Ukuhlola Ukusebenza Kwezinhlelo Zokwabelana Ngamandla e-South Sudan: Indlela Yokwakha Ukuthula Nokuxazulula Izingxabano
Abstract:
Ingxabano enodlame eSouth Sudan inezimbangela eziningi neziyinkimbinkimbi. Kukhona ukuntula amandla kwezepolitiki okuvela kuMongameli uSalva Kiir, ongowobuzwe baseDinka, noma lowo owayeyiPhini likaMongameli uRiek Machar, wesizwe samaNuer, ukuqeda ubutha. Ukuhlanganisa izwe nokusekela uhulumeni wokwabelana ngezikhundla kuzodinga ukuthi abaholi babeke eceleni ukungezwani kwabo. Leli phepha lisebenzisa uhlaka lokwabelana ngamandla njengendlela yokwakha ukuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwemiphakathi kanye nokuvala ukuhlukana okubukhali emiphakathini ekhungethwe izimpi. Idatha eqoqwe kulolu cwaningo itholwe ngokuhlaziywa kwendikimba okuphelele kwezincwadi ezikhona mayelana nokungqubuzana kwe-South Sudan kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla kwangemva kwengxabano e-Afrika yonkana. Imininingwane yasetshenziswa ukukhomba izimbangela eziyindida neziyinkimbinkimbi zodlame kanye nokuhlola isivumelwano sokuthula se-ARCSS sika-Agasti 2015 kanye nesivumelwano sokuthula se-R-ARCSS sikaSepthemba 2018, esiqale ukusebenza ngomhla zingama-22 kuNhlolanja.nd, 2020. Leli phepha lizama ukuphendula umbuzo owodwa: Ingabe uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla luyindlela efaneleke kakhulu yokwakha ukuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano eSouth Sudan? Ithiyori yodlame lwesakhiwo kanye nethiyori yokungqubuzana kwamaqembu inikeza incazelo enamandla yengxabano yaseSouth Sudan. Leli phepha lithi, ukuze noma yiluphi uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lubambe eSouth Sudan, ukwethembana kumele kwakhiwe kabusha phakathi kwababambe iqhaza abahlukene kule ngxabano, edinga ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali, ukudilizwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kabusha (DDR) kwamabutho ezokuphepha, ubulungiswa nokuziphendulela. , izinhlangano zomphakathi eziqinile, nokwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwemithombo yemvelo phakathi kwawo wonke amaqembu. Ukwengeza, uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lulodwa alukwazi ukuletha ukuthula nokuphepha okuzinzile eSouth Sudan. Ukuthula nokuzinza kungase kudinge isinyathelo esengeziwe sokususa ipolitiki ezinhlangeni, kanye nesidingo sokuba abalamuli bagxile ngokuphelele emsuka nezikhalo zempi yombango.
Landa Lesi sihloko
Isiphakamiso Esiphakanyisiwe:
I-Darboe, F. (2022). Ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla eSouth Sudan: Indlela yokwakha ukuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano. Ijenali Yokuphila Ndawonye, 7(1), i-26-37.
Ulwazi lwe-athikili:
@Isihloko{Darboe2022}
Isihloko = {Ukuhlola Ukusebenza Kwezinhlelo Zokwabelana Ngamandla e-South Sudan: Indlela Yokwakha Ukuthula Neyokuxazulula Izingxabano}
Umbhali = {Foday Darboe}
I-Url = {https://icermediation.org/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-power-sharing-arrangements-in-south-sudan-a-peacebuilding-and-conflict-resolution-approach/}
I-ISSN = {2373-6615 (Phrinta); 2373-6631 (Ku-inthanethi)}
Unyaka = {2022}
Idethi = {2022-12-10}
Ijenali = {Journal of Living Together}
Ivolumu = {7}
Inombolo = {1}
Amakhasi = {26-37}
Umshicileli = {Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokulamula Kwe-Ethno-Religious}
Ikheli = {White Plains, New York}
Uhlelo = {2022}.
Isingeniso
Ithiyori yodlame lwesakhiwo kanye nethiyori yokungqubuzana kwamaqembu inikeza incazelo enamandla yengxabano yaseSouth Sudan. Izazi ezicwaningweni zokuthula nokungqubuzana zimile kwelokuthi ubulungiswa, izidingo zomuntu, ukuphepha, kanye nokuthi ungubani yizona zimbangela zokungqubuzana lapho zishiywa zingaxazululiwe (Galtung, 1996; Burton, 1990; Lederach, 1995). ENingizimu Sudan, udlame lwesakhiwo luthatha uhlobo lokungajeziswa okusabalele, ukusetshenziswa kodlame ukuze kugcinwe amandla, ukucwaswa, kanye nokuntuleka kokufinyelela ezinsizeni namathuba. Ukungalingani okube umphumela kuye kwazifaka ezinhlakeni zezwe zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalo.
Izimbangela zokungqubuzana eSouth Sudan ukucwaswa kwezomnotho, ukuqhudelana ngobuzwe ngamandla, izinsiza, kanye namashumi eminyaka ambalwa odlame. Izazi zesayensi yezenhlalo zicacise ukuxhumana phakathi kobunikazi beqembu nokungqubuzana kwamaqembu. Abaholi bezepolitiki bavamise ukusebenzisa ubunikazi beqembu njengesikhalazo sokuhlanganisa abalandeli babo ngokuzichaza ngokungafani namanye amaqembu omphakathi (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Ukubhebhethekisa ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga ngale ndlela kuholela ekukhuphukeni kokuncintisana kwamandla ezombusazwe futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlangana kwamaqembu, okwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izingxabano kanye nokwakha ukuthula. Besebenzisa izehlakalo ezimbalwa eSouth Sudan, abaholi bezepolitiki abavela ezizweni zamaDinka naseNuer basebenzise ukwesaba nokungavikeleki ukukhuthaza ukungqubuzana kwamaqembu.
Uhulumeni wamanje eSouth Sudan uqhamuke esivumelwaneni sokuthula esibandakanyayo esaziwa nge-Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). Isivumelwano Sokuthula Esiphelele, esasayinwa ngoJanuwari 9, 2005 nguHulumeni WeRiphabhulikhi YaseSudan (GoS) kanye neqembu eliphikisayo eNingizimu, iSudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), saqeda ngaphezulu. ngaphezu kwamashumi amabili eminyaka yempi yombango enodlame eSudan (1983-2005). Njengoba impi yombango yayiphela, amalungu aphezulu aseSudan People's Liberation Movement/Army abeka eceleni ukungezwani kwawo ukuze ethule uhlangothi oluhlangene futhi, kwezinye izimo, azibeke esikhundleni sezikhundla zezombusazwe (Okiech, 2016; Roach, 2016; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Ngo-2011, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empi ethathe isikhathi eside, abantu baseSouthern Sudan bavotela ukuzihlukanisa neNyakatho futhi baba izwe elizimele. Noma kunjalo, ngemva nje kweminyaka emibili izwe lithole inkululeko, laphindela empini yombango. Ekuqaleni, uqhekeko lwaluphakathi kukaMongameli uSalva Kiir kanye nalowo owayeyiPhini likaMengameli u-Riek Machar, kodwa ubuqili bezombusazwe bagcina sebenodlame lobuhlanga. Uhulumeni weSudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) kanye nebutho lawo, iSudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), bebehlukene phakathi kulandela umbango wezepolitiki osekunesikhathi eside ukhona. Njengoba ukulwa kwanda ngale kweJuba kuya kwezinye izindawo, udlame lwahlukanisa zonke izinhlanga ezinkulu (Aalen, 2013; Radon & Logan, 2014; de Vries & Schomerus, 2017).
Ukuphendula, i-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) yalamula isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kwamaqembu alwayo. Kodwa-ke, amazwe angamalungu abalulekile akhombise ukuntula intshisekelo yokuthola isixazululo esiqinile ngokusebenzisa inqubo yezingxoxo zokuthula ze-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development ukuze kuqedwe ukungqubuzana. Emizameni yokuthola isixazululo esinokuthula sokungqubuzana kwe-Sudan okunganqamukiyo eNyakatho-Ningizimu, indlela yokwabelana ngamandla ezinhlangothi eziningi yasungulwa ngaphakathi kweSivumelwano Sokuthula Esibanzi sika-2005, ngaphezu kweSivumelwano Sango-Agasti 2015 Sokuxazululwa Kwezingqinamba eSouth Sudan (ARCSS), olubhekane nokwelulwa kodlame lwangaphakathi eNingizimu (de Vries & Schomerus, 2017). Izazi eziningana nabenzi bezinqubomgomo babheke ukungqubuzana kwaseNingizimu Sudan njengengxabano yezizwe zonke-kodwa ukuhlanganisa ukungqubuzana ikakhulukazi ngezinhlanga akuphumeleli ukuxazulula ezinye izinkinga ezijulile.
NgoSepthemba 2018 Revitalized Aisivumelwano ku Rukulungiswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle SIsivumelwano se-udan (R-ARCSS) sasihloselwe ukuvuselela Isivumelwano Sango-Agasti 2015 Sokuxazululwa Kwezingqinamba ENingizimu Sudan, esasinamaphutha amaningi futhi singenayo imigomo echazwe kahle, imihlahlandlela, kanye nohlaka lokudala ukuthula nokuphuca izikhali amaqembu amavukelambuso. Kodwa-ke, zombili iSivumelwano Sesinqumo Sezinhlekelele eSouth Sudan kanye ne Revitalized Aisivumelwano ku Rukulungiswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Sudan ugcizelele ukwabiwa kwamandla phakathi kwezikhulu zezombangazwe nezempi. Lokhu kugxilwa okusabalale okuwumngcingo kubhebhethekisa ukubandlululwa kwezepolitiki, kwezomnotho, kanye nezenhlalo okudala udlame oluhlomile e-South Sudan. Asikho kulezi zivumelwano ezimbili zokuthula esinemininingwane eyanele ukuze kubhekwane nemithombo ejulile yokungqubuzana noma ukuphakamisa umgwaqo wokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu ezempi abe yibutho lezokuphepha kuyilapho kulawulwa uguquko lwezomnotho kanye nokunciphisa izikhalo.
Leli phepha lisebenzisa uhlaka lokwabelana ngamandla njengendlela yokwakha ukuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwemiphakathi kanye nokuvala ukuhlukana okubukhali emiphakathini ekhungethwe izimpi. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwaba amandla kuthambekele ekuqiniseni ukuhlukana okuholela ekulimaleni kobumbano lwesizwe kanye nokwakhiwa kokuthula. Idatha eqoqwe kulolu cwaningo itholwe ngokuhlaziywa kwendikimba okuphelele kwemibhalo ekhona mayelana nokungqubuzana kwe-South Sudan kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla kwangemva kwezingxabano e-Afrika yonkana. Imininingwane yasetshenziswa ukukhomba izimbangela eziyindida neziyinkimbinkimbi zodlame futhi ihlole Isivumelwano Sango-Agasti 2015 Sokuxazululwa Kwezinkinga e-South Sudan kanye noSepthemba 2018. Revitalized Aisivumelwano ku Rukulungiswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Sudan, eqale ukusebenza ngoFebhuwari 22nd, 2020. Leli phepha lizama ukuphendula umbuzo owodwa: Ingabe uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla luyindlela efaneleke kakhulu yokwakha ukuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano eSouth Sudan?
Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ngichaza isizinda esingokomlando sokungqubuzana. Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kuhlola izibonelo zezinhlelo zangaphambili zokwabiwa kwamandla e-Afrika njengesimiso esiyisiqondiso. Ngibe sengichaza izinto ezizoholela empumelelweni kahulumeni wobumbano, ngithi ukusungula ukuthula nozinzo, ukuhlanganisa izwe, kanye nokwakha uhulumeni wokwabelana ngamandla kuzodinga ukuthi abaholi bakhe kabusha ukwethembana, babelane ngokulinganayo ngemithombo yemvelo kanye namathuba ezomnotho phakathi kwezinhlanga ezahlukene. izinhlanga, ukuguqula amaphoyisa, ukuphuca izikhali, kugqugquzele umphakathi okhuthele futhi odlangile, futhi kusungulwe uhlaka lokubuyisana lokubhekana nesikhathi esedlule.
Izinyathelo Zokudala Ukuthula
ISivumelwano Sango-August 2015 Sokuxazululwa Kwesivumelwano Sokuthula eSouth Sudan, esasilamule Inhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Zohulumeni Kwezokuthuthukiswa (IGAD), sasihloselwe ukuxazulula ingxabano yezombusazwe phakathi kukaMongameli Kiir kanye nePhini Likamongameli Wangaphambili, uMachar. Ezikhathini eziningi kuzo zonke izingxoxo, uKiir noMachar bephule uchungechunge lwezivumelwano zangaphambilini ngenxa yokungaboni ngaso linye kokwabiwa kwamandla. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-United Nations Security Council (UNSC) kanye nezijeziso ezabekwa yi-United States, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali ukuze kuqedwe udlame, zombili izinhlangothi zisayine isivumelwano sokwabelana ngamandla esaqeda isikhashana udlame.
Izinhlinzeko zesivumelwano sokuthula sika-Agasti 2015 zidale izikhala zongqongqoshe ezingama-30 ezihlukaniswe phakathi kukaKiir, Machar, namanye amaqembu aphikisayo. UMongameli uKiir wayephethe iKhabhinethi kanye nobulungu bamaqembu aphikisayo amaningi ephalamende likazwelonke kuyilapho iPhini Likamongameli uMachar elawula womabili amalungu aphikisayo kukhabhinethi (Okiech, 2016). Isivumelwano sokuthula sika-2015 sanconywa ngokubhekana nokukhathazeka okuhlukene kwabo bonke ababambiqhaza, kodwa besingenayo indlela yokugcina ukuthula yokuvimbela udlame ngezikhathi zezinguquko. Futhi, isivumelwano sokuthula sahlala isikhathi esifushane ngenxa yempi evuselelwe ngoJulayi ka-2016 phakathi kwamasosha kahulumeni kanye nabalandeli bePhini likaMongameli uMachar, okwaphoqa uMachar ukuba abaleke ezweni. Enye yezingxabano phakathi kukamengameli uKiir kanye namaqembu aphikisayo kwaba wuhlelo lwakhe lokuhlukanisa izifundazwe eziyi-10 zibe eziwu-28. Ngokusho kwamaqembu aphikisayo, imingcele emisha iqinisekisa isizwe sikaMengameli uKiir samaDinka ephalamende elinamandla futhi ishintsha nokulingana kwezwe (Sperber, 2016). ). Ngokuhlangene, lezi zici ziholele ekuweni koHulumeni Wenguquko Wobumbano Lwesizwe (TGNU).
Isivumelwano sokuthula sango-Agasti 2015 kanye nohlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lwangoSepthemba 2018 lwakhelwe kakhulu esifisweni sokwakhiwa kabusha kwezikhungo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe kunokudala izinhlaka zezombusazwe zesikhathi eside nezindlela zokwakha ukuthula. Ngokwesibonelo, the Revitalized Aisivumelwano ku Rukulungiswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Si-udan yenza uhlaka lukahulumeni wezinguquko omusha oluhlanganisa nezimfuneko zokubandakanywa kokukhethwa kongqongqoshe. I Revitalized Aisivumelwano ku Rukulungiswa kwe Cngena Sngaphandle Sudan uphinde wadala amaqembu ezepolitiki amahlanu wabe esebeka amaphini kamongameli amane, kanti iPhini likaMengameli wokuqala, uRiek Machar, uzohola umkhakha wezokubusa. Ngaphandle kwephini likamongameli wokuqala, bekungeke kube khona ukubusa phakathi kwamaphini omongameli. Lolu hlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lwangoSepthemba 2018 lwacacisa ukuthi iTransitional National Legislature (TNL) izosebenza kanjani, ukuthi iTransitional National Legislative Assembly (TNLA) kanye noMkhandlu Wezifundazwe izobunjwa kanjani, kanye nendlela uMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe namaPhini Ongqongqoshe phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene. sebenza (Wuol, 2019). Izivumelwano zokwabelana ngamandla zazingenazo izinto zokusekela izikhungo zikahulumeni futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi uhlelo lwezinguquko luzobambelela luqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izivumelwano zasayinwa esimweni sempi yombango eqhubekayo, akukho nesisodwa esasihlanganisa zonke izinhlangothi ezibambene, okwavusa ukuvela kwabaphangi futhi kwandise isimo sempi.
Noma kunjalo, ngoFebhuwari 22, 2020, uRiek Machar nabanye abaholi bamaqembu aphikisayo bafungiswa njengamaPhini Omongameli kuhulumeni omusha wobumbano waseNingizimu Sudan. Lesi sivumelwano sokuthula sanikeza ushwele amavukelambuso ezimpini zombango zaseSouth Sudan, okuhlanganisa nePhini likaMongameli uMachar. Futhi, uMongameli Kiir uqinisekise izifundazwe eziyishumi zokuqala, okwakuyisivumelwano esibalulekile. Okunye okwabangisana ngakho kwakuwukuvikeleka kukaMachar eJuba; nokho, njengengxenye yemvume yemingcele yezifunda eziyi-10 zikaKiir, uMachar wabuyela eJuba ngaphandle kombutho wakhe wezokuphepha. Lapho lezo zinkinga ezimbili eziphikisanayo sezixazululiwe, izinhlangothi zasayina isivumelwano sokuthula, nakuba zishiye amaphuzu abalulekile—okuhlanganisa nendlela yokusheshisa ukuhlangana kwamasosha ezokuphepha athembeke kuKiir noma kuMachar abe yibutho elilodwa lesizwe—okuzobhekwana nawo ngemva komhlangano omusha. uhulumeni waqala ukungena esenzweni (I-International Crisis Group, 2019; Inhlangano Yezokusakaza YaseBrithani, 2020; UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeNhlangano Yezizwe, 2020).
Ukubuyekeza incwadi
Izifundiswa eziningana zithuthuke etiyori yentando yeningi yokuhlangana, okuhlanganisa uHans Daalder, uJorg Steiner, noGerhard Lehmbruch. Isiphakamiso sethiyori sentando yeningi ehlangene ukuthi izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla zinezinto eziningi ezibalulekile. Abasekeli bezinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla bagxilise izimpikiswano zabo mayelana nezimiso eziyiziqondiso eziyisisekelo zokuxazulula izingxabano noma izindlela zokwakha ukuthula emiphakathini ehlukene ngomsebenzi wezemfundo ka-Arend Lijphart, ucwaningo lwakhe oluyisisekelo mayelana “nentando yeningi yobudlelwano kanye nentando yeningi yokuvumelana” lusungule impumelelo ekuqondeni lezi zindlela. yentando yeningi emiphakathini ehlukene. U-Lijphart (2008) wathi intando yeningi emiphakathini ehlukene iyakwazi ukufinyeleleka, noma ngabe izakhamizi zihlukene phakathi, uma abaholi benza umfelandawonye. Kudemokhrasi ehlangene, umfelandawonye ukhiwa ababambiqhaza abamele zonke izinhlangano zomphakathi eziyinhloko futhi banikezwe ngokulinganayo amahhovisi nezinsiza (Lijphart 1996 & 2008; O'Flynn & Russell, 2005; Spears, 2000).
U-Esman (2004) uchaza ukwabiwa kwamandla ngokuthi “iqoqo lemicabango, izinqubo, nezikhungo, lapho ubuciko bokubusa buba yindaba yokuxoxisana, ukubuyisana, kanye nokubeka engcupheni izifiso nezikhalo zemiphakathi yabo yezizwe” (p. 178). Ngakho-ke, intando yeningi yokuxhumana iwuhlobo lwentando yeningi enesethi ehlukile yezinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla, izinqubo, kanye namazinga. Ngenhloso yalolu cwaningo, igama elithi "ukwabelana ngamandla" lizothatha indawo "yentando yeningi ehlangene" njengoba ukwabelana kwamandla kusenhliziyweni yohlaka lwetiyori edidiyelwe.
Ezifundweni zokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nokuthula, ukwabelana kwamandla kuthathwa njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano noma indlela yokwakha ukuthula engaxazulula izingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi, phakathi kwemiphakathi, izingxabano zamaqembu amaningi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukunciphisa ukukhuthazwa kwezakhiwo ezinokuthula nentando yeningi, ukubandakanya, kanye nokwakha ukuvumelana (Cheeseman, 2011; Aeby, 2018; Hartzell & Hoddie, 2019). Emashumini eminyaka adlule, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla bekuyinsika ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwemiphakathi e-Afrika. Ukwenza isibonelo, izinhlaka zangaphambili zokwabiwa kwamandla zaklanywa ngo-1994 eNingizimu Afrika; ngo-1999 eSierra Leone; ngo-1994, 2000, nango-2004 eBurundi; 1993 eRwanda; 2008 eKenya; kanye no-2009 eZimbabwe. E-South Sudan, ukuhlelwa kokwabelana ngamandla okunezinhlangothi eziningi bekuyisisekelo sezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zazo zombili Isivumelwano Sokuthula Esibanzi sango-2005 (i-CPA), Isivumelwano Sowezi-2015 Sokuxazululwa Kwenkinga YaseNingizimu Sudan (i-ARCSS) kanye nesivumelwano sokuthula sikaSepthemba 2018 esivuselelwe. Isivumelwano Sokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano eSouth Sudan (R-ARCSS) isivumelwano sokuthula. Ngokombono, umqondo wokwabelana ngamandla uhlanganisa ukuhlelwa okuphelele kwesistimu yezombusazwe noma imifelandawonye engase ivale ukuhlukana okubukhali emiphakathini ekhungethwe yimpi. Isibonelo, eKenya, izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla phakathi kuka-Mwai Kibaki no-Raila Odinga zasebenza njengethuluzi lokubhekana nodlame lwezombangazwe futhi zaba yimpumelelo, ngokwengxenye, ngenxa yokuqaliswa kwezinhlaka zezikhungo ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nokunciphisa ukugxambukela kwezombusazwe ngomkhulu omkhulu. umfelandawonye (Cheeseman & Tendi, 2010; Kingsley, 2008). ENingizimu Afrika, ukwabiwa kwamandla kwasetshenziswa njengesikhungo sesikhashana sokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo (Lijphart, 2004).
Abamelene nokuhlelwa kokwabiwa kwamandla njengoFinkeldey (2011) baphikise ngokuthi ukwabiwa kwamandla “kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kwethiyori evamile kanye nomkhuba wepolitiki” (ikhasi 12). U-Tull noMehler (2005), ngakolunye uhlangothi, baxwayise “ngezindleko ezifihliwe zokwabelana ngamandla,” enye yazo ukufakwa kwamaqembu anodlame olungekho emthethweni ekufuneni izinsiza namandla ezombusazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abagxeki bokwabelana kwamandla baphakamise ukuthi "lapho amandla abelwe abantu abakhethekile abachazwe ngokobuhlanga, ukwabelana kwamandla kungase kugxilise ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga emphakathini" (Aeby, 2018, p. 857).
Abagxeki baqhube ngokuthi kuqinisa ubuzwe obuthule futhi bunikeza kuphela ukuthula nozinzo lwesikhashana, ngaleyo ndlela yehluleke ukunika amandla ukuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi. Ngokwengqikithi yeSouth Sudan, ukwabiwa kwamandla ngokuhlanganyela kuye kwatuswa njengokuhlinzeka ngomlando wokuxazulula ukungqubuzana, kodwa le ndlela ephuma phezulu yokuhlelwa kokwabelana ngamandla ayizange ikhiphe ukuthula okuzinzile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinga izivumelwano zokwabelana ngamagunya ezingakhuthaza ngalo ukuthula nokuzinza lincike, ngokwengxenye, ohlangothini lwezinhlangothi ezingqubuzanayo, okuhlanganisa nendima engaba khona 'yabaphangi'. Njengoba u-Stedman (1997) asho, ubungozi obukhulu bokwakhiwa kokuthula ezimeni zangemuva kwezingxabano buvela “kubachithi”: labo baholi namaqembu anamandla futhi azimisele ukusebenzisa udlame ukuze aphazamise izinhlelo zokuthula ngokusebenzisa amandla. Ngenxa yokwanda kwamaqembu ahlukene ahlukene kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Sudan, amaqembu ahlomile abengahlanganyeli esivumelwaneni sokuthula sika-Agasti 2015 aba nesandla ekuphazamisekeni kohlelo lokwabelana ngamandla.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ukuze izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla ziphumelele, kufanele zinwetshwe kumalungu amanye amaqembu ngaphandle kwabasayini bokuqala. ENingizimu Sudan, ukugxila okuphakathi embangweni kaMongameli Kiir kanye noMachar kwavala izikhalo zezakhamizi ezivamile, eziqhubekisela phambili ukulwa phakathi kwamaqembu ahlomile. Empeleni, isifundo esitholakala kulokho okwenzekayo ukuthi izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla kufanele zilinganiswe ngendlela engokoqobo, kodwa engajwayelekile yokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwezombusazwe phakathi kwamaqembu uma ezoba nethuba lokuchuma. Odabeni lwaseSouth Sudan, ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga yikona okuyisizinda sengxabano futhi yikho okudala udlame, futhi kusaqhubeka nokuba yinhlakanhlaka kwezombusazwe zaseSouth Sudan. Ipolitiki yobuhlanga esekelwe ekuqhudelwaneni komlando kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezizukulwane kumise ukwakheka kwamaqembu alwayo eSouth Sudan.
U-Roeder no-Rothchild (2005) bagomela ngokuthi izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla zingase zibe nemiphumela enenzuzo ngesikhathi sokuqala soguquko olusuka empini luye ekuthuleni, kodwa imiphumela eyinkinga kakhulu esikhathini sokuhlanganisa. Uhlelo lwangaphambilini lokwabiwa kwamandla eSouth Sudan, ngokwesibonelo, lugxile enqubweni yokuhlanganisa amandla okwabelwana ngaso, kodwa alunakanga kakhulu abadlali abahlukene ngaphakathi eSouth Sudan. Ezingeni lomqondo, osolwazi nabakhi benqubomgomo baye baphikisana ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwengxoxo phakathi kocwaningo nama-ajenda okuhlaziya kube yimbangela yezindawo eziyimpumputhe ezincwadini, okuvame ukunganaki abadlali abangaba nomthelela namandla.
Nakuba izincwadi zokwabelana ngamandla zikhiqize imibono ehlukene ngokusebenza kwayo, inkulumo emayelana nomqondo iye yahlaziywa ngokukhethekile ngamalensi angaphakathi, futhi kunezikhala eziningi phakathi kwethiyori nokwenza. Emazweni okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla lapho kwasungulwa khona ohulumeni ababelana ngamandla, kugcizelelwe kaningi ekuzinzeni kwesikhathi esifushane kunokuba kube nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside. Ngokungangabazeki, odabeni lwaseSouth Sudan, izinhlelo zangaphambili zokwabelana ngamandla zabhuntsha ngenxa yokuthi zazibeke isisombululo ezingeni eliphezulu, ngaphandle kokucabangela ukubuyisana kwamazinga amaningi. Isexwayiso esisodwa esibalulekile ukuthi yize izinhlelo zokwabelana ngamandla ziphathelene nokwakha ukuthula, ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano kanye nokuvimbela impi ephindelelayo, akuwunaki umqondo wokwakhiwa kombuso.
Izinto Ezizoholela Empumelelweni KaHulumeni Wobumbano
Noma iluphi uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla, empeleni, ludinga ukuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi futhi lubanike isabelo samandla. Ngakho-ke, ukuze noma yiluphi uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lubambeke eSouth Sudan, kumele lwakhe kabusha ukwethembana kubo bonke ababambiqhaza kule ngxabano, kusukela ekukhishweni kwezikhali, ukudilizwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kabusha (i-DDR) kwamaqembu ahlukene kuya kwezokuphepha eziqhudelanayo, futhi kuphoqelelwe ubulungiswa nokuziphendulela. , ukuvuselela izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi kwabiwe imithombo yemvelo ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amaqembu. Ukwakha ukwethembana kubalulekile kunoma yisiphi isinyathelo sokwakha ukuthula. Ngaphandle kobudlelwano obuqinile bokuthembana phakathi kukaKiir noMachar ikakhulukazi, kodwa futhi, phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, ilungiselelo lokwabelana ngamandla lizohluleka futhi ngokucatshangwayo lingase lisakaze ukungavikeleki okwengeziwe, njengoba kwenzeka esivumelwaneni sokwabiwa kwamandla ka-August 2015. Lesi sivumelwano sabhuntsha ngoba iPhini likaMengameli uMachar wasuswa kulandela isimemezelo sikaMongameli Kiir sokuthi uMachar uzame ukuketula umbuso. Lokhu kuxabanise isizwe samaDinka esihambisana noKiir kanye nalabo abavela eqenjini lesizwe samaNuer ababeseka uMachar ngokumelene bodwa (Roach, 2016; Sperber, 2016). Esinye isici esingaholela empumelelweni yohlelo lokwabelana ngamandla ukwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwamalungu amasha ekhabhinethi. Ukuze uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lusebenze ngempumelelo, bobabili uMongameli uKiir kanye nePhini likaMongameli uMachar kudingeka bakhe isimo sokuthembana nhlangothi zombili ngesikhathi sezinguquko. Ukuthula kwesikhathi eside kuncike ezinhlosweni nasezenzweni zabo bonke abathintekayo esivumelwaneni sokwabelana ngamandla, futhi inselelo enkulu kuzoba ukusuka emazwini anenhloso enhle ukuya ezenzweni ezisebenzayo.
Futhi, ukuthula nokulondeka kuncike ekususeni izikhali amaqembu ahlukahlukene amavukela-mbuso ezweni. Ngakho-ke, izinguquko zomkhakha wezokuphepha kufanele zisetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokwakha ukuthula ukusiza ngokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlomile ahlukahlukene. Uguquko lomkhakha wezokuphepha kumele lugcizelele ukuhlela kabusha ababekade bengamasosha abe yibutho lesizwe, amaphoyisa, kanye namanye amabutho ezokuphepha. Izinyathelo zangempela zokuziphendulela ezibhekana namavukela-mbuso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ukubhebhethekisa izingxabano ezintsha ziyadingeka ukuze labo ababeyizimpi, abasanda kuhlanganiswa, bangabe besakuvimba ukuthula nokuzinza kwezwe. Uma kwenziwa kahle, ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali okunjalo, ukudilizwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kabusha (i-DDR) kuzoqinisa ukuthula ngokukhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwezitha zangaphambili kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhoxiswa kwezikhali okuqhubekayo kanye nokuguqukela kwempi eminingi empilweni yabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa komkhakha wezokuphepha kufanele kufake phakathi ukuqeda ipolitiki embuthweni wezokuphepha waseNingizimu Sudan. Uhlelo oluyimpumelelo lokuhoxiswa kwezikhali, ukudilizwa kwabantu, kanye nokubuyisela esimweni esihle (i-DDR) nalo lungavula indlela yokuzinza nentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kuphethe ukuthi ukuhlanganisa amavukela-mbuso angaphambili noma izimpi embuthweni omusha kungasetshenziswa ukwakha umlingiswa kazwelonke obumbene (IWundlu & I-Stainer, 2018). Uhulumeni wobumbano, ngokubambisana neNhlangano Yezizwe (i-UN), iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-AU), i-Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), nezinye izinhlaka, kufanele benze umsebenzi wokuphuca izikhali kanye nokubuyisela ababengamasosha empilweni yabo ngenkathi okuhloswe ngayo ukuphepha okusekelwe emphakathini kanye nendlela yokuya phezulu.
Olunye ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi uhlelo lwezobulungiswa kufanele luguqulwe ngokulinganayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubusa komthetho, kumiswe kabusha ukwethemba izikhungo zikahulumeni, futhi kuqinise intando yeningi. Kuye kwaphikiswana ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinguquko zezobulungiswa besikhashana emiphakathini yangemva kwezingxabano, ikakhulukazi amaKhomishana Eqiniso Nokubuyisana (TRC), kungase kuphazamise izivumelwano zokuthula. Nakuba lokhu kungase kube njalo, kwabahlukunyezwayo, izinhlelo zobulungisa besikhashana zangemva kwengxabano zingadalula iqiniso mayelana nokungabi nabulungisa okwedlule, zihlole izimbangela zako, zishushise abenzi bokubi, zihlele kabusha izikhungo, futhi zisekele ukubuyisana (Van Zyl, 2005). Empeleni, iqiniso nokubuyisana kungasiza ekwakheni kabusha ukwethembana eSouth Sudan futhi kugweme ukuphindeka kwengxabano. Ukudala inkantolo yomthethosisekelo yesikhashana, izinguquko zezobulungiswa, kanye ne okukhethekile I-Judicial Reform Committee (JRC) ukubika futhi lenze iziphakamiso phakathi nenkathi yenguquko, njengoba kucaciswe kuSivumelwano Esivuselelwe Sokuxazululwa Kwengxabano eSouth Sudan (R-ARCSS), izohlinzeka isikhala sokuphulukisa ukuhlukana okujulile kwezenhlalo nosizi. . Uma kubhekwa isibopho samanye amaqembu engxabano, nokho, ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo kuzoba yinkinga. IKhomishana Eqinile Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana (i-TRC) ingafaka isandla kakhulu ekubuyisaneni nasekuzinzeni, kodwa kufanele ibone ukwenza ubulungiswa njengenqubo engathatha amashumi eminyaka noma izizukulwane. Kubalulekile ukusungula nokugcina umthetho kanye nokusebenzisa imithetho nezinqubo ezicindezela amandla azo zonke izinhlangothi futhi zibenze baphendule ngezenzo zabo. Lokhu kungasiza ekudambiseni ukungezwani, kudale ukuzinza, futhi kunciphise amathuba okuqhubeka nokungqubuzana. Noma kunjalo, uma ikhomishana enjalo yenziwa, kufanele iphathwe ngokuqapha ukuze kugwenywe ukuziphindiselela.
Njengoba izinhlelo zokwakha ukuthula zihlanganisa izigaba eziningi zabalingisi futhi ziqondise kuzo zonke izici zesakhiwo sombuso, zidinga umzamo womhlaba wonke ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwazo ngempumelelo. Uhulumeni wezinguquko kumele afake amaqembu amaningana avela emazingeni aphansi kanye nasezingeni eliphezulu emizamweni yakhe yokwakha kabusha yangemva kwezingxabano kanye nemizamo yokwakha ukuthula eSouth Sudan. Ukubandakanywa, ikakhulukazi kwamaqembu omphakathi, kubalulekile ekuqiniseni izinhlelo zokuthula kuzwelonke. Umphakathi okhuthele futhi onamandla—okuhlanganisa abaholi bezenkolo, abaholi besifazane, abaholi bentsha, abaholi bamabhizinisi, izifundiswa, kanye namanethiwekhi omthetho—bangadlala indima ebalulekile ezenzweni zokudala ukuthula kuyilapho kugqugquzelwa ukuvela kwenhlangano yomphakathi ebamba iqhaza kanye nohlelo lwezepolitiki lwentando yeningi (Quinn, 2009). Ukuze kunqandwe ukushuba okuqhubekayo kwezingxabano, imizamo yalaba badlali abahlukahlukene kufanele ibhekane nakho kokubili ukungezwani okusebenzayo nokungokomzwelo kwamanje, futhi izinhlangothi zombili kufanele zisebenzise inqubomgomo ebhekana nemibuzo yokubandakanywa phakathi kwenqubo yokuthula ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhethwa kwabameleli obala.
Okokugcina, omunye wabagqugquzeli bezingxabano ezingapheli eSouth Sudan umqhudelwano osekunesikhathi eside ukhona phakathi kweqembu elidumile laseDinka kanye neNuer lokulawula amandla ezombusazwe kanye nemithombo kawoyela enkulukazi yesifunda. Izikhalo eziphathelene nokungalingani, ukucwaswa, inkohlakalo, ukucwasana, nepolitiki yobuzwe ziphakathi kwezici eziningi ezibonisa ukungqubuzana kwamanje. Inkohlakalo nokuncintisana kwamandla ezombusazwe kuyafana, futhi amawebhu okuxhashazwa nge-kleptocratic asiza ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza zomphakathi ukuze kuzuze umuntu. Izimali ezingenayo ezivela ekukhiqizweni kukawoyela kumele, esikhundleni salokho, ziqondiswe ekuthuthukisweni komnotho okusimeme, njengokutshalwa kwezimali kwezenhlalakahle, abantu kanye nezikhungo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusungula indlela ephumelelayo yokwengamela elawula inkohlakalo, ukuqoqwa kwemali engenayo, isabelomali, ukwabiwa kwemali engenayo, kanye nezindleko. Ukwengeza, abaxhasi akumele nje basize uhulumeni wobumbano ukuze akhe kabusha umnotho wezwe nengqalasizinda, kodwa futhi babeke uphawu lokugwema inkohlakalo egcwele. Ngakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa okuqondile komcebo, njengoba kufunwa amanye amaqembu amavukela-mbuso, ngeke kusize iSouth Sudan ukuthi ibhekane nobumpofu bayo ngendlela eqhubekayo. Ukwakhiwa kokuthula kwesikhathi eside eSouth Sudan kumele, esikhundleni salokho, kubhekane nezikhalazo ezingokoqobo, njengokumeleleka ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izigaba zezepolitiki, zezenhlalo, nezomnotho. Nakuba abalamuli bangaphandle kanye nabanikeli bengakwazi ukugqugquzela futhi basekele ukwakhiwa kokuthula, uguquko lwentando yeningi kufanele ekugcineni lugqugquzelwe amandla angaphakathi.
Izimpendulo zemibuzo yocwaningo zisekutheni uhulumeni wokwabelana ngamandla uzisingatha kanjani izikhalo zendawo, ukwakha kabusha ukwethembana phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezingqubuzanayo, udala izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali, ukudilizwa, kanye nokubuyisela esimweni (DDR), uletha ubulungiswa, ubeke abenzi bokubi babekwe icala, ukhuthaza ukuthi umphakathi oqinile ogcina uhulumeni ukwabelana ngamandla enecala, futhi eqinisekisa ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kwemithombo yemvelo phakathi kwawo wonke amaqembu. Ukuze kugwenywe ukuphindeka, uhulumeni omusha wobumbano kufanele asuswe ezombusazwe, aguqule imikhakha yezokuphepha futhi abhekane nokuhlukana kwezizwe phakathi kukaKiir noMachar. Zonke lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile empumelelweni yokwabelana ngamandla kanye nokwakhiwa kokuthula eSouth Sudan. Noma kunjalo, impumelelo kahulumeni omusha wobumbano incike ekuzimiseleni kwezombangazwe, ekuzibophezeleni kwezombangazwe, nasekubambisaneni kwazo zonke izinhlangothi ezihilelekile kule ngxabano.
Isiphetho
Kuze kube manje, lolu cwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi abashayeli bengxabano eSouth Sudan bayinkimbinkimbi futhi baningi. Okuyisisekelo sokungqubuzana phakathi kukaKiir noMachar nakho kuyizingqinamba ezijulile, ezinjengokubusa okungekuhle, ukulwela amandla, inkohlakalo, ukucwasana kanye nokwehlukana kwezinhlanga. Uhulumeni omusha wobumbano kumele ubhekane ngokwanele nesimo sokuhlukana kwezinhlanga phakathi kukaKiir noMachar. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukana okukhona kwezinhlanga nokusebenzisa umoya wokwesaba, izinhlangothi zombili zihlanganise abalandeli ngempumelelo kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Sudan. Umsebenzi osalindile owokuba uhulumeni wobumbano wesikhashana amise ngokuhlelekile uhlaka lokushintsha amathuluzi nezinqubo eziyisisekelo zezingxoxo kazwelonke ezibandakanya wonke umuntu, ukubhekana nokuhlukana kwezinhlanga, kuthinte uguquko lomkhakha wezokuphepha, ukulwa nenkohlakalo, ukuletha ubulungiswa besikhashana, kanye nokusiza ekuhlalisweni kabusha kwezwe. abantu abasusiwe. Uhulumeni wobumbano kufanele asebenzise imigomo yesikhathi eside neyesikhashana ebhekana nalezi zimo ezidala umnotho, ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthuka kwezombusazwe kanye nokufukula izinhlangothi zombili.
Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Sudan kanye nabalingani bakhe bentuthuko bagcizelele kakhulu ekwakhiweni kombuso futhi abagxilanga ngokwanele ekwakhiweni kokuthula. Uhlelo lokwabelana ngamandla lulodwa alukwazi ukuletha ukuthula nokulondeka okusimeme. Ukuthula nokuzinza kungase kudinge isinyathelo esengeziwe sokususa ezombusazwe ezinhlangeni. Okuzosiza ukwenza iNingizimu Sudan ibe nokuthula ukubhekana nezingxabano zendawo kanye nokuvumela ukuvezwa kwezikhalazo ezihlukene eziphethwe amaqembu nabantu ngabanye. Ngokomlando, izicukuthwane zikufakazele ukuthi ukuthula akukhona lokho abakulwela, ngakho-ke kufanele kuqashelwe labo bantu abafisa iSouth Sudan enokuthula nelungile. Inqubo yokuthula kuphela ecabangela amaqembu ahlukene, ukuphila kwawo, kanye nezikhalazo zawo ezihlanganyelwe ezingaletha ukuthula okulangazelelwa yiSouth Sudan. Okokugcina, ukuze uhlelo oluphelele lokwabiwa kwamandla luphumelele eSouth Sudan, abalamuli kumele bagxile emsuka nezikhalazo zempi yombango. Uma lezi zindaba zingalungiswa ngendlela efanele, uhulumeni omusha wobumbano uzohluleka, futhi iSouth Sudan iyohlala iyizwe elilwa nayo ngokwayo.
Okubhekwayo
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