyana kwezi nqwelo zintathu.”
Ukusukela oko wavela kwindawo eyandisiweyo ngo-1985 u-Master Tao akafumananga kuphela ikhaya leemonki kodwa uqalise uluhlu lweeprojekthi zombono wokwakha uxolo, eziyilelwe ukukhuthaza imvisiswano phakathi kwabantu. Njengoko esitsho kwiwebhusayithi yakhe, “Ekukhuleni kwam kwindawo enemfazwe, kufuneka ndizinikele ekupheliseni ukubandezeleka okubangelwa lungquzulwano. Imfazwe ayinakuze izise uxolo; luxolo olukhulu kuphela olunokusombulula iingxabano ezinkulu.” [11]
Ebonisa ukuzola, ukuzithemba kunye novelwano, i-Master Tao ibonakala isebenza nje ukwenza abahlobo. Uhamba ngokubanzi njengoMmeli womanyano lweenkolo ezidibeneyo kwaye unxulumene ne-Elijah Institute. Yasekwa nguRabi uGqr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein ngo-1997 u-Eliya "usondela kumsebenzi weenkolo ezihlangeneyo ukusuka kwiqonga lezemfundo", kunye nendlela ephezulu-phezulu yobulungisa bezenhlalakahle, "ukuqala ngeentloko zeenkolo, ukuqhubeka kunye nabafundi kunye nokufikelela kuluntu ngokubanzi. ” U-Master Tao naye ukhokele iingxoxo zephaneli kwiinkomfa zePalamente yeeNkolo zeHlabathi. Ndadibana naye kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo ngexesha lothotho lweentetho zeenkolo ngeemvaba ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-2016.
Waphehlelela uthotho lwencoko yamaSilamsi namaBhuda, athe ngokutsho kwewebhusayithi yakhe "ibanjwe izihlandlo ezilishumi kwizixeko ezilithoba ezahlukeneyo." [12] Ufumana amaSilamsi "abantu abathobekileyo ukuba abapolitiki" kwaye unabahlobo eTurkey. Uye wabonisa "iMigaqo emihlanu yobuBhuda" e-Istanbul. INkosi yeTao yaphawula ukuba zonke iinkonzo zinokonakaliswa ziimo zangaphandle. Wongeze ngelithi kwiBurma, ubuzwe abubalulekanga kangako kunobuzwe.
Ngo-2001 u-Master Tao wavula “iMyuziyam yeeNkolo zehlabathi” eTaiwan, enekharityhulamu ebanzi yokukhuthaza “ukufunda ngobomi.” Uye waphuhlisa iinzame zesisa; iGlobal Family of Love and Peace iye yaseka ikhaya leenkedama eBurma kunye “nefama ye-eco yamazwe ngamazwe” kwi-Shan State yase-Burma, elima izityalo ezinexabiso eliphezulu njenge-citronella kunye ne-vetiver, isebenzisa kuphela imbewu nezityalo ezingezizo ze-GMO. [13]
U-Master Hsin Tao ngoku ucebisa ukuba kubekho inkolo “yeDyunivesithi yeeNkolo zehlabathi” ukufundisa imvisiswano yentlalo kunye nokomoya kwithiyori kunye nokwenza. Njengoko wandixelelayo, “Ngoku itekhnoloji kunye neempembelelo zasentshona zikuyo yonke indawo. Wonke umntu kwiiselfowuni ngalo lonke ixesha. Ukuba sinomgangatho olungileyo wenkcubeko iya kucoca iingqondo. Ukuba baphulukene nenkcubeko baphulukana nesimilo kunye novelwano. Ke siza kufundisa zonke iitekisi ezingcwele kwisikolo seYunivesithi yoxolo. ”
Kwiimeko ezininzi, iiprojekthi ze-Dharma Master zihamba ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi we-Judson Research Centre yaseMyanmar Theological Seminary, kunye nomngeni owongezelelweyo wokuyiqala yonke into ukusuka ekuqaleni.
U-Imam Malik Mujahid
U-Imam Malik Mujahid ngumongameli ongumseki weSoundvision. Yasekwa ngo-1988 eChicago, ngumbutho ongenzi nzuzo ophuhlisa umxholo wemidiya yamaSilamsi, kubandakanya inkqubo yeRadio Islam, ngelixa ukhuthaza uxolo nobulungisa. U-Imam Mujahid wabona incoko kunye nentsebenziswano njengezixhobo zokwenza izinto ezilungileyo. EChicago waye wajoyina iicawe, iimosque kunye nezindlu zesikhungu esebenza kunye kwinguqu yoluntu. Uye waphawula ukuba “i-Illinois ibidla ngokubekwa kwindawo ye-47 phakathi kwelizwe ngokwezempilo. Namhlanje, ibambe indawo yesibini esizweni, ngenxa yamandla engxoxo yeenkolo ngeenkolo… (Mujahid 2011)
Ngokunxuseneyo nezi nzame zasekhaya, u-Imam Mujahid ukhokela iButho leBurma Task Force eyinkqubo ephambili ye-NGO Justice for All. Uye waphuhlisa amaphulo okuxhasa amaSilamsi amancinci eBurma, emilisele iinzame zakhe zangaphambili egameni lamaBosnia ngexesha “lokuhlanjululwa kohlanga” ngo-1994.
Ngokuphathelele amalungelo amancinci eBurma, kunye nokugxeka urhulumente omtsha ka-Aprili 2016 overtures kwiimonki ezineengcwangu, u-Imam Malik wabiza inkxaso epheleleyo yobuninzi kunye nenkululeko yonqulo; “Eli lixesha lokuba iBurma ivuleleke kubo bonke abantu baseBurma.” (Mujahid 2016)
U-Imam Mujahid ebesebenza nombutho wezizwe ngezizwe wokumanyanisa iinkolo ukusukela oko kwavuselelwa iPalamente yeHlabathi yeeNkolo zika-1993. Usebenze njengoMongameli wePalamente iminyaka emihlanu, de kube nguJanuwari 2016. IPalamente isebenza “ukukhathalela iinkolo nezizwe ezisebenzisana ngemvisiswano ukuze kulungelwe uluntu” kwaye iinkomfa ezibanjwa kabini ngonyaka zitsala malunga ne-10,000 yabathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo, kuquka no-Master Hsin. Tao, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla.
NgoMeyi 2015 iPalamente ihloniphe iimonki ezintathu zaseBurma kwiNkomfa yeentsuku ezintathu yase-Oslo yokuphelisa ukutshutshiswa kwe-Myanmar kumaRohingya. " Abaququzeleli beMbasa yeHlabathi yeHarmony ijolise ekunikezeni uqinisekiso olulungileyo kumaBhuda kunye nokubakhuthaza ukuba bakhanyele intshukumo echasene namaSilamsi kaMa Ba Tha wemonki u-U Wirathu. Iimonki yayingu-U Seindita, umseki we-Asia Light Foundation, u-U Zawtikka, kunye no-U Withudda, owakhusela amakhulu amadoda angamaSilamsi, abafazi kunye nabantwana kwikhaya lakhe leemonki ngexesha lohlaselo lukaMatshi 2013.
Emva kokusebenza emva kweemifanekiso iminyaka ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkokeli zamaBuddha ezifana neDalai Lama ziza kuthetha ngokuchasene nokuphazamiseka kweBuddhism kunye nokutshutshiswa kweRohingya, ngoJulayi 2016 wavuya ukubona i-Sangha (iBhunga leBuddhist Council) ekugqibeleni likhanyele. kwaye wabachasa ii-extremists zikaMa Ba Tha.
Njengoko waphawulayo kumsitho wamabhaso, “uBuddha wavakalisa ukuba simele sizithande size sizinyamekele zonke izidalwa. UMprofeti u-Mohammad, uxolo lube phezu kwakhe, wathi akukho namnye kuni okholwayo ngenene ngaphandle kokuba unqwenelela omnye into ozinqwenelela yona. Ezi mfundiso zisembindini wazo zonke iinkolelo zethu, apho ubuhle bonqulo busekelwe khona.” (IiNdaba zeMizzima nge-4 kaJuni, 2015)
UKhadinali uCharles Maung Bo
NgoFebruwari 14, 2015 uCharles Maung Bo waba yiKhadinali yokuqala yaseBurma, ngokomyalelo kaPope Francis. Kungekudala emva koko, waxelela iWall Street Journal ukuba ufuna ukuba “lilizwi labo bangenalizwi.” Uchase esidlangalaleni iMithetho yoHlanga neNkolo eyawiswa ngo-2015, esithi “Sifuna uxolo. Sifuna uxolelwaniso. Sidinga isazisi ekwabelwana ngaso kunye nokuzithemba njengabemi besizwe esinethemba ... kodwa le mithetho mine ibonakala ngathi ibethelele elo themba. ”
Ngaphezu konyaka kamva, uKhadinali Bo wenza ukhenketho lwamazwe ngamazwe ehlotyeni lika-2016 ukutsalela ingqalelo kwithemba namathuba alandela unyulo lorhulumente omtsha we-NLD. Wayeneendaba ezimnandi: Phakathi kwengcinezelo, wathi iCawa yamaKatolika eMyanmar yaba “yicawa eselula nekhutheleyo.” “Icawe ikhule ukusuka kwiidiocesi ezintathu ukuya kwi-16,” utshilo uKhadinali Bo. “Ukususela kubantu abali-100,000 800,000, singaphezu kwama-160 800 abathembekileyo, ukususela kubefundisi abali-300 ukusa kwabefundisi abangama-2,200, ukususela kwabangama-60 singabonqulo ngoku abangama-40 XNUMX yaye abangama-XNUMX ekhulwini kubo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-XNUMX ubudala.”
Nangona kunjalo, nangona ingabangeli inqanaba elifanayo lokubandezeleka njengentshutshiso yeRohingya, amanye amaqela angamaKristu eBurma ajoliswe kuyo kwaye iicawa zatshiswa kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo. KwiNgxelo yoNyaka ka-2016, iKomishoni yase-US yeNkululeko yeNkolo yeZizwe ngeZizwe yabika amatyala amaninzi okuxhatshazwa, ngakumbi kwilizwe laseKachin, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ejoliswe ekumiseni iminqamlezo kwiicawe. I-USCIRF ikwaphawule ukuba iimfazwe zobuhlanga ekudala zikho, “nangona zingezonqulo, ziye zanempembelelo enkulu kuluntu lwamaKristu nakwezinye iicawa, kuquka nokuthintela ukufikelela kwabo kumanzi acocekileyo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ucoceko olufanelekileyo, ugutyulo nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko.” UKhadinali Bo naye uye wabugxeka ubuqhophololo.
UBo wongezelela kwintshumayelo ka-2016, "Ilizwe lam livela kubusuku obude beenyembezi kunye nosizi kwintsasa entsha. Emva kokubandezeleka ukubethelelwa emnqamlezweni njengesizwe, siqala uvuko lwethu. Kodwa idemokhrasi yethu eselula inkenenkene, kwaye amalungelo oluntu asaqhubeka ephathwa gadalala kwaye enyhashwa. Sisizwe esingxwelerhekileyo, isizwe esophayo. Kubantu abancinci bobuhlanga kunye neenkolo, oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa, kungoko ndigqibezela ngokugxininisa ukuba akukho luntu lunokuthi lube nedemokhrasi ngokwenene, likhululekile kwaye linoxolo ukuba alihloniphi - kwaye libhiyozele - iiyantlukwano zezopolitiko, ubuhlanga kunye nenkolo, ngokunjalo. khusela amalungelo oluntu asisiseko kuye wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, inkolo okanye isini... (WorldWatch, May 2016)
UKhadinali Bo ngumseki weNkolo yoXolo lwaseMyanmar. Ekwindla ka-2016 wajoyina u-Alissa Wahid, intombi kamongameli wase-Indonesia owayesakuba ngumongameli, ukuba abhale i-Op Ed eyomeleleyo epapashwe kwiWall Street Journal (9/27/2016) ebiza inkululeko yonqulo eBurma nase-Indonesia. Balumkisa ngokuchasene neminqweno yomkhosi efuna ukulawula amazwe abo, kwaye bacela ukuba kususwe "unqulo" kwiincwadi zezazisi. Njengentsebenziswano yobuKrestu namaSilamsi bacela ukuba omabini amasebe abo eMicimbi yezeNkolo ahlaziywe ukuze kukhuselwe zonke izithethe ngokulinganayo. Ngaphezu koko, bongeze ngelithi, “umthetho uyibeke phambili imvisiswano yoluntu nokuba oko kuthetha ukucinezela abantu abambalwa. Le mbono kufuneka ithatyathelwe indawo yinto yokuqala ephambili ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo njengelungelo lomntu…” (Wall Street Journal, Septemba 27, 2016)
Intsebenziswano kunye neNkxaso
Eyasungulwa yi-Austria, iSpain kunye ne-Saudi Arabia, i-King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID) ixhase iinkqubo eziququzelelwe yiPalamente yeeNkolo zehlabathi kunye neeNkolo zoXolo. Baye baxhasa “Inkqubo yoqeqesho lweenyanga ezintathu yolutsha lwaseMyanmar, equka ukutyelela iindawo zonqulo zonqulo” kunye neenkomfa ezininzi ezifana neNgxoxo kaSeptemba ka-2015 phakathi kwamaSilamsi namaKristu eGrisi. Ngobudlelwane no-Arya Samaj, i-KAICIID yenze inkomfa “Yomfanekiso Womnye” eIndiya ecebise ukudityaniswa kwenkqubo yeeNkolo eziManyeneyo kunye nemfundo yoxolo nophuhliso, ukuphepha “inkqubo-sikhokelo ekhuphisanayo.” Abathathi-nxaxheba bakwacela uluhlu lwamagama onqulo ukunceda unxibelelwano kunye noqeqesho olungakumbi lokuguqulela nolokufundisa.
NgoAprili ka-2015 i-KAICIID iququzelele intlanganiso ye-ASEAN kunye neminye imibutho ephakathi koorhulumente, imibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho yamalungelo oluntu, indawo yoshishino lwengingqi, kunye neenkokheli zenkolo zengingqi, zihlanganisene eMalaysia "ukuxoxa ngeendlela zemibutho yoluntu kunye neenkokheli zenkolo ukuba zibe negalelo kubuphucule ubudlelwane bamaBhuda namaSilamsi eMyanmar nakummandla… Kwingxelo, iRoundtable ikhumbuze ukuba ekubeni “iSibhengezo samaLungelo oLuntu sase-ASEAN siquka ukukhuselwa kwelungelo lenkululeko yonqulo, kukho imfuneko eqhubekayo yokuququzelela uthethathethwano neemvaba ngeemvaba kunye neengxoxo. ngaphakathi eMyanmar nakummandla obanzi”. (KAIICID, Aprili 17, 2015)
I-KAICIID ixhase iinkokeli zezenkolo ezizibandakanya noluntu ngobudlelwane kunye namabhaso. Kwimeko yaseBurma, oku kuye kwathetha ukuqondwa kweenkokeli eziselula zamaBhuda ezikulungeleyo ukukhuthaza ukuba kubekho iimbono ezininzi zonqulo.[14] (Ngokomzekelo, kwanikelwa ubudlelane kwimonki engumBhuda waseBurma uVen Acinna, owayefundela isidanga sakhe sobugqirha kwiPostgraduate Institute of Buddhist and Pali Studies, kwiYunivesithi yaseKelaniya eSri Lanka. Uzinikele kakhulu kwimisebenzi yentlalo-ntle kunye nokudala imeko-bume enoxolo phakathi koluntu lwakhe, apho uninzi lwamaBhuda kunye nenxalenye enkulu yamaSilamsi aseMyanmar behlala kunye.
Obunye ubudlelane banikwa uAshin Mandalarlankara imfundiso eselula yobuBhuda kumzi woonongendi waseBurma. Emva kokuzimasa isemina ngobuSilamsi eyayiqhutywa nguFr. Tom Michael, umfundisi ongumKatolika nomfundi kwizifundo zamaSilamsi ovela eUnited States, wadibana neenkokeli zamaSilamsi “wazakhela ubuhlobo obuninzi. Uphinde wathatha izifundo ze-IPACE malunga noTshintsho kwiNgqungquthela kunye nesiNgesi eJefferson Centre eMandalay.” (KAIICID Fellows)
Olunye ubudlelane obunye lwanikezelwa kumseki weTheravada Dhamma Society of America, u-Ashin Nyanissara ohloniphekileyo Umfundisi weBuddhism kunye noluntu, "ungumseki weKholeji ye-BBM e-Lower Myanmar kwaye wayejongene nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi. ngoku ibonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo okusela kubemi abangaphezu kwamawaka asibhozo kwakunye nesibhedlele esiphucuke ngokupheleleyo saseBurma esinceda abantu abangaphezu kwama-250 ngosuku.”
Ngenxa yokuba i-KAICIID inikezela ngobudlelwane obuninzi kumaSilamsi kwezinye iintlanga, eyona nto iphambili kuyo ibikukufuna amaBhuda athembisayo kunye nokuphumelela okuphezulu eBurma. Nangona kunjalo, umntu unokulindela ukuba kwixesha elizayo amaSilamsi amaninzi aseBurma aya kuvunywa leli ziko likhokelwa yiSaudi.
Ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa ezisele zikhankanyiwe, ukubandakanyeka kwamaSilamsi aseBurma kwimisebenzi yokumanyanisa iinkolo akunamandla. Zininzi izizathu ezinokuthi zibe negalelo koku. AmaSilamsi eRohingya avaliwe ukuba ahambe ngaphakathi eBurma, kwaye amanye amaSilamsi anexhala lokugcina iprofayile ephantsi. Kwanakwi-cosmopolitan Yangon i-mosque yatshiswa ngexesha le-Ramadan 2016. Imibutho yesisa yamaSilamsi iye yalelwa ixesha elide ukuba isebenze eBurma, kwaye njengoko lo mbhalo ubhala isivumelwano sokuvumela i-ofisi yoMbutho we-Islamic Cooperation (OIC) ayizange isetyenziswe, nangona oku. kulindeleke ukuba itshintshe. Imibutho yesisa enqwenela ukunceda amaSilamsi eRohingya kufuneka idibane ngokufihlakeleyo namanye amalizo anikezelweyo ukufikelela. Ngaphezu koko, eRakhine State, kuyimfuneko yezopolitiko ukukhonza uluntu lwaseRakhine ngokunjalo. Konke oku kuthatha izixhobo kude nesakhiwo seziko lamaSilamsi.
Uxwebhu oluputshuziweyo olusuka kwiinkqubo ze-OSF zikaGeorge Soros, ezibonelele ngenkxaso-mali kwiZiko loNcedo laseBurma lokunxibelelana phakathi koluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe, lubonise ukuzinikela okunenkathalo ekujonganeni nokuthambekela ecaleni koqeqesho lweengcali zosasazo kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubo yemfundo ebandakanyayo; kunye nokubeka iliso kumaphulo achasene namaSilamsi kumajelo asekuhlaleni kunye nokuwasusa xa kunokwenzeka. Olu xwebhu luqhubeka, “Sibeka emngciphekweni ukuma kwethu kwintlangano eBurma kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi bethu ngokulandela le ngcamango (echasene neNtetho yeNtiyo). Asiyithathi lula le mingcipheko kwaye siza kuyisebenzisa ngononophelo olukhulu. ” (OSF, 2014) Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-Soros, uLuce, i-Global Human Rights incinci kakhulu imali encinci iye yaya ngqo kumaqela oluntu lwaseRohingya. Eyona nto ikhethekileyo, i-Wai Wai Nu encomekayo ye-Women Peace Network-Arakan, ikhonza i-Rohingya kodwa inokuphinda ihlelwe njengenethiwekhi yamalungelo abasetyhini.
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe bengakhange babeke phambili ukuqinisa amaziko aseBurma amaSilamsi, okanye bakwazi ukufikelela kwiinkokeli zamaSilamsi. Okokuqala, umothuko wokufuduswa kuthetha ukuba iirekhodi azinakugcinwa kwaye iingxelo kubaniki-mali azinakubhalwa. Okwesibini, ukuhlala singquzulana akusoloko kukhuthaza ukuthembana kwanaphakathi kweqela elitshutshiswayo. Ingcinezelo ingenziwa ngaphakathi. Kwaye njengoko ndibonile kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo, iinkokeli zeRohingya zihlala zikhuphisana. Ubuni babo buhlala bungamkelekanga ngokusemthethweni, okanye ubuncinane buphikisana kakhulu, kwintetho yoluntu. Ngaphandle kwelungelo labo lokuzazisa, u-Aung San Suu Kyi ngokwakhe ucele ii-arhente zoncedo kunye noorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle ukuba bangasebenzisi namagama abo. Bahlala bengengobantu.
Kwaye kunyaka wonyulo ukungcola kwasasazeka kuwo onke amaSilamsi aseBurma. Njengoko i-USCIRF ibeka, ngexesha le-2015, "abalandeli belizwe bamaBhuda babhala amagama abaviwa kunye namaqela ezopolitiko 'amaSilamsi' ukungcolisa isidima sabo kunye nokunyulwa kwabo." Ngenxa yoko, neqela eliphumeleleyo le-NLD kunyulo lalile ukuqhuba nabaphi na abagqatswa abangamaSilamsi. Ke ngoko, nakwamaSulumane angengawo amaRohingya, kuye kwakho imvakalelo yokungqingwa enokuthi igcine iinkokeli ezininzi zamaSilamsi kwindima elumkileyo kunye neyokungenzi nto. (USCIRF, 2016)
Kunxibelelwano lomntu (ngo-Oktobha 4, 2016) uMana Tun, osebenza naye ofundisa eMyanmar Theological Seminary uthi iNkqubo yabo yobuGcisa beLiberal yamkela abafundi kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkolo, ubuhlanga kunye nesini kwaye inamanani amaninzi abafundi baseBuddha-inokuba yi-10-20% lomzimba wabafundi– kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abafundi Muslim, 3-5 abafundi kubafundi 1300.
Kutheni bembalwa kangaka? Amanye amaSilamsi aye afundiswa ukuba aziphephe iimeko zasekuhlaleni ezinokuthi zibeke esichengeni iingcamango zokuthozama okanye ubunyulu. Abanye basenokukuphepha ukubhalisa kwisikolo samaKristu kuba besoyika ‘ukuphulukana nonqulo lwabo. I-Muslim Insularity ngamanye amaxesha inokuthi ivele ngenxa yokutolika okuthile kwe-Islam. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni uluntu lwamaSilamsi eBurma ngokwalo luhluke kakhulu, kungekuphela nje ngokobuhlanga, kodwa kwinkolo yalo, kunokuba ngcono ukuqwalasela imingeni yentlalo, yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko njengento ezimisele ngakumbi.
Uthelekiso lwesiXeko saseNew York
Ndiza kuphelisa eli phepha ngohlalutyo oluthelekisayo lomsebenzi we-Interfaith eNew York, ngogxininiso lokuzibandakanya kwamaSilamsi ngokusekelwe kumava omntu. Injongo kukukhanyisa impembelelo ye-Islamophobia ngeendlela zayo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nenkcubeko kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Ukususela ekuhlaselweni kobugrogrisi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, ubambiswano lweenkolo kunye nentsebenziswano iye yanda kwisiXeko saseNew York, kwinqanaba lobunkokeli nanjengentshukumo ephantsi edityaniswe nenkonzo yamavolontiya kunye namanyathelo obulungisa boluntu. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bakholisa ukuba nenkqubela-phambili kwezopolitiko, ubuncinci kwimiba ethile, kunye namaKrestu wevangeli, amaOthodoki amaJuda namaSilamsi amaSalafi ngokubanzi aphuma.
I-Islamophobic backlash iqhubekile, yanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ixhaswa kwaye ixhaswa ngemali ngamajelo eendaba athile kunye namaqela anomdla wezopolitiko. Ukubuyela umva kuxhaswa kukungavisisani kwezopolitiko kunye nokucaphuka ngenxa yokunyuka kwe-ISIS, ukunyuka kwe-reactionary wing populism, kunye nokungaqondi kakuhle kwezithethe zamaSilamsi. (CAIR, 2016)
Imbono yamaSilamsi njengesisongelo esikhoyo isasazeke eYurophu, kunye nase-USA, iqulunqa impendulo eyohlwayayo nesabelayo kubukho begcuntswana elikhulu lamaSilamsi. Iintshukumo ezichasene namaSilamsi ziye zanwenwa eIndiya, ikhaya lelona gcuntswana lamaSilamsi ehlabathini azizigidi ezili-150, kunye naseThailand naseSri Lanka. Lo mkhwa wokuthiya abantu bamanye amazwe uyabonakala nakwiindawo ezithile ezazisakuba yiSoviet Union kunye neTshayina. Iinkokeli zezopolitiko ziye zagxeka amaSilamsi amancinci egameni lokucoceka kwezenkolo, ukuqonda okungabonakaliyo kwesazisi sesizwe, kunye namabango okhuseleko lwesizwe.
KwisiXeko saseNew York, iinkxalabo zokhuseleko “ziye zanyusa” ezinye iindlela zohlaselo, nangona iinzame ezifanayo ziye zenziwa ukuhlengahlengisa imigangatho yesiNtu yokuthozama njengengcinezelo yesini kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwenkululeko. Ii-Mosque kunye neminye imibutho yamaSilamsi kuye kwafuneka imelane namaphulo e-smear kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo kunye nakumajelo eendaba e-tabloid, kunye nokubekw' esweni okubanzi zii-arhente zonyanzeliso lomthetho ezikhuphisanayo.
Kulo mxholo, iingxoxo zeenkolo kunye nentsebenziswano zibonelele ngokuvula okubalulekileyo ekwamkelweni kwentlalontle, ukuvumela iinkokeli zamaSilamsi kunye nabaphembeleli ukuba bavele ekuzimeleni okunyanzeliswayo kwaye ubuncinane ngamaxesha athile bagqithise isimo "sexhoba" ngokusebenzisa isenzo soluntu sokubambisana. Imisebenzi yeemvaba ngeemvaba ibandakanya iinzame zokwakha ukuthembana ngeengxoxo ezisekelwe kwisicatshulwa malunga nemilinganiselo ekwabelwana ngayo; ukuhlalisana ngeeholide zonqulo; ukwakhiwa kweendawo ezikhuselekileyo, ezingathathi hlangothi ezifana nombutho wokuxhasana phakathi kwabamelwane abohlukeneyo; kunye neeprojekthi zenkonzo yokondla abalambileyo, ukuthethelela uxolo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nezinye iinkxalabo zobulungisa bentlalo.
Ukubonisa (ukuba asiyomephu) ubume bendawo basekuhlaleni bothethathethwano lweenkolo ezahlukeneyo, ndiza kuchaza ngokufutshane iiprojekthi ezimbini endizimanyaniswe nazo. Zombini zinokuqondwa njengeempendulo zokuhlaselwa kwe-9/11.
Iprojekthi yokuqala yintsebenziswano yeenkolo ngeemvaba kwi-9/11 yokusabela kwintlekele, ekuqaleni eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NYDRI intsebenziswano ehlangene neBhunga leeNkonzo zesiXeko saseNew York, yaze yathatyathelwa indawo yiNew York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)[15]. Ingxaki enye ekuphindaphindweni kokuqala ibikukungaqondwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zobunkokeli bamaSilamsi, nto leyo ekhokelele kukukhutshwa okungeyomfuneko. Inguqulelo yesibini, eyayikhokelwa nguPeter Gudaitis ovela kwiCawa yama-Episcopal neyayiphawuleka ngobuchule obuphezulu bomsebenzi, yangqineka ibandakanya ngakumbi. I-NYDIS isebenzisana nee-arhente zedolophu ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu kunye namaqela asemngciphekweni (kubandakanywa nabafuduki abangabhalwanga phantsi) abayi kudlula zonke izikhewu kwiinkonzo zoncedo. I-NYDIS ibize “Uluhlu lweeMfuno eziNgadityaniswanga” olubonelele ngezigidi ezi-5 zeedola kwisiqabu kumalungu awohlukeneyo oluntu, iimfuno zawo zathi zathiwa thaca ngabasebenzi bezenkolo abavela kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. I-NYDIS ikwaxhasa iinkonzo zabefundisi kwaye yajongana “nento yokubuyela emva kwentlekele.” Emva kokunciphisa abasebenzi bayo, iphinde yavuselela iinkonzo emva kweNkanyamba uSandy kwi-2012, inika ngaphezu kwe-8.5 yezigidi ngoncedo.
Ndandililungu lebhodi ye-NYDIS ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, emele i-Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) kunye nerekhodi elide loncedo lwentlekele. Emva kokushiya i-ICNA ekupheleni kwe-2005 ndimele i-Muslim Consultative Network iminyaka emininzi, kwaye ndancedisa ngokufutshane iiprojekthi zedatha yoluntu ye-NYDIS emva kweNkanyamba uSandy. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, ndibone impembelelo entle yokubandakanywa kunye neenkokheli zezenkolo ezivela kwizithethe zezenkolo ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye neenkqubo zesizwe ezinezibonelelo eziphezulu. Ngaphandle koxinzelelo kwamanye amaqabane, ngokukodwa imibutho yamaYuda yaseMelika, ukuba ahlukane namaqela amaSilamsi, ukwakhiwa kwethemba kunye nezenzo zokulawula ezilungileyo zivumele ukuba intsebenziswano iqhubeke.
Ukusukela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2007 “iProjekthi yegumbi lokuHlala,” umzamo wokukhuthaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwemibutho ekhokelayo yamaYuda kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni yamaSilamsi e-NYC, yaphela ngokuphoxeka kunye nokucaphuka. Izikhewu ezinjalo zandiswa kwi-2007 ngexesha lokuhlaselwa kweendaba kubalingane abasondeleyo bamaSilamsi njengoDebbie Almontaser, umseki-nqununu wesikolo saseKahlil Gibran, xa amaqabane e-dialogue ehluleka ukumkhusela esidlangalaleni okanye ukucela umngeni ngokuphandle ubuxoki kunye nokuchazwa kakubi. Ukusabela kwe-Interfaith kuhlaselo lwe-2010 kwiPaki 51 (ebizwa ngokuba "yi-mosque kwi-ground zero") yayingcono kodwa ixutywe. Iingxelo ngo-2007 malunga nohlalutyo olugwenxa kunye nolubanzi lwamapolisa malunga ne-radicalization yamaSilamsi zalandelwa sisityhilelo ngo-2011-12 malunga nobungakanani bokubekw' esweni kwamapolisa kwiinkokeli zamaSilamsi ezisekwe kwisiXeko saseNew York kunye namaziko oluntu. Ubudlelwane kunye nabalamli besiXeko saseNew York amandla ezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko aphazamisekile.
Phambi kolu tshintsho, ubunkokeli bamaSilamsi eNew York bohlulwe baba ziinkampu ezimbini. Inkampu evumayo ngakumbi kwezopolitiko igxininisa uthethathethwano, ngelixa inkampu yamatsha ntliziyo ibeka phambili umthetho-siseko. Umntu unokubona ukuhlangana kwee-imam zase-Afrika zaseMelika ezicinga ngobulungisa kwezentlalo kunye nabaphembeleli bama-Arabhu kwelinye icala, kunye nabaphambukeli abahlukeneyo kwelinye. Nangona kunjalo, ukwahluka kwezopolitiko kunye nobuntu akuchasananga kakuhle. Kananjalo enye inkampu ayikho ngaphezulu kwezentlalo okanye ngokwenkolo elondolozekayo kunenye. Nangona kunjalo, ubuncinci kwinqanaba lobunkokeli ubudlelwane benkolo yamaSilamsi bukhubekile kukhetho lobuchule phakathi "kokuthetha inyaniso emandleni" kunye nesithethe sokubonisa intlonipho kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane kumacala omabini ezopolitiko. Kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya phambili, le bhulaku alikanyangwa.
Ukwahluka kobuntu kwaba negalelo kolu qhekeko. Nangona kunjalo iyantlukwano yokwenyani kwizimvo kunye neengcinga zavela malunga nobudlelwane obufanelekileyo kurhulumente wase-US. Kwabakho ukungathembani kwabo babezimise kufutshane namapolisa yaye babonakala bevumelana nemfuneko yokubekw’ esweni ngokubanzi. Ngo-2012 elinye iqela laququzelela ugwayimbo lwesidlo sakusasa sikaSodolophu wase-NY Bloomberg, [16] ukukhalazela inkxaso yakhe kwimigaqo-nkqubo enengxaki ye-NYDP. Ngelixa oku kutsale umdla kumajelo eendaba, ngakumbi kunyaka wokuqala wokwayikiswa, ezinye iinkampu ziqhubekile nokuzimasa lo msitho, njengoko benzile uninzi lweenkokeli zeenkolo ezininzi ezisuka esixekweni.
Ezinye iinkokeli zamaSilamsi kunye namatsha-ntliziyo aqonda izithethe zabo njengokuba zichasene namandla ehlabathi kunye negunya lehlabathi kunye nokukhetha komgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle aseNtshona. Lo mbono ubangele isicwangciso sokugcina imida kunye nolunye uluntu, kunye nokugxila kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokukhusela iimfuno zamaSilamsi ngexesha lokuhlaselwa. Intsebenziswano yeenkolo ngeemvaba ayikhutshelwa ngaphandle-kodwa iyakhethwa ukuba sisixhobo kwiinjongo zobulungisa bentlalo.
Ndikwalilungu leFlushing Interfaith Council[17], eyaphuhliswa njengendawo ephuma kwiFlushing Interfaith Unity Walk. UHambo ngokwalo lusekwe kuBantwana baka-Abraham UHamba loXolo loXolo, olusekwe kwi-2004 nguRabbi Ellen Lippman kunye noDebbie Almontaser ukuze bakhe iibhulorho zokuqonda phakathi kwabahlali baseBrooklyn kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ingqikelelo luhlengahlengiso lwemodeli ye-open house, kunye notyelelo, iingxoxo kunye namashwamshwam kwizindlu ezahlukeneyo zonqulo ecaleni kwendlela. Ngo-2010 i-Walk-based Walk yaphela kwindawo ye-mosque ecetywayo e-Sheepshead Bay eyayitsale abaqhankqalazi abachasene namaSilamsi, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba be-Walk bakhupha iintyatyambo kwisihlwele esinomsindo. Ukusebenzela iQueens, iFlushing Walk yaqala ngo-2009 kwaye isindile kakhulu kwimpikiswano, njengoko ihlengahlengisa imodeli yeenkolo ezininzi ukuze iquke abantu abaninzi abahlukeneyo kunye noluntu lwase-Asiya uninzi lwamaHindu, amaSikh kunye namaBhuda eFlushing. Ngoxa liye lafikelela kolu kwahlukana kweWalk neminye imisebenzi, kwangaxeshanye, iBhunga liye lahlala lizinzile ngenxa yokuba nenxaxheba kwamalungu “ecawa yoxolo”—amaQuaker namaUnitarians.
Kwisithili saseQueens, eFlushing, NY ikwayindawo ye-1657 Flushing Remonstrance, uxwebhu olusisiseko lwenkululeko yonqulo e-US. Ngelo xesha, uPeter Stuyvesant, ngoko owayeyiRhuluneli yelizwe elalibizwa ngokuba yiNew Netherlands ngoko, wayeluvale ngokusemthethweni unqulo lwazo zonke ezingaphandle kweCawa yaseDatshi. AmaBhaptizi namaQuaker abanjwa ngenxa yonqulo lwawo kummandla waseFlushing. Ngenxa yoko, iqela labemi abangamaNgesi lahlanganisana ukuze lityobele iRemonstrance, ikhwelo lokunyanyezelwa kungekuphela nje amaQuaker kodwa “amaYuda, amaTurkey namaYiputa, njengoko egqalwa njengoonyana baka-Adam.”[18] Abaxhasi bavalelwa entolongweni phantsi kweemeko ezimaxongo. yaye enye indoda eliNgesi uJohn Bowne yagxothelwa eHolland, nangona wayengasazi isiDatshi. Uqhankqalazo lwathi ekugqibeleni lwabuya umva kwiStuyvesant xa iDutch West India Company yayixhasa abavukeli.
Ukubhiyozela eli lifa lemveli, kwi-2013 i-Flushing Interfaith Council ihlaziywe i-Remonstrance ukujongana nemigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlola i-anti-Muslim kunye ne-Left kwisixeko saseNew York. Iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezili-11 zasekuhlaleni, uxwebhu olutsha lwathetha noSodolophu uMichael Bloomberg ngokuthe ngqo kunye nezikhalazo ezinxulumene nokucupha kunye nokumisa kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ephazamisayo.[19] IBhunga liyaqhubeka nokubonisa ubumbano kunye namaSilamsi aseQueens, ajoliswe kulwaphulo-mthetho olunenzondo kunye noBubulali kwi-2016. Ngehlobo lika-2016 iBhunga lixhase iintetho zababhali bamaSilamsi kunye neqela lokufunda. IPluralism Project eHarvard iye yaqaphela “izenzo ezithembisayo” zeBhunga leenkolo ngeenkolo ezininzi ngenxa yekhonkco layo elitsha elibalulekileyo lelifa lemveli leFlushing lokuthetha ngezinto ezininzi.[20]
Ngaphandle kwale mizekelo mibini imbonakalo yesixeko saseNew York yothethathethwano lweenkolo ngeenkolo ibandakanya ii-arhente kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene neZizwe eziManyeneyo (ezifana neManyano yempucuko, iiNkolo zoXolo, iTempile yokuQonda) kwakunye nobudlelwane bendawo phakathi kwezindlu zonqulo kunye neeklabhu zabafundi. Eyona nto iphambili, okoko kwathi kwavela ngo-1997 ngenkqubo ephefumlelweyo kaMfundisi uJames Parks Morton yokumanyanisa iinkolo kwiCathedral yaseSt John the Divine, i-Interfaith Centre yaseNew York iye yabonelela ngeesemina noqeqesho kwimiba eyahlukahlukeneyo yentlalo “kubefundisi, abafundisi benkolo, iinkokeli zamarhamente. , ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zentlalontle, naye nabani na odlala indima yobunkokeli ekukhonzeni uluntu lwezenkolo.”
KwisiXeko saseNew York, iManyano yezeNkolo kunye nezinye iiseminari, iZiko leTanenbaum lokuQonda ngokweNkolo, iSiseko sokuQondwa kohlanga (FFEU), iZiko loQoqosho loBuzwe, iNkolo kunye nobuhlanga (i-CERRU) i-Interfaith Worker Justice, kunye ne-Intersections International zonke zidibana kwinkqubo kunye noluntu lwezenkolo. amalungu.
Uninzi lwezi NGOs ziye zabuyela umva ngokuchasene nokusasazeka kwe-Islamophobia, exhasa amaphulo esizwe afana “neGxalaba emagxeni.”[21] Kukwakho nenani lamaphulo okwazisa aququzelelwe hayi kuphela yimibutho yamaSilamsi efana neCAIR kunye neMPAC kunye neSoundvision, kodwa ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zezixhobo ezifana noMelwane Wam nguMuslim, isikhokelo sokufunda esinamacandelo asixhenxe esiveliswe kuzwelonke yiLuthere Social Service yaseMinnesota, kunye nekharityhulamu yoXolo kunye neBhulorho yoManyano elungiselelwe yi-Unitarian Universalist Church yaseVermont.[22] NgoSeptemba 2016 i-Unitarian Universalist Church (UUSC) iphinde ifake "Isiganeko soBumbano bamaSulumane" kwiprojekthi yabo yesenzo eqhotyoshelwe kwifilimu kaKen Burns malunga nemigudu ye-Unitarian yokusindisa abantu kumaNazi. Unxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo lwalunentsingiselo ngokwembali. Kuselithuba ukwazi ukuba bangaphi abaza kusebenzisa ezi zixhobo.
Ngaphandle kobume obunezityholo obuqhubekayo kulo lonke ixesha lonyulo luka-2016, kukho umanyano oluqhubekayo namaSilamsi, angekho nzulu nanzulu, phakathi koluntu lwezenkolo. Kodwa kwakhona, njengaseBurma, amaSilamsi aswele izixhobo kunye nentlangano kwaye mhlawumbi ukuthanda ukuthatha indima ephambili kubudlelwane benkolo. Isimbo sobunkokeli bamaSilamsi ubukhulu becala siseluhlobo "lothando", olwakha uqhagamshelo lomntu siqu kodwa alunikezeli okanye luphuhlise isikhundla esihlala sihleli kwiziko. Uninzi lwabantu abafanayo babandakanyeka kakhulu kwingxoxo yeenkolo ngeenkolo kodwa abakwazi okanye ababazisi abathathi-nxaxheba abatsha. Kukho izithethi ezimbalwa zamaSilamsi ezilungileyo kunabalawuli abalungileyo ukufumana izibonelelo kunye nokugcina inxaxheba. Ukuya kwi-Mosque ayikho phezulu, kwaye nokuba bamkela isazisi senkolo ngendlela eyomeleleyo, amaSilamsi aselula asuka kwamanye amazwe ayagatya iindlela zabazali babo.
Ubuni bomntu buntsokothile kwaye bunamacandelo amaninzi, kodwa iingxoxo zezopolitiko nezithandwayo malunga nobuhlanga, uqoqosho, inkolo kunye nesini zihlala zilula kakhulu. Inkxaso-mali ilandela iindlela zomdla odumileyo, ezinje ngeBlack Lives Matter, kodwa ayisoloko ixhobisa ngokuthe ngqo abo bachaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo.
Ngo-2008 uKusumita Pederson waqaphela, “Ngokuqinisekileyo eyona nto imangalisayo nebalulekileyo yentshukumo yeenkolo ngeenkolo namhlanje… kukukhula kweenkolo ngeemvaba kwinqanaba lengingqi. Lo ngowona mahluko mkhulu kumashumi eminyaka okuqala alo mbutho, kwaye kubonakala ngathi kubonisa inqanaba elitsha.” Oku kube yinyani kwisiXeko saseNew York njengoko kubonwa kumanyathelo amaninzi asekhaya ukusukela nge-9/11. Eminye imigudu yasekuhlaleni “ibonakala” ngakumbi kuneminye. Nokuba yeyiphi na imeko, le nkalo isezantsi ngoku idityaniswa kukugqwethwa kwezentlalo kubuchwephesha obutsha. Ngokunyuka kwemithombo yeendaba zentlalo "incoko yababini" ngoku ithatha indawo ye-intanethi, kunye nesigidi esingaziwayo sodwa. Ubomi bentlalontle yaseNew York ngoku bulawulwa kakhulu, kwaye ukuthengisa ibali, ibali, ibango lamandla, yinxalenye yoqoqosho longxowankulu olukhuphisanayo. (Pederson, 2008)
Ewe kunjalo, ii-smartphones ziyasasazeka eBurma ngokunjalo. Ngaba iiprojekthi ze-Facebook-based media media ezifana nePhulo loMhlobo wam omtsha[23], elibhiyozela ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaBurma eentlanga ezahlukeneyo, baya kuphumelela ekwakheni inkcubeko ebhiyozela yonke into ngokulinganayo? Ngaba oku “kukwakha uxolo lweenkolo ngeemvaba” kwikamva? Okanye ngaba iiselfowuni ziya kuba zizixhobo ezandleni zamahlokondiba azimisele ugonyamelo, njengoko sele kwenzekile? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
I-Xenophobia kunye nokufuduswa kwabantu abaninzi kudala umjikelo okhohlakeleyo. Ngelixa ukuqokelelwa kwabantu abaninzi “kokungekho mthethweni” kuxoxwa e-USA, kwaye kuphunyezwe eBurma, ukungakhuseleki okukhuthazwa yile ntetho kuchaphazela wonke umntu. Kunye namaqela oluntu asengozini, umceli mngeni okhoyo kwinkolo kunye nohlanga oluninzi luphawu lokufuduswa okukhulu kwenkcubeko kunye nokomoya okunxulumene nobungxowankulu behlabathi.
Kunyaka wama-2000, uMark Gopin wathi, “Ukuba unobuganga bokuhambisa inkcubeko yenkolo, okanye nayiphi na inkcubeko kulo mbandela, kulwakhiwo olutsha lwezoqoqosho okanye lwezopolitiko, olufana nedemokhrasi okanye imarike ekhululekileyo, musa ukuya phezulu ngaphandle ezantsi, ezantsi ngaphandle komphezulu, okanye embindini nje, ngaphandle kokuba ukulungele ukubangela uphalazo-gazi…Inkcubeko yenkolo ayiqhutywa nje ukusuka phezulu ukuhla. Ngapha koko, kukho amandla amangalisayo asasazwayo, yiyo loo nto iinkokeli zinyanzelwa kangaka.” (Gopin, 2000, p 211)
UGopin ngoko wongeza kwisilumkiso sakhe- ukwamkela inkqubo yotshintsho olubanzi; ukungashenxisi iqela lenkolo okanye uhlanga ngaphandle kwelinye; yaye ungaze ulwenze lube mbi ngakumbi ungquzulwano ngokuqinisa iqela elithile lonqulo okanye lenkcubeko kunelinye, “ingakumbi ngokutyalomali ngokwemali.”
Ngelishwa, i-United States-kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ngokunjalo-yenze kanye loo nto njengenxalenye yemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle kwizizukulwana ezininzi, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iqhubekile kwiminyaka ukususela ekubeni uGopin wabhala loo mazwi. Ilifa elinye lala mangenelo angaphandle kukungathembani okunzulu, okusenefuthe elikhulu kubudlelwane beenkolo eNew York namhlanje, ngokucacileyo kubudlelwane phakathi kwamaSilamsi kunye nemibutho yamaJuda ebanga ukuba imele iimfuno zoluntu ngokubanzi. Uloyiko lwamaSilamsi kunye nama-Arabhu lokuhlangana kunye nokudityaniswa kubaleka nzulu. Ukungakhuseleki kwamaYuda kunye neenkxalabo ezikhoyo zizinto ezinzima. Kwaye amava ase-Afrika aseMelika ebukhobokeni kunye nokujongelwa phantsi asonge ngakumbi. Imithombo yeendaba ejikelezileyo ejikelezayo ivumela le miba ukuba ixoxwe ngokude kakhulu. Kodwa njengoko kuphawuliwe, inokuthi iphinde iphinde yenzakalisa, ijongelwe phantsi kwaye ifake ipolitiki.
Kodwa yintoni esiyenzayo xa “sidibanisa iicawa”? Ngaba isoloko iyinxalenye yesisombululo, ingeyiyo ingxaki? UMana Tun waphawula ukuba eBurma, abo babenenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zeemvaba ngeemvaba basebenzisa igama lesiNgesi elithi “interfaith” njengegama lemali-mboleko. Ngaba loo nto icebisa ukuba amaBhaptizi adala uxolo eBurma angenisa kwaye abeke ithiyori yencoko yababini ephuma kwi-Orientalizing, neo-colonial kujongwe lomshumayeli waseNtshona? Ngaba loo nto icebisa ukuba iinkokeli zaseBurma (okanye zaseNew York) ezamkela amathuba okudala uxolo zingoomathuba? Hayi; Kuyenzeka ukuba uhlale ukhumbula izilumkiso zikaGopin malunga nongenelelo olunenjongo entle kwiintshukumo zoluntu kodwa uthathele ingqalelo uyilo kunye notshintshiselwano olubalulekileyo lomntu olwenzeka kwincoko xa iilebhile kunye nemibono yangaphambili ilahlwa.
Ngapha koko, kwisiXeko saseNew York uninzi lothethathethwano lweenkolo ezisezantsi alukho ithiyori ngokupheleleyo. Ixabiso lethiyori linokuza kamva, xa isizukulwana sesibini siqeqeshelwa ukuqhuba ingxoxo, sivumela abaqeqeshi abatsha ukuba baqaphele ngakumbi ukuguqulwa kweqela kunye neengcamango zenguqu.
Amaqabane azivulela amathuba amatsha. Ngaphandle kobunzima bamava am kwincoko yamaYuda namaSilamsi eNew York, omnye waloo maqabane engxoxo uye wahlala engumhlobo kwaye kutshanje uye waseka umfelandawonye wamaYuda ukuze athethelele amalungelo amaRohingya amaSilamsi eBurma. Ngenxa yovelwano kwabo bagxothiweyo kunye neqaqobana elineedemon, elinamava lawo abonisa ububi bamaYuda ngeminyaka yee-1930s eYurophu, i-Jewish Alliance of Concern Over Burma (JACOB) ityikitye malunga nama-20 emibutho yamaYuda engundoqo ukuba ithethelele amaSilamsi atshutshiswayo.
Sinokujongana nekamva lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi (kunye nokungoneliseki kuko) ngethemba okanye ukungaqiniseki okunzulu. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, kukho amandla ekusebenzeni kunye ngesizathu esifanayo. Kunye novelwano ngomntu ongamaziyo, kunye nabanye abantu abasesichengeni, amaqabane enkolo abelana ngokoyikeka ngokubonakalayo kohlaselo lobunqolobi olujoliswe kubemi, kubandakanya neentlobo zabantu abangahlali bamkelwe ngokupheleleyo ziinkonzo zonqulo, njengamadoda nabafazi be-LGBT. . Ngenxa yokuba iinkolo ezahlukeneyo ngoku zijongene nemfuno engxamisekileyo yohlengahlengiso oluninzi lwenkolo kunye nendawo yokuhlala phakathi "phezulu" kunye nezantsi "kobunkokeli, kunye nezivumelwano zokungavumelani kunye nokwahlulahlula kwimiba yentlalontle, isigaba esilandelayo sothethathethwano lweenkolo ngeenkolo sithembisa ukuba intsonkothe kakhulu- kodwa ngamathuba amatsha ovelwano olwabelanayo.
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amaNqaku
[1] Jonga iimbekiselo uAli, W. (2011) Ngoloyiko Inc. 2.0 bona www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
[4] Jonga iwebhusayithi yeSeminari http://www.pkts.org/activities.html
[5] Jonga ku-http;//www.acommonword.org
[6] Jonga ngoAprili 1, 2011 Ungeniso lweBlog http://dbuttry.blogspot.com/2011/04/from-undisclosed-place-and-time-2.html
[7] www.mbcnewyork.org
[8] Jonga iNgxelo yoNyaka yeSiseko seShalom
[9] Bona http://rfp-asia.org/
[10] Jonga iimbekiselo ze-RFP zeNgxelo yaseParis. Ukufumana amakhonkco kuyo yonke imisebenzi yolutsha lwe-RFP bona http://www.religionsforpeace.org/
[11] “Iingxoxo” http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
[12] Umzekelo, ePakistan: http://www.gflp.org/WeekofDialogue/Pakistan.html
[13] Jonga www.mwr.org.tw kunye http://www.gflp.org/
[14] KAIICID Video Documentation https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1OLXWr_zK71qC6bv6wa8-Q/videos)
[15] www.nydis.org
[16] BBC December 30, 2011
[17] https://flushinginterfaithcouncil.wordpress.com/
[18] http://flushingfriends.org/history/flushing-remonstrance/
[19] http://www.timesledger.com/stories/2013/50/flushingremonstrance_bt_2013_12_13_q.html
[20] Uphononongo lwe-Interfaith Infrastructure Study http://pluralism.org/interfaith/report/
[21] http://www.shouldertoshouldercampaign.org/
[22] http://www.peaceandunitybridge.org/programs/curricula/
[23] Bona https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
