Ukuziqhelanisa noMoya: I-Catalyst yoTshintsho lweNtlalo

Injongo yam namhlanje kukuphonononga ukuba utshintsho lwangaphakathi oluvela kwizenzo zokomoya lunokukhokelela njani kutshintsho oluhlala luhleli kwihlabathi.

Njengoko nisazi nonke, ihlabathi lethu ngoku lijongene neemeko ezininzi zongquzulwano kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kuquka iUkraine, i-Ethiopia, kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, kuMbindi Mpuma, eAsia, eMzantsi Melika, kwiCaribbean, nakwiindawo zethu eUnited States. States. Ezi meko zongquzulwano zibangelwa zizizathu ezahlukeneyo enizaziyo nonke, kubandakanywa ukungabikho kokusesikweni, ukonakala kwendalo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, i-COVID-19 kunye nobunqolobi.

Sixakeke ngokwahlukana, i-rhetoric egcwele inzondo, iingxabano, ubundlobongela, imfazwe, intlekele yoluntu kunye nezigidi zababaleki abachaphazelekayo ababalekela ubundlobongela, ingxelo embi ngamajelo eendaba, imifanekiso ephakanyisiweyo yokungaphumeleli kwabantu kwimidiya yoluntu, njalo njalo. Okwangoku, sibona ukunyuka kwabo babizwa ngokuba ngabalungisi, abo bathi banezimpendulo kwiingxaki zoluntu, kwaye ekugqibeleni isiphithiphithi abasenzayo bezama ukusilungisa, kunye nokuwa kwabo ebuqaqawulini ukuya ehlazweni.

Inye into eye yacaca ngakumbi kuyo yonke ingxolo egquma iinkqubo zethu zokucinga. Isithuba esingcwele esingaphakathi kwethu - elo lizwi langaphakathi elithetha nathi ngobunono ngexesha lokuzola noxolo-, siye sahlala singahoywa. Kwabaninzi bethu abaxakeke ngamazwi angaphandle - oko abanye abantu bathethayo, ukwenza, ukuthumela, ukwabelana, ukuthanda, okanye ulwazi esiludlayo imihla ngemihla, sikhohlwe ngokupheleleyo ukuba umntu ngamnye unikwe amandla angaphakathi ayingqayizivele - loo mbane wangaphakathi. oko kutshisa injongo yobukho bethu -, i-quiddity okanye isiseko sobuntu bethu, obuhlala sisikhumbuza ubukho babo. Nangona sihlala singamameli, iyasimema amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuba sikhangele injongo eyitshisayo, siyifumane, sitshintshwe yiyo, sibonakalise utshintsho esiye salufumana, kwaye sibe lolo tshintsho silindele ukukubona kulo. abanye.

Ukusabela kwethu rhoqo kwesi simemo sokukhangela injongo yethu ebomini bethu cwaka ezintliziyweni zethu, ukumamela elo lizwi lithambileyo, langaphakathi elisikhumbuza ngokuthambileyo ukuba singoobani na ngokwenene, elisinika imephu yendlela eyodwa abantu abaninzi kakhulu. soyika ukulandela, kodwa ihlala isixelela ukuba silandele laa ndlela, sihambe kuyo, size siqhube ngayo. Kuku kudibana rhoqo kunye "nam" ku "mna" kunye nempendulo yethu kule ndibano endiyichaza njengesenzo somoya. Sifuna oku kudibana okungaphaya kwengqondo, ukudibana okuthatha "mna" ngaphandle kwesiqhelo "mna" ukukhangela, ukufumana, ukusebenzisana naye, ukumamela, kunye nokufunda ngoyena "mna", "mna" onikwe amandla angenamkhawulo kwaye amathuba enguqu.

Njengoko kufanele ukuba uqaphele, imbono yokuziqhelanisa ngokomoya njengoko ndiyichazile apha yahlukile kuqheliselo lwenkolo. Kwinkqubo yenkolo, amalungu amaziko enkolo alandela ngokungqongqo okanye ngokulinganayo kwaye akhokelwa ziimfundiso zabo, imithetho, izikhokelo, iiliturgy kunye neendlela zabo zobomi. Ngamanye amaxesha, iqela lenkolo ngalinye lizibona lingummeleli ogqibeleleyo kaThixo kunye nalowo unyulwe nguye ngaphandle kwezinye izithethe zenkolo. Kwezinye iimeko kukho iinzame zoluntu lwezenkolo lokuvuma iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ekwabelwana ngazo kunye nokufana kwazo, nangona amalungu ephenjelelwa kakhulu kwaye ekhokelwa ziinkolo zawo kunye nezenzo zonqulo.

Ukuziqhelanisa ngokwaseMoyeni kuxhomekeke kumntu. Kukubizelwa kulwazi olunzulu, lwangaphakathi lomntu kunye notshintsho. Utshintsho lwangaphakathi (okanye njengoko abanye baya kuthi, inguqu yangaphakathi) esiyifumanayo isebenza njengenguqu yokutshintsha kwentlalo (utshintsho esinqwenela ukulubona lwenzeka kuluntu lwethu, kwihlabathi lethu). Akunakwenzeka ukufihla ukukhanya xa kuqala ukukhanya. Ngokuqinisekileyo abanye baya kuyibona baze batsaleleke kuyo. Uninzi lwabo sihlala sibachaza namhlanje njengabaseki bezithethe zonqulo ezahlukeneyo baye baphefumlelwa ukuba bajongane nemiba yexesha labo ngokwenza izinto zokomoya besebenzisa izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezikhoyo kwinkcubeko yabo. Utshintsho lwenguqu kwizenzo zabo zokomoya eziphefumlelweyo kuluntu ababehlala kulo ngamanye amaxesha lwalungqubana nobulumko obuqhelekileyo belo xesha. Sibona oku kubomi bamanani aphambili kwizithethe zonqulo zika-Abraham: uMoses, uYesu, noMuhammad. Ezinye iinkokeli zomoya, ngokuqinisekileyo, zazikho ngaphambi, ngexesha nasemva kokusekwa kobuYuda, ubuKristu kunye nobuSilamsi. Kukwanjalo nangobomi, amava nezenzo zikaBuddha waseIndiya, uSiddhartha Gautama, umseki wobuBhuda. Babekho yaye baya kuhlala bekho abanye abaseki bonqulo.

Kodwa ngesihloko sethu namhlanje, ukukhankanya abanye abaphembeleli bobulungisa boluntu abazenzo zabo zaphenjelelwa lutshintsho lwenguqu abahlangabezana nalo kwimisebenzi yabo yokomoya kubaluleke kakhulu. Sonke siqhelene noMahatma Gandhi obomi bakhe baphenjelelwa kakhulu yimisebenzi yakhe yokomoya yamaHindu kwaye owaziwayo phakathi kwezinye izenzo zobulungisa bentlalontle ngokusungula umbutho ongekho ubundlobongela obangele ukuzimela kweIndiya kwiBritani ngo-1947. Emuva e-United States , izenzo zikaGandhi zobulungisa bentlalo ezingenabundlobongela zaphefumlela uGqr. Martin Luther King Jr owayesele esebenza ngokwasemoyeni kwaye ekhonza njengenkokeli yezenkolo – umfundisi. Yaba lutshintsho olu qheliselo lwasemoyeni oluxhokonxayo kuGqr. King kunye nezifundo ezifundwe kumsebenzi kaGandhi ezamlungiselela ukukhokela intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ngeminyaka yoo-1950 neye-1960 eUnited States. Kanti kwelinye icala lehlabathi eMzantsi Afrika, uRolihlahla Nelson Mandela, nowaziwa namhlanje njengophawu lweNkululeko eNkulu yaseAfrika, walungiselelwa zizenzo zomoya zemveli neminyaka yakhe eyedwa ukuze akhokele idabi lokulwa ucalucalulo.

Lunokuchazwa njani ke utshintsho oluphenjelelwe kukuziqhelanisa nokwasemoyeni? Ingcaciso yalo mcimbi iya kuqukumbela intetho yam. Ukwenza oku, ndingathanda ukudibanisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokusebenza ngokomoya kunye notshintsho lwenguqu kwinkqubo yezenzululwazi yokufumana ulwazi olutsha, oko kukuthi, inkqubo yokuphuhlisa ithiyori entsha enokuthi ibanjwe njengenyani kwixesha elithile ngaphambi kwayo. iyaphikiswa. Inkqubo yezenzululwazi ibonakaliswa yinkqubela phambili yovavanyo, ukuchaswa kunye notshintsho - into eyaziwa kakhulu njengenguqu yeparadigm. Ukwenza ubulungisa kule nkcazo, ababhali abathathu babalulekile kwaye kufuneka bakhankanywe apha: 1) Umsebenzi kaThomas Kuhn kwisakhiwo seenguqu zesayensi; 2) I-Imre Lakatos' Falsification kunye neMethodology yeeNkqubo zoPhando lwezeNzululwazi; kunye ne-3) Amanqaku kaPaul Feyerabend kwi-Relativism.

Ukuphendula lo mbuzo ungasentla, ndiya kuqala ingcamango Feyerabend of relativism kwaye uzame ukuluka Kuhn kaThixo paradigm shift kunye nenkqubo yenzululwazi Lakatos (1970) kunye njengoko kufanelekile.

Ingcamango kaFeyerabend kukuba kubalulekile ukuba sibeke ecaleni kancinci kwiimbono zethu ezibambe ngamandla kunye nezikhundla, nokuba kwisayensi okanye kwinkolo, okanye kuyo nayiphi na enye indawo yenkqubo yethu yeenkolelo, ukuze sifunde okanye sizame ukuqonda iinkolelo zomnye okanye iimbono zehlabathi. Ngokwale mbono, kunokuxoxwa ukuba ulwazi lwezenzululwazi lunxulumene, kwaye luxhomekeke ekuhlukeni kweembono okanye iinkcubeko, kwaye akukho ziko, iinkcubeko, uluntu okanye abantu kufuneka bathi "baneNyaniso," ngelixa abanye bejongela phantsi.

Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni imbali yenkolo kunye nophuhliso lwenzululwazi. Ukususela kwiminyaka yokuqala yobuKristu, iCawa yayisithi inayo yonke inyaniso njengoko yatyhilwa nguKristu nakwiZibhalo nemibhalo yeemfundiso. Esi sisizathu sokuba abo babeneembono ezichaseneyo nolwazi olumiselweyo njengoko lugcinwe yiCawe bagxothwe njengabaqhekeki - enyanisweni, ekuqaleni, abaqhekeki babulawa; kamva, babekwa bucala.

Ngokuvela kwe-Islam kwi-7^th kwinkulungwane ngomprofeti uMuhammed, ubutshaba, intiyo, nongquzulwano lwakhula phakathi kwabalandeli bobuKristu nobuSilamsi. Kanye njengokuba uYesu wayezigqala “njengenyaniso, ubomi, nendlela ekukuphela kwayo, waza waseka umnqophiso omtsha nomthetho owahlukileyo kwimimiselo, imithetho nezithethe zamaYuda zakudala,” uMprofeti uMuhammed uzibanga engowokugqibela kubaProfeti ukusuka kwinkulungwane yokuqala. UThixo, okuthetha ukuba abo beza ngaphambi kwakhe babengeyonyaniso iphela. Ngokwenkolelo yamaSilamsi, uMprofeti uMuhammed uphethe kwaye utyhila yonke inyaniso uThixo afuna abantu bayifunde. Ezi ngcamango zonqulo zenziwa zabonakala kwimeko yokwenyani ezahlukeneyo zembali nezenkcubeko.

Kwanaxa iCawa, ilandela intanda-bulumko ka-Aristotelian-Thomistic yendalo yathi umhlaba umi ngelixa ilanga neenkwenkwezi zijikeleza umhlaba, akukho mntu waba nobuganga bokuxoka okanye ukuyiphikisa le ngcamango, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba kwasekwa ibutho lezenzululwazi, elikhuthazwayo laza lafundiswa yiCawa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba “yayiyingcamango” emiselweyo, yonqulo nangobumfama ephethwe ngabo bonke, kungekho naziphi na izinto ezikhuthazayo zokubona naziphi na “iimpazamo” ezinokuthi “zikhokelele kwintlekele; kwaye ekugqibeleni kusonjululwe le ngxaki ngeparadigm entsha,” njengoko uThomas Kuhn watshoyo. Kwade kwangowe-16^th kwinkulungwane, kanye ngo-1515 xa uFr. UNicolaus Copernicus, umfundisi wasePoland, wafumanisa, ngophengululo lwenzululwazi olufana nokusombulula iiphazili ukuba uluntu beluphila kubuxoki kangangeenkulungwane, nokuba ibutho lezenzululwazi elisekiweyo laliphosakele malunga nokuma komhlaba, kwaye oko kuchasene noku. indawo ekuyo, ngokwenene ngumhlaba njengezinye iiplanethi ezijikeleza ilanga. Olu “tshintsho lwengcamango” lwachazwa njengoqhekeko libutho lezenzululwazi elamiselwayo elalikhokelwa yiCawa, yaye abo babekholelwa kwingcamango kaCopernican kwanabo babeyifundisa bade babulawa okanye bagxothwa ecaweni.

Ngamafutshane, abantu abanjengoThomas Kuhn baya kuxoxa ukuba ithiyori kaCopernican, imbono yendalo iphela, yazisa “utshintsho lweparadigm” ngenkqubo yenguqu eyaqala ngokuchongwa kwe “anomaly” kwimbono ebibanjwe ngaphambili ngomhlaba kunye nendalo. ilanga, nangokucombulula ingxaki eyafunyanwa luluntu lwenzululwazi yamandulo.

Abantu abafana noPaul Feyerabend baya kugxininisa ukuba uluntu ngalunye, iqela ngalinye, umntu ngamnye kufuneka avuleleke ukuba afunde komnye, kuba akukho luntu olunye okanye iqela okanye umntu onolwazi olupheleleyo okanye inyaniso. Lo mbono ubaluleke kakhulu nakwi-21^st kwinkulungwane. Ndikholelwa ngamandla ukuba izenzo zomoya zomntu ngamnye azibalulekanga kuphela ekucaceni kwangaphakathi kunye nokufunyanwa kwenyaniso malunga nesiqu kunye nehlabathi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukwaphula ingqungquthela yengcinezelo kunye nokunciphisa ukuze kuzise inguqu yenguqu kwihlabathi lethu.

Njengoko u-Imre Lakatos wabeka kwi-1970, ulwazi olutsha luvela ngenkqubo yobuxoki. Kwaye "ukunyaniseka kwezenzululwazi kubandakanya ukucacisa, kwangaphambili, umfuniselo ukuze ukuba umphumo uphikisana nethiyori, ithiyori kufuneka inikwe" (iphe. 96). Kwimeko yethu, ndibona ukuziqhelanisa nokomoya njengovavanyo oluqinisekileyo nolungaguquguqukiyo lokuvavanya iinkolelo eziqhelekileyo, ulwazi kunye neekhowudi zokuziphatha. Isiphumo solu vavanyo asiyi kuba kude notshintsho lwenguqu - utshintsho lweparadigm kwiinkqubo zokucinga kunye nesenzo.

Enkosi kwaye ndijonge phambili ekuphenduleni imibuzo yakho.