IVietnam kunye ne-United States: Uxolelwaniso oluvela kwiMfazwe ekude kunye neNjongo

UBruce McKinney

I-Vietnam kunye ne-United States: Uxolelwaniso oluvela kwiMfazwe ekude kunye neNjongo kwi-ICERM Radio yasasazwa ngoMgqibelo, ngo-Agasti 20, i-2016 @ 2 PM Ixesha laseMpuma (eNew York).

2016 Summer Lecture Series

Umxholo: "IVietnam kunye ne-United States: Uxolelwaniso oluvela kwiMfazwe ekude kunye nekrakra"

UBruce McKinney

Undwendwe loMhlohli: UBruce C. McKinney, Ph.D., uNjingalwazi, iSebe leZifundo zoNxibelelwano, iYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina Wilmington.

Isiqendu:

Xa ukubandakanyeka kweMelika eVietnam kwaphela ngo-1975, omabini la mazwe ayenamanxeba abuhlungu kwimfazwe ende eneendleko ezibi zoluntu nezemali. Kwade kwangowe-1995 apho la mazwe mabini aqala khona ubudlelwane bozakuzo, kwaye ukutyikitywa kweSivumelwano soRhwebo phakathi kwaMazwe ngamaBini sowama-2000 kwavula indlela yobudlelwane boqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, amanxeba emfazwe ayaqhubeka phakathi kwe-US kunye neVietnam, ebandakanya imibuzo malunga ne-US MIA / POWs elahlekileyo, kunye nokungcoliswa kwe-Agent Orange eVietnam. Ukongeza, i-US ibona iingxaki ezininzi zokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu eVietnam ezisabangela ingxabano kubudlelwane phakathi kwezo zimbini zangaphambili iintshaba. Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo woxolelwaniso lokwenyani kwimiba enxulumene nemfazwe mhlawumbi awukho phakathi kwe-US kunye neVietnam, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemida yaseVietnam-phakathi kwabo balwela abaphumeleleyo, kunye nabo balwela isizathu esingaphumeleliyo kwaye bagwetywa ngokukhawuleza. iimeko ezinzima kwaye ezihlala zibulala kwiinkampu zokufundiswa kwakhona.

Cofa ukufunda okushicilelweyo kweNtetho

UGqr. Bruce C. McKinney, uNjingalwazi weZifundo zoNxibelelwano, uphumelele kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo e-Ipswich, Massachusetts. Wafumana iBA yakhe kwiPsychology kwiYunivesithi yaseNew Hampshire kunye ne-MA kunye nePh.D. kunxibelelwano lwentetho evela kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania State. Ufundisa izifundo kwiikhonsepthi kwizifundo zonxibelelwano, ukulamla, ithiyori yonxibelelwano, kunye nothethathethwano. Unjingalwazi uMcKinney ukwafundisa izifundo zesidanga kulawulo longquzulwano lwenkqubo ye-MA yeSebe loLuntu kunye neMicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe kulawulo longquzulwano.

Unjingalwazi uMcKinney ufundise eVietnam kwiCleverlearn, Royal Education, kunye neVietnam National University eHanoi. Ufunde iimbono zaseVietnam ngemfundo yonxibelelwano, ubudlelwane boluntu, kunye nolawulo lweengxabano. Ukongeza ekufundiseni, usebenze kunye ne-United States Marine Corps Special Operation Command eStone Bay, kuMntla Carolina. Ngoku usebenza neWilmington, NC, iSebe lamaPolisa kunye neSebe leNew Hanover Country Sheriff ekwakheni ubudlelwane obungcono boluntu phakathi kwabemi kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho eWilmington, NC. Upapasho lwakhe lubandakanya amanqaku malunga neVietnam kwiProfayili yaseAsia, uBudlelwane boLuntu ngekota, Ijenali yaseCanada yoPhando loXolo kunye noNyaka woNxibelelwano weCarolinas. Uye wapapasha amanqaku kwiiNxibelelwano zeKota, iMfundo yoNxibelelwano, iiNgxelo zoPhando loNxibelelwano, iJenali yezoNxibelelwano lwezoShishino kunye noBuchwephesha, i-Medition Quarterly, kunye neJenali yeSisombululo seNgqungquthela. Upapasho lwakhe lwamva nje luthi "iVietnam kunye ne-United States: Uxolelwaniso oluvela kwiMfazwe ekude kunye nekrakra" epapashwe kwijenali yezizwe ngezizwe yaseAsia. UMcKinney utshatile noLe Thi Hong Trang awadibana naye ngelixa efundisa kwisiXeko saseHo Chi Minh. Uye wafundisa nakwiYunivesithi yaseJames Madison (Virginia) kunye neYunivesithi yaseAngelo State (Texas). UMcKinney wafundisa kwi-UNCW ukusuka kwi-1990-1999 waza wabuyela kwi-UNCW kwi-2005.

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Amanqaku Afana

Iinkonzo e-Igboland: Ukwahluka, Ukufaneleka kunye nokubakho

Unqulo sesinye seziganeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho ezinefuthe elingenakuphikiswa eluntwini naphina ehlabathini. Njengobungcwele njengoko kubonakala ngathi, inkolo ayibalulekanga nje kuphela ekuqondeni ubukho babemi bomthonyama kodwa ikwanayo nomgaqo-nkqubo wokubaluleka kwimeko yobuhlanga kunye nophuhliso. Ubungqina bembali kunye ne-ethnographic kwiibonakaliso ezahlukeneyo kunye namagama okwenziwa kweziganeko zenkolo zininzi. Isizwe sama-Igbo kuMazantsi eNigeria, kumacala omabini oMlambo iNiger, lelinye lawona maqela makhulu enkcubeko yabarhwebi abamnyama eAfrika, anenzondelelo yenkolo engathandabuzekiyo ebandakanya uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe ngaphakathi kwemida yemveli. Kodwa imeko yonqulo yaseIgboland ihlala iguquka. Ukuza kuthi ga kowe-1840, eyona nkolo ibalaseleyo yamaIgbo yayiyeyemveli okanye yemveli. Ngaphantsi kwamashumi amabini eminyaka kamva, xa kwaqaliswa umsebenzi wobuvangeli basemazweni abangamaKristu kuloo mmandla, kwabakho umkhosi omtsha owawuza kuthi ekugqibeleni ulungelelanise inkangeleko yonqulo lwaloo mmandla. UbuKristu bakhula baba ncinane kakhulu kulawulo lwamva. Phambi kwekhulu leminyaka yobuKristu e-Igboland, amaSilamsi kunye nezinye iinkolo ezingaphantsi kwe-hegemonic zavela ukuze zikhuphisane neenkolo zemveli zaseIgbo kunye nobuKristu. Eli phepha lilandelela iiyantlukwano zenkolo kunye nokufaneleka kwayo kuphuhliso oluhambelanayo e-Igboland. Itsala idatha yayo kwimisebenzi epapashiweyo, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nezinto zobugcisa. Iphikisa ukuba njengoko iinkolo ezintsha zivela, indawo yenkolo ye-Igbo iya kuqhubeka nokuhlukahluka kunye / okanye ukulungelelanisa, nokuba kukubandakanya okanye ukuhluka phakathi kweenkolo ezikhoyo kunye nezikhulayo, ukuze kuphile i-Igbo.

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Ukuguqulwa kwiSilamsi kunye nobuzwe bobuhlanga eMalaysia

Eli phepha licandelo leprojekthi yophando enkulu egxile ekunyukeni kobuhlanga baseMalay kunye nobukhulu eMalaysia. Ngelixa ukunyuka kobuzwe bobuzwe baseMalay kungabangelwa yimiba eyahlukeneyo, eli phepha lijolise ngokukodwa kumthetho wokuguqulwa kwamaSilamsi eMalaysia kwaye nokuba uye womeleza na uvakalelo lobunganga baseMalay. IMalaysia lilizwe elinezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkolo ezininzi elafumana inkululeko yalo ngo-1957 kwiBritane. AmaMalay lelona qela likhulu belisoloko liluthatha unqulo lobuSilamsi njengenxalenye yesazisi sawo esilwahlula kwezinye iintlanga ezazingeniswa kweli lizwe ngexesha lolawulo lobukoloniyali baseBritani. Ngelixa ubuSilamsi buyinkolo esemthethweni, uMgaqo-siseko uvumela ezinye iinkolo ukuba zenziwe ngoxolo ngabantu baseMalaysia abangengoMalay, oko kukuthi amaTshayina namaIndiya. Nangona kunjalo, umthetho wamaSilamsi olawula imitshato yamaSilamsi eMalaysia ugunyazise ukuba abo bangengawo amaSilamsi baguqukele kwiSilamsi ukuba banqwenela ukutshata namaSilamsi. Kweli phepha, ndixela ukuba umthetho wokuguqulwa kwamaSilamsi usetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokuqinisa imvakalelo yobuzwe baseMalaysia eMalaysia. Idatha yokuqala yaqokelelwa ngokusekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe kunye namaSilamsi aseMalay atshate nabangengabo amaMalay. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba uninzi lwabantu ekwadliwan’ indlebe nabo baseMalaysia bajonga ukuguqukela kwiSilamsi njengento eyimfuneko njengoko kufunwa yinkolo yamaSilamsi kunye nomthetho welizwe. Ukongeza, ababoni sizathu sokuba abantu abangengabo amaMalay bangachasa ukuguqukela kwiSilamsi, njengoko betshatile, abantwana baya kuqwalaselwa ngokuzenzekelayo njengeMalay ngokoMgaqo-siseko, ohamba nenqanaba kunye namalungelo. Iimbono zabantu abangengoMalay abaguqukele kubuSilamsi zazisekelwe kudliwano-ndlebe lwesibini oluye lwenziwa ngabanye abaphengululi. Njengoko ukuba ngumSilamsi kunxulunyaniswa nokuba ngumMalay, abantu abaninzi abangengoMalay abaguqukileyo baziva behluthwe imvakalelo yabo yenkolo neyobuhlanga, kwaye baziva becinezelekile ukuba bamkele inkcubeko yohlanga lwaseMalay. Nangona ukutshintsha umthetho woguqulo kunokuba nzima, iingxoxo ezivulekileyo zeenkolo ngeenkolo ezikolweni nakumacandelo karhulumente inokuba linyathelo lokuqala lokujongana nale ngxaki.

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