UChristopher Columbus: Isikhumbuzo esinempikiswano eNew York
Abstract
UChristopher Columbus, igorha elihlonitshwa ngokwembali laseYurophu apho ibali libalaseleyo laseYurophu libonisa ukufunyanwa kweMelika, kodwa umfanekiso wakhe kunye nelifa lakhe elibonisa ukubulawa kohlanga kwaBantu beMveli baseMelika kunye neCaribbean, uye waba ngumntu ophikisanayo. Eli phepha liphonononga ukumelwa okukomfuziselo womfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus kumacala omabini ongquzulwano - amaTaliyane aseMelika awawumisa kwisangqa saseColumbus kwisiXeko saseNew York nakwezinye iindawo kwelinye icala, kunye nabemi bomthonyama baseMelika kunye ICaribbean ooyise babulawa ngabahlaseli baseYurophu, kwelinye. Ngokusebenzisa iilensi zememori yembali kunye neethiyori zokusombulula ungquzulwano, eli phepha likhokelwa yi-hermeneutics - ukutolikwa okubalulekileyo kunye nokuqonda - komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus njengoko ndifumene ngexesha lophando lwam kule ndawo yenkumbulo. Ukongeza, iimpikiswano kunye neengxoxo zangoku ezithi ubukho bayo esidlangalaleni entliziyweni yeManhattan zihlalutywe. Ngokwenza le hermeneutical indlela Uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo, imibuzo emithathu ephambili iyaphononongwa. 1) Ungatolikwa uze uqondwe njani umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus njengesikhumbuzo sembali ekuphikiswana ngawo? 2) Iithiyori zenkumbulo yembali zisixelela ntoni ngesikhumbuzo sikaChristopher Columbus? 3) Ziziphi izifundo esinokuzifunda kule nkumbulo yembali ephikisanayo ukukhusela ngcono okanye ukusombulula iingxabano ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo kunye nokwakha iSixeko saseNew York esibandakanya, esilinganayo kunye nokunyamezelana? Eli phepha liqukumbela ngokujonga kwikamva lesiXeko saseNew York njengomzekelo wesixeko esineenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, eMelika.
intshayelelo
NgoSeptemba 1, 2018, ndawushiya umzi wethu eWhite Plains, eNew York, ndaya eColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York. IColumbus Circle yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo kwiSixeko saseNew York. Sisiza esibalulekileyo kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba ibekwe ekudibaneni kwezitrato ezine eManhattan - eNtshona kunye neSouth Central Park, Broadway, kunye ne-Eighth Avenue - kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kumbindi we-Columbus Circle likhaya lomfanekiso oqingqiweyo. UChristopher Columbus, igorha elihlonitshwa ngokwembali laseYurophu apho ibali elibalaseleyo laseYurophu libonisa ukufunyanwa kweMelika, kodwa umfanekiso wakhe kunye nelifa lakhe elibonisa ukubulawa kohlanga okwathi cwaka kuBantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean.
Njengendawo yenkumbulo yembali eMelika nakwiCaribbean, ndikhethe ukwenza uphando kwisikhumbuzo sikaChristopher Columbus kwisangqa saseColumbus kwisiXeko saseNew York ngethemba lokukhulisa ukuqonda kwam uChristopher Columbus nokuba kutheni eye waba yimpikiswano. umfanekiso eMelika kunye neCaribbean. Injongo yam ke ngoko yayikukuqonda ukubonakaliswa okufuziselayo komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus kumacala omabini ongquzulwano- amaTaliyane aseMelika awawumisa kwisangqa saseColumbus nakwezinye iindawo kwelinye icala, kunye nabemi boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean. ooyisemkhulu babulawa ngabahlaseli baseYurophu, kwelinye.
Ngokusebenzisa iilensi zenkumbulo yembali kunye neethiyori zokusombulula ungquzulwano, ukucinga kwam kukhokelwa yi-hermeneutics - ukutolikwa okubalulekileyo kunye nokuqonda - komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus njengoko ndiye ndawubona ngexesha lotyelelo lwam lwendawo, ngelixa ndicacisa iimpikiswano kunye neengxoxo zangoku zokuba ubukho bawo esidlangalaleni. entliziyweni Manhattan evokes. Ngokwenza le hermeneutical indlela Uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo, imibuzo emithathu ephambili iyaphononongwa. 1) Ungatolikwa uze uqondwe njani umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus njengesikhumbuzo sembali ekuphikiswana ngawo? 2) Iithiyori zenkumbulo yembali zisixelela ntoni ngesikhumbuzo sikaChristopher Columbus? 3) Ziziphi izifundo esinokuzifunda kule nkumbulo yembali ephikisanayo ukukhusela ngcono okanye ukusombulula iingxabano ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo kunye nokwakha iSixeko saseNew York esibandakanya, esilinganayo kunye nokunyamezelana?
Eli phepha liqukumbela ngokujonga kwikamva lesiXeko saseNew York njengomzekelo wesixeko esineenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, eMelika.
Ukufunyanwa kwisangqa saseColumbus
IsiXeko saseNew York siyindawo enyibilikayo yehlabathi ngenxa yeyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nabantu abahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, likhaya lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yobugcisa, izikhumbuzo kunye namanqaku aquka inkumbulo edibeneyo yembali ethi isenze ukuba singobani baseMelika kunye nabantu. Ngelixa ezinye iindawo zememori yembali kwisiXeko saseNew York zindala, ezinye zakhiwe kwi-21st kwinkulungwane yokukhumbula iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zembali ezishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kubantu nakwisizwe sethu. Ngelixa ezinye zithandwa kwaye zixhaphake kakhulu ngabantu baseMelika kunye nabakhenkethi bamanye amazwe, ezinye azisadumanga njengoko zaziqhele ukwakhiwa xa zaziqala ukwakhiwa.
ISikhumbuzo somhla we-9/11 ngumzekelo wendawo etyelelwe kakhulu yenkumbulo kwiSixeko saseNew York. Ngenxa yokuba inkumbulo ye-9/11 isentsha ezingqondweni zethu, bendicebe ukuzinikela kuyo. Kodwa njengoko ndiphanda ezinye iisayithi zememori yembali kwisiXeko saseNew York, ndafumanisa ukuba iziganeko zaseCharlottesville ngo-Agasti ka-2017 zinike "incoko enzima" (Stone et al., 2010) kwizikhumbuzo ezihlonelwayo kodwa eziphikisanayo eMelika. Ukusukela ngo-2015 udubulo olubulalayo olubulalayo ngaphakathi kwe-Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church eCharleston, eMzantsi Carolina, nguDylann Roof, umlandeli omncinci weqela le-White Supremacist kunye nomxhasi othembekileyo weempawu ze-Confederate kunye nezikhumbuzo, izixeko ezininzi zivotele ukususa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nezinye izikhumbuzo. zifuzisela intiyo nengcinezelo.
Ngelixa incoko yethu kawonke-wonke yesizwe igxile kakhulu kwizikhumbuzo ze-Confederate kunye neflegi ezifana nemeko yaseCharlottesville apho isixeko sivotele ukususa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaRobert E. Lee kwi-Emancipation Park, kwisiXeko saseNew York kugxilwe kakhulu kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus. kunye nento eyifuziselayo iBemi Bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean. Njengomntu waseNew York, ndibone uqhanqalazo oluninzi ngo-2017 ngokuchasene nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus. Abaqhankqalazi kunye naBemi bomthonyama bafuna ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaColumbus ususwe kwi-Columbus Circle nokuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo okanye umfanekiso okhethekileyo omele aBemi boMthonyama baseMelika ugunyaziswe ukuba ungene endaweni kaColumbus.
Njengoko uqhanqalazo lwaluqhubeka, ndikhumbula ndizibuza le mibuzo mibini: ingaba amava abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean abakhokelele njani ekubeni bafune ngokuphandle nangokurhabaxa ukuba kususwe intsomi eyayisaziwa ngokwembali, uChristopher Columbus, ekwakusithiwa Ngaba ufumene iMelika? Kukweziphi na izizathu eziya kuthi ibango labo lithethelelwe kwi-21st ngenkulungwane yesiXeko saseNew York? Ukuphonononga iimpendulo zale mibuzo, ndigqibe kwelokuba ndicinge ngomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus njengoko uboniswa kwihlabathi usuka kwiColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York kwaye ndiphonononge ukuba ubukho bawo kwindawo kawonke-wonke yesiXeko buthetha ntoni kubo bonke abantu baseNew York.
Njengoko ndandimi kufutshane nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus kumbindi weColumbus Circle, ndothuswa ngokwenene yindlela uMkroli ongumTaliyane, uGaetano Russo, awathimba waza wamela ngayo ubomi nohambo lukaChristopher Columbus kwilitye lesikhumbuzo eliziimitha ezingama-76 ubude. Ikrolwe eItali, ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus lafakwa kwiSangqa saseColumbus ngo-Oktobha 13, 1892 ukuze kukhunjulwe isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-400 yokufika kukaColumbus eMelika. Nangona ndingengomzobi okanye umatiloshe, ndiye ndafumana inkcazelo eneenkcukacha yohambo lukaColumbus lokuya kumazwe aseMerika. Ngokomzekelo, uColumbus uzotywe kweli litye lesikhumbuzo njengomatiloshe oligorha emi kwinqanawa yakhe emangaliswe yihambo yakhe emangaliswe yizinto ezintsha azibhaqileyo. Ukongeza, ilitye lesikhumbuzo linomfanekiso onjengobhedu weenqanawa ezintathu ezibekwe ngaphantsi kweChristopher Columbus. Njengoko bendiphanda ukwazi ukuba ziyintoni na ezi nqanawa kwiwebhusayithi yeSebe leePaki noLonwabo kwisiXeko saseNew York, ndiye ndafumanisa ukuba zibizwa ngokuba ziinqanawa. nina, i Pinta, kwaye i Santa Maria - iinqanawa ezintathu uColumbus azisebenzisayo kuhambo lwakhe lokuqala esuka eSpeyin ukuya eBahamas eyahamba ngo-Agasti 3, 1492 yaza yafika ngo-Oktobha 12, 1492. Emazantsi esikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kukho isidalwa esinamaphiko esifana nengelosi yomlindi.
Okothusayo, nangona kunjalo, nasekuqiniseni nasekuqinisekiseni ibali elibalaseleyo lokuba uChristopher Columbus wayengumntu wokuqala ukufumanisa iMelika, akukho nto kwesi sikhumbuzo imele amaNative okanye amaIndiya awayesele ehlala eMelika ngaphambi kokufika kukaColumbus kunye neMelika. iqela lakhe. Yonke into ekweli litye lesikhumbuzo imalunga noChristopher Columbus. Yonke into ibonisa ibali lokufunyanwa kwakhe ngamagorha eMelika.
Njengoko kuxoxiwe kwicandelo elilandelayo, isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus yindawo yenkumbulo kungekuphela nje kwabo bayihlawulelayo kwaye bayibeka - amaTaliyane aseMelika - kodwa yindawo yembali kunye nenkumbulo yabantu bomthonyama baseMelika, kuba nabo bakhumbula iintlungu. kunye nokudibana okubuhlungu kookhokho babo noColumbus kunye nabalandeli bakhe ngalo lonke ixesha bebona uChristopher Columbus ephakanyiselwe kumbindi weSixeko saseNew York. Kwakhona, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus eColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York uye waba ngowona i-terminus ad quo kwaye Umbuzo we-terminus (indawo yokuqala neyokuphela) yeColumbus Day Parade rhoqo ngo-Okthobha. Abantu abaninzi baseNew York bahlanganisana eColumbus Circle ukuze baphinde babe namava kunye noChristopher Columbus kunye neqela lakhe ukufunyanwa kunye nokuhlasela kwabo eMelika. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ama-Italiya aseMelika - awahlawulela aze afaka esi sikhumbuzo - kunye nabantu baseSpain baseMelika ookhokho babo baxhasa uhambo oluninzi lukaColumbus lokuya eMelika kwaye ngenxa yoko bathatha inxaxheba kwaye baxhamla kuhlaselo, kunye nabanye abantu baseMelika baseMelika babhiyozela ngovuyo. Usuku lukaColumbus, elinye icandelo labemi baseMelika - amaNative okanye amaIndiya aseMelika, abanini bokwenene bomhlaba omtsha kodwa omdala obizwa ngokuba yiMelika - bahlala bekhunjuzwa ngokubulawa kwabo kwabantu kunye nenkcubeko ezandleni zabahlaseli baseYurophu, ukubulawa kwabantu okufihliweyo / okuthulisiwe. okwenzeka ngexesha nasemva kweentsuku zikaChristopher Columbus. Lo mmangaliso uqulathwe lilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kutshanje uye wabangela ungquzulwano olukhulu kunye nempikiswano malunga nokubaluleka kwembali kunye nomfuziselo womfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus kwisiXeko saseNew York.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus: Isikhumbuzo esinempikiswano kwisiXeko saseNew York
Njengoko ndandithe ntsho kwilitye lesikhumbuzo elimangalisayo nelinobukhazikhazi likaChristopher Columbus eColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York, ndandikwacinga ngeengxoxo eziphikisanayo eziye zabangelwa ngulo mfanekiso kutsha nje. Ngo-2017, ndikhumbula ndibona abaqhankqalazi abaninzi eColumbus Circle ababefuna ukuba umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus ususwe. Izikhululo zikanomathotholo kunye nomabonwakude kwisiXeko saseNew York zonke zazithetha ngeempikiswano ezijikeleze ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus. Njengesiqhelo, iNew York State kunye nezopolitiko zesiXeko zahlulwa malunga nokuba isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus masisuswe okanye sihlale. Ukusukela oko isangqa seColumbus kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaColumbus ungaphakathi kwendawo yoluntu yeSixeko saseNew York kunye nepaki, kuya kufuneka ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo kwisiXeko saseNew York akhokelwa nguSodolophu ukuba athathe isigqibo kwaye enze.
NgoSeptemba 8, 2017, USodolophu uBill de Blasio useke iKomishoni yeeNgcebiso kaSodolophu kuBugcisa besiXeko, izikhumbuzo, kunye namanqaku (I-Ofisi kaSodolophu, ngo-2017). Le komishoni yabamba iindibano zovakaliso-zimvo, yafumana izikhalazo kumaqela nakuluntu, yaza yaqokelela iingxoxo ezibonisa ukuba kutheni isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kufuneka sihlale okanye sisuswe. Uphando luye lwasetyenziselwa ukuqokelela idatha eyongezelelweyo kunye noluvo loluntu malunga nalo mba ophikisanayo. Ngokutsho kwe ingxelo yeKomishoni yeeNgcebiso kaSodolophu kuBugcisa besiXeko, iZikhumbuzo, kunye naMakisha (2018), “kukho ukungavisisani okumiliselweyo malunga namaxesha omane exesha aqwalaselwa kuvavanyo lwesi sikhumbuzo: ubomi bukaChristopher Columbus, injongo ngexesha lokugunyaziswa kwesikhumbuzo, impembelelo yalo yangoku kunye nentsingiselo, kunye nekamva laso. ilifa” (iphe. 28).
Okokuqala, zininzi iimpikiswano ezijikeleze ubomi bukaChristopher Columbus. Eminye yemiba ephambili eyayanyaniswa naye ibandakanya ukuba ngaba uColumbus wayibhaqa ngokwenene na iMelika okanye iMelika; nokuba wayephatha abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye nabaseCaribbean abamamkelayo kunye neqela lakhe kwaye wabanika ububele, kakuhle okanye wabaphatha kakubi; nokuba yena kunye nabo babeza emva kwakhe babaxhelele okanye hayi abantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean; nokuba izenzo zikaColumbus eMelika zazihambelana okanye azihambelani nemigaqo yokuziphatha yabantu beMveli baseMelika nakwiCaribbean; nokuba ngaba uColumbus kunye nabo babeza emva kwakhe babahlutha ngenkani abemi boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean umhlaba wabo, izithethe, inkcubeko, inkolo, iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nezixhobo zabo.
Okwesibini, iingxoxo eziphikisanayo malunga nokuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kufuneka lihlale okanye lisuswe linonxibelelwano lwembali kwixesha, kunye nenjongo yokunyuswa / yokugunyazisa isikhumbuzo. Ukuze siwuqonde ngcono umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus noColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York, kunyanzelekile ukuba siqonde ukuba kwakuthetha ukuthini ukuba ngummi waseTaliyane waseMelika kungekuphela nje eNew York kodwa nakuzo zonke ezinye iindawo zaseUnited States ngo-1892 xa iColumbus ilitye lesikhumbuzo lafakwa laze lagunyaziswa. Kwakutheni ukuze kufakwe ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kwisiXeko saseNew York? Isikhumbuzo simele ntoni kubantu base-Italiya baseMelika abasihlawulelayo baza basifaka? Kutheni le nto isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kunye noSuku lweColumbus zikhuselwa ngamandla nangenzondelelo ngabantu base-Italiya baseMelika? Ngaphandle kokufuna iingcaciso ezininzi nezininzi kule mibuzo, a impendulo evela kuJohn Viola (2017), umongameli weSizwe sase-Italiya saseMelika, kufanelekile ukubonakalisa:
Kubantu abaninzi, kuquka namaTaliyane aseMerika, ukubhiyozelwa kukaColumbus kujongwa njengokujongela phantsi ukubandezeleka kwabantu bomthonyama ezandleni zabemi baseYurophu. Kodwa kubantu abaninzi kwindawo yam, uColumbus, kunye noSuku lukaColumbus, bamele ithuba lokubhiyozela igalelo lethu kweli lizwe. Kwanangaphambi kokufika kwenani elikhulu labaphambukeli base-Italiya ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uColumbus wayengumntu owayeza kudibana ngokuchasene nokuchasa ubuTaliyane ngelo xesha. (isiqendu 3-4)
Imibhalo ekwilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kwisiXeko saseNew York icebisa ukuba ukufakwa kunye nokugunyaziswa komfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus kuphuma kwiqhinga lamaTaliyane aseMelika ukuqinisa ubuni babo ngaphakathi komsinga ophambili waseMelika njengendlela yokuphelisa iintlekele, ubutshaba kunye. ucalucalulo ababenalo ngelo xesha. AmaTaliyane aseMelika aziva ejoliswe kwaye etshutshiswa, kwaye ke alangazelela ukubandakanywa kwibali laseMelika. Bafumene isimboli sento abayijonga njengebali laseMelika, ukubandakanywa kunye nobunye kumntu kaChristopher Columbus, okwenzekayo ukuba ngumTaliyane. Njengoko uViola (2017) echaza ngakumbi:
Kukusabela kolu kubulawa kubi apho abantu base-Italiyane baseMelika eNew York baqokelela ndawonye iminikelo yabucala ukuze banike ilitye lesikhumbuzo eColumbus Circle kwisixeko sabo esitsha. Ke lo mfanekiso ujongelwa phantsi njengophawu lokoyiswa kweYurophu kwasekuqaleni wawububungqina bokuthanda ilizwe kuluntu lwabaphambukeli abasokola ukufumana ukwamkelwa kwikhaya labo elitsha, nelinobutshaba, ngamanye amaxesha… umngcipheko osentliziyweni yephupha laseMelika, kwaye ngumsebenzi wethu njengoluntu olusondele kakhulu kwilifa lakhe ukuba phambili kwindlela enovakalelo kunye nokuzibandakanya phambili. (isiqendu 8 nese-10)
Ukuncamathela okuqinileyo kunye nokuzingca kwesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus esibonakaliswe ngabantu base-Italiya baseMelika kwatyhilwa kwiKomishoni yeeNgcebiso kaSodolophu kuBugcisa besiXeko, izikhumbuzo, kunye nabaMakishi ngexesha lokuvalelwa kwabo esidlangalaleni ngo-2017. Ngokwengxelo yeKhomishini (2018), “uColumbus Ilitye lesikhumbuzo lamiswa ngo-1892, unyaka emva kwesinye sezona zenzo zibi kakhulu zobundlobongela obuchasene namaTaliyane kwimbali yaseMelika: ukubulawa kwabantu abalishumi elinanye base-Italiya ababekhululwe kulwaphulo-mthetho eNew Orleans” (iphe. 29) . Ngesi sizathu, abantu base-Italiya baseMelika abakhokelwa siSiseko seSizwe sase-Italiya saseMelika sikuchasa ngamandla nangokungqongqo ukususwa / ukufuduswa kwelitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kwiSangqa saseColumbus. Ngokwamazwi omongameli walo mbutho, uViola (2017), "'Ukudilizwa kwembali' akuyitshintshi loo mbali" (isitanza sesi-7). Ukongeza, uViola (2017) kunye neSiseko sakhe seSizwe sase-Italiya saseMelika sithi:
Kukho izikhumbuzo ezininzi zikaFranklin Roosevelt, kwaye nangona wavumela amaJapan-aseMelika kunye namaTaliyane-aseMelika ukuba avalelwe ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, thina njengeqela lobuhlanga asifuni ukuba imifanekiso yakhe itshatyalaliswe. Kwaye asiphoxi imbeko kuTheodore Roosevelt, owathi, ngo-1891, emva kokuba abantu abali-11 batyholwa ngobuxoki baseSicilian-Americans babulawa kweyona nyhikityha inkulu kwimbali yaseMelika, wabhala ukuba wayecinga ukuba isiganeko "yinto entle kakhulu. (isitanza. 8)
Okwesithathu, kwaye kuqwalaselwe le ngxoxo ingentla, lithetha ntoni ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus namhlanje kubantu abaninzi baseNew York abangengawo amalungu oluntu lwase-Italiya yaseMelika? Ngubani uChristopher Columbus kumaIndiya aseNew York kunye namaIndiya aseMelika? Ingaba ubukho belitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus eColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York bunabo kubanini bokuqala besiXeko saseNew York kunye nabanye abambalwa, umzekelo, amaNative/amaIndiya aseMelika kunye nama-Afrika aseMelika? Ingxelo yeKomishoni yeNgcebiso kaMeya kwiSixeko soBugcisa, izikhumbuzo, kunye naMakishi (2018) ityhila ukuba "uColumbus usebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokubulawa kwabantu boMthonyama kulo lonke elaseMelika kunye nokuqala korhwebo lwekhoboka lokuwela iAtlantiki" (iphe. 28).
Njengoko amaza otshintsho kunye nokutyhilwa kweenyaniso ebezifihliwe ngaphambili, ezicinezelweyo kunye namabali avaliweyo eqalise ukuvuthuza kulo lonke elaseAmerika, izigidi zabantu kuMntla Merika nakwiCaribbean ziye zaqalisa ukuthandabuza ibali elibalaseleyo, kwaye bafunda nembali kaChristopher Columbus. Kwaba bavukeli, lixesha lokuba bafunde oko kwakufundiswa ngaphambili ezikolweni nakwiintetho zesidlangalala ukuze bathande icandelo elinye labemi baseMelika ukuze baphinde bafunde kwaye benze esidlangalaleni iinyaniso ebezifihliwe ngaphambili, ezigutyungelweyo nezicinezelweyo. Amaqela amaninzi amatsha ntliziyo aye abandakanyeka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa oko akugqala njengenyaniso malunga nomfuziselo kaChristopher Columbus. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye izixeko ezikuMntla Merika, eLos Angeles, “ziyimisele ngokusesikweni imibhiyozo yoSuku lukaColumbus ngoSuku Lwabantu Bomthonyama” (Viola, 2017, isiqe. 2), yaye kuye kwenziwa imfuneko efanayo nakwisiXeko saseNew York. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus kwisiXeko saseNew York usandul’ ukuphawulwa (okanye umbala) obomvu ufuzisela igazi ezandleni zikaColumbus nabanye abahloli bamazwe angoogxa bakhe. EyaseBaltimore kwathiwa yonakalisiwe. Kwaye leyo eseYonkers, eNew York, kwakusithiwa yayinobundlobongela kwaye “inqunyulwe intloko ngokungenantlonelo” (Viola, 2017, isitanza sesi-2). Onke la maqhinga asetyenziswa ngamatsha ntliziyo ahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseAmerika anenjongo enye: ukophula inzolo; tyhila ibali elifihliweyo; balisa ibali malunga nokwenzekileyo ngokwembono yamaxhoba, kwaye ufune ukuba ubulungisa bembuyekezo – obubandakanya ukuvunywa koko kwenzekileyo, imbuyekezo okanye imbuyekezo, nokuphiliswa – makwenziwe ngoku hayi kamva.
Okwesine, indlela isiXeko saseNew York esijongana ngayo nezi mpikiswano zijikeleze umntu kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaChristopher Columbus uya kugqiba kwaye uchaze ilifa esilishiyela abantu besiXeko saseNew York ngasemva iSixeko. Ngexesha apho amaMerika Omthonyama, kubandakanywa abantu baseLenape kunye ne-Algonquian, bezama ukuphinda bahlaziye, baphinde baphinde baphinde babuyisele isazisi sabo senkcubeko kunye nomhlaba wembali, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba isiXeko saseNew York sinikele ngezixhobo ezaneleyo ekufundeni kwesi sikhumbuzo siphikisana, yintoni imele amaqela ahlukeneyo, kwaye ingxabano iyayikhulisa. Oku kuya kunceda iSixeko siphuhlise iinkqubo neenkqubo zokusombulula ungquzulwano olusebenzayo nolungenamkhethe ukujongana nemiba yomhlaba, ucalucalulo kunye nelifa lobukhoboka ukuze kudalwe indlela yobulungisa, uxolelwaniso, iingxoxo, impiliso ehlangeneyo, ulingano, nolingano.
Umbuzo othi qatha engqondweni apha ngulo: ngaba isiXeko saseNew York singasigcina ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaChristopher Columbus kwisangqa saseColumbus ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokuhlonela “umntu ongokwembali ozenzo zakhe ngokunxulumene nabemi bomthonyama zibonisa ukuqalisa kokuhluthwa, ukukhotyokiswa nokubulawa kwabantu?” (IKomishoni yeeNgcebiso zikaSodolophu malunga noBugcisa beSixeko, izikhumbuzo, kunye namanqaku, i-2018, iphe. 30). Kuxoxwa ngamanye amalungu e IKomishoni yeeNgcebiso kaSodolophu kuBugcisa besiXeko, izikhumbuzo, kunye namanqaku (2018) ukuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus lifanekisela:
isenzo sokucinywa kobuntu kunye nobukhoboka. Abo bachaphazelekileyo bathwala ngaphakathi kubo oovimba benkumbulo enzulu kunye namava aphilayo afunyanwa kwisikhumbuzo… indawo ebalaseleyo yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo ingqina uluvo lokuba abo balawula indawo banamandla, kwaye ekuphela kwendlela yokubala ngokwaneleyo naloo mandla kukususa okanye wufuduse umfanekiso oqingqiweyo. Ukuze kubhengezwe kubulungisa, la malungu eKomishoni ayaqonda ukuba ulingano luthetha ukuba abantu abafanayo abasoloko bebandezeleka, kodwa esi sisimo ekwabelwana ngaso. Ubulungisa buthetha ukuba imbandezelo yabiwa ngokutsha. (iphe. 30)
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kunye nenkumbulo ebuhlungu yembali yabantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean kunye nama-Afrika aseMelika aya kucaciswa ngcono kwaye aqondwe ngeelensi zethiyori zememori yembali.
Zisixelela ntoni iiThiyori zeMemori yezeMbali malunga nesi sikhumbuzo seNgxoxo?
Ukuhlutha abantu umhlaba wabo okanye ipropathi kunye nobukoloniyali akusoze kube sisenzo soxolo kodwa kunokufezekiswa kuphela ngogonyamelo kunye nokunyanzeliswa. KuBantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean ababonise ukuxhathisa okukhulu ukuba bagada kwaye bagcine oko indalo banikwe yona, kwaye babulawa kwinkqubo, ukubahlutha umhlaba wabo sisenzo semfazwe. Kwincwadi yakhe, Imfazwe ingamandla asinika intsingiselo, uHedges (2014) uluvo lokuba imfazwe “ilawula inkcubeko, igqwetha inkumbulo, yonakalise ulwimi, kwaye yosulela yonke into eyingqongileyo ... Imfazwe ibhentsisa amandla obubi obungekude kumphezulu kuthi sonke. Yiyo ke loo nto kwabaninzi, imfazwe ibenzima ukuyixoxa xa sele iphelile” (iphe. 3). Oku kuthetha ukuba inkumbulo yembali kunye namava awothusayo abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean baqweqwediswa, bacinezelwa, kwaye bathunyelwa elubala kude kube mva nje kuba abenzi bobubi babengafuni ukuba inkumbulo eyothusayo yembali idluliselwe.
Umbutho waBantu boMthonyama ukuthatha indawo yesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus ngelitye lesikhumbuzo elimele abantu boMthonyama, kunye nemfuno yabo yokutshintsha uSuku lweColumbus ngoSuku lweMveli, lubonisa ukuba imbali yomlomo yamaxhoba ngokuthe ngcembe ichazwa ukuze kukhanyiselwe amava abuhlungu nabuhlungu. banyamezela amakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa kubenzi bobubi abalawula le ngxelo, uHedges (2014) uqinisekisa ngelithi: “ngelixa sihlonela kwaye sililela abafileyo bethu sinomdla wokungakhathali ngabo sibabulalayo” (iphe. 14). Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, abantu base-Italiya baseMelika bakha baza bafaka ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kwaye bacela uSuku lweColumbus ukuze babhiyozele ilifa labo kunye negalelo kwimbali yaseMelika. Nangona kunjalo, okoko ubugwenxa benziwa kuBemi boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean ngexesha nasemva kokufika kukaColumbus eMelika ayikaphendulwa kwaye yamkelwe esidlangalaleni, ngaba umbhiyozo kaColumbus kunye nesikhumbuzo sakhe esiphakamileyo kwesona sixeko sahlukeneyo selizwe. Ngaba ihlabathi aliqhubeki nokungakhathali nokukhanyela inkumbulo ebuhlungu yaBemi bomthonyama beli lizwe? Kwakhona, ngaba kukho imbuyekezo yoluntu okanye imbuyekezo yobukhoboka enxulunyaniswa nokufika kukaColumbus eMelika? Umbhiyozo ocalanye okanye imfundo yenkumbulo yembali iyakrokrisa kakhulu.
Kangangeenkulungwane, ootitshala bethu baye bayiphindaphinda ibali elicalanye malunga nokufika kukaChristopher Columbus eMelika - oko kukuthi, ibali labo baphetheyo. Le ngxelo ye-Eurocentric malunga noColumbus kunye nokufika kwakhe eMelika ifundiswe ezikolweni, ibhalwe ezincwadini, kuxoxwe ngayo kumacandelo oluntu, kwaye isetyenziselwe umgaqo-nkqubo wokwenza izigqibo ngaphandle kovavanyo olubalulekileyo kunye nokubuzwa malunga nokuba semthethweni kwayo kunye nenyaniso. Yaba yinxalenye yembali yethu yesizwe kwaye ayizange ikhuphiswe. Buza umfundi webanga lokuqala owayengumntu wokuqala ukufumanisa iMelika, kwaye uya kukuxelela ukuba nguChristopher Columbus. Umbuzo ngulo: ngaba uChristopher Columbus wambhaqa iMelika okanye iMelika? Kwi "Umxholo yiyo yonke into: Ubume beMemori," u-Engel (1999) uxoxa ngengcamango yememori ekhuphisiweyo. Umceli mngeni onxulunyaniswa nenkumbulo asiyondlela yokukhumbula nokudlulisela oko kukhunjulweyo, kodwa ubukhulu becala, kukuba loo nto isasazwayo okanye ekwabelwana ngayo nabanye – oko kukuthi, nokuba ibali likabani okanye ibali lakhe – liyaphikiswa okanye akunjalo; nokuba yamkelwa njengeyinyaniso okanye yaliwe njengebubuxoki. Ngaba sisakwazi ukubambelela kwingxelo yokuba uChristopher Columbus wayengumntu wokuqala ukufumanisa iMelika nakwiminyaka engama-21st kwinkulungwane? Kuthekani ngabo bantu bomthonyama ababesele behlala eMerika? Ngaba kuthetha ukuba babengazi ukuba bahlala eMelika? Ngaba babengazi ukuba baphi? Okanye abajongwa njengabantu ngokwaneleyo ukuba bazi ukuba baseMelika?
Uphononongo olucacileyo nolunzulu lwembali yomlomo kunye nebhaliweyo yabantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean iqinisekisa ukuba la ma-indigenes anenkcubeko ephuhliswe kakuhle kunye neendlela zokuphila kunye nokunxibelelana. Amava abo anxunguphalisayo kaColumbus kunye nabahlaseli be-post-Columbus asasazwa ukusuka kwisizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba phakathi kwamaqela abantu bomthonyama kwakunye nabanye abantu abambalwa, kuninzi okukhunjulwayo nokusasazwayo. Njengoko uEngel (1999) eqinisekisa, “inkumbulo nganye iphumla, ngandlel’ ithile okanye enye, kumava angaphakathi okukhumbula. Ixesha elininzi ezi nkcazo zangaphakathi zichaneka ngendlela emangalisayo kwaye zisinika imithombo etyebileyo yolwazi” (iphe. 3). Ucelomngeni kukwazi “ukumelwa kwangaphakathi” okanye inkumbulo kabani ichanekile. Ngaba kufuneka siqhubeke sisamkela isimo se-quo - ibali elidala, elibalaseleyo malunga noColumbus kunye nobugorha bakhe? Okanye ngaba ngoku sifanele sityhile eli phepha size sibone ubunyaniso ngeliso labo umhlaba wabo wathatyathwa ngesinyanzelo nookhokho babo babandezeleka ngokubulawa kwabantu nenkcubeko ezandleni zikaColumbus nabantu abathandayo? Kuvavanyo lwam, ubukho besikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kumbindi weManhattan kwisiXeko saseNew York buvuse inja eleleyo ukuba ikhonkothe. Ngoku sinokumamela ibali okanye ibali elahlukileyo malunga noChristopher Columbus kwimbono yalabo ooyise badibana naye kunye nabalandela emva kwakhe - abantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean.
Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean bekhuthaza ukususwa kwesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kunye noSuku lweColumbus kunye nokutshintshwa kwabo ngeSikhumbuzo saBantu boMthonyama kunye noSuku lwaBantu boMthonyama, umntu kufuneka aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde ahlolisise iingcinga zokwenzakala kunye nokuzila. Kwincwadi yakhe, Iintambo zegazi. Ukusuka kwikratshi lobuhlanga ukuya kubugrogrisi bobuhlanga, UVolkan, (1997) uphakamisa ithiyori yomothuko okhethiweyo onxulunyaniswa nokuzila okungasonjululwanga. Umothuko okhethiweyo ngokukaVolkan (1997) uchaza “inkumbulo ehlangeneyo yentlekele eyayikhe yehlela izinyanya zeqela. Ku … ngaphezu kwenkumbulo nje elula; luphawu lwengqondo ekwabelwana ngalo lweziganeko, ezibandakanya ulwazi oluyinyani, izinto ezilindelekileyo, iimvakalelo ezinzulu, kunye nokuzikhusela kwiingcinga ezingamkelekanga” (iphe. 48). Ukuqonda nje igama, umonzakalo okhethiweyo, icebisa ukuba amalungu eqela afana naBantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean okanye ama-Afrika aseMelika akhetha ngokuzithandela amava abuhlungu abawafumana ezandleni zabahloli baseYurophu abafana noChristopher Columbus. Ukuba bekunjalo, ngendingavumelani nombhali kuba asizikhetheli thina loo mava othuntu ajoliswe kuthi mhlawumbi ngentlekele yendalo okanye intlekele eyenziwe ngabantu. Kodwa ingcamango ye umonzakalo okhethiweyo njengoko kucaciswa ngumbhali “ibonisa iqela elikhulu elizichaza lingaziqondi ukuba lingubani na ngokugqithiselwa kwisizukulwana soonzakeleyo esifakwe kwinkumbulo yokwenzakala kwezinyanya” (iphe. 48).
Impendulo yethu kumava abuhlungu iyazenzekela kwaye ubukhulu becala, akukho zingqondweni. Amaxesha amaninzi, siphendula ngokuzila, aze uVolkan (1997) achaze iindidi ezimbini zokuzila – intlungu yobunzima olulusizi okanye intlungu esiyivayo, kwaye umsebenzi wokuzila eyinkqubo enzulu yokwenza ingqiqo yento eyenzekayo kuthi - inkumbulo yethu yembali. Ixesha lokuzila lixesha lokuphilisa, kwaye inkqubo yokuphilisa ithatha ixesha. Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki ngeli xesha zinokuphinda zivule inxeba. Ubukho belitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kumbindi weManhattan, kwisiXeko saseNew York nakwezinye izixeko zaseMelika iphela kunye nombhiyozo wonyaka woSuku lukaColumbus kuphinda kuvule amanxeba kunye nokwenzakala, amava abuhlungu kunye nawothusayo athwaliswe amaNative/AmaIndiya namaAfrika. amakhoboka ngabahlaseli baseYurophu kumazwe aseMerika ekhokelwa nguChristopher Columbus. Ukuququzelela inkqubo yokuphilisa ngokudibeneyo yaBantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean, kufunwa ukuba isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus sisuswe kwaye sithathelwe indawo yeSikhumbuzo soMthonyama; kwaye uSuku lweColumbus luthatyathelw’ indawo ngoSuku lwaBantu boMthonyama.
Njengoko uVolkan (1997) ephawula, isijwili sokuqala esihlangeneyo sibandakanya amasiko athile - ezenkcubeko okanye ezenkolo - ukuze kucace ukuba kwenzeke ntoni kwiqela. Enye indlela yokuzila ngokufanelekileyo ngokudibeneyo kukwenza isikhumbuzo ngento uVolkan (1997) ayibiza ngokuba zidibanisa izinto. Ukudibanisa izinto kunceda ukukhulula iinkumbulo. UVolkan (1997) uthi “ukwakha amatye ezikhumbuzo emva kwelahleko ehlanganyelweyo enendawo yawo ekhethekileyo ekuzileni koluntu; izenzo ezinjalo ziphantse zibe yimfuneko ngokwasengqondweni” (iphe. 40). Enoba ngezi zikhumbuzo okanye imbali yomlomo, inkumbulo yoko kwenzekayo idluliselwa kwisizukulwana esizayo. "Ngenxa yokuba i-self-traumatic self-images edluliselwe ngamalungu eqela lonke libhekisela kwintlekele efanayo, baba yinxalenye yesazisi seqela, uphawu lobuhlanga kwi-canvas yentente yobuhlanga" (Volkan, 1997, p. 45). Kwimbono kaVolkan (1997), “inkumbulo yomothuko wangaphambili ihleli ikwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, igcinwe kwi-psychological DNA yamalungu eqela kwaye ivunywa buthule ngaphakathi kwinkcubeko – kuncwadi nakubugcisa, umzekelo – kodwa iphinda ivele ngamandla. kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile” (iphe. 47). AmaIndiya aseMelika/amaMerika Omthonyama ngokomzekelo akayi kukulibala ukutshatyalaliswa kookhokho babo, iinkcubeko, nokuhlutha imihlaba yabo ngenkani. Nayiphi na into edibanisayo efana nesikhumbuzo okanye umfanekiso kaChristopher Columbus uya kubangela inkumbulo yabo ehlangeneyo yokubulawa kwabantu kunye nenkcubeko ezandleni zabahlaseli baseYurophu. Oku kunokubangela unxunguphalo phakathi kwezizukulwana okanye ukuphazamiseka koxinzelelo lwasemva kokwenzakala (PTSD). Ukutshintsha isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kunye neSikhumbuzo saBantu boMthonyama kwelinye icala kwaye endaweni yeColumbus Day kunye noSuku lwaBantu boMthonyama kwelinye, akuyi kunceda nje ukubalisa ibali eliyinyani malunga nento eyenzekayo; okona kubalulekileyo, izijekulo ezinyanisekileyo nezingokomfuziselo ziya kusebenza njengesiqalo sembuyekezo, isijwili esihlangeneyo kunye nokuphilisa, uxolelo, kunye nengxoxo eyakhayo yoluntu.
Ukuba amalungu eqela anenkumbulo ekwabelwana ngayo yentlekele akakwazi ukoyisa imvakalelo yabo yokungabi namandla kunye nokwakha ukuzithemba, ngoko baya kuhlala ngaphakathi kwimeko yokuba lixhoba kunye nokungabi namandla. Ukujongana nomonzakalo ohlangeneyo, ngoko ke, kukho imfuneko yenkqubo kunye nokuziqhelanisa naloo nto uVolkan (1997) ayibiza ngokuba yi-enveloping and outsideizing. Amaqela abonzakeleyo kufuneka "bagqume ukuzimela kwabo (abavalelweyo) abonakeleyo (imifanekiso) kwaye bakhuphe ngaphandle kwaye balawule ngaphandle kwabo" (iphe. 42). Eyona ndlela ingcono yokwenza oku kukusebenzisa izikhumbuzo zikawonke-wonke, amatye ezikhumbuzo, ezinye iisayithi zeenkumbulo zembali kunye nokubandakanyeka kwiincoko zoluntu ngazo ngaphandle kokoyika. Ukugunyazisa iSikhumbuzo saBantu boMthonyama kunye nokubhiyozela uSuku lwaBantu boMthonyama minyaka le kuya kunceda abantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean bakhuphe umonzakalo wabo odibeneyo endaweni yokubafaka ngaphakathi rhoqo xa bebona ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus limi mde kumbindi wezixeko zaseMelika.
Ukuba imfuno yaBantu boMthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean inokuchazwa ngesibheno kwithiyori kaVolkan (1997) yomothuko okhethiweyo, bangaba njani abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu abamelwe nguChristopher Columbus onesikhumbuzo kunye nelifa lakhe ligcinwe ngokushushu luluntu lwase-Italiya yaseMelika? waqonda? Kwisahluko sesihlanu sencwadi yakhe, Iintambo zegazi. Ukusuka kwikratshi lobuhlanga ukuya kubugrogrisi bobuhlanga, UVolkan, (1997) uphonononga ithiyori “yozuko olukhethiweyo – thina-ness: ukuchongwa kunye namadama okwabelwana ngawo.” Ithiyori “yozuko olukhethiweyo” njengoko yachazwa nguVolkan (1997) icacisa “umfanekiso ongokwengqondo wesiganeko sembali esiphembelela iimvakalelo zokuphumelela noloyiso” [yaye] “enokuhlanganisa amalungu eqela elikhulu” (iphe. 81) . Kubantu base-Italiya baseMelika, uhambo lukaChristopher Columbus oluya eMelika nako konke okuza nalo sisenzo sobugorha ekufuneka abantu base-Italiya baseMelika bazingce ngaso. Ngexesha likaChristopher Columbus kanye njengokuba kwakunjalo xa isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus sasigunyaziswa kwiSangqa saseColumbus kwisiXeko saseNew York, uChristopher Columbus wayengumqondiso wembeko, ubugorha, uloyiso, kunye nempumelelo kunye nomboniso webali laseMelika. Kodwa ukutyhilwa kwezenzo zakhe kumazwe aseMerika yinzala yabo badibana naye kuye kwabonisa uColumbus njengomqondiso wokubulawa kwabantu kunye nokuthotywa kobuntu. NgokukaVolkan (1997), “Ezinye iziganeko ezinokuthi ekuqaleni zibonakale ziluloyiso kamva zibonwa njengezithob’ isidima. 'Uloyiso' lweJamani yamaNazi, ngokomzekelo, lwabonwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho luninzi lwezizukulwana ezalandelayo zamaJamani” (iphe. 82).
Kodwa, ngaba kuye kwakho ukugwetywa okudibeneyo phakathi koluntu lwase-Italiya yaseMelika - abagcini boSuku lweColumbus kunye nesikhumbuzo - ngeendlela uColumbus kunye nabaphumeleleyo abaphatha ngayo amaIndiya / amaIndiya aseMelika? Kubonakala ngathi ama-Italiya aseMelika ayile ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus hayi nje ukugcina ilifa likaColumbus kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu kukuphakamisa iwonga labo lezazisi kuluntu olukhulu lwaseMelika kunye nokulisebenzisa njengendlela yokuzimanya ngokupheleleyo kunye nokubanga indawo yabo ngaphakathi. ibali laseMelika. UVolkan (1997) uyichaza kakuhle le nto ngokuthi “uzuko olukhethiweyo luvuselelwa njengendlela yokuqinisa ukuzithemba kweqela. Njengomothuko okhethiweyo, baye baba yintsomi ekuhambeni kwexesha” (iphe. 82). Kunjalo kanye ngesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kunye noSuku lukaColumbus.
isiphelo
Ukucinga kwam ngesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus, nangona kucacisiwe, kulinganiselwe ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Ukuqonda imiba yembali ejikeleze ukufika kukaColumbus eMelika kunye namava aphilayo abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean ngelo xesha kufuna ixesha elininzi kunye nezixhobo zophando. Ezi ndinokuba nazo ukuba ndiceba ukwandisa kolu phando kwixesha elizayo. Ngale mida engqondweni, esi sincoko senzelwe ukuba sibe namandla kutyelelo lwam kwisikhumbuzo sikaColumbus eColumbus Circle kwisiXeko saseNew York ukuqalisa imbonakalo ebalulekileyo yesi sikhumbuzo kunye nesihloko.
Uqhanqalazo, izikhalazo, kunye nokubiza ukuba kususwe ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kunye nokupheliswa koSuku lukaColumbus kumaxesha amva nje kuqaqambisa imfuneko yokubonakaliswa okubalulekileyo kwesi sihloko. Njengoko esi sincoko sibonakalisayo sibonisile, uluntu lwase-Italiya yaseMelika - umgcini wesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kunye noSuku lukaColumbus - unqwenela ukuba ilifa likaColumbus njengoko lichaziwe kwibali elibalaseleyo ligcinwe njengoko linjalo. Nangona kunjalo, imibutho exhasa abantu bomthonyama ifuna ukuba ilitye lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus lithatyathelw’ indawo yiNdawo yesikhumbuzo yaBantu boMthonyama kunye noSuku lukaColumbus endaweni yalo ngoSuku lwaBantu boMthonyama. Oku kungaboni ngasonye, ngokwengxelo yeKomishoni yeeNgcebiso zikaSodolophu kuBugcisa beSixeko, iZikhumbuzo, kunye naMaphawu (2018), kugxininiswe “kuzo zonke izihlandlo ezine ngexesha eliqwalaselwe kuvavanyo lwesi sikhumbuzo: ubomi bukaChristopher Columbus, injongo kuvavanyo lwesi sikhumbuzo: ubomi bukaChristopher Columbus. ixesha lokumiselwa kwelitye lesikhumbuzo, ifuthe nentsingiselo yalo yangoku, nelifa lalo kwixesha elizayo” (iphe. 28).
Ngokuchaseneyo nebali eliphambili ekuphikiswana ngalo ngoku (Engel, 1999), kuye kwatyhilwa ukuba uChristopher Columbus ngumfuziselo wokugebengwa kwabantu kunye nenkcubeko yamaNative/Indians aseMelika. Ukuhlutha abantu bomthonyama baseMelika kunye neCaribbean imihlaba kunye nenkcubeko yabo yayingesosenzo soxolo; yayisisenzo sogonyamelo nemfazwe. Ngale mfazwe, inkcubeko yabo, inkumbulo, ulwimi kunye nayo yonke into ababenayo yayilawulwa, igqwethiwe, yonakaliswa, kwaye yosulelekile (Hedges, 2014). Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba abo “banesijwili esingasonjululwanga,” – oko uVolkan (1997) akubiza ngokuba “kukwenzakala okukhethiweyo” – banikwe indawo yokuba lusizi, bazilele, bakhuphele ngaphandle ukwenzakala kwabo okudluleyo kwizizukulwana, kwaye baphiliswe. Oku kungenxa yokuba “ukwakha amatye ezikhumbuzo emva kwelahleko engathethekiyo kunendawo yako ekhethekileyo ekulileni uluntu; izenzo ezinjalo ziphantse zibe yimfuneko ngokwasengqondweni” (Volkan (1997, p. 40).
21st Inkulungwane ayiloxesha lokuqhayisa kwixa elidluleyo elingenabuntu, izinto ezimanyumnyezi ezifezwe ngabanamandla. Lixesha lembuyekezo, lokuphiliswa, incoko enyanisekileyo nevulelekileyo, yokuvuma, yokuxhobisa kunye nokulungisa izinto. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ezi zinokwenzeka kwisiXeko saseNew York nakwezinye izixeko eziphesheya kweMelika.
Ucaphulo
Engel, S. (1999). Umxholo yiyo yonke into: Ubume benkumbulo. ENew York, NY: WH Freeman kunye neNkampani.
Hedges, C. (2014). Imfazwe ingamandla asinika intsingiselo. ENew York, NY: Imicimbi yoLuntu.
IKomishoni yeeNgcebiso kaSodolophu kuBugcisa besiXeko, izikhumbuzo, kunye namanqaku. (2018). Ingxelo kwisixeko yaseNew York. Ifunyenwe ku-https://www1.nyc.gov/site/monuments/index.page
Isebe leePaki kunye noLonwabo kwisiXeko saseNew York. (nd). UChristopher Columbus. Ifunyenwe nge-3 Septemba 2018 ukusuka https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/columbus-park/monuments/298.
IOfisi kaSodolophu. (2017, Septemba 8). Usodolophu u-De Blasio uchaza ikhomishini yokucebisa ngosodolophu kubugcisa besixeko, izikhumbuzo kunye namanqaku. Ifunyenwe kwi-https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/582-17/mayor-de-blasio-names-mayoral-advisory-commission-city-art-monuments-markers
Stone, S., Patton, B., & Heen, S. (2010). Iincoko ezinzima: Indlela yokuxoxa ngezinto ezibalulekileyo iblorho. ENew York, NY: Iincwadi zePenguin.
Viola, JM (2017, Oktobha 9). Ukudiliza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaColumbus nako kuchitha nembali yam. Ifunyenwe kwi-https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/opinion/christopher-columbus-day-statue.html
Volkan, V. (1997). Iintambo zegazi. Ukusuka kwikratshi lobuhlanga ukuya kubugrogrisi bobuhlanga. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Basil Ugorji, Ph.D. nguMongameli kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko weZiko leZizwe ngezizwe le-Ethno-Religious Mediation, eNew York. Eli phepha lanikezelwa ekuqaleni INkomfa yeJenali yoXolo kunye neNgqungquthela, kwiYunivesithi yaseNova ekuMazantsi-mpuma, eFort Lauderdale, eFlorida.
