Ubudlelwane phakathi kweNgxwabangxwaba ye-Ethno-Nkolo kunye nokuKhula koQoqosho: Uhlalutyo lweNcwadi ye-Scholarly
Abstract:
Olu phando lunika ingxelo malunga nohlalutyo lophando lwe-scholarly olugxile kubudlelwane phakathi kwengxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Eli phepha lixelela abathathi-nxaxheba beenkomfa, ootitshala, iinkokeli zoshishino, kunye namalungu oluntu malunga noncwadi lwe-scholarly kunye nenkqubo yophando esetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kwengxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Indlela esetyenzisiweyo kolu phando yayiluvavanyo lwamanqaku ejenali, ahlaziywe ngoontanga agxile kwingxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Uncwadi lophando lwakhethwa kwizifundiswa, kugcino-lwazi lwe-intanethi kwaye onke amanqaku kufuneka ahlangabezane nemfuneko yokuphononongwa ngoontanga. Ngalinye lamanqaku ahlolwe ngokweenkcukacha kunye / okanye iinguqu ezibandakanya ukungqubuzana, impembelelo yezoqoqosho, indlela esetyenziswe kuhlalutyo lobudlelwane phakathi kwengxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye noqoqosho, kunye nemodeli yethiyori. Njengoko ukukhula koqoqosho kubalulekile kucwangciso loqoqosho kunye nophuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo, uhlalutyo loncwadi lwezifundo luyinyani kule nkqubo. Iingxabano kunye neendleko zolu ngquzulwano zichaphazela ukukhula koqoqosho kwihlabathi elikhulayo, kwaye zifundwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye neemeko, kuquka iindawo zokuhlala zaseTshayina, i-China-Pakistan, iPakistan, i-Indiya kunye ne-Pakistan, i-Sri Lanka, i-Nigeria, i-Israel, i-Osh ingxabano, i-NATO, ukufuduka, ubuhlanga kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya, kunye nemfazwe kunye nemarike yemasheya. Eli phepha libonisa ifomathi yovavanyo lwamanqaku ejenali ye-scholarly malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwengxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye nolwazi lokukhula koqoqosho malunga nolwalathiso lobudlelwane. Ukongeza, ibonelela ngomzekelo wokuvavanya ukuhambelana kongquzulwano lwenkolo okanye ubundlobongela kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Amacandelo amane agxininisa amazwe athile ngeenjongo zolu phando.
Khuphela Eli nqaku
Ukucetyiswa:
Kominkiewicz, FB (2022). Ubudlelwane phakathi kwengxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye nokukhula koqoqosho: Uhlalutyo loncwadi lwe-scholarly. Ijenali yokuHlala Ndawonye, 7(1), 38-57.
Ulwazi lwenqaku:
@Inqaku{Kominkiewicz2022}
Isihloko = {Ubudlelwane phakathi kweNgqungquthela ye-Ethno-Nkolo kunye nokuKhula koQoqosho: Uhlalutyo lwe-Scholarly Literature}
Umbhali = {Frances Bernard Kominkiewicz}
Url = {https://icermediation.org/relationship-between-ethno-religious-conflict-and-economic-growth-analysis-of-the-scholarly-literature/}
ISSN = {2373-6615 (Shicilela); 2373-6631 (kwi-intanethi)}
Unyaka = {2022}
Umhla = {2022-12-18}
Ijenali = {Ijenali yokuHlala kunye}
Umthamo = {7}
Inani = {1}
Amaphepha = {38-57}
Umshicileli = {Iziko leHlabathi le-Ethno-Religious Mediation}
Idilesi = {White Plains, New York}
Uhlelo = {2022}.
intshayelelo
Ukubaluleka kokufunda ubudlelwane phakathi kwengxabano ye-ethno-religious kunye nokukhula koqoqosho akunakuphikiswa. Ukuba nolu lwazi kubalulekile ekusebenzeni nabantu ukuchaphazela ukwakha uxolo. Ingxabano ibonwa "njengamandla abumba kuqoqosho lwehlabathi" (Ghadar, 2006, p. 15). Iingxabano zobuhlanga okanye zonqulo zibhekwa njengeempawu ezibalulekileyo zeengxabano zangaphakathi zamazwe asakhulayo kodwa zinzima kakhulu ukuba zifundwe njengeengxabano zonqulo okanye zobuhlanga (Kim, 2009). Impembelelo ekukhuleni koqoqosho ibalulekile ukuvavanya ukuya phambili ngokwakha uxolo. Impembelelo yongquzulwano kwi-capital ebonakalayo kunye nemveliso, kunye neendleko zezoqoqosho zokulwa eyona nto, ingaba yinto yokuqala ekugxilwe kuyo kulandelwa naluphi na utshintsho kwimeko yezoqoqosho ebangelwa ungquzulwano olunokuchaphazela impembelelo yoqoqosho lwengxabano kuphuhliso lwelizwe ( Schein, ngo-2017). Uvavanyo lwale miba lubaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni umphumo kuqoqosho kunokuba ilizwe liphumelele okanye lilahlekelwe yingxabano (Schein, 2017). Akusoloko kuchanekile ukuba ukuphumelela ungquzulwano kunokubangela utshintsho oluhle kwimeko yezoqoqosho, kunye nokulahlekelwa yingxabano kubangela imiphumo emibi kwimeko yezoqoqosho (Schein, 2017). Ungquzulwano lunokuphumelela, kodwa ukuba ungquzulwano lubangele iziphumo ezibi kwimeko-bume yezoqoqosho, uqoqosho lunokwenzakala (Schein, 2017). Ukulahlekelwa yingxabano kunokukhokelela ekuphuculeni imeko yezoqoqosho, kwaye ngoko uphuhliso lwelizwe luncediswa yingxabano (Schein, 2017).
Amaqela amaninzi azibona njengamalungu enkcubeko efanayo, nokuba yeyonqulo okanye yobuhlanga, angabandakanyeka kungquzulwano ukuze aqhubeke nolawulo lwakhe (uStewart, 2002). Umphumo wezoqoqosho ubonakaliswa kwingxelo yokuba impixano kunye nemfazwe ichaphazela ukusasazwa kwabantu (Warsame & Wilhelmsson, 2019). Ingxaki enkulu yababaleki kumazwe anoqoqosho oluqhekeka lula njengeTunisia, iJordan, iLebhanon, neDjibouti yabangelwa yimfazwe yamakhaya e-Iraq, eLibya, eYemen naseSyria (Karam & Zaki, 2016).
Indlela
Ukuze kuvavanywe isiphumo songquzulwano lwe-ethno-religious ekukhuleni koqoqosho, kwaqaliswa uhlalutyo loncwadi olukhoyo lwezifundiswa olugxile kwesi sigama. Amanqaku afunyenwe ajongana nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nobunqolobi, imfazwe yobugrogrisi, kunye nongquzulwano kumazwe athile anxulunyaniswa nongquzulwano lobuzwe kunye nonqulo, kwaye kuphela loo manqaku ejenali aphononongwe ngabafundi ajongana nobudlelwane bobuzwe kunye / okanye ungquzulwano lwezenkolo kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. ibandakanyiwe kuhlalutyo loncwadi lophando.
Ukufunda imiphumo yezoqoqosho yezinto ze-ethno-zenkolo kunokuba ngumsebenzi onzima unikwe ukuba kukho uncwadi oluninzi olujongene nemiba kule ndawo. Ukuphonononga isixa esikhulu sophando ngesihloko kunzima kubaphandi abafunda uncwadi (Bellefontaine & Lee, 2014; Glass, 1977; Light & Smith, 1971). Ngoko ke olu hlalutyo lwenzelwe ukujongana nombuzo wophando wobudlelwane bobuhlanga kunye / okanye ukungqubuzana kwezenkolo kunye nokukhula koqoqosho ngokuguquguquka okuchongiweyo. Uphando oluye lwaphononongwa lubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezibandakanya umgangatho, ubungakanani, kunye neendlela ezixubileyo (umgangatho kunye nobungakanani).
Ukusetyenziswa kweeDatha zoPhando lwe-Intanethi
Oovimba beenkcukacha zophando kwi-intanethi abafumaneka kwithala leencwadi lezemfundo lombhali basetyenziswe kukhangelo ukufumana amanqaku anxulumeneyo, ajongwe ngabafundi kwijenali. Xa kukhangelwa uncwadi, kwasetyenziswa umlinganiselo othi “Abafundi (Aphononongwe Ngoontanga) IiJenali”. Ngenxa yeenkalo ezininzi kunye neenkalo ezahlukeneyo zongquzulwano lwenkolo kunye nokukhula koqoqosho, uninzi kunye noluhlu lwedatha ye-intanethi luye lwakhangelwa. Oovimba beenkcukacha be-intanethi ababekhangelwe babandakanyiwe, kodwa bengaphelelanga koku kulandelayo:
- UPhendlo Lwezemfundo Ultimate
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Inkcazo yeeGuquguquko
Impembelelo yezoqoqosho kwingxabano ye-ethno-religious ibiza iinkcazo zezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibhekiswe kolu hlaziyo lweencwadi zophando. Njengoko uGhadar (2006) echaza, "Inkcazo yongquzulwano ngokwayo iyatshintsha njengoko ukwenzeka kweengxabano eziqhelekileyo zamazwe ngamazwe ziqhubeka ziyancipha ngelixa iziganeko zemfazwe yamakhaya kunye nobunqolobi zinyuka" (iphe. 15). Amagama okukhangela achazwa ngokuguquguqukayo, kwaye ngoko ke inkcazo yamagama okukhangela ibalulekile kuphononongo loncwadi. Ekuphononongeni uncwadi, inkcazo eqhelekileyo "yengxabano ye-ethno-religious" kunye "nokukhula koqoqosho" ayinakufumaneka. ngomntu ngamnye kunye nelo gama, kodwa kwasetyenziswa amagama awahlukahlukeneyo anokuthetha intsingiselo efanayo. Amagama okukhangela aye asetyenziswa ngokuyintloko ekufumaneni uncwadi aquka "uhlanga", "ethno", "inkolo", "inkolo", "uqoqosho", "uqoqosho", kunye "nongquzulwano". Ezi zidityaniswe kwiimvume ezahlukeneyo kunye namanye amagama okukhangela njengemigaqo yokukhangela ye-Boolean kwiziko ledatha.
Ngokutsho kwe-Oxford English Dictionary Online, "ethno-" ichazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo ngohlelo "oluphelelweyo", "olwakudala", kunye "nolunqabileyo" lususwe ngeenjongo zolu phando: "Isetyenziswa kumagama anxulumene nofundo lwabantu okanye iinkcubeko. , iprefixed ku (a) ukudibanisa iimo (njenge-ethnography n., ethnology n., njl.), kunye (b) nezibizo (njenge-ethnobotany n., ethnopsychology n., njl.), okanye izithathisi zezi” ( Oxford English Dictionary ) , 2019e). “Uhlanga” luchazwa kwezi nkcazo, kwakhona lususa ulwahlulo olungasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi, “njengesibizo: ekuqaleni nangokuyintloko. Imbali yaMandulo yamaGrike. Igama elichaza ubuzwe okanye indawo yemvelaphi”; kwaye “ekuqaleni US Ilungu leqela okanye iqelana elithathwa njengelomnombo ofanayo ekugqibeleni, okanye linesithethe esifanayo sesizwe okanye senkcubeko; esp. ilungu lohlanga oluncinane.” Njengesichazi, “uhlanga” luchazwa “njengokokuqala Imbali yaMandulo yamaGrike. Ngegama: elithetha ubuzwe okanye indawo yemvelaphi”; kunye “Ekuqaleni: okanye ngokunxulumene nabantu malunga nenzala yabo (yenyani okanye ecingwayo). Ngoku ngokwesiqhelo: okanye ngokunxulumene nemvelaphi yesizwe okanye yenkcubeko okanye isithethe”; "Ukumisela okanye ukunxulumana nobudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abemi belizwe okanye ummandla, umzekelo. apho kukho ubutshaba okanye ungquzulwano; eyenzeka okanye ekhoyo phakathi kwamaqela anjalo, phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe”; “Oweqela labemi: elithathwa ngokuba linenzala enye, okanye isithethe esifanayo sesizwe okanye senkcubeko”; “Ukumisela okanye ukunxulumana nobugcisa, umculo, isinxibo, okanye ezinye iinkalo zenkcubeko yeqela elithile lesizwe okanye lenkcubeko okanye isithethe esithile (umz. imodeli okanye idibanise imiba yezi. Ngenxa yoko: (incoko) yasemzini, yasemzini”; Ukuyila okanye ukunxulumana neqela elingaphantsi labemi (kwiqela lesizwe okanye lenkcubeko eyongameleyo) ethathwa ngokuba nomnombo ofanayo okanye isithethe sesizwe okanye senkcubeko. EUnited States ngamanye amaxesha Umzekelo. ukutyumba amalungu amaqela ambalwa angengobantu abamnyama. Ngoku kuqwalaselwa rhoqo ekhubekisayo”; "Imvelaphi echongiweyo okanye isazisi sesizwe ngokuzalwa okanye ngomnombo kunokuba ngobuzwe bangoku" (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019d).
Uphando malunga nendlela ukuguquguquka, "inkolo", ebandakanyeka ngayo kwingxabano enobundlobongela iyathandabuzeka ngezizathu ezine (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Umba wokuqala ngowokuba kukho ubunzima ekukhetheni phakathi kweethiyori ezizama ukuchaza iimpixano ezinobundlobongela (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Kumba wesibini, ubunzima buvela kwimida eyahluka-hlukeneyo echaza ubundlobongela nongquzulwano (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Kuze kube yi-1990s, imfazwe kunye nengxabano yobundlobongela bamazwe ngamazwe yayiphambili kwindawo yobudlelwane bobudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokhuseleko kunye nezifundo ezicwangcisiweyo nangona iingxabano ze-intra-state zobundlobongela zanda kakhulu emva kwe-1960s (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Umba wesithathu unxulumene nokutshintsha kweziseko malunga nenkxalabo yehlabathi jikelele yobundlobongela ehlabathini kunye nemo eguqukayo yongquzulwano lwangoku lwezixhobo (Feliu & Grasa, 2013). Umba wokugqibela ubhekisa kwimfuno yokwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ze-causation ukusukela oko ungquzulwano lobundlobongela luqulathe iindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo nezinxibeleleneyo, luyatshintsha, kwaye luyimveliso yezinto ezininzi (Cederman & Gleditsch, 2009; Dixon, 2009; Duyvesteyn, 2000; Feliu & Grasa, 2013; Themnér & Wallensteen, 2012).
Ibinzana elithi “unqulo” lichazwa njengesichazi kula magama ngohlelo olungasetyenziswanga ngokubanzi: “Elomntu okanye iqela labantu: libotshwe zizibhambathiso zonqulo; ukwinkqubo yeemonki, umz. kwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika”; “Kwento ethile, indawo, njl.njl.: eyenye okanye enxulumene nocwangco; imonki”; “Ngokuyintloko yomntu: ozinikele elunqulweni; ebonisa iimpembelelo zomoya okanye ezisebenzayo zenkolo, elandela iimfuno zenkolo; abangcwele, abahlonel’ uThixo, abahlonel’ uThixo”; “Oku, ngokunxulumene, okanye ukuxhalabela inkolo” kunye “Nobuqhophololo, obuchanekileyo, obungqongqo, obunesazela. Xa kuchazwa “unqulo” njengesibizo, kuqukwa olu hlelo lulandelayo lokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi: “Abantu ababotshelelwe zizibhambathiso zoonongendi okanye abazinikele kubomi bonqulo, umz. kwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika” nelithi “Umntu obotshwe zizibhambathiso zonqulo okanye ozinikele kubomi bonqulo, umz. kwiCawa yamaRoma Katolika” ( Oxford English Dictionary, 2019g).
“Unqulo” luchazwa, kuhlelo olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi luqukiwe, “njengemeko yobomi ebotshelelwe zizibhambathiso zonqulo; imeko yokuba yinxalenye yonqulo; “Isenzo okanye ihambo ebonisa ukukholelwa, ukuthobela nokuhlonela uthixo, oothixo, okanye amandla afana nalawo angaphezu kwawomntu; ukwenziwa kwezithethe zonqulo” xa zidityaniswa “nokukholelwa okanye ukuvuma amandla okanye amandla athile angaphezu kwawomntu (umz. uthixo okanye oothixo) ngokuqhelekileyo abonakaliswa ngokuthobela, intlonelo nonqulo; inkolelo enjalo njengenxalenye yenkqubo echaza ikhowudi yokuphila, esp. njengendlela yokuphucula ngokomoya okanye ngokwezinto eziphathekayo”; kunye “Nenkqubo ethile yokholo nonqulo” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019f). Le nkcazelo yokugqibela isetyenziswe kolu phendlo loncwadi.
Amagama ophando, “uqoqosho” kunye “noqoqosho” asetyenziswe ekuphendleni oovimba beenkcukacha. Igama elithi, “uqoqosho”, ligcina iinkcazo ezilishumi elinanye (11) kwi-Oxford English Dictionary (2019c). Inkcazo efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa kolu hlalutyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: “Umbutho okanye imeko yoluntu okanye yesizwe ngokubhekiselele kwizinto zoqoqosho, esp. imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo kunye nonikezelo lwemali (ngoku rhoqo kunye le); (kwakhona) inkqubo ethile yezoqoqosho” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019). Ngokubhekiselele kwigama elithi, "uqoqosho", le nkcazo ilandelayo isetyenziswe kukhangelo lwamanqaku afanelekileyo: "E, enxulumene, okanye enxulumene nenzululwazi yezoqoqosho okanye noqoqosho ngokubanzi” kunye “nokunxulumene nophuhliso nolawulo lwemithombo yobutyebi yoluntu okanye karhulumente” (English Oxford Dictionary, 2019b).
Amagama athi, "utshintsho lwezoqoqosho", olubhekiselele kutshintsho oluncinci lobungakanani ngaphakathi kwezoqoqosho, kunye "notshintsho lwezoqoqosho", olubonisa utshintsho olukhulu lwalo naluphi na uhlobo / uhlobo kuqoqosho olwahluke ngokupheleleyo, lukwajongwe njengemigaqo yophando kuphando (iCottey, 2018, p. 215). Ngokusebenzisa le migaqo, iminikelo ibandakanyiwe engaqhelekanga kuqoqosho (Cottey, 2018).
Kuthathelwa ingqalelo kolu phando ngokusetyenziswa kwamagama okukhangela yayiziindleko zezoqoqosho ezithe ngqo nezingathanga ngqo zongquzulwano. Iindleko ezithe ngqo ziindleko ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza kwingxabano kwaye zibandakanya ukulimala kwabantu, ukunyamekelwa kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabantu abafudukayo, ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nomonakalo kwizinto eziphathekayo, kunye neendleko eziphezulu zomkhosi kunye nokhuseleko lwangaphakathi (Mutlu, 2011). Iindleko ezingathanga ngqo zibhekiselele kwiziphumo zongquzulwano ezifana nokulahlekelwa kwenkunzi yabantu ngenxa yokufa okanye ukwenzakala, ingeniso elahlekileyo ngenxa yotyalo-mali olushiyiweyo, ukuhamba ngenqwelo-moya, ukufuduka kwabasebenzi abanezakhono, kunye nelahleko yotyalo-mali olunokwenzeka lwangaphandle kunye neengeniso zabakhenkethi (Mutlu, 2011) ). Abantu ababandakanyekayo kwingxabano nabo banokulahlekelwa yilahleko ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye nokwenzakala kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemfundo (Mutlu, 2011). Oku kuqatshelwe kuphononongo lweHamber noGallagher (2014) olufumanise ukuba abafana baseMntla Ireland beza ngaphambili benemiba yempilo yengqondo neyengqondo, kwaye inani elixela ukuzenzakalisa, ukufumana iingcinga zokuzibulala, ukubandakanyeka ekuthatheni ingozi okanye ukuzama ukuzibulala. “yayiyothusa” (iphe. 52). Ngokwabathathi-nxaxheba, ezi ngxelo zokuziphatha zibangelwe “kukudakumba, uxinzelelo, ixhala, ukuba likhoboka, ukuzibona ungento yanto, ukuzithemba, ukungabikho kwamathemba obomi, ukuziva ungahoywanga, ukuphelelwa lithemba, ukuphelelwa lithemba kunye noloyiko lokuhlaselwa ngamajoni” (Hamber & Gallagher , 2014, iphe. 52).
“Ungquzulwano” luchazwa njenge "ukudibana neengalo; idabi, idabi”; “umzabalazo omde”; ukulwa, ukulwa, ukulwa, ukulwa”; “umzabalazo wengqondo okanye womoya ngaphakathi endodeni”; “ukungqubana okanye ukwahluka kwemigaqo echasiweyo, iingxelo, iingxoxo, njl.njl”; “inkcaso, kumntu omnye, yeminqweno engahambelaniyo okanye iimfuno zamandla alinganayo; kwanemeko edandathekisayo ngokweemvakalelo ebangelwa yinkcaso enjalo”; kunye “nokungqubana, ukungqubana, okanye impembelelo yobundlobongela emzimbeni” (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019a). "Imfazwe" kunye "nobunqolobi" nazo zisetyenziswe njengamagama okukhangela kunye namagama ophando akhankanywe ngasentla.
Uncwadi olungwevu aluzange lusetyenziswe kuphononongo loncwadi. Amanqaku apheleleyo kunye namanqaku angengawo apheleleyo, kodwa adibana neenkcazo zezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifanelekileyo, ahlaziywa. Imali-mboleko yamathala eencwadi isetyenziselwe uku-odola amanqaku ejenali yomfundi, ajongwe ntanga ebengengabhaliswanga ngokupheleleyo koovimba beenkcukacha be-intanethi.
eNigeria naseCameroon
I-Crisis in Africa, ngokutsho kukaMamdani, yimifanekiso yobunzima belizwe lasemva kobukoloniyali (2001). I-Colonialism yachitha umanyano phakathi kwama-Afrika yaza yabeka imida yobuhlanga kunye neyesizwe endaweni yawo (Olasupo, Ijeoma, & Oladeji, 2017). Iqela lobuhlanga elilawula urhulumente lilawula kakhulu, kwaye ngoko ke ilizwe lasemva kokuzimela lawa ngenxa yeengxabano phakathi kwezizwe kunye ne-intra-ethnic (Olasupo et al., 2017).
Inkolo yayiyimpawu ebalulekileyo kwiingxabano ezininzi eNigeria ukususela ekuzimeleni kwayo kwi-1960 (Onapajo, 2017). Ngaphambi kongquzulwano lweBoko Haram, izifundo zafumanisa ukuba iNigeria lelinye lamazwe aseAfrika anenani eliphezulu kakhulu leengxabano zonqulo (Onapajo, 2017). Amashishini amaninzi avalwa eNigeria ngenxa yesiphithiphithi sezenkolo kwaye uninzi lwaphangwa okanye lwatshatyalaliswa kunye nabanini babo babulawa okanye bagxothwa (Anwulorah, 2016). Ekubeni amashishini amaninzi ngamazwe ngamazwe kunye namazwe amaninzi ayefudukela kwezinye iindawo apho ukhuseleko lungeyona nto, abasebenzi baphelelwa ngumsebenzi kwaye iintsapho zachaphazeleka (Anwulorah, 2016). Foyou, Ngwafu, Santoyo, and Ortiz (2018) baxoxe ngempembelelo yezoqoqosho yobugrogrisi eNigeria naseCameroon. Ababhali bachaza indlela ukungena kweBoko Haram ngaphaya kwemida ukuya eMantla eCameroon “kube negalelo ekuthotyweni kwesiseko sezoqoqosho esibuthathaka esigcine imimandla emithathu esemantla eCameroon [ekuMntla, eMntla, eFar North, nase-Adamawa] kwaye isoyikisa ukhuseleko lwelizwe. abantu abangenakuzinceda kulo mmandla” (Foyou et al, 2018, p. 73). Emva kokuba i-Boko Horam insurgency iwele eNyakatho yeCameroon kunye namacandelo e-Chad naseNiger, iCameroon ekugqibeleni yancedisa iNigeria (Foyou et al., 2018). Ubunqolobi beBoko Haram eNigeria, obukhokelela ekufeni kwamawaka abantu kuquka amaSilamsi kunye namaKristu, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwepropathi, iziseko zophuhliso kunye neeprojekthi zophuhliso, usongela "ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kubangela intlekele yoluntu, ukwenzakala kwengqondo, ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yesikolo, ukungasebenzi. , kunye nokwanda kobuhlwempu, okubangelwa uqoqosho olubuthathaka "(Ugorji, 2017, p. 165).
I-Iran, i-Iraq, iTurkey kunye neSiriya
Imfazwe yaseIran neIraq yaqala ngowe-1980 ukusa kowe-1988 ngeendleko ezipheleleyo zezoqoqosho kuwo omabini la mazwe eziibhiliyoni zeedola ezisisi-1.097, ifundeka njengeebhiliyoni ezisisi-1 nama-97 eebhiliyoni zeerandi (Mofrid, 1990). Ngokuhlasela i-Iran, “u-Saddam Hussein wafuna ukulungisa amanqaku nommelwane wakhe ngenxa yokungalingani okubonwayo kweSivumelwano sase-Algiers, awayethethathethane ngaso no-Shah wase-Iran ngo-1975, kunye nenkxaso ka-Ayatollah Khomeini kumaqela aphikisayo amaSilamsi achasene norhulumente wase-Iraq” (Parasiliti, 2003, p. 152).
I-Islamic State e-Iraq naseSiriya (ISIS) inikwe amandla ngongquzulwano kunye nokungazinzi kwaye yaba yinto ezimeleyo (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). I-ISIS yathatha ulawulo lwemimandla engaphaya kweSiriya, iqhubela phambili e-Iraq naseLebhanon, kunye neengxabano ezinobundlobongela, abantu ababulawa ngabantu (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Kwakukho iingxelo "zokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokudlwengulwa kwamaShi'is, amaKristu, kunye nezinye iintlanga kunye neenkolo ezincinci" yi-ISIS (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015. p. 1). Kwaphinda kwabonwa ukuba i-ISIS ine-ajenda ehamba ngaphaya kwe-ajenda ye-separatist, kwaye oku kwahlukile kunamanye amaqela amaphekula kwindawo yase-Iran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Izinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo ukongeza kumanyathelo okhuseleko zichaphazela ukukhula kweedolophu zedolophu, kwaye ezi ziquka uhlobo lwemilinganiselo yokhuseleko, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye nabemi, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kwesongelo (Falah, 2017).
Emva kwe-Iran, i-Iraq inelona nani likhulu lehlabathi lamaShi'i elibandakanya kufutshane ne-60-75% yama-Iraqis, kwaye ibalulekile kwisicwangciso senkolo sase-Iran (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Umthamo wezorhwebo phakathi kwe-Iraq kunye ne-Iran yayiyi-13 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015). Ukukhula korhwebo phakathi kwe-Iran kunye ne-Iraq beza ngokuqiniswa kobudlelwane phakathi kweenkokeli zamazwe amabini, amaKurds, kunye neentsapho ezincinci zamaShi'i (Esfandiary & Tabatabai, 2015).
Uninzi lwamaKurds luhlala kwindawo equlethwe eIraq, eIran, eTurkey, naseSyria ebizwa ngokuba yiKurdistan (Brathwaite, 2014). I-Ottoman, iBritane, iSoviet, kunye namagunya obukhosi aseFransi alawula le ndawo de kube sekupheleni kweWWII (Brathwaite, 2014). I-Iraq, i-Iran, iTurkey kunye ne-Syria yazama ukucinezela abancinci baseKurdish ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo eyaphumela kwiimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ezivela kumaKurds (Brathwaite, 2014). Abemi baseKurdish baseSiriya abazange bavukele ukusuka kwi-1961 kwaze kwaba yilapho i-PKK ivukela kwi-1984 kwaye akukho ngxabano esasazeka ukusuka e-Iraq ukuya eSiriya (Brathwaite, 2014). AmaKurds aseSyria ajoyina i-co-ethnics yabo kungquzulwano lwabo oluchasene ne-Iraq kunye neTurkey endaweni yokuqalisa impixano ngokuchasene neSyria (Brathwaite, 2014).
Ummandla we-Iraqi Kurdistan (KRI) uye wafumana utshintsho oluninzi lwezoqoqosho kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kubandakanywa nenani elikhulayo lababuyileyo ukususela ngo-2013, unyaka obone ukukhula koqoqosho e-Iraqi Kurdistan (Savasta, 2019). Echaphazela iipateni zokufuduka eKurdistan ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ukufuduka ngexesha lephulo le-Anfal ngo-1988, ukufuduka okubuyayo phakathi ko-1991 no-2003, kunye nokufudukela ezidolophini emva kokuwa kolawulo lwase-Iraq ngo-2003 (Eklund, Persson, & Pilesjö, 2016). Izityalo ezininzi zasebusika zahlelwa njengezisebenzayo ngexesha lokwakhiwa ngokutsha xa kuthelekiswa nexesha le-post-Anfal ebonisa ukuba umhlaba othile ulahliwe emva kokuba iphulo le-Anfal libuyiselwe ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona (Eklund et al., 2016). Ukunyuka kwezolimo akukwazanga ukwenzeka emva kwezigwebo zokurhweba ngeli xesha elinokuthi lichaze ukwandiswa kwezityalo zasebusika (Eklund et al., 2016). Eminye imimandla ebikade ingalinywanga yaba yimimandla yezityalo zasebusika kwaye kukho ukonyuka kwezityalo zasebusika ezirekhodiweyo kwiminyaka elishumi emva kokuba ixesha lokwakha liphelile kwaye ulawulo lwase-Iraq lwawa (Eklund et al., 2016). Ngongquzulwano phakathi kwe-Islamic State (IS) kunye noorhulumente baseKurdish kunye no-Iraqi, ukuphazamiseka ngexesha le-2014 kubonisa ukuba le ndawo iyaqhubeka nokuchaphazeleka kwiingxabano (Eklund et al., 2016).
Ingxabano yamaKurdish eTurkey ineengcambu zembali kwi-Ottoman Empire (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Iinkokeli zobuhlanga kunye nezenkolo kufuneka zifakwe ekuqondeni le ngxabano yaseKurdish (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2017). Iimbono zamaKurds kwingxabano eTurkey kunye nokuqonda kwabantu baseTurkey ngokobuhlanga kunye neentlanga ezongezelelweyo eTurkey kubalulekile ukuqonda ukungqubuzana kolu luntu (Uluğ & Cohrs, 2016). I-Kurdish insurgency kunyulo olukhuphisanayo lwaseTurkey lubonakaliswe kwi-1950 (Tezcur, 2015). Ukwanda kwentshukumo ye-Kurdish enobundlobongela kunye nengenalo ubundlobongela eTurkey ifumaneka emva kwexesha le-1980 xa i-PKK (i-Partiya Karkereˆn Kurdistan), iqela labavukeli baseKurdish, laqala imfazwe ye-guerilla kwi-1984 (Tezcur, 2015). Umlo waqhubeka ubangela ukufa emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu emva kokuqaliswa kwe-insurgency (Tezcur, 2015).
Ingxabano yamaKurdish eTurkey ibonwa "njengetyala elimele iimfazwe zamakhaya ze-ethno-nationalist" ngokuchaza ikhonkco phakathi kweemfazwe zamakhaya ze-ethno-nationalist kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendalo njengoko iimfazwe zamakhaya zinokuthi zibe zodwa kwaye zivumele urhulumente ukuba aphumeze isicwangciso sakhe sokutshabalalisa. insurgency (Gurses, 2012, p.268). Iindleko eziqikelelwayo zezoqoqosho ezenziwa yiTurkey kwingxabano kunye ne-Kurdish separatists ukususela kwi-1984 kwaye kude kube sekupheleni kwe-2005 iphelele kwi-88.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiindleko ezithe ngqo kunye nezingathanga ngqo (Mutlu, 2011). Iindleko ezithe ngqo zibangelwe ngoko nangoko kungquzulwano lo gama iindleko ezingathanga ngqo ziziziphumo ezifana nelahleko yenkunzi yomntu ngenxa yokufa okanye ukwenzakala kwabantu, imfuduko, inqwelo-moya enkulu notyalo-mali olulahliweyo (Mutlu, 2011).
Sirayeli
I-Israel namhlanje lilizwe elahlulwe ngenkolo kunye nemfundo (Cochran, 2017). Kubekho ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamaYuda nama-Arabhu kwaSirayeli ukusukela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kunye nokuqhubeka ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye (Schein, 2017). IBritane yoyisa umhlaba kuma-Ottomans kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala kwaye lo mmandla waba liziko lokubonelela ngemikhosi yaseBritane kwiWWII (Schein, 2017). Ukomelezwa phantsi komyalelo waseBrithani kunye norhulumente wase-Israel, u-Israel unikezele ngezibonelelo ezihlukeneyo kodwa ezingalinganiyo kunye nokufikelela okulinganiselwe kurhulumente kunye nemfundo yezenkolo ukusuka kwi-1920 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (Cochran, 2017).
Uphononongo olwenziwa nguSchein (2017) lufumanise ukuba akukho nenye isiphumo esipheleleyo seemfazwe kuqoqosho lwakwaSirayeli. I-WWI, i-WWII, kunye neMfazwe yeentsuku ezintandathu yayiluncedo kuqoqosho lwakwaSirayeli, kodwa "'imvukelo yama-Arabhu' ka-1936-1939, imfazwe yamakhaya ngo-1947-1948, imfazwe yokuqala yama-Arabhu namaSirayeli kubahlali base-Arab baseMandatory. IPalestina, kunye nee-intifada ezimbini zineziphumo ezibi kwezoqoqosho "(Schein, 2017, p. 662). Imiphumo yezoqoqosho yemfazwe kwi-1956 kunye neyokuqala kunye neyesibini imfazwe yaseLebhanon "yayilinganiselwe okanye intle okanye imbi" (Schein, 2017, p. 662). Ekubeni ukungafani kwexesha elide kwimeko yezoqoqosho ukusuka kwiMfazwe yokuqala yase-Arab-Israel kubahlali abangamaYuda basePalestine eMandatory kunye neYom Kippur War kunye nokwahlukana kwexesha elifutshane kwimo yezoqoqosho ukusuka kwiMfazwe ye-Atrition ayikwazi ukumiselwa, imiphumo yezoqoqosho. ayikwazi ukusonjululwa (Schein, 2017).
I-Schein (2017) ixoxa ngeengcamango ezimbini ekubaleni iziphumo zezoqoqosho zemfazwe: (1) eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kolu balo lutshintsho kwimeko yezoqoqosho ukusuka emfazweni kwaye (2) ukuba iimfazwe zangaphakathi okanye zangaphakathi zikhokelela kumonakalo ongaphezulu kwezoqoqosho. ukukhula xa kuthelekiswa nelahleko kwimali ebonakalayo evela kwiimfazwe ukusukela oko uqoqosho luyekile ngexesha leemfazwe zangaphakathi okanye zamakhaya. I-WWI ngumzekelo wenguqu kwimeko yezoqoqosho ukusuka kwimfazwe (Schein, 2017). Nangona iWWI yatshabalalisa inkunzi yezolimo kwaSirayeli, utshintsho kwimeko yezoqoqosho ngenxa yeWWI lwavelisa ukukhula koqoqosho emva kwemfazwe, ngoko ke iWWI yaba nefuthe elihle ekukhuleni koqoqosho kwaSirayeli (Schein, 2017). Umbono wesibini kukuba iimfazwe zangaphakathi okanye zamakhaya, ezibonakaliswe yi-intifadas ezimbini kunye 'ne-Arab Revolt', apho ilahleko ebangelwa kuqoqosho olungasebenziyo ixesha elide, yabangela ingozi enkulu ekukhuleni koqoqosho kunelahleko kwi-capital ebonakalayo evela kwiimfazwe. Schein, ngo-2017).
Iingcamango malunga nemiphumo yezoqoqosho yexesha elide kunye nexesha elifutshane lemfazwe inokusetyenziswa kwisifundo esiqhutywe ngu-Ellenberg et al. (2017) malunga nemithombo emikhulu yeendleko zemfazwe njengenkcitho yesibhedlele, iinkonzo zempilo yengqondo ukunciphisa ukusabela koxinzelelo olunzima, kunye nokulandelwa kwe-ambulatory. Uphononongo lwaluyinyanga ye-18 yokulandelwa kwabemi base-Israel emva kwemfazwe ye-2014 e-Gaza ngelo xesha abaphandi bahlalutya iindleko zonyango ezinxulumene nokuhlaselwa kwe-rocket kwaye bavavanya i-demographics yamaxhoba afake amabango okukhubazeka. Uninzi lweendleko ngexesha lonyaka wokuqala lunxulumene nokulaliswa esibhedlele kunye noncedo lokunciphisa uxinzelelo (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Iindleko ze-Ambulatory kunye nokuvuselela zanda ngonyaka wesibini (Ellenberg et al., 2017). Iimpembelelo ezinjalo zemali kwimeko yezoqoqosho azizange zenzeke kuphela kunyaka wokuqala kodwa zaqhubeka zikhula ngexesha elide.
Afghanistani
Ukusuka kubhukuqo lomkhosi we-People's Democratic Party yase-Afghanistan ngo-1978 kunye nohlaselo lweSoviet ngo-1979, abantu base-Afghan bafumene iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yobundlobongela, imfazwe yamakhaya, ingcinezelo, kunye nokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga (Callen, Isaqzadeh, Long, & Sprenger, 2014). Ingxabano yangaphakathi iyaqhubeka nokuchaphazela kakubi uphuhliso loqoqosho lwase-Afghanistan oluye lwanciphisa utyalo-mali lwabucala olubalulekileyo (Huelin, 2017). Izinto ezahlukeneyo zenkolo nezobuhlanga zikhona e-Afghanistan kunye nezizwe ezilishumi elinesithathu ezibambe iinkolelo ezahlukeneyo ezikhuphisanayo kulawulo lwezoqoqosho (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014).
Ukuchaphazela imeko yezoqoqosho e-Afghanistan yi-feudalism njengoko iphikisana nenkqubela yezoqoqosho yase-Afghan (Dixon, Kerr, & Mangahas, 2014). I-Afghanistan isebenza njengomthombo we-87% ye-opium engekho mthethweni yehlabathi kunye ne-heroin ukususela ekukhanyeni i-Taliban kwi-2001 (Dixon et al., 2014). Ngokumalunga ne-80% yabemi base-Afghan ababandakanyekayo kwezolimo, iAfghanistan ithathwa njengoqoqosho lwezolimo (Dixon et al., 2014). I-Afghanistan ineemarike ezimbalwa, kunye ne-opium yeyona inkulu (Dixon et al., 2014).
E-Afghanistan, ilizwe elineemfazwe ezinemithombo yendalo enokuthi incede i-Afghanistan ibe yinto engaphantsi kwenkxaso-mali, abatyali-mali kunye noluntu lujongene nemigaqo-nkqubo engavumelani neengxabano ezivela kurhulumente kunye nabatyalo-mali (del Castillo, 2014). Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle (i-FDI) kwizimbiwa kunye namasimi ezolimo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yokuxhasa olu tyalo-mali, ibangele iingxabano kunye noluntu olufudusiweyo (del Castillo, 2014).
Kuqikelelwa kwiindleko zeprojekthi yeMfazwe kwi-Watson Institute for Studies International ukuba i-US echithayo ukusuka kwi-2001 ukuya kwi-2011 ngokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq, i-Afghanistan, ne-Pakistan iphelele kwi-3.2 ye-$ 4 yezigidigidi eziphindwe kathathu uqikelelo olusemthethweni (Masco, 2013). Ezi ndleko zazibandakanya iimfazwe zangempela, iindleko zonyango kumagqala, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusemthethweni lokukhusela, iiprojekthi zoncedo zeSebe likaRhulumente, kunye noKhuseleko lwaseKhaya (Masco, 2013). Ababhali babhala ukuba kufutshane ne-10,000 yabasebenzi basemkhosini base-US kunye neekontraki baye babulawa kwaye i-675,000 yamabango okukhubazeka angeniswe kwiMicimbi ye-Veteran ngoSeptemba 2011 (Masco, 2013). Iingxwelerha zabemi eIraq, Afghanistan, kunye nePakistan ziqikelelwa ubuncinci kwi-137,000, kunye neembacu ezingaphezulu kwe-3.2 yezigidi ezivela e-Iraq ngoku zifudukele kuwo wonke lo mmandla (Masco, 2013). Iprojekthi yeeNdleko zeeMfazwe nayo yafunda ezinye iindleko ezininzi ezibandakanya iindleko zokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko zamathuba (Masco, 2013).
Ingxoxo kunye nesiphelo
Ingxabano ye-Ethno-religious ibonakala ichaphazela amazwe, abantu ngabanye kunye namaqela ngeendlela ezithe ngqo kunye nezingathanga ngqo zezoqoqosho. Ezo ndleko zinokulandelwa kwiindleko ezithe ngqo, njengoko zibonwa kumanqaku ahlaziywe kolu phononongo, kunye nangokungathanga ngqo, njengoko kuboniswe luphononongo olujolise kumaphondo amathathu asezantsi eThailand - iPattani, Yala, kunye neNarathiwat (Ford, Jampaklay, & Chamratrithirong, 2018). Kolu phononongo olubandakanya i-2,053 yamaSilamsi aselula aneminyaka eyi-18-24 ubudala, abathathi-nxaxheba baxela amanqanaba aphantsi eempawu zengqondo nangona ipesenti encinci ichaze "inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba libe nenkxalabo" (Ford et al., 2018, p. . 1). Iimpawu ezingakumbi zengqondo kunye namanqanaba aphantsi olonwabo afunyenwe kubathathi-nxaxheba ababenqwenela ukufudukela kwenye indawo (Ford et al., 2018). Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bachaza iinkxalabo malunga nobundlobongela kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla kwaye baxela imiqobo emininzi ekulandeleni imfundo, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, iindleko zezoqoqosho zemfundo, kunye nosongelo lobundlobongela (Ford, et al., 2018). Ngokukodwa, abathathi-nxaxheba abangamadoda bavakalise inkxalabo malunga nokurhanelwa kokubandakanyeka kwabo kubundlobongela kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi (Ford et al., 2018). Isicwangciso sokufuduka okanye ukuhlala ePattani, Yala naseNarathiwat sasinxulumene nomsebenzi othintelweyo kunye nosongelo lobundlobongela (Ford et al., 2018). Kwafunyaniswa ukuba nangona uninzi lwabaselula beqhubela phambili nobomi babo kwaye abaninzi babonisa ukuhlala kubundlobongela, ukudakumba kwezoqoqosho okubangelwa bubundlobongela kunye nosongelo lobundlobongela bahlala bechaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla (Ford et al., 2018). Iindleko ezingangqalanga kwezoqoqosho zazingenakubalwa ngokulula kuncwadi.
Eminye imimandla emininzi yempembelelo yezoqoqosho yengxabano ye-ethno-inkolo ifuna uphando olongezelelweyo, kubandakanywa uphando olujolise ekubaleni ulungelelwaniso malunga neengxabano ze-ethno-zenkolo kunye nemiphumo kuqoqosho, amazwe awongezelelweyo kunye nemimandla ethile, kunye nobude bengxabano kunye nefuthe layo. ngokwezoqoqosho. Njengoko uCollier (1999) ebalisa, “Uxolo lukwabuyisela umva iinguqu eziqulethwe yimfazwe yamakhaya ende. Intsingiselo yeyokuba emva kokuphela kweemfazwe ezinde izinto ezisesichengeni semfazwe zifumana ukukhula okukhawulezayo kakhulu: ulwahlulo loxolo oluphangaleleyo lwandiswa lutshintsho oluqulethweyo” (iphe. 182). Ngemizamo yokwakha uxolo, uphando oluqhubekayo kule ndawo lubaluleke kakhulu.
Izindululo zoPhando oluPhambili: IiNdlela zeNtsebenziswano kuLwakhiwo loXolo
Ukongeza, ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo luyacelwa kwiinzame zokudala uxolo njengoko bekuxoxiwe ngaphambili malunga nengxabano ye-ethno-inkolo, yeyiphi indlela, iinkqubo, kunye neendlela zethiyori ezincedisa kolo phando? Ukubaluleka kwentsebenziswano yamacandelo ahlukeneyo akunakungahoywa kulwakhiwo loxolo njengoko kubandakanywa, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, umsebenzi wentlalontle, intlalontle, uqoqosho, ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, izifundo zenkolo, izifundo zesini, imbali, i-anthropology, izifundo zonxibelelwano kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko. inkqubo yokwakha uxolo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela, ngakumbi iindlela zethiyori.
Ukubonisa isakhono sokufundisa ukusonjululwa kwengxabano kunye nokwakha uxolo ukuze kwakhiwe ubulungisa bobuhlanga, ezentlalo, okusingqongileyo, kunye noqoqosho luyimfuneko kwikharityhulam yemfundo yentlalontle yesidanga sokuqala kunye nesidanga. Amacandelo amaninzi abandakanyeka ekufundiseni ukusonjululwa kongquzulwano, kwaye intsebenziswano yaloo migaqo inokomeleza inkqubo yokwakha uxolo. Uphando lohlalutyo lomxholo aluzange lufumaneke ngokukhangelwa ngokucokisekileyo kuncwadi oluphononongwe ngoontanga olujongana nokufundisa ukusonjululwa kwempixano ngokwembono yeengcali, kubandakanywa ulwahlulo, ulwahlulo phakathi kweendlela zokuziphatha, iimbono ezinegalelo kubunzulu, ububanzi, kunye nobutyebi bokusombulula impixano kunye iindlela zokwakha uxolo.
Eyamkelwa ngumsebenzi womsebenzi wentlalontle, imbono ye-ecosystems ephuhliswe kwiithiyori zeenkqubo kwaye ibonelele ngesakhelo sengqiqo yokukhula kwendlela eqhelekileyo kwimisebenzi yentlalontle (i-Suppes & Wells, i-2018). Indlela ye-generalist igxile kumanqanaba amaninzi, okanye iinkqubo, zokungenelela, kubandakanywa umntu ngamnye, intsapho, iqela, intlangano kunye noluntu. Kwindawo yokwakha uxolo kunye nokusombulula iingxabano, ilizwe, ilizwe, kunye nehlabathi jikelele zongezwa njengamanqanaba okungenelela nangona la manqanaba ahlala esebenza njengombutho kunye namanqanaba oluntu. Kwi Umzobo 1 ngezantsi, ilizwe, ilizwe, kunye nehlabathi jikelele zisebenza njengamanqanaba ahlukeneyo (iinkqubo) zongenelelo. Le ngcamango ivumela amacandelo ahlukeneyo ngolwazi kunye nezakhono ekwakheni uxolo kunye nokusombulula iingxabano ukuba zingenelele ngokubambisana kumanqanaba athile, okubangela ukuba uqeqesho ngalunye lubonelele amandla abo kwiinkqubo zokwakha uxolo kunye nokusombulula iingxabano. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi Umzobo 1, indlela yokwahlukana kweendidi ayivumeli kuphela, kodwa ikhuthaza, zonke iziqendu ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kulwakhiwo loxolo kunye nenkqubo yokusonjululwa kweengxabano ngokukodwa ekusebenzeni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo njengakwingxabano ye-ethno-religious.
Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo lwezisombululo zongquzulwano lwezemfundo kunye neenkcazo zekhosi yokwakha uxolo kunye neendlela zokufundisa kumsebenzi wentlalontle kunye nezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ziyacetyiswa njengoko iindlela ezilungileyo zokwakha uxolo zinokuchazwa nzulu kwaye zivavanyelwe imisebenzi yokwakha uxolo. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifundiweyo zibandakanya igalelo kunye nokugxilwa kweendlela zokufundisa izifundo zokusombulula impixano kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabafundi ekusombululeni impixano yehlabathi. Ukuziphatha komsebenzi wentlalontle, umzekelo, kugxininise kwintlalontle, ubuhlanga, uqoqosho, kunye nobulungisa bokusingqongileyo ekusonjululweni kweengxabano njengoko kuchazwe kwiBhunga kwi-Social Work Education 2022 yoMgaqo-nkqubo weMfundo kunye neMigangatho yokuVunywa kweBaccalaureate kunye neeNkqubo zeMasters (iphe. 9, iBhunga leNtlalo yeNtlalo Imfundo yoMsebenzi, 2022):
Ubuchule 2: Ukuqhubela phambili ngamaLungelo oLuntu kunye noBulungisa beNtlalo, ubuhlanga, uQoqosho kunye nokusiNgqongileyo
Abasebenzi bezentlalontle bayaqonda ukuba wonke umntu kungakhathaliseki isikhundla kuluntu unamalungelo oluntu asisiseko. Abasebenzi bezeNtlalontle banolwazi malunga ne-intersecting yehlabathi kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni okuqhubekayo kwimbali ephumela kwingcinezelo kunye nobuhlanga, kuquka indima yomsebenzi wentlalo kunye nokuphendula. Abasebenzi bezeNtlalontle bavavanya ngokugqithiseleyo ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunye nelungelo kuluntu ukwenzela ukukhuthaza ubulungisa bezentlalo, ubuhlanga, uqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo ngokunciphisa ukungalingani kunye nokuqinisekisa isithunzi kunye nentlonipho kubo bonke. Abasebenzi bezentlalo bakhuthaza kwaye babandakanyeke kwizicwangciso zokuphelisa imiqobo yezakhiwo ezicinezelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba izibonelelo zentlalo, amalungelo kunye noxanduva zisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwaye amalungelo oluntu, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezentlalo kunye nezenkcubeko akhuselwe.
Oonontlalontle:
a) ukuthethelela amalungelo oluntu kumntu, kusapho, kwiqela, kumbutho, nakwinqanaba lenkqubo yoluntu; kwaye
b) abandakanyeke kwizenzo eziphuhlisa amalungelo oluntu ukukhuthaza ubulungisa kwezentlalo, ubuhlanga, uqoqosho, nokusingqongileyo.
Uhlalutyo lomxholo, olwenziwa ngesampulu engacwangciswanga yezifundo zokusombulula ungquzulwano ngeenkqubo zeyunivesithi kunye nekholeji e-United States nakwihlabathi jikelele, lufumanise ukuba nangona iikhosi zifundisa iikhonsepthi zokusombulula iingxabano, iikhosi zihlala zinganikwa ezi zihloko kuqeqesho lomsebenzi wentlalontle nakwintlalontle. ezinye izifundo. Uphando luphinde lwafumanisa umahluko omkhulu kwinani lamacandelo abandakanyekayo ekusonjululweni kongquzulwano, ugqaliselo lwaloo macandelo ekusonjululweni kwempixano, indawo yezifundo zokusombulula impixano kunye neenkqubo ngaphakathi kweyunivesiti okanye kwikholeji, kunye nenani kunye neentlobo zezifundo zokusombulula impixano kunye nogxininiso. Uphando olubekwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezinamandla, kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweengcali kunye nezenzo zokusombulula impixano ngamathuba ophando olongezelelweyo kunye neengxoxo zombini eUnited States nakwihlabathi jikelele (Conrad, Reyes, & Stewart, 2022; Dyson, del Mar Fariña, Gurrola, & Cross-Denny, 2020; Friedman, 2019; Hatiboğlu, Özateş Gelmez, & Öngen, 2019; Onken, Franks, Lewis, & Han, 2021).
Umsebenzi wentlalontle njengokwakha uxolo kunye nabasebenzi bokusombulula iingxabano baya kusebenzisa i-ecosystem theory kwiinkqubo zabo. Ngokomzekelo, amaqhinga ahlukeneyo abavukeli asetyenzisiweyo angekho ubundlobongela kwindalo (Ryckman, 2020; Cunningham, Dahl, & Frugé 2017) ziye zaphandwa (Cunningham & Doyle, 2021). Abasebenzi bokwakha uxolo kunye nabaphengululi baye banikela ingqalelo kulawulo lwemvukelo (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). UCunningham noLoyle (2021) bafumene ukuba uphando malunga namaqela avukelayo lujolise ekuziphatheni kunye nemisebenzi eboniswe ngabavukeli abangekho kwicandelo lokwenza imfazwe, kubandakanywa nokwakha amaziko asekuhlaleni kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo zentlalo (Mampilly, 2011; Arjona, 2016a; Arjona , Kasfir, & Mampilly, 2015). Ukongeza kulwazi olufunyenwe kwezi zifundo, uphando lujolise ekuhloleni iindlela ezibandakanya ezi ziphathamandla zolawulo kwizizwe ezininzi (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021; Huang, 2016; Heger & Jung, 2017; Stewart, 2018). Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zolawulo lwabavukeli zihlala zihlola imiba yolawulo ikakhulu njengenxalenye yeenkqubo zokusombulula iingxabano okanye zinokujolisa kuphela kumaqhinga obundlobongela (Cunningham & Loyle, 2021). Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ye-ikhosistim kuya kuba luncedo ekusebenziseni ulwazi nezakhono kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwakhiwo loxolo kunye neenkqubo zokusombulula impixano.
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