Inkolo kunye neNgxwabangxwaba kwihlabathi liphela: Ngaba Likhona Isicombululo?

Inkolo kunye neNgxwabangxwaba kwihlabathi liphela: Ngaba Likhona Isicombululo? kwi-ICERM Radio isasazwe ngoLwesine, nge-15 Septemba, 2016 @ 2 PM Eastern Time (eNew York).

I-ICERM Lecture Series

Umxholo: "Inkolo kunye neNgxwabangxwaba kwihlabathi liphela: Ngaba Likhona Isicombululo?"

Undwendwe loMhlohli: UPeter Ochs, Ph.D., u-Edgar Bronfman uNjingalwazi we-Modern Judaic Studies kwiYunivesithi yaseVirginia; kunye noMseki we-(Abrahamic) Society for Scriptural Reasoning kunye neGlobal Covenant of Religions (i-NGO ezinikele ekubandakanyeni urhulumente, inkolo, kunye nemibutho yoluntu kwiindlela ezibanzi zokunciphisa iingxabano ezinobundlobongela ezinxulumene nenkolo).

Isiqendu:

Imixholo yeendaba yakutshanje ibonakala inika abantu abangakholelwayo kwizinto zehlabathi inkalipho yokuba bathi “Sinixelele!” Ngaba unqulo ngokwalo luyingozi ngokwenene eluntwini? Okanye ngaba kuthathe ama-diplomats asentshona ixesha elide ukuba aqonde ukuba amaqela enkolo ayenzi njengamanye amaqela entlalo: ukuba kukho izibonelelo zonqulo zoxolo kunye neengxabano, ukuba kuthatha ulwazi olukhethekileyo ukuqonda iinkolo, kunye nomanyano olutsha lukarhulumente kunye iinkokeli zonqulo kunye nemibutho yoluntu ziyafuneka ukuba zibandakanye amaqela enkolo ngamaxesha oxolo kunye neengxabano. Le Ntetho yazisa umsebenzi "weGlobal Covenant of Religions, Inc.," i-NGO entsha ezinikele ekuzobeni izibonelelo zonqulo kunye norhulumente kunye noluntu loluntu ukunciphisa ubundlobongela obunxulumene nenkolo….

Ulwandlalo lweNtetho

intshayelelo: Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba unqulo lunegalelo elikhulu kungquzulwano lwezixhobo ehlabathini lonke. Ndiza kuthetha nawe ngokuphandle. Ndiza kubuza oko kubonakala ngathi yimibuzo emi-2 engenakwenzeka? Kwaye ndiza kubanga ukuba ndiyabaphendula: (a) Ngaba unqulo ngokwalo luyingozi ngokwenene eluntwini? NDIZA kuphendula Ewe kunjalo. (b) Kodwa ngaba sikho isicombululo kugonyamelo olubangelwa lunqulo? NDIZA kuphendula Ewe likhona. Ngaphaya koko, ndiza kuba ne-chutzpah eyaneleyo yokucinga ukuba ndingakuxelela ukuba yintoni isisombululo.

Intetho yam iququzelelwe ibe ngamabango ama-6 amakhulu.

Ibango #1:  Unqulo belusoloko LUYINGOZI kuba unqulo ngalunye ngokwesithethe lunendlela yokunika umntu ngamnye ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kweyona milinganiselo inzulu yebutho elithile. Xa ndithetha oku, ndisebenzisa igama elithi "iinqobo" ukubhekisa kwindlela yokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwimithetho yokuziphatha kunye nesazisi kunye nobudlelwane obubambe uluntu kunye - kwaye ke ngoko kubophelela amalungu oluntu omnye komnye..

Ibango #2: Ibango lam lesibini lelokuba INKONZO IYINGOZI KAKHULU NGOKU, NAMHLANJE

Zininzi izizathu zokuba kutheni, kodwa ndikholelwa ukuba esona sizathu sinamandla nesona sinzulu kukuba impucuko yaseNtshona yanamhlanje kangangeenkulungwane izama kangangoko ukubhangisa amandla eenkolo kubomi bethu.

Kodwa kutheni imigudu yanamhlanje yokulwenza buthathaka unqulo inokwenza unqulo lube yingozi ngakumbi? Okuchaseneyo kufanele kube njalo! Nantsi impendulo yam ye-5:

• Unqulo aluzange luphele.
• Kubekho ukuthotywa kwamandla engqondo kunye namandla enkcubeko kude neenkolo ezinkulu zaseNtshona, kwaye ke ngoko kude nokongiwa ngononophelo kwemithombo enzulu yexabiso esele ihleli apho ihlala ingajongwanga kwiziseko zempucuko yaseNtshona.
• Oko kubhangiswa akuzange kwenzeke eNtshona kuphela kodwa kwanakumazwe eHlabathi Lesithathu awayelawulwa ngamagunya aseNtshona kangangeminyaka engama-300.
• Emva kweminyaka engama-300 yobukoloniyali, inkolo ihleli yomelele kwinkanuko yabalandeli bayo eMpuma naseNtshona, kodwa inkolo nayo ihleli iphantsi kophuhliso kwiinkulungwane zokuphazamiseka kwemfundo, ukucokiswa kunye nenkathalo.  
• Isigqibo sam sesokuba, xa imfundo yezenkolo kunye nokufunda nokufundisa kungaphuhliswanga kwaye kungacolwanga, ngoko izithethe zoluntu ezikhuliswa ngokwemveli ziinkolo ziye ziphuhliswe kwaye azicocwa kwaye amalungu eenkolo aziphethe kakubi xa ejongene nemingeni emitsha kunye notshintsho.

Ibango #3: Ibango lam lesithathu liphathelele isizathu sokuba amagunya amakhulu ehlabathi esilele ukucombulula iimfazwe ezinxulumene nonqulo nongquzulwano olunogonyamelo. Nanga amasuntswana amathathu obungqina malunga noku kusilela.

• Ibutho lemicimbi yangaphandle yaseNtshona, kuquka iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kutshanje liye laphawula ukwanda kwehlabathi kungquzulwano olunogonyamelo oluphathelele unqulo.
• Uhlalutyo olunikezwa nguJerry White, owayesakuba nguSekela-Sekela Nobhala kaRhulumente owayejongene ne-Bureau entsha yeSebe likaRhulumente elijolise ekunciphiseni ungquzulwano, ngokukodwa xa libandakanya iinkolo:... ngoku yenza umsebenzi omhle entsimini, unyamekela amaxhoba ongquzulwano olunxulumene nonqulo yaye, kwezinye iimeko, uthethathethwano ngokunciphisa amanqanaba ogonyamelo olunxulumene nonqulo. Wongeza, nangona kunjalo, ukuba la maziko akhange abe nampumelelo iyonke ekupheliseni naliphi na ityala elinye eliqhubekayo longquzulwano olunxulumene nonqulo.
• Ngaphandle kokuncipha kwamandla ombuso kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, oorhulumente abakhulu baseNtshona basahleli bengabona banamandla okusabela kwiingxabano zehlabathi. Kodwa iinkokeli zomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle, abaphandi kunye neearhente kunye nabo bonke aba rhulumente baye bafumana intelekelelo yeenkulungwane zakudala zokuba ukufunda ngononophelo iinkolo kunye noluntu lwezenkolo ayisosixhobo esiyimfuneko sophando lwenkqubo yangaphandle, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, okanye uthethathethwano.

Ibango #4: Ibango lam lesine lelokuba iSisombululo sifuna ingcamango entsha yokwakha uxolo. Le ngcamango “intsha nje,” kuba ixhaphakile phakathi koluntu oluninzi, kwaye ngaphakathi kwezinye ezongezelelekileyo naliphi na iqela lenkolo nezinye iindidi zamaqela emveli. Nangona kunjalo "intsha," kuba iingcibi zale mihla ziye zatyekela ekuhlutheni obu bulumko buxhaphakileyo bekhetha imigaqo embalwa engabonakaliyo eluncedo, kodwa kuphela xa ibunjwe ngokutsha ukuze ilingane nomxholo ngamnye owahlukileyo wokwakha uxolo. Ngokwale ngcamango intsha:

• Asiyifundi “inkolo” ngendlela eqhelekileyo njengodidi oluqhelekileyo lwamava oluntu….Sifunda ngendlela amaqela abandakanyekayo kungquzulwano aqhuba ngayo eyawo inkolo yengingqi yenkolo ethile. Oku sikwenza ngokumamela amalungu ala maqela echaza iinkolo zawo ngokwendlela yawo.
• Oko sikuthethayo ngofundisiso lonqulo asikokufunda nje eyona milinganiselo inzulu yeqela elithile lasekuhlaleni; ikwaluphononongo lwendlela ezo zimiselo ezidibanisa ngayo ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, kunye nokuziphatha kwentlalo. Yiloo nto eyayingekho kuhlahlelo lwezopolitiko longquzulwano ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: ingqalelo kwiinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezilungelelanisa yonke imiba yomsebenzi weqela, kwaye into esiyibiza ngokuba "yinkolo" ibhekisa kwiilwimi kunye nezenzo apho uninzi lwamaqela angengowaseNtshona anxibelelana nawo. ixabiso.

Ibango #5: Ibango lam lesihlanu lilonke lelokuba inkqubo yombutho omtsha wamazwe ngamazwe, “uMnqophiso weHlabathi weeNkolo,” ibonisa indlela abakhi boxolo abanokusebenzisa ngayo le ngcamango intsha ekuyileni nasekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo nezicwangciso zokusombulula iingxabano ezinxulumene nenkolo kwihlabathi jikelele. Iinjongo zophando ze-GCR zibonakaliswa yimizamo yenyathelo elitsha lophando kwiYunivesithi yaseVirginia: Inkolo, EzoPolitiko, kunye Nongquzulwano (RPC). I-RPC izoba kwezi zakhiwo zilandelayo:

• Izifundo zokuthelekisa kuphela kwendlela yokujonga iipatheni zokuziphatha ngokwenkolo. Uhlahlelo oluthe ngqo kuqeqesho, umzekelo kuqoqosho okanye kwezopolitiko okanye nakwizifundo zenkolo, aziboni iipatheni ezinjalo. Kodwa, siye safumanisa ukuba, xa sithelekisa iziphumo zolo hlalutyo kunye necala, sinokubhaqa iziganeko ezingqalileyo zonqulo ezingazange zibonakale kuyo nayiphi na ingxelo okanye iiseti zedatha.
• Phantse konke malunga nolwimi. Ulwimi alungomthombo weentsingiselo nje. Kwakhona ngumthombo wokuziphatha kwentlalo okanye ukusebenza. Umsebenzi wethu omninzi ugxininisa ekufundisiseni iilwimi zamaqela abandakanyeke kungquzulwano oluphathelele unqulo.
• Iinkolo zeMveli: Ezona zixhobo zisebenzayo zokuchonga kunye nokulungisa impixano enxulumene nenkolo kufuneka ithatyathwe kumaqela enkolo yemveli abandakanyekayo kungquzulwano.
• Inkolo kunye neNzululwazi yeDatha: Inxalenye yenkqubo yethu yophando i-computational. Ezinye iingcaphephe, umzekelo, kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, zisebenzisa izixhobo zokubala ukuchonga imimandla ethile yolwazi. Sikwafuna uncedo lwezazinzulu zedatha yokwakha iimodeli zethu ezichazayo ngokubanzi.  
• Izifundo zeXabiso “Zokusuka Entliziyweni”: Ngokuchasene neengcinga zokuKhanya, ezona zixhobo zinamandla zokulungisa ungquzulwano phakathi kweenkolo azikho ngaphandle, kodwa nzulu ngaphakathi kwimithombo yomlomo nebhaliweyo ehlonitshwa liqela ngalinye lenkolo: oko sikubiza ngokuthi “ihlabathi” apho amalungu eqela ahlanganisana khona.

Ibango #6: Ibango lam lesithandathu kunye nelokugqibela kukuba sinobungqina obucacileyo bokuba izifundo zexabiso le-Hearth-to-Hearth zinokusebenza ngokwenene ukutsala amalungu amaqela aphikisanayo kwiingxoxo ezinzulu kunye nothethathethwano. Omnye umzekeliso usekelwe kwimiphumo ethi “Ukuqiqa NgeZibhalo”: iminyaka engama-25. umzamo wokutsalela amaSilamsi, ama Yuda, kunye namaKrestu (kunye namalungu amva nje eenkolo zaseAsia), kufundo olwahlukileyo lwemibhalo nezithethe zabo.

UGqr Peter Ochs ngu-Edgar Bronfman uNjingalwazi we-Modern Judaic Studies kwiYunivesithi yaseVirginia, apho ukwalathisa izifundo zezenkolo iinkqubo zesidanga "kwiSibhalo, ukutolikwa, kunye nokuziqhelanisa," indlela yokudibanisa izithethe kwizithethe zika-Abraham. Ungumseki we-(Abrahamic) Society for Scriptural Reasoning kunye neGlobal Covenant of Religions (i-NGO ezinikele ekubandakanyeni urhulumente, inkolo, kunye nemibutho yoluntu kwiindlela ezibanzi zokunciphisa ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela obunxulumene nonqulo). Ulawula iYunivesithi yaseVirginia yophando lweNyathelo kwiNkolo, iPolitiko, kunye neNgqungquthela. Phakathi kweempapasho zakhe kukho izincoko ezingama-200 kunye nophononongo, kwimimandla yeNkolo kunye neNgqungquthela, ifilosofi yamaYuda kunye nezakwalizwi, ifilosofi yaseMelika, kunye nengxoxo yezakwalizwi yamaYuda-yobuKristu-yobuSilamsi. Iincwadi zakhe ezininzi ziquka Olunye uHlaziyo: Postliberal Christianity and the Jews; I-Peirce, iPragmatism kunye neNgcaciso yesiBhalo; IBandla eliKhululwa kunye noMnqophiso kaSirayeli kunye nomqulu ohleliweyo, iCrisis, Call kunye nobunkokeli kwizithethe zika-Abraham.