Enye Isixazululo Sengxabano Esifanelekile Ngokwesiko

Indlela ehamba phambili ye-Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) yadabuka e-US, futhi ihlanganisa amanani e-Euro-American. Kodwa-ke, ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ngaphandle kweMelika naseYurophu kwenzeka phakathi kwamaqembu anezinhlelo ezihlukene zamasiko, ubuhlanga, inkolo, kanye nezinhlanga. Umlamuli oqeqeshwe ku-(Global North) ADR uzabalaza ukulinganisa amandla phakathi kwamaqembu kwamanye amasiko nokulungisa izimiso zawo. Enye indlela yokuphumelela ekuxazululeni ukusebenzisa izindlela ezisekelwe esikweni lendabuko kanye nelomdabu. Izinhlobo ezehlukene ze-ADR zingasetshenziswa ukunika amandla iqembu elinamandla amancane, kanye nokuletha ukuqonda okukhulu esikweni elibusayo lokulamula/abalamuli. Izindlela zendabuko ezihlonipha izinkolelo zendawo zingaqukatha ukungqubuzana nezindinganiso zabalamuli be-Global North. Lawa magugu e-Global North, njengamalungelo abantu kanye nokulwa nenkohlakalo, angeke abekwe futhi angaholela ekucwaningeni kwemiphefumulo okunzima ngabalamuli be-Global North mayelana nezinselele zokuphela kwezindlela.  

“Izwe owazalwa kulo liyisibonelo esisodwa nje seqiniso. Amanye amasiko akuyona imizamo ehlulekile yokuba nguwe; ziwukubonakaliswa okuyingqayizivele komoya womuntu.” – Wade Davis, American/Canadaan anthropologist

Inhloso yalesi sethulo ukuxoxa ngokuthi izingxabano zixazululwa kanjani ezinhlelweni zobulungiswa bendabuko nezendabuko kanye nemiphakathi yezizwe, nokwenza izincomo zendlela entsha yabasebenzi be-Global North of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Abaningi benu banolwazi kulezi zindawo, futhi ngethemba ukuthi nizongena ukuze nabelane ngezipiliyoni zenu.

Izifundo phakathi kwezinhlelo kanye nokuvundisa okuphambene kungaba kuhle inqobo nje uma ukwabelana kuhambisana futhi kuyahlonipha. Kubalulekile kudokotela we-ADR (kanye nebhizinisi elimqashayo noma elimhlinzekayo) ukubona ubukhona nokubaluleka kwabanye, ikakhulukazi amaqembu endabuko nawomdabu.

Kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokuxazulula izingxabano. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuxoxisana, ukulamula, ukulamula kanye nokwahlulela. Abantu basebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokusingatha izingxabano endaweni, okuhlanganisa ukucindezela kontanga, inhlebo, ukucwaswa, udlame, ukululazeka emphakathini, ubuthakathi, ukuphulukiswa ngokomoya, kanye nokuhlukana kwezihlobo noma izindawo zokuhlala. Indlela ehamba phambili yokuxazulula izingxabano/i-ADR yadabuka e-US, futhi ihlanganisa amanani ase-European-American. Ngibiza le-Global North ADR ukuze ngiyehlukanise nezindlela ezisetshenziswa eGlobal South. Abasebenzi beGlobal North ADR bangafaka imibono emayelana nentando yeningi. NgokukaBen Hoffman, kukhona “inkonzo yokukhulekela” yesitayela seGlobal North ADR, lapho abalamuli:

• abathathi hlangothi.
• abangenagunya lokuthatha izinqumo.
• azikho iziqondiso.
• lula.
• akufanele inikeze izixazululo kumaqembu.
• ungaxoxisi namaqembu.
• abachemi mayelana nomphumela wokulamula.
• azinakho ukungqubuzana kwezithakazelo.[1]

Kulokhu, ngingangeza ukuthi:

• sebenza ngamakhodi okuziphatha.
• baqeqeshiwe futhi banikezwe izitifiketi.
• gcina imfihlo.

Enye i-ADR yenziwa phakathi kwamaqembu anezizinda ezihlukene zamasiko, ubuhlanga, kanye nobuzwe, lapho udokotela evame ukuzabalaza ukugcina ithebula (inkundla yokudlala) lisezingeni phakathi kwezinhlangothi, ngoba kuvame ukuba khona ukwehlukana kwamandla. Enye indlela yokuthi umxazululi azwele ezidingweni zezinhlangothi ukusebenzisa izindlela ze-ADR ezisekelwe ezindleleni zendabuko. Le ndlela inobuhle nebubi. Ingasetshenziselwa ukunika amandla iqembu elivamise ukuba namandla amancane kanye nokuletha ukuqonda okukhulu eqenjini elibusayo lamasiko (kulabo abakwingxabano noma labalamuli). Ezinye zalezi zinhlelo zendabuko zinezinqumo eziphusile zokuphoqelela nokuqapha, futhi ziyahlonipha izinkolelo zabantu abahililekile.

Yonke imiphakathi idinga ukubusa nokuxazulula izingxabano. Izinqubo zendabuko zivame ukwenziwa njengezomholi ohlonishwayo noma umdala oqhuba, elamula, elamula, noma exazulula ingxabano ngokwakha ukuvumelana ngenhloso “ukulungisa ubudlelwano babo” kunokuthi “ukuthola iqiniso, noma ukunquma icala noma icala.”

Indlela abaningi bethu abenza ngayo i-ADR iphonselwa inselelo yilabo abafuna ukuvuselelwa kanye nokusungulwa kabusha kokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuvumelana nesiko nesiko leqembu lendabuko noma iqembu lendawo, elingasebenza kangcono.

Ukwahlulelwa kwezingxabano zangemva kobukoloni kanye nabangaphandle kudinga ulwazi olungaphezu kwalokho uchwepheshe we-ADR ongenalo ulwazi oluthile lwesizinda sezenkolo noma samasiko, nakuba abanye ochwepheshe be-ADR bebonakala bekwazi ukwenza yonke into, okuhlanganisa izingxabano zabase-diaspora ezivela emasikweni abokufika e-United States naseYurophu. .

Ngokucacile, izinzuzo zezinhlelo zendabuko ze-ADR (noma ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano) zingabonakala ngokuthi:

• ajwayelekile ngokwesiko.
• ngaphandle kwenkohlakalo. (Lokhu kubalulekile, ngoba amazwe amaningi, ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, awahlangabezani namazinga omthetho we-Global North kanye nokulwa nenkohlakalo.)

Ezinye izici ezijwayelekile ze-ADR yendabuko ukuthi:

• ngokushesha ukufinyelela isixazululo.
• engabizi.
• kufinyeleleka endaweni kanye nezinsiza.
• okuphoqelela emiphakathini engaguquki.
• uthembekile.
• igxile ebulungiswa bokubuyisela esikhundleni sokuphindisela—ukugcina ukuzwana phakathi komphakathi.
• olwenziwa abaholi bomphakathi abakhuluma ulimi lwendawo futhi abaqonda izinkinga zendawo. Izinqumo kungenzeka zamukelwe wumphakathi wonkana.

Kulabo abasegumbini abaye basebenza ngezinhlelo zendabuko noma zomdabu, ingabe lolu hlu lunengqondo? Ungangeza izici ezengeziwe kuyo, kusukela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho?

Izindlela zendawo zingabandakanya:

• imibuthano edala ukuthula.
• imibuthano ekhulumayo.
• inkomfa yomndeni noma yeqembu lomphakathi.
• ukwelapha okungokwesiko.
• ukuqokwa komdala noma umuntu ohlakaniphile ukuba ahlulele ukungaboni ngaso linye, umkhandlu wabadala, nezinkantolo zomphakathi zasemazingeni aphansi.

Ukwehluleka ukuzivumelanisa nezinselele zomongo wendawo kuyimbangela evamile yokwehluleka ku-ADR lapho usebenza namasiko angaphandle kweGlobal North. Amanani abenzi bezinqumo, ongoti, nabahloli abenza iphrojekthi azothinta imibono nezinqumo zalabo abahililekile ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Izinqumo mayelana nokuhwebelana phakathi kwezidingo ezihlukene zamaqembu abantu zixhunyaniswe namanani. Abasebenzi kufanele bakuqaphele lokhu kungezwani futhi bakuchaze, okungenani kubo ngokwabo, esinyathelweni ngasinye senqubo. Lokhu kungezwani ngeke kuxazululwe ngaso sonke isikhathi kodwa kungancishiswa ngokuqaphela indima yamagugu, nokusebenza ngomgomo wobulungisa esimweni esinikeziwe. Nakuba kunemiqondo eminingi nezindlela zokungakhethi, ngokuvamile kuhlanganiswa lokhu okulandelayo izici ezine eziyinhloko:

• inhlonipho.
• ukungathathi hlangothi (ukungabi nokuchema kanye nentshisekelo).
• Ukubamba iqhaza.
• ukwethembeka (okungahlobene kakhulu nokwethembeka noma ikhono kodwa kunalokho nombono wokucophelela kokuziphatha).

Ukubamba iqhaza kubhekisela emcabangweni wokuthi wonke umuntu ufanelwe ithuba elifanelekile lokufeza amakhono akhe aphelele. Kodwa-ke, emiphakathini eminingana yendabuko, abesifazane abafakwa emathubeni—njengoba kwakunjalo emibhalweni yokusungulwa kwe-United States, lapho wonke “amadoda adalwa alingana” kodwa empeleni ayebandlululwa ngokobuhlanga, futhi abesifazane babekhishwa ngaphandle ngokusobala. amalungelo kanye nezinzuzo eziningi.

Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe ulimi. Ukusebenza ngolimi okungelona olwakho ulimi lokuqala kungaba nomthelela ekwahluleleni kwesimilo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Albert Costa we-Universitat Pompeu Fabra eSpain nozakwabo bathola ukuthi ulimi okubekwa ngalo inkinga yokuziphatha lungashintsha indlela abantu abasabela ngayo kule nkinga. Bathole ukuthi izimpendulo abantu abazinikezile zazinengqondo futhi ziwusizo ngokusekelwe kokuhle kakhulu kwenani elikhulu labantu. Ibanga elingokwengqondo nelomzwelo ladalwa. Abantu futhi bathambekele ekuphumeleleni kangcono ekuhlolweni kokucabanga okumsulwa, ulimi lwangaphandle—ikakhulukazi emibuzweni enempendulo esobala kodwa engalungile kanye nempendulo efanele ethatha isikhathi ukuyilungisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko linganquma amakhodi okuziphatha, njengasendabeni ye-Afghanistani kanye ne-Pakistani Pashtunwali, lapho isimiso sokuziphatha esikhona ngokujulile emqondweni ohlangene wesizwe; kubonakala 'njengomthethosisekelo' ongabhaliwe wesizwe. Amakhono amasiko, ngokubanzi, iqoqo lokuziphatha okuhambisanayo, izimo zengqondo, nezinqubomgomo ezihlangana ndawonye ohlelweni, i-ejensi, noma phakathi kochwepheshe okunika amandla umsebenzi ophumelelayo ezimeni ezihlukene zamasiko. Kubonisa ikhono lokuthola nokusebenzisa ulwazi lwezinkolelo, izimo zengqondo, imikhuba namaphethini okuxhumana abahlali, amaklayenti nemindeni yawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinsizakalo, kuqiniswe izinhlelo, kukhuliswe ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, nokuvala izikhala zesimo phakathi kwamaqembu abantu abahlukahlukene.

Ngakho-ke imisebenzi ye-ADR kufanele isekelwe emasikweni futhi ithonywe, ngezimiso, amasiko, nezinkolelo ezinquma uhambo lomuntu neqembu kanye nendlela eyingqayizivele yokuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano. Izinsizakalo kufanele zisekelwe ngokwesiko futhi zenziwe ngezifiso.  I-Ethnocentrism kufanele igwenywe. Isiko, kanye nomongo womlando, kufanele kufakwe ku-ADR. Umqondo wobudlelwane udinga ukunwetshwa ukuze uhlanganise izizwe nezibongo. Uma isiko nomlando kushiywa ngaphandle noma kusingathwa ngendlela efanelekile, amathuba e-ADR angasuswa futhi kudaleke izinkinga ezengeziwe.

Indima yomsebenzi we-ADR ingase ibe umsizi onolwazi cishe olujulile lokusebenzelana kweqembu, izingxabano nokunye okuguquguqukayo, kanye nekhono nesifiso sokungenelela. Ukuze kuqiniswe le ndima, kufanele kube nokuqeqeshwa okufanelekile ngokwesiko lokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nezinhlelo zamalungu e-ADR, amalungelo omphakathi, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezithintana kanye/noma zokuxhumana neFirst Peoples namanye amaqembu omdabu, endabuko kanye nawomdabu. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kungasetshenziswa njengesisusa sokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuxazulula izingxabano oluhambisana namasiko emiphakathini. Amakhomishana kahulumeni wamalungelo abantu, uhulumeni wobumbano, amasosha kanye namanye amaqembu kahulumeni, izinhlangano ezisiza abantu, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, nabanye, uma iphrojekthi iphumelela, bakwazi ukulungisa izimiso nezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zamalungelo abantu okungezona izitha. nezinye izindaba kanye neminye imiphakathi yamasiko.

Izindlela ezifanelekile ngokwesiko ze-ADR azihlali zizinhle, noma emhlabeni jikelele. Bangase babangele izinkinga zokuziphatha—ezihilela ukuntuleka kwamalungelo kwabesifazane, unya, ukusekelwe esigabeni noma ezithakazelweni zohlanga, futhi kungenjalo bangafinyeleli izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke. Kungase kube nesistimu yendabuko engaphezu kweyodwa esebenzayo.

Ukuphumelela kwalezo zindlela ekunikezeni ukufinyelela kumalungelo akunqunywa kuphela ngamacala awiniwe noma alahlekile, kodwa futhi nezinga lezinqumo ezikhishiwe, ukwaneliseka lokhu okukunikeza umfakisicelo, kanye nokubuyiselwa kokuzwana.

Okokugcina, udokotela we-ADR angase angakhululeki ukuveza ingokomoya. E-United States, ngokuvamile siqeqeshelwa ukuba sigcine inkolo ingaziwa—ikakhulukazi “ingathathi hlangothi”—inkulumo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona uhlobo lwe-ADR olwenziwa ngokwenkolo. Isibonelo esikaJohn Lederach, ondlela yakhe yaziswa iSonto LamaMennonite Asempumalanga. Ubukhulu bomoya bamaqembu umuntu asebenza nawo kwesinye isikhathi budinga ukuqinisekiswa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kumaMelika Omdabu, amaqembu nezizwe zabantu bokuqala, kanye naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

UZen Roshi Dae Soen Sa Nim usebenzise lesi sisho ngokuphindaphindiwe:

“Lahla yonke imibono, konke akuthandayo nangakuthandi, futhi ugcine ingqondo engakwazi. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.”  (Seung Sahn: Angazi; I-Ox Herding; http://www.oxherding.com/my_weblog/2010/09/seung-sahn-only-dont-know.html)

Ngibona kakhulu. Yikuphi ukuphawula nemibuzo onayo? Yiziphi ezinye zezibonelo zalezi zici kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho?

UMarc Brenman uyi-Former Yenzautive I-Diru-ector, Washington State Human Rights Commission.

[1] U-Ben Hoffman, I-Canadian Institute of Applied Negotiation, Win Leso Sivumelwano: Confessions of a Real World Mediator; Izindaba ze-CIIAN; Ubusika 2009.