Izazisi zobuzwe kunye nezeNkolo ezibumba ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo ezisekelwe kuMhlaba: AmaFama aseTiv kunye neeNgxwabangxwaba zaBafundisi kuMbindi weNigeria.
Abstract
I-Tiv yombindi weNigeria ubukhulu becala ngamafama angamafama anendawo yokuhlala esasazekileyo enenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwimihlaba yeefama. IiFulani zommandla ongumqwebedu, kumantla eNigeria ngabafuyi abahambahambayo nabahamba namaxesha onyaka anemvula nembalela befuna amadlelo emihlambi. Umbindi weNigeria utsala abahambi ngenxa yamanzi akhoyo kunye namagqabi kumanxweme eRivers Benue naseNiger; kunye nokungabikho kwe-tse-tse fly ngaphakathi kwingingqi eseMbindini. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, la maqela aye ahlala ngoxolo, de kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000 xa ungquzulwano olunobundlobongela obuxhobileyo lwaqhambuka phakathi kwawo malunga nokufikelela kumafama kunye neendawo zamadlelo. Ukusuka kubungqina obubhaliweyo kunye neengxoxo zeqela eligxininisekileyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa, ungquzulwano lubangelwa ubukhulu becala kugqabhuko-dubulo lwabantu, uqoqosho olunciphayo, utshintsho lwemozulu, ukungasetyenziswa kwale mihla kwezolimo kunye nokunyuka kwe-Islamization. Ukuphuculwa kwezolimo kunye nohlengahlengiso lolawulo lubambe isithembiso sokuphucula ubudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe kunye neenkolo ezahlukeneyo.
intshayelelo
Izimvo zokwenziwa kwezinto ngendlela yala maxesha ngeminyaka yee-1950s zokuba amazwe ngokwendalo angazithandi ngokwenkolo njengoko zisiba zezanamhlanje ziye zaphononongwa kwakhona ngenxa yamava amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo enza inkqubela kwizinto eziphathekayo, ngakumbi ukususela ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20.th kwinkulungwane. Iinkqubo zala maxesha zazisekele uluvo lwazo ekusasazweni kwemfundo noshishino, nto leyo eya kukhuthaza ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini kunye nophuculo oluyayanyaniswa nolunxulumene neemeko eziphathekayo zoluntu (Eisendaht, 1966; Haynes, 1995). Ngenguqu enkulu yendlela yokuphila yabemi abaninzi, ixabiso leenkolelo zenkolo kunye nokuqonda ukwahlula ngokobuhlanga njengamaqonga okugaya kukhuphiswano lokufikelela kuncedo kuya kuthomalalisa. Kwanele ukuqaphela ukuba ubuhlanga kunye nokuzibandakanya kwezenkolo kuye kwavela njengamaqonga esazisi esomeleleyo sokukhuphisana namanye amaqela okufikelela kwimithombo yoluntu, ngakumbi ezo zilawulwa nguRhulumente (Nnoli, 1978). Ekubeni uninzi lwamazwe asakhasayo eneengcamango ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo kwezentlalo, yaye ubuzwe bawo neenkolo zawo zandiswa bubukoloniyali, ukruthakruthwano kwezobupolitika lwaphenjelelwa ngamandla ziimfuno zentlalo nezoqoqosho zamaqela awahlukeneyo. Uninzi lwala mazwe asaphuhlayo, ngakumbi e-Afrika, ayekumgangatho osisiseko kakhulu wophuculo ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya koo-1960. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwamashumi amaninzi eminyaka yokuphucula, ukuqonda ngokobuhlanga kunye nenkolo kuye kwaqiniswa kwaye, kwi-21.st inkulungwane, iyanda.
Ubunzulu bezazisi zobuhlanga kunye nezenkolo kwezopolitiko kunye neentetho zesizwe eNigeria zihlala zibonakala kuwo onke amanqanaba kwimbali yelizwe. Impumelelo ekufutshane yenkqubo yedemokhrasi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 emva konyulo lukamongameli luka-1993 imele ixesha apho ukubhengezwa kwenkolo kunye nobuntu bobuhlanga kwingxoxo yezopolitiko yesizwe yayiphantsi ngalo lonke ixesha. Loo mzuzu wokumanyana kwabantu abaninzi baseNigeria waba ngumphunga ngokubhangiswa konyulo lukamongameli lwangoJuni 12, 1993 apho uNkosi uMKO Abiola, umYoruba osuka kuMazantsi eNtshona Nigeria waphumelela. Ukutshitshiswa kwaphosa ilizwe kwimo yesiphithiphithi eyathi kungekudala yathatha iindlela zonqulo-zobuhlanga (Osaghae, 1998).
Nangona iinkolo nezizwe ziye zafumana uxanduva olukhulu kwiingxabano eziphenjelelwa yizopolitiko, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela ngokuqhelekileyo bukhokelwa yimiba yonqulo nobuhlanga. Ukusukela ekubuyeni kwedemokhrasi ngo-1999, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela eNigeria buye baphenjelelwa kakhulu bubuzwe kunye nenkolo. Kulo mxholo, ke ngoko, kunokubakho ukhuphiswano lobutyebi obusekwe emhlabeni phakathi kwamafama aseTiv kunye nabelusi baseFulani. Ngokwembali, la maqela mabini anxulumana ngoxolo noko kuqubisana apha naphaya kodwa kumanqanaba aphantsi, kunye nokusebenzisa kwawo iindlela zemveli zokusombulula ungquzulwano, uxolo lwalusoloko lufumaneka. Ukuvela kobundlobongela phakathi kwala maqela mabini kwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1990, kwiSifunda saseTaraba, phezu kweendawo zamadlelo apho imisebenzi yokulima ngamafama aseTiv yaqala ukunciphisa iindawo zokutyisa. Umntla wombindi weNigeria wawuya kuba yindawo yeqonga yokhuphiswano oluxhobileyo phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000, xa uhlaselo lwabalusi baseFulani kumafama eTiv kunye namakhaya abo kunye nezityalo zaba yinto ehlala ihleli yobudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela ngaphakathi kwendawo nakwezinye iindawo zelizwe. Olu ngquzulwano oluxhobileyo luye lwanda kakhulu kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo (2011-2014).
Eli phepha lifuna ukukhanya kubudlelwane phakathi kwamafama aseTiv kunye nabeFulani ababunjwa bubuzwe kunye nenkolo, kwaye lizama ukunciphisa amandla ongquzulwano malunga nokhuphiswano lokufikelela kwiindawo zamadlelo kunye nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuchaza iiContours zeNgxwabangxwaba: Ukuchazwa kwesazisi
Umbindi weNigeria unamazwe amathandathu, angala: iKogi, iBenue, iPlateau, iNasarawa, iNiger kunye neKwara. Lo mmandla ubizwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokuba 'yibhanti ephakathi' (Anyadike, 1987) okanye evunyiweyo ngokomgaqo-siseko, 'indawo esemntla-ombindi wezopolitiko'. Ummandla ubandakanya ukungafani kunye nokungafani kwabantu kunye neenkcubeko. Umbindi weNigeria ulikhaya kubuninzi obuntsonkothileyo bezizwe ezincinci ezithathwa njengezomthonyama, ngelixa amanye amaqela anje ngeFulani, iHausa kunye neKanuri zithathwa njengabaphambukeli. Amaqela amancinci aziwayo kwindawo aquka iTiv, i-Idoma, i-Eggon, iNupe, iBirom, iJukun, iChamba, iPyem, iGoemai, iKofyar, i-Igala, iGwari, iBassa njl. elizweni.
Umbindi weNigeria uphawuleka ngeyantlukwano yenkolo: ubuKristu, ubuSilamsi kunye neenkolo zemveli zaseAfrika. Umyinge wamanani usenokuba ungamiselwanga, kodwa ubuKristu bubonakala bukhulu, bulandelwa bubukho obuninzi bamaSilamsi phakathi kwabafuduki baseFulani naseHausa. Umbindi weNigeria ubonisa le yantlukwano esisipili sobuninzi obuntsonkothileyo baseNigeria. Ummandla uquka inxalenye yeKaduna kunye neBauchi, eyaziwa ngokuba yiSouthern Kaduna kunye neBauchi, ngokulandelanayo (uJames, 2000).
I-Central Nigeria imele inguqu esuka kwi-savanna yaseMntla Nigeria ukuya kummandla wamahlathi aseMazantsi eNigeria. Ke ngoko iqulathe imiba yejografi yayo yomibini imimandla yeklimati. Le ndawo ibufanelekele kakhulu ubomi bokungalali kwaye, kungoko, ulimo ngowona msebenzi uphambili. Iingcambu zezityalo ezifana neetapile, yam kunye necassava zilinywa ngokubanzi kulo mmandla. Iisiriyeli ezifana nerayisi, iguinea corn, millet, umbona, iibenniseed kunye neembotyi zesoya nazo zilinywa ngokubanzi kwaye zenza ezona mveliso ziphambili kwingeniso yemali. Ukulinywa kwezi zityalo kufuna amathafa abanzi ukuqinisekisa ukulinywa okuzinzileyo kunye nezivuno eziphezulu. Ukuziqhelanisa nokulima kwezolimo kuxhaswa ziinyanga ezisixhenxe zemvula (Epreli-Okthobha) kunye neenyanga ezintlanu zonyaka owomileyo (Novemba-Matshi) zilungele ukuvunwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zeesiriyeli kunye nezityalo ze-tuber. Lo mmandla unikwa amanzi endalo ngokusebenzisa imilambo enqumla ummandla kwaye ingena kuMlambo iBenue kunye neNiger, imilambo emibini emikhulu eNigeria. Amacandelo amakhulu kulo mmandla aquka imilambo iGalma, iKaduna, iGurara kunye neKatsina-Ala, (uJames, i-2000). Le mithombo yamanzi kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi kubalulekile ekusetyenzisweni kwezolimo, kunye neenzuzo zasekhaya nezakwalusa.
I-Tiv kunye noMfundisi weFulani kuMbindi weNigeria
Kubalulekile ukuseka umxholo woqhagamshelwano phakathi kweqela kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kweTiv, iqela elihlala phantsi, kunye neFulani, iqela labafundisi be-nomadic kumbindi weNigeria (Wegh, & Moti, 2001). I-Tiv yilona qela likhulu kwi-Central Nigeria, libalelwa kwizigidi ezihlanu, kunye nokugxininiswa kwi-Benue State, kodwa lifunyenwe kwinani elikhulu eNasarawa, eTaraba nasePlateau States (NPC, 2006). I-Tiv ikholelwa ukuba isuka eCongo naseMbindi Afrika, kwaye yahlala phakathi kweNigeria kwimbali yokuqala (Rubinh, 1969; Bohannans 1953; East, 1965; Moti and Wegh, 2001). Inani langoku labemi baseTiv libalulekile, linyuka lisuka kwi-800,000 ngo-1953. Impembelelo yokukhula kwabemi kwindlela yokulima yahlukile kodwa ibalulekile kubudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela.
I-Tiv ikakhulu ngamafama angathathi ntweni ahlala emhlabeni kwaye afumana isondlo kuwo ngokulima kwawo ukutya kunye nengeniso. Umsebenzi wezolimo wabalimi ibingumsebenzi oxhaphakileyo weTiv kude kube neemvula ezingonelanga, ukuncipha kokuchuma komhlaba kunye nokwanda kwabemi kubangele isivuno esiphantsi sezityalo, kunyanzele amafama eTiv ukuba amkele imisebenzi engeyiyo eyefama efana nokurhweba ngezinto ezincinci. Xa inani labemi baseTiv lalincinci xa lithelekiswa nomhlaba okhoyo wokulima ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kunye noo-1960, ukulima okuguquguqukayo kunye nokujikeleziswa kwezityalo yayizizenzo zezolimo eziqhelekileyo. Ngokunyuka okuthe chu kwabemi baseTiv, kudityaniswa nezithethe zabo, iindawo zokuhlala ezigqagqeneyo zokufikelela nokulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, iindawo ezilinywayo zacutheka ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi baseTiv bahlala bengabalimi, kwaye baye bagcina ukulinywa komhlaba ofumanekayo ukuze bafumane ukutya kunye nengeniso egubungela iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo.
AmaFulani, ubukhulu becala abangamaSilamsi, liqela elihambahambayo, labelusi abangabalusi beenkomo zesiNtu. Ukukhangela kwabo iimeko ezivumela ukukhulisa imihlambi yabo kubenza bahlale behamba ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezinamadlelo kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe-tsetse fly (Iro, 1991). I-Fulani iyaziwa ngamagama amaninzi aquka uFulbe, uPeut, uFula kunye noFelaata (Iro, 1991, de st. Croix, 1945). I-Fulani kuthiwa yavela kwi-Peninsula yase-Arabia kwaye yafudukela eNtshona Afrika. Ngokutsho kwe-Iro (1991), i-Fulani isebenzisa ukuhamba njengesicwangciso sokuvelisa ukufikelela emanzini kunye namadlelo kwaye, mhlawumbi, kwiimarike. Lo mbutho uthatha abelusi baye kumazwe angama-20 kwi-Afrika ekwi-sub-Saharan, okwenza iFulani ibe lelona qela lisasazeke kakhulu lenkcubeko yenkcubeko (kwilizwekazi), kwaye ibonwa njengechatshazelwa kancinci yimeko yala maxesha ngokumalunga nomsebenzi woqoqosho lwabalusi. Abafuyi beFulani eNigeria baya ngasezantsi kwintlambo yaseBenue kunye neenkomo zabo zifuna idlelo kunye namanzi ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha elomileyo (ngoNovemba ukuya ku-Epreli). Intlambo yaseBenue ineenkalo ezimbini ezinomtsalane—amanzi aphuma kwimilambo iBenue nemisinga yayo, njengoMlambo iKatsina-Ala, nendawo ekungekho tsetse kuyo. Intshukumo yokubuya iqala ngokuqala kweemvula ngo-Epreli kwaye iqhubeke ngoJuni. Nje ukuba intlambo izaliswe yimvula enkulu kunye nokuhamba kuthintelwe yimimandla enodaka esongela ubomi bemihlambi kunye nokuhamba ngokucutheka ngenxa yemisebenzi yokulima, ukushiya intlambo ibe yinto engenakuphepheka.
Ukhuphiswano lwangoku lweZibonelelo eziSekelwe kuMhlaba
Ukhuphiswano lokufikelela kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi obusekelwe kumhlaba-ingakumbi amanzi kunye namadlelo-phakathi kwamafama aseTiv kunye nabafuyi beFulani kwenzeka kwimeko yenkqubo yemveliso yezoqoqosho yabalimi kunye nabahambahambayo eyamkelwa ngawo omabini amaqela.
AbakwaTiv ngabantu abahleli phantsi abaphila ubomi obusekelwe kwizenzo zezolimo ezingowona mhlaba uphambili. Ukwanda kwabemi kubeka uxinzelelo ekufikelelekeni komhlaba okhoyo naphakathi kwamafama. Ukuncipha kokuchumisa komhlaba, ukhukuliseko, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemeko yala maxesha kuthetha ukumodareyitha iindlela zokulima ngokwemveli ngendlela ecela umngeni kubomi bamafama (Tyubee, 2006).
Abafuyi beFulani bangabantu abahambahambayo abanenkqubo yemveliso ejikeleza ukufuya iinkomo. Basebenzisa ukushukuma njengeqhinga lokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa (Iro, 1991). Ziliqela izinto eziye zaqulunqa iyelenqe lokucela umngeni kubomi bezoqoqosho baseFulani, kuquka nokungqubana kwenkqubo yesimanjemanje nezithethe. I-Fulani iye yaxhathisa i-modernity kwaye ngoko ke inkqubo yabo yokuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa iye yahlala ingaguqukiyo ebusweni bokukhula kwabemi kunye nesimanje. Imiba yokusingqongileyo ibandakanya iseti enkulu yemiba echaphazela uqoqosho lweFulani, kubandakanywa nepateni yemvula, ukusasazwa kwayo kunye nexesha lonyaka, kunye nobungakanani bokuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa komhlaba. Okunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo noku yipateni yezityalo, ezidityaniswe ngokweendawo eziyimiqwebedu nemimandla yamahlathi. Le patheni yezityalo imisela ukufumaneka kwamadlelo, ukungafikeleleki, kunye nokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane (Iro, 1991; Water-Bayer and Taylor-Powell, 1985). Ipateni yezityalo ke ngoko ichaza imfuduko yamadlelo. Ukunyamalala kweendlela zamadlelo kunye namadlelo ngenxa yemisebenzi yokufama ngaloo ndlela kumisela intsingiselo yongquzulwano lwangoku phakathi kwabafuyi abafudukayo uFulanis kunye namafama abo eTiv.
Kuze kube yi-2001, xa ungquzulwano olupheleleyo phakathi kwamafama aseTiv kunye nabelusi baseFulani baqhambuka ngoSeptemba 8, kwaye bahlala iintsuku eziliqela eTaraba, zombini iintlanga zazihlala kunye ngokuthula. Ngaphambili, ngo-Oktobha 17, i-2000, abelusi baxabana namafama aseYoruba eKwara naseFulani abafuyi baphinde baxabana nabalimi beentlanga ezahlukeneyo ngoJuni 25, 2001 kwi-Nasarawa State (Olabode kunye ne-Ajibade, 2014). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezi nyanga zikaJuni, Septemba no-Okthobha ziphakathi kwexesha lemvula, xa izityalo zityalwa kwaye zikhuliswa ukuze zivunwe ukuqala ekupheleni kukaOktobha. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutyiswa kweenkomo kwakuya kubangela ingqumbo yabalimi ababeya kusongelwa sesi senzo sokutshatyalaliswa yimihlambi yabo. Nakuphi na ukusabela kwabalimi ukukhusela izityalo zabo, nangona kunjalo, kuya kubangela ungquzulwano olukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni okubanzi kwezindlu zabo.
Phambi kolu hlaselo lulungelelanisiweyo noluzinzileyo olwaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000; Iingxwabangxwaba phakathi kwala maqela ngemihlaba yeefama zazidla ngokupheliswa. UFulani ongumfuyi wayefika, aze acele ngokusemthethweni imvume yokumisa inkampu namadlelo, nto leyo eyayidla ngokuvunywa. Nakuphi na ukophulwa kwezityalo zamafama kuya kusonjululwa ngoxolo kusetyenziswa iindlela zemveli zokusombulula impixano. Kumbindi weNigeria, kwakukho iipokotho ezinkulu zabemi baseFulani kunye neentsapho zabo ezazivunyelwe ukuhlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zokusombulula ungquzulwano zibonakala ngathi ziye zabhanga ngenxa yepateni yabafuyi abasanda kufika uFulani ukususela ngo-2000. Ngelo xesha, abalusi baseFulani baqalisa ukufika ngaphandle kweentsapho zabo, bengamadoda amakhulu kuphela nemihlambi yabo, kunye nezixhobo ezintsonkothileyo phantsi kweengalo zabo. Imipu yeAK-47. Ungquzulwano oluxhobileyo phakathi kwala maqela lwaqala ukuba nenqanaba elimangalisayo, ngakumbi ukusukela ngo-2011, kwiimeko zaseTaraba, ePlateau, eNasarawa naseBenue States.
NgoJuni 30, 2011, iNdlu yaBameli baseNigeria yavula ingxoxo malunga nengxabano eqhubekayo phakathi kwamafama aseTiv kunye nomlingani wabo weFulani kumbindi weNigeria. Le Ndlu yaphawula ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwama-40,000 2010, kuquka abafazi nabantwana, baye bafuduswa baza baxinzelwa kwiinkampu zokwexeshana ezintlanu eDaudu, eOrtese, naseIgyungu-Adze kummandla worhulumente wasekuhlaleni waseGuma eBenue State. Ezinye zeenkampu zazibandakanya izikolo zaseprayimari ezazifudula zivaliwe ngexesha lemfazwe zaza zajikwa zaba ziinkampu (HR, 33: 50). Le Ndlu yafumanisa ukuba bangaphezulu kwama-2011 amadoda, abafazi nabantwana ababuleweyo, kubandakanywa namajoni amabini kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo samaKatolika, i-Udei eBenue State. NgoMeyi 30, olunye uhlaselo lweFulani kumafama aseTiv lwenzeka, lufuna abantu abangaphezu kwe-5000 kwaye baxoshe abantu abangaphezu kwe-2014 (Alimba, 192: 8). Ngaphambili, phakathi komhla we-10-2011 kuFebruwari, 19, amafama aseTiv kunxweme loMlambo iBenue, kummandla worhulumente wasekhaya waseGwer entshona eBenue, ahlaselwa liqela labalusi ababulala amafama ali-33 baza batshisa iilali ezingama-4. Abahlaseli abaxhobileyo babuyela kwakhona ngo-Matshi 2011, i-46 ukuba babulale abantu be-2014, kubandakanywa nabasetyhini kunye nabantwana, kwaye bahlasele isithili sonke (Azahan, Terkula, Ogli kunye no-Ahemba, 16: XNUMX).
Uburhalarhume bolu hlaselo, nobugocigoci bezixhobo ezibandakanyekayo, bubonakala ngokunyuka kwamaxhoba kunye nenqanaba lentshabalalo. Phakathi kukaDisemba ka-2010 noJuni ka-2011, ngaphezu kwe-15 uhlaselo lwarekhodwa, olukhokelele ekuphulukaneni nemiphefumlo engaphezulu kwe-100 kunye nezindlu ezingaphezu kwama-300 zatshatyalaliswa, zonke zikwindawo yorhulumente wasekhaya waseGwer-West. Urhulumente uphendule ngokuthunyelwa kwamajoni kunye namapolisa ahambahambayo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, kunye nokuqhubeka nokuphononongwa kwamanyathelo oxolo, kubandakanya nokuseka ikomiti yengxaki ephethwe nguSultan waseSokoto, kunye nomlawuli ophambili weTiv, TorTiv IV. Eli phulo lisaqhuba.
Iimfazwe phakathi kwamaqela zangena eludongeni ngo-2012 ngenxa yamalinge oxolo oluzinzileyo kunye nokubekw’ esweni komkhosi, kodwa zabuya ngamandla kunye nokwandiswa kwendawo ngo-2013 echaphazela iGwer-west, Guma, Agatu, Makurdi Guma kunye neLogo indawo zorhulumente wasekhaya waseNasarawa State. Ngezihlandlo ezahlukeneyo, iilali zaseRukubi naseMedagba eDoma zahlaselwa ngabaFulani ababexhobe ngemipu ye-AK-47, bashiya abantu abangaphezu kwama-60 befile kwaye izindlu ze-80 zitshisiwe (Adeyeye, 2013). Kwakhona ngoJulayi 5, 2013, umalusi oxhobileyo uFulani wahlasela amafama aseTiv eNzorov eGuma, ebulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-20 waza wayitshisa yonke loo ndawo. Ezi ndawo zokuhlala zezo zikwiindawo zebhunga lendawo ezifumaneka kumanxweme emilambo iBenue kunye neKatsina-Ala. Usukuzwano lwamadlelo namanzi luba shushu kwaye lunokuphumela kungquzulwano ngezixhobo ngokulula.
Itheyibhile1. Iziganeko ezikhethiweyo zoHlaselo oluxhobileyo phakathi kwamafama eTiv kunye nabelusi beFulani kwi-2013 kunye ne-2014 kumbindi weNigeria.
| umhla | Indawo yesiganeko | Ukufa okuqikelelweyo |
| 1/1/13 | Jukun/Fulani ungquzulwano kwiTaraba State | 5 |
| 15/1/13 | amafama / ukungqubana Fulani e Nasarawa State | 10 |
| 20/1/13 | Umlimi / ukungqubana kweFulani kwiNasarawa State | 25 |
| 24/1/13 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana kwiPlateau State | 9 |
| 1/2/13 | Ukungqubana kweFulani/Eggon kwiLizwe laseNasarawa | 30 |
| 20/3/13 | UFulani / abalimi baxabana eTarok, uJos | 18 |
| 28/3/13 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana eRiyom, kwiLizwe lasePlateau | 28 |
| 29/3/13 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana eBokkos, kwiLizwe lasePlateau | 18 |
| 30/3/13 | Ungquzulwano lweFulani/amafama/ungquzulwano lwamapolisa | 6 |
| 3/4/13 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana eGuma, eBenue State | 3 |
| 10/4/13 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana eGwer-west, Benue State | 28 |
| 23/4/13 | Amafama eFulani/Egbe angquzulana kwiLizwana laseKogi | 5 |
| 4/5/13 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana kwiPlateau State | 13 |
| 4/5/13 | Ukungqubana kweJukun/Fulani ewukari, kwiphondo laseTaraba | 39 |
| 13/5/13 | Ungquzulwano lwamaFama e-Agatu, eBenue | 50 |
| 20/5/13 | Ungquzulwano lwamaFama / amaFama kumda waseNasarawa-Benue | 23 |
| 5/7/13 | Ukuhlaselwa kweFulani kwiilali zaseTiv eNzorov, eGuma | 20 |
| 9/11/13 | Ukuhlasela kweFulani eAgatu, eBenue State | 36 |
| 7/11/13 | Ukungquzulana kwamaFama e-Ikpele, e-okpopolo | 7 |
| 20/2/14 | Ungquzulwano lweFulani/amafama, kwiphondo lasePlateau | 13 |
| 20/2/14 | Ungquzulwano lweFulani/amafama, kwiphondo lasePlateau | 13 |
| 21/2/14 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana eWase, kwiphondo lasePlateau | 20 |
| 25/2/14 | IFulani/amafama angquzulana eRiyom, kwiphondo lasePlateau | 30 |
| July 2014 | UFulani uhlasele abahlali baseBarkin Ladi | 40 |
| Matshi 2014 | Ukuhlaselwa kweFulani eGbajimba, eBenue state | 36 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani ukuhlasela | 22 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani ukuhlasela | 32 |
| 11/3/14 | Fulani ukuhlasela | 25 |
Umthombo: Chukuma & Atuche, 2014; Iphephandaba leLanga, ngo-2013
Olu hlaselo luye lwaba lukhuni ngakumbi ukususela phakathi ku-2013, xa indlela enkulu esuka eMakurdi isiya eNaka, ikomkhulu likarhulumente waseGwer West, yavalwa ngamadoda aseFulani axhobileyo emva kokuphanga izithili ezingaphezu kwesithandathu kuhola wendlela. Kangangethuba elingaphezu konyaka, indlela yahlala ivaliwe njengoko abalusi beeFulani ababexhobe bexhobile babelawula. Ukususela ngoNovemba 5-9, 2013, abelusi beeFulani abaxhobe bexhobile bahlasela i-Ikpele, i-Okpopolo nezinye iidolophana zaseAgatu, bebulala abahlali abangaphezu kwama-40 baza bagqogqa iilali zonke. Abahlaseli batshabalalise amakhaya kunye neefama begxotha abantu abangaphezu kwama-6000 (Duru, 2013).
Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kutsho kuMeyi ka-2014, iindawo zokuhlala ezininzi eGuma, eGwer West, eMakurdi, eGwer East, eAgatu naseLogo kwimimandla yorhulumente wasekhaya waseBenue zonganyelwe luhlaselo olumanyumnyezi lwabalusi abaxhobileyo beFulani. Ukubulawa kwabantu kwabetha i-Ekwo-Okpanchenyi e-Agatu nge-13 kaMeyi, 2014, xa abalusi beFulani abaxhobileyo abangama-230 babulala abantu abangama-47 kwaye badiliza phantse izindlu ezingama-200 kuhlaselo lwangaphambi kokusa (Uja, 2014). Ilali yase-Imande Jem eGuma yatyelelwa nge-11 ka-Epreli, ishiya amafama angathathi ntweni ama-4 eswelekile. Uhlaselo lwase-Owukpa, kwi-LGA yase-Ogbadibo nakwiilali zase-Ikpayongo, e-Agena, naseMbatsada kwiwadi yebhunga le-Mbalom eGwer East LGA kwi-Benue State yenzeke ngoMeyi ka-2014 yabulala abahlali abangama-20 (Isine no-Ugonna, 2014; Adoyi no-Ameh, 2014) ).
Incopho yohlaselo lweFulani kunye nokuhlaselwa kwamafama eBenue yabonwa e-Uikpam, kwilali yaseTse-Akenyi Torkula, kwikhaya lezinyanya zomlawuli waseTiv eGuma, kunye nokuphangwa kweAyilamo semi idolophu kwindawo yaseLogo kurhulumente wasekhaya. Uhlaselo lwelali yase-Uikpam lushiye abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi amathathu bebhubhile logama ilali yonke itshisiwe. Abahlaseli baseFulani bahlehla kwaye bamisa iinkampu emva kohlaselo kufuphi neGbajimba, ngaselunxwemeni loMlambo iKatsina-Ala kwaye babekulungele ukuphinda bahlasele abahlali abaseleyo. Xa irhuluneli yeSizwana saseBenue yayikwiphulo lokukhangela inyaniso, isiya eGbajimba, ikomkhulu laseGuma, yabaleka yalalela iFulani exhobileyo ngomhla we-30 kuMatshi, 18, kwaye ubunyani bongquzulwano ekugqibeleni yambetha urhulumente. ngendlela engalibalekiyo. Olu hlaselo lwaqinisekisa indlela abafuyi baseFulani abazulazula ababexhobe ngayo kwaye balungele ukubandakanya amafama aseTiv kukhuphiswano lwemithombo yomhlaba.
Ukhuphiswano lokufikelela kumadlelo nemithombo yamanzi alutshabalalisi izityalo kuphela kodwa lungcolisa amanzi angaphaya kokusebenziseka luluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ukutshintsha amalungelo okufikelela kwimithombo, kunye nokungonelanga kobutyebi bedlelo ngenxa yokwanda kokulinywa kwezityalo, kwamisela iqonga longquzulwano (Iro, 1994; Adisa, 2012: Nakuba, Ega and Erhabor, 1999). Ukunyamalala kwamadlelo alinywayo kugxininisa olu ngquzulwano. Ngelixa intshukumo yabelusi baseNomadi phakathi kuka-1960 kunye no-2000 yayingeyongxaki kangako, ukudibana kwabelusi namafama ukususela ngo-2000 kuye kwanda ubundlobongela kwaye, kwiminyaka emine edlulileyo, ibulala kwaye itshabalalisa kakhulu. Kukho umahluko obukhali phakathi kwezi zigaba zibini. Umzekelo, intshukumo kaFulani ohambahambayo kwisigaba sangaphambili yayibandakanya amakhaya aphela. Ukufika kwabo kubalelwe ukwenza uthethathethwano olusesikweni noluntu olusindleke kunye nemvume efunwe phambi kokuhlaliswa. Ngelixa kubahlali abasindlekayo, ubudlelwane bebulawulwa ngokweendlela zemveli kwaye, apho kwavela ukungaboni ngasonye, kwasonjululwa ngoxolo. Idlelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi kwenziwa ngentlonipho yemilinganiselo nezithethe zasekuhlaleni. Idlelo lalisenziwa kwiindlela eziphawulweyo kunye namasimi avunyelweyo. Lo myalelo ucingelwayo ubonakala ucatshukiswa zizinto ezine: ukutshintsha kwamandla abemi, ukungonelanga kwengqwalasela karhulumente kwimiba yamafama afuyayo, iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokwanda kwezixhobo ezincinane nezixhobo ezilula.
I) Ukutshintsha i-Population Dynamics
Ibalelwa malunga ne-800,000 kwiminyaka yee-1950, inani le-Tiv liye lanyuka laya ngaphaya kwezigidi ezine kwi-Benue State kuphela. Ubalo lwabantu luka-2006, oluphononongwe ngo-2012, luqikelela ukuba abantu baseTiv kwiphondo laseBenue baphantse babe zizigidi ezi-4. I-Fulani, ehlala kumazwe e-21 e-Afrika, igxile enyakatho yeNigeria, ngakumbi i-Kano, i-Sokoto, i-Katsina, i-Borno, i-Adamawa kunye ne-Jigawa States. Baninzi kuphela eGuinea, equka malunga ne-40% yabemi belizwe (Anter, 2011). ENigeria, benza malunga ne-9% yabemi belizwe, kunye noxinaniso olunzima eMntla Ntshona naseMntla Mpuma. (Izibalo ze-demographic zobuhlanga zinzima ngenxa yokuba ubalo lwabemi belizwe aluyithathi imvelaphi yobuhlanga.) Uninzi lwabantu baseFulani abahlala kwiindawo zokuhlala kwaye, njengabemi be-transhumance kunye neentshukumo ezimbini zonyaka eNigeria kunye nokuqikelelwa kokukhula kwenani labantu kwi-2.8% (Iro, 1994) , ezi ntshukumo zonyaka zibe nefuthe kubudlelwane bongquzulwano kunye namafama aseTiv ahlala phantsi.
Ngenxa yokwanda kwabemi, iindawo ezidliswa yiFulani ziye zathathwa ngamafama, kwaye iintsalela zezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziindlela zokutyisa azikuvumeli ukuhamba kweenkomo ezilahlekileyo, nto leyo esoloko ikhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwezityalo namasimi. Ngenxa yokwanda kwabemi, indlela yokuhlala esasazekileyo yaseTiv ejolise ekuqinisekiseni ukufikelela kumhlaba olinywayo kukhokelele ekuhluthweni komhlaba, kunye nokuncipha kwendawo yokutyisa. Ukukhula okuzinzileyo kwabemi ke ngoko kuvelise iziphumo ezibalulekileyo kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokufuya nokungalaliyo. Umphumo omkhulu ube ziingxabano phakathi kwamaqela malunga nokufikelela kumadlelo kunye nemithombo yamanzi.
II) Ukunganeli ngqalelo kukaRhulumente kwimiba yabalusi
U-Iro uxoxile ukuba oorhulumente abohlukeneyo baseNigeria baye batyeshela kwaye bajongela phantsi iqela le-Fulani kulawulo, kwaye baphatha imiba yobufundisi ngokuzenzisa ngokusemthethweni (1994) nangona igalelo labo elikhulu kuqoqosho lwelizwe (Abbas, 2011). Ngokomzekelo, iipesenti ze-80 zaseNigeria zixhomekeke kwiFulani yomfundisi inyama, ubisi, ushizi, iinwele, ubusi, ibhotela, umgquba, isiqhumiso, igazi lezilwanyana, iimveliso zeenkukhu, kunye nezikhumba kunye nesikhumba (Iro, 1994: 27). Ngoxa iinkomo zeFulani zihambisa iinqwelo, zilima yaye zirhuqwa, amawakawaka abantu baseNigeria nabo baphila “ngokuthengisa, ukusenga nokuxhela okanye ukuthutha imihlambi,” yaye urhulumente ufumana ingeniso kurhwebo lweenkomo. Nangona kunjalo, imigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo-ntle karhulumente malunga nokubonelela ngamanzi, izibhedlele, izikolo kunye namadlelo azizange zibekho ngokubhekiselele kwiFulani yomfundisi. Iinzame zikarhulumente zokudala amaqula azikayo, ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo, ukudala iindawo ezininzi zedlelo kunye nokuvuselela iindlela zokutyisa (Iro 1994, Nakuba, Ega kunye ne-Erhabor 1999) ziyavunywa, kodwa zibonwa njengento encinci kakhulu emva kwexesha.
Iinzame zokuqala ezibambekayo zesizwe zokujongana nemingeni yamadlelo zavela ngo-1965 ngokupasiswa koMthetho wokuGcinwa kwamadlelo. Oku yayikukukhusela abalusi ekugrogrisweni nasekuvinjweni amathuba okufikelela emadlelweni ngamafama, abafuyi beenkomo nabangeneleli (Uzondu, 2013). Nangona kunjalo, lo mthetho awuzange unyanzeliswe kwaye iindlela zemfuyo zavalwa emva koko, kwaye zanyamalala kumafama. Urhulumente waphinda wahlola umhlaba owawuphawulelwe ukutyisa idlelo ngo-1976. Ngo-1980, iihektare ezi-2.3 zezigidi zasekwa ngokusesikweni njengeendawo zamadlelo, nto leyo emele i-2 ekhulwini ngalinye nje lendawo ebekelwe bucala. Iinjongo zikarhulumente ibikukudala ngaphezulu kweehektare ezizigidi ezingama-28, kwimimandla engama-300 ephononongiweyo, njengendawo yokugcina amadlelo. Kwezi ziihektare ezingama-600,000 45 kuphela, ezigubungela imimandla engama-225,000 kuphela, eziye zanikezelwa. Kuzo zonke iihektare ezingama-2013 eziquka iindawo zokugcina ezisibhozo ziye zasekwa ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente njengeendawo zokugcina amadlelo (Uzondu, 1994, Iro, XNUMX). Uninzi lwezi ndawo zigciniweyo ziye zangenelwa ngamafama, ngenxa yokungakwazi kukarhulumente ukuqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwazo ukuze zisetyenziswe ngabafuyi. Ke ngoko, ukungabikho kophuhliso olucwangcisiweyo lweeakhawunti zenkqubo yogcino lwedlelo ngurhulumente yeyona nto iphambili kungquzulwano phakathi kwamaFulanis namafama.
III) Ukwanda kwezixhobo ezincinci kunye neziKhala (SALWs)
Ngo-2011, kwaqikelelwa ukuba kukho izixhobo ezincinane ezizizigidi ezingama-640 ezijikeleza ehlabathini lonke; kwezi, i-100 lezigidi zaseAfrika, izigidi ezingama-30 kwi-Afrika ekwi-Sub-Sahara, kwaye izigidi ezisibhozo ziseNtshona Afrika. Eyona nto inomdla kukuba i-59% yale nto yayisezandleni zabantu (Oji kunye no-Okeke 2014; Nte, 2011). I-Arab Spring, ngakumbi ukuvukelwa kweLibya emva kwe-2012, kubonakala kwandisa i-quagmire ekhulayo. Eli xesha likwangqamene nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kwe-Islamic fundamentalism engqinwa buvukelo baseNigeria Boko Haram kumntla-mpuma weNigeria kunye nomnqweno wabavukeli baseTurareg baseMali wokuseka ilizwe lamaSilamsi eMali. Ii-SALWs kulula ukuzifihla, ukuzigcina, zingabizi kakhulu ukuzithenga nokusebenzisa (UNP, 2008), kodwa ziyingozi kakhulu.
Umlinganiselo obalulekileyo kwiingxabano zangoku phakathi kwabefundisi baseFulani kunye namafama eNigeria, kwaye ngokukodwa kumbindi weNigeria, yinto yokuba amaFulanis abandakanyekayo kwiingxabano aye axhobe ngokupheleleyo xa efika mhlawumbi elindele ingxaki, okanye ngenjongo yokutshisa enye. . Abafuyi be-Nomadic Fulani kwi-1960-1980 babeza kufika kumbindi weNigeria kunye neentsapho zabo, iinkomo, i-machetes, izibhamu ezenziwe kwindawo yokuzingela, kunye neentonga zokukhokela imihlambi kunye nokukhusela okungaqhelekanga. Ukususela ngowama-2000, abalusi bemihlambi bafika bephethe imipu yeAK-47 nezinye izixhobo ezilula zijinga phantsi kweengalo zabo. Kule meko, imihlambi yabo isoloko iqhutywa ngabom kwiifama, kwaye baya kuhlasela nawaphi na abalimi abazama ukuyidudulela ngaphandle. Ezi zimpindezelo zinokwenzeka kwiiyure ezininzi okanye iintsuku emva kokudibana kokuqala kunye neeyure ezingaqhelekanga zemini okanye zobusuku. Uhlaselo luye lwahlelwa rhoqo xa amafama efama zabo, okanye xa abahlali bejonga umngcwabo okanye amalungelo okungcwaba kunye nokuhamba kakhulu, kodwa xa abanye abahlali belele (Odufowokan 2014). Ukongeza kokuxhotyiswa kakhulu, kwakukho izibonakaliso zokuba abafuyi basebenzisa imichiza ebulalayo (izixhobo) ngokumelene namafama kunye nabahlali base-Anyiin nase-Ayilamo kwi-Logo karhulumente wendawo ngo-Matshi 2014: izidumbu zazingenakulimala okanye iinkuni zokudubula (Vande-Acka, 2014) .
Olu hlaselo lukwabalaselisa umbandela wokucalucalulwa konqulo. AmaFulani ubukhulu becala ngamaSilamsi. Uhlaselo lwabo kuluntu lwamaKristu ikakhulu eMazantsi eKaduna, kwiPlateau State, eNasarawa, eTaraba naseBenue baphakamise iinkxalabo ezingundoqo. Ukuhlaselwa kwabemi baseRiyom ePlateau State naseAgatu eBenue State—imimandla ehlala abantu abaninzi ngamaKristu—kuphakamisa imibuzo ngonqulo lwabahlaseli. Ngaphandle koko, abelusi abaxhobileyo bazinza neenkomo zabo emva kolu hlaselo kwaye baqhubeleka nokungcungcuthekisa abahlali njengoko bezama ukubuyela kwizinyanya zabo ngoku. Olu phuhliso lubonakaliswa eGuma naseGwer West, kwi-Benue State kunye neepokotho zeendawo zasePlateau naseSouthern Kaduna (John, 2014).
Ukugqithiswa kwezixhobo ezincinci kunye nezixhobo ezilula kuchazwa ngolawulo olubuthathaka, ukungakhuseleki kunye nobuhlwempu (RP, 2008). Ezinye izinto zinxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo, ubunqolobi, uvukelo-mbuso, ipolitiki yonyulo, intlekele yezenkolo kunye neengxabano zoluntu kunye nokulwa (ngeCawa, 2011; RP, 2008; Vines, 2005). Indlela i-Fulanis ehlala ngayo ngoku ixhobe kakuhle ngexesha lenkqubo yabo yokuguqula abantu, ubugwenxa babo ekuhlaseleni amafama, amakhaya kunye nezityalo, kunye nokuhlaliswa kwabo emva kokuba amafama kunye nabahlali bebalekile, kubonisa umgangatho omtsha wobudlelwane phakathi kwamaqela kukhuphiswano lwemithombo yomhlaba. Oku kufuna ukucinga okutsha kunye nesikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo woluntu.
IV) Unyino lokusiNgqongileyo
Imveliso yokwalusa ivuswa kakhulu yimo engqongileyo apho imveliso yenzeka khona. Okungenakuphepheka, ukuguquguquka kwendalo kokusingqongileyo kugqiba umxholo wenkqubo yokuvelisa i-pastor transhumance. Umzekelo, abafuyi abafudukayo iFulani bayasebenza, bahlala kwaye bazala kwindawo enomngeni wokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukutyhoboza kwentlango, ukwehla konikezelo lwamanzi kunye nemozulu engalindelekanga kunye nemozulu (Iro, 1994: John, 2014). Lo mceli-mngeni uhambelana neethisisi zendlela yobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezendalo kwiingxabano. Ezinye iimeko zokusingqongileyo ziquka ukukhula kwabemi, ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunye nokunyamalala kwamahlathi. Ngokukodwa okanye ngokudibeneyo, ezi meko zikhuthaza ukuhamba kwamaqela, kunye namaqela afudukayo ngokukodwa, ahlala eqala ungquzulwano lwezizwe xa ehambela kwiindawo ezintsha; intshukumo enokuthi iphazamise ucwangco olukhoyo olunjengokuhluthwa okubangelwayo (Homer-Dixon, 1999). Ukunqongophala kwamadlelo kunye nobutyebi bamanzi kumantla eNigeria ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo kunye nentshukumo yomlindi ukuya emazantsi ukuya kumbindi weNigeria ibisoloko isomeleza ukunqongophala kwendalo kunye nokhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela kwaye, ngenxa yoko, imfazwe yangoku phakathi kwamafama kunye neFulani (Blench, 2004) ;Atelhe kunye ne-Al Chukwuma, ngo-2014). Ukuncitshiswa komhlaba ngenxa yokwakhiwa kweendlela, amadama okunkcenkceshela kunye neminye imisebenzi yabucala nekawonke-wonke, kunye nokufunwa kohlaza kunye namanzi akhoyo okusetyenziswa kweenkomo konke kukhawulezisa amathuba okhuphiswano nongquzulwano.
Indlela
Iphepha lamkele indlela yophando yophando eyenza uphononongo lube semgangathweni. Ukusebenzisa imithombo ephambili kunye neyesibini, idatha yenzelwe uhlalutyo oluchazayo. Idatha yokuqala yaveliswa kwiingcali ezikhethiweyo kunye nolwazi olusebenzayo kunye nolwazi olunzulu lwempixano yezixhobo phakathi kwamaqela amabini. Iingxoxo zeqela ekugxilwe kuzo zabanjwa namaxhoba ongquzulwano kummandla wophononongo ekugxilwe kuwo. Inkcazo-ntetho yocazululo ilandela imodeli enomxholo wemixholo kunye nemixholwana ekhethiweyo ukuqaqambisa izizathu ezisisiseko kunye neendlela ezibonakalayo zokuthethathethana namaFulani ahambahambayo kunye namafama ahleli phantsi eBenue State.
I-Benue State njengeNdawo yeSifundo
I-Benue State lelinye lamazwe amathandathu akumantla kumbindi weNigeria, adibana neMiddle Belt. La mazwe aquka iKogi, iNasarawa, iNiger, iPlateau, iTaraba, kunye neBenue. Amanye amazwe aquka ummandla we-Middle Belt yi-Adamawa, iKaduna (emazantsi) kunye neKwara. KwiNigeria yangoku, lo mmandla ungqamana ne-Middle Belt kodwa ayifani ncam nayo (Ayih, 2003; Atelhe & Al Chukwuma, 2014).
I-Benue state ineendawo ezingama-23 zorhulumente wasekhaya ezilingana neendawo ezikwamanye amazwe. Yadalwa ngo-1976, i-Benue inxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi yezolimo, njengoko umlinganiselo omkhulu wabantu bayo abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4 bephila ngokulima kwabalimi. Ulimo olusetyenziswa ngoomatshini lukumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu. Urhulumente unophawu olukhethekileyo lwejografi; ukuba noMlambo iBenue, umlambo wesibini ngobukhulu eNigeria. Ngamanzi amaninzi amakhulu kuMlambo iBenue, urhulumente uyafikelela emanzini unyaka wonke. Ubukho bamanzi aphuma kwizifundo zendalo, ithafa elibanzi elinemihlaba embalwa ephakamileyo kunye nemozulu epholileyo edityaniswa namaxesha onyaka amabini amakhulu emozulu yexesha elimanzi nelomileyo, kwenza iBenue ilungele ulimo, kuquka nemveliso yemfuyo. Xa i-tsetse fly free element ifakwe emfanekisweni, imeko ingena kakuhle kwimveliso ehlala phantsi. Izityalo ezilinywa kakhulu kurhulumente ziquka iyam, umbona, umbona weguinea, irayisi, iimbotyi, iimbotyi zesoya, amandongomane, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nemifuno yemithi.
I-Benue State ibhalisa ubukho obunamandla bobuninzi bobuhlanga kunye neyantlukwano yenkcubeko kunye nokwahluka ngokwenkolo. Amaqela eentlanga eziphambili aquka iTiv, eyona nto ibonakalayo isasazeka kwiindawo ze-14 zorhulumente wasekhaya, kwaye amanye amaqela yi-Idoma kunye ne-Igede. I-Idoma ithatha ezisixhenxe, kwaye i-Igede ezimbini, iindawo zorhulumente wasekhaya ngokulandelelanayo. Ezintandathu kwezona ndawo ziphambili kurhulumente wasekhaya waseTiv zineendawo ezinkulu eziselunxwemeni lomlambo. Ezi ziquka iLogo, iBuruku, iKatsina-Ala, iMakurdi, iGuma kunye neGwer West. Kwiindawo zokuthetha zase-Idoma, i-Agatu LGA yabelana ngendawo enexabiso eliphezulu ecaleni komlambo iBenue.
Impixano: Indalo, oonobangela kunye neeTrajectories
Ngokucacileyo, ungquzulwano lwamafama-olundwendwe lweFulani luvela kumxholo wonxibelelwano. Abafuyi beFulani bafika kwiphondo laseBenue ngamanani amakhulu kunye nemihlambi yabo kamsinya nje emva kokuqala kwexesha elomileyo (ngoNovemba-Matshi). Bahlala kufuphi neendonga zemilambo kwi-state, bedla emanxwemeni omlambo kunye nokufumana amanzi kwimilambo kunye nemilambo okanye amachibi. Imihlambi isenokubhadula iye kwiifama, okanye idityaniswe ngabom kwiifama ukuze itye izilimo ezikhulayo okanye ezo sele zivuniwe yaye kusafuneka zihlolwe. I-Fulani yayidla ngokuhlala kule mimandla kunye noluntu olunomkhosi ngoxolo, kunye nokungavisisani kwamaxesha athile kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kwaye bahlala ngokuthula. Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, abafikayo baseFulani abatsha babexhobe ngokupheleleyo belungele ukujongana namafama angabahlali kwiifama zabo okanye kwimizi yabo. Ukufuya imifuno ngaselunxwemeni lomlambo kudla ngokuba ngabokuqala ukuchatshazelwa ziinkomo xa zifika kusela amanzi.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-2000, i-Fulani ehambahambayo eyafika eBenue yaqala ukwala ukubuyela emantla. Babexhobe kakhulu kwaye bekulungele ukuzinza, kwaye ukuqala kwemvula ngo-Epreli kwabeka iqonga lokuthethathethana namafama. Phakathi kuka-Aprili noJulayi, iintlobo zezityalo ziyantshula kwaye zikhule, zitsala iinkomo zihamba. Ingca nezityalo ezikhula kumhlaba olinyiweyo nezishiywe zifusi zibonakala zinomtsalane yaye zinesondlo kwiinkomo kunengca ekhula ngaphandle kwaloo mihlaba. Kwiimeko ezininzi izityalo zikhuliswa ecaleni kwengca kwindawo engalinywanga. Iimpuphu zenkomo ziwuxinanisa umhlaba kwaye zenza kube nzima ukulima ngamagaba, kwaye zitshabalalisa izityalo ezikhulayo, zibangele ukuxhathisa iFulanis kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuhlaselwa kwabalimi abahlala kuyo. Uvavanyo lwemimandla apho ungquzulwano phakathi kwamafama eTiv kunye neFulani lwenzeka khona, olufana neTse Torkula Village, Uikpam kunye noGbajimba semidolophini kunye neelali ngokulandelelanayo, zonke kwiLGA yaseGuma, lubonisa ukuba amaFulani axhobileyo kunye nemihlambi yawo azinza ngokuqinileyo emva kokugxotha abaqulunqi beTiv. , kwaye baye baqhubeka behlasela kwaye batshabalalisa iifama, nangona kukho ibutho labasebenzi basemkhosini elibekwe kuloo ndawo. Ngaphezu koko, uFulani owayexhobe kakhulu wabamba iqela labaphandi kulo msebenzi emva kokuba eli qela laqukumbela ingxoxo yeqela eligxininisekileyo kunye namafama awayebuyele kumakhaya awo atshatyalalisiwe yaye ezama ukuphinda awakhe.
Izizathu
Omnye wezona zizathu ziphambili zongquzulwano kukungena ngokungekho mthethweni kumasimi eenkomo. Oku kubandakanya izinto ezimbini: ukuxinana komhlaba, okwenza ukulima kusetyenziswa iindlela zamandulo zokuhlakula (amakhuba) kube nzima kakhulu, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo kunye nemveliso yasefama. Ukuqina kongquzulwano ngexesha lokulima kuthintele amafama ukuba alime okanye asuse indawo kwaye avumele amadlelo angathintelwanga. Izityalo ezifana neeyam, icassava kunye nombona zityiwa kakhulu njengezityalo/idlelo ziinkomo. Nje ukuba amaFulani anyanzelise indlela yawo ukuba azinze kwaye athathe indawo, angakhusela ngempumelelo amadlelo, ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa izixhobo. Basenokunciphisa imisebenzi yokulima baze bathabathe umhlaba olinyiweyo. Abo kudliwano-ndlebe nabo baye bavumelana ngoku kungena ngaphandle kwemvume kumasimi asefama njengonobangela okhawulezileyo wongquzulwano oluzinzileyo phakathi kwamaqela. UNyiga Gogo kwilali yaseMerkyen, (Gwer west LGA), Terseer Tyondon (kwilali yaseUvir, Guma LGA) kunye noEmmanuel Nyambo (kwilali yaseMbadwen, Guma LGA) bakhale ngokuphulukana neefama zabo ngenxa yokunyathelwa nokutyiswa okungapheliyo. Iinzame zamafama zokuchasa oku zapheliswa, kwanyanzeleka ukuba basabe yaye emva koko bafudukela kwiinkampu zokwexeshana eDaudu, iCawa iSt.
Omnye unobangela wongquzulwano ngoko nangoko ngumbuzo wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Amafama aseBenue ahlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezinofikelelo oluncinane okanye ongenalo kwaphela kumanzi ahamba ngemibhobho kunye/okanye nakwiqula. Abemi basemaphandleni babhenela kumanzi aphuma kwimisinga, emilanjeni okanye emachibini ukuze bawasebenzisele ukuwasebenzisa nokuwahlamba. Iinkomo zeFulani zingcolisa le mithombo yamanzi ngokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokukhupha xa uhamba emanzini, okwenza amanzi abe yingozi ekusetyenzisweni kwabantu. Omnye unobangela okhawulezileyo wongquzulwano kukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kwabasetyhini baseTiv ngamadoda eFulani, kunye nokudlwengulwa kwabalimi ababhinqileyo bodwa ngabalusi abangamadoda ngelixa abafazi beqokelela amanzi emlanjeni okanye emifuleni okanye kumachibi kude nemizi yabo. Umzekelo, uNksk. Mkurem Igbawua usweleke emva kokudlwengulwa yindoda engumFulani engaziwa, njengoko kuchazwe ngumama wakhe uTabitha Suemo, kudliwano-ndlebe kwilali yaseBaa ngo-Agasti, 15, 2014. Kukho intlaninge yamatyala odlwengulo axelwe ngabasetyhini iinkampu nababuyileyo kumakhaya adilikileyo eGwer West naseGuma. Ukukhulelwa okungafunwayo kusebenza njengobungqina.
Le ngxaki ngokuyinxenye isaqhubeka ngenxa yamaqela alumkileyo azama ukubamba iiFulanis eziye zavumela imihlambi yazo ngabom ukuba itshabalalise izityalo. Abalusi bemfuyo baseFulani baqhubeka bexhatshazwa ngamaqela alindileyo kwaye, kule nkqubo, abalindi abanganyanisekanga bakhupha imali kubo ngokubaxa iingxelo ezichasene neFulani. Ukudinwa kukuphanga imali, iFulani ibhenela ekuhlaseleni abathuthumbisi babo. Ngokuqokelela inkxaso yoluntu ekukhuseleni kwabo, amafama abangela ukuba uhlaselo lwande.
Ngokusondeleleneyo nalo mlinganiso wobuqhetseba ngabalindi kukuxhwilwa ziinkosi zengingqi eziqokelela imali kwiFulani njengentlawulo yemvume yokuhlala kunye nokutya ngaphakathi kwendawo yenkosi. Kwabelusi, ukutshintshiselana ngemali nabalawuli bemveli kuchazwa njengentlawulo yelungelo lokudlisa nokutyisa iinkomo zabo, kungakhathaliseki nokuba kukwizityalo okanye engceni, kwaye abalusi balithatha eli lungelo, balikhusele, xa betyholwa ngokutshabalalisa izityalo. Enye intloko ezalanayo, u-Ulekaa Bee, ichaze oku kudliwano-ndlebe njengoyena nobangela wongquzulwano lwangoku kunye namaFulanis. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-counter yi-Fulani kubahlali be-Agashi yokuhlala ekuphenduleni ukubulawa kwabafuyi abahlanu baseFulani kwakusekelwe phezu kwabalawuli bemveli abafumana imali yelungelo lokudla: kwi-Fulani, ilungelo lokutya lilingana nobunini bomhlaba.
Impembelelo yentlalo-qoqosho yongquzulwano kuqoqosho lwaseBenue inkulu kakhulu. Oku kwahlukana nokunqongophala kokutya okubangelwa ngamafama aphuma kwiiLGA ezine (ILogo, iGuma, iMakurdi, neGwer West) kunyanzeleke ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo kunye neefama zabo ngexesha lencopho yokulima. Ezinye iziphumo zentlalo noqoqosho ziquka ukutshatyalaliswa kwezikolo, iicawe, amakhaya, amaziko karhulumente afana nezikhululo zamapolisa, kunye nokulahleka kobomi (jonga iifoto). Abahlali abaninzi balahlekelwe zezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo kuquka izithuthuthu (ifoto). Iimpawu ezimbini zegunya eziye zatshatyalaliswa kukuhlaselwa kwabalusi beFulani kubandakanya isikhululo samapolisa kunye neGuma LG Secretariat. Umceli-mngeni wawungendlela ejoliswe kurhulumente, eyayingenako ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olusisiseko nokhuseleko kumafama. I-Fulanis yahlasela isikhululo samapolisa ngokubulala amapolisa okanye ukunyanzelisa ukulahlwa kwabo, kunye namafama ayemele abaleke amakhaya ooyise kunye neefama ebusweni bomsebenzi weFulani (jonga umfanekiso). Kuzo zonke ezi meko, i-Fulani ayinanto yokulahlekelwa ngaphandle kweenkomo zabo, ezihlala zifuduselwa kwindawo ekhuselekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ziqalise ukuhlaselwa kwamafama.
Ukusombulula le ngxubakaxaka, abalimi bacebise ukuba kudalwe iifama zeenkomo, kusekwe amadlelo kunye nokumiselwa kweendlela zamadlelo. Njengoko uPilakyaa uMoses eGuma, iMiyelti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, uSolomon Tyohemba eMakurdi kunye noJonathan Chaver waseTyougahatee eGwer West LGA baye baxoxisana, la manyathelo aya kuhlangabezana neemfuno zamaqela omabini kwaye akhuthaze iinkqubo zanamhlanje zokuvelisa kunye nemveliso yokuhlala.
isiphelo
Ungquzulwano phakathi kwamafama aseTiv ahlala phantsi kunye nabelusi baseFulani abazulazulayo abasebenzisa transhumance isekelwe kusukuzwano lobutyebi obusekwe kumhlaba wamadlelo namanzi. Ipolitiki yolu khuphiswano ibanjwe kwiingxoxo kunye nemisebenzi ye-Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, emele i-Fulanis ehambahambayo kunye nabafuyi bemfuyo, kunye nokutolikwa kokujongana nezixhobo kunye namafama ahlala phantsi ngokobuhlanga kunye nenkolo. Imiba yendalo yothintelo lwemekobume efana nokungena entlango, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwabemi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu ziye zadityaniswa ukuze zandise iingxabano, njengoko zinemiba yobunini bomhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa, kunye nokuxhokonxa amadlelo kunye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Ukuchasa kweFulani kwiimpembelelo zesimanje nako kufuna ukuqwalaselwa. Ngenxa yemiceli mngeni yokusingqongileyo, iiFulanis kufuneka zicengwe kwaye zixhaswe ukuba zamkele iindlela zala maxesha zemveliso yemfuyo. Ubuqhetseba bawo beenkomo obungekho mthethweni, kwakunye nokuphangwa kwemali ngabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni, kubeka esichengeni ubundilele bala maqela mabini ngokulamla ungquzulwano lwamaqela olu hlobo. Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yemveliso yawo omabini la maqela kuthembisa ukuphelisa izinto ezibonakala ngathi zezendalo ezixhasa ukhuphiswano lwangoku lobutyebi obusekwe emhlabeni phakathi kwawo. Ukutshintsha kwamanani abemi kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo zokusingqongileyo zalatha ekuphuculweni kwemeko yala maxesha njengeyona nto ithembisayo ngakumbi kumdla wokuhlalisana ngoxolo kumxholo womgaqo-siseko kunye nobumi obuhlangeneyo.
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Eli phepha lalinikelwe kwi-International Centre for Ethno-Religious Mediation’s 1st Annual International Conference on Ethnic and Religious Confliance Resolution and Religious Peace and held in New York City, USA, ngo-Oktobha 1, 2014.
isihloko: "Izazisi zoBuzwe kunye nezeNkolo zibumba ukhuphiswano lwezixhobo ezisekelwe kuMhlaba: Amafama aseTiv kunye neeNgxwabangxwaba zaBafundisi kuMbindi weNigeria"
Ummeli: UGeorge A. Genyi, Ph.D., iSebe leNzululwazi yezoPolitiko, iYunivesithi yaseBenue State yaseMakurdi, eNigeria.
