Ukungqubuzana kwe-Biafra
Learning Izinhloso
- Ini: Thola Ukungqubuzana kwe-Biafra.
- Ngubani: Yazi amaqembu amakhulu kule ngxabano.
- kuphi: Qonda izindawo zezindawo ezihilelekile.
- Kungani: Cacisa izindaba ezikule ngxabano.
- Nini: Qonda umlando walokhu kungqubuzana.
- Kanjani: Qonda izinqubo zokungqubuzana, amandla, kanye nezishayeli.
- Okuphi: Thola ukuthi yimiphi imibono efanele ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana kwe-Biafra.
Thola Ukungqubuzana kwe-Biafra
Izithombe ezingezansi zethula ukulandisa okubonakalayo mayelana nokungqubuzana kwe-Biafra kanye nesiyaluyalu esiqhubekayo sokuzimela kwe-Biafra.
Yazi Amaqembu Amakhulu Odweshu
- Uhulumeni WaseBrithani
- I-Federal Republic yaseNigeria
- Abantu Bomdabu base-Biafra (IPOB) kanye nenzalo yabo abangazange badliwe empini phakathi kweNigeria ne-Biafra kusukela (1967-1970)
Abantu bomdabu base-Biafra (IPOB)
Izinsalela Zabantu Bomdabu base-Biafra (IPOB) kanye nenzalo yabo abangazange badliwe empini phakathi kweNigeria ne-Biafra kusukela (1967-1970) banamaqembu amaningi:
- The Ohaneze Ndi Igbo
- Igbo Leaders of Thought
- I-Biafra Zionist Federation (BZF)
- I-Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
- Umsakazo Biafra
- UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala Babantu Bomdabu base-Biafra (SCE)
Cacisa Izinkinga kule Kungqubuzana
Izingxabano ZabakwaBiafra
- I-Biafra kwakuyisizwe esikhona esizimele ngaphambi kokufika kwamaNgisi e-Afrika
- Ukuhlangana kuka-1914 okwahlanganisa iNyakatho neNingizimu futhi kwadala izwe elisha elibizwa ngokuthi iNigeria akukho emthethweni ngoba kwanqunywa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo (kwakuwukuhlanganiswa okuphoqelelwe)
- Futhi imigomo yeminyaka eyi-100 yokuhlolwa kokuhlanganisa yaphela ngo-2014 okwahlakaza iNyunyana ngokuzenzakalelayo.
- Ukubandlululwa kwezomnotho nepolitiki ngaphakathi eNigeria
- Ukuntuleka kwamaphrojekthi entuthuko e-Biafraland
- Izinkinga zokuphepha: ukubulawa kwabantu baseBiafra eNyakatho yeNigeria
- Ukwesaba ukushabalala ngokuphelele
Izingxabano zikahulumeni waseNigeria
- Zonke ezinye izifunda ezakha ingxenye yeNigeria nazo zazikhona njengezizwe ezizimele ngaphambi kokufika kwamaNgisi
- Ezinye izifunda nazo zaphoqwa ukuba zingene kule nyunyana, nokho, obaba abasungula iNigeria bavumelana ngazwi linye ukuthi baqhubeke nenyunyana ngemuva kwenkululeko ngo-1960.
- Ekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-100 yokuhlangana, abaphathi besikhathi esidlule babiza i-National Dialogue futhi zonke izinhlanga zaseNigeria zaxoxa ngezindaba ezithinta inyunyana, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa kwenyunyana.
- Noma iyiphi inhloso eveziwe noma umzamo wokuketula uhulumeni wobumbano noma wezifundazwe uthathwa njengokuvukela umbuso noma icala lokuvukela umbuso.
Izidingo zama-Biafrans
- Iningi labantu baseBiafra okuhlanganisa nezinsalela zabo ezingazange zidliwe empini ka-1967-1970 ziyavuma ukuthi i-Biafra kufanele ikhululeke. “Kodwa ngenkathi abanye abantu baseBiafra befuna inkululeko ngaphakathi kweNigeria njengomfelandawonye njengoba kwenziwa e-UK lapho amazwe amane ase-England, Scotland, Ireland, neWales engamazwe azibusayo ngaphakathi kwe-United Kingdom, noma eCanada lapho isifunda saseQuebec ukuzibusa, abanye bafuna inkululeko eqondile eNigeria” (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 17).
Ngezansi isifinyezo sezimfuno zabo:
- Isimemezelo selungelo labo lokuzinqumela: Ukuzimela ngaphandle kweNigeria; noma
- Ukuzibusa ngaphakathi kweNigeria njengasemhlanganweni womfelandawonye njengoba kwavunyelwana emhlanganweni wase-Aburi ngowe-1967; noma
- Ukuhlakazwa kweNigeria ngokwezinhlanga esikhundleni sokuvumela izwe ukuthi lihlukane nokuchitheka kwegazi. Lokhu kuzohlehlisa ukuhlangana kuka-1914 ukuze wonke umuntu abuyele ezweni loyisemkhulu njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambi kokufika kwamaNgisi.
Funda mayelana nesizinda somlando salokhu kungqubuzana
- Amamephu Asendulo ase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi imephu yango-1662, abonisa imibuso emithathu eNtshonalanga Afrika lapho izwe elisha elibizwa ngokuthi iNigeria ladalwa ongcweti bamakoloni. Imibuso emithathu yayimi kanje:
- Umbuso waseZamfara eNyakatho;
- Umbuso waseBiafra eMpumalanga; futhi
- Umbuso waseBenin eNtshonalanga.
- Le mibuso emithathu yayikhona kumephu ye-Afrika iminyaka engaphezu kwama-400 ngaphambi kokuba iNigeria idalwe ngo-1914.
- Umbuso wesine owaziwa ngokuthi i-Oyo Empire awuzange uqukethwe kumephu yasendulo yase-Afrika ngo-1662 kodwa futhi wawungumbuso omkhulu eNtshonalanga Afrika (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 2).
- Imephu yase-Afrika ekhiqizwe amaPutukezi kusukela ngo-1492 - 1729 ikhombisa i-Biafra njengendawo enkulu ebhalwe ngokuthi “Biafara”, “Biafar” kanye “namaBiafares” anemingcele enombuso onjenge-Ethiopia, Sudan, Bini, Kamerun, Congo, Gabon, kanye abanye.
- Kwakungonyaka we-1843 lapho imephu yase-Afrika yabonisa izwe elibhalwe ngokuthi “Biafra” linezingxenye ezithile zeCameroon yanamuhla ngaphakathi komngcele wayo okuhlanganisa neNhlonhlo ye-Bakassi ephikisanayo.
- Indawo yokuqala yase-Biafra ayizange ikhawulelwe eMpumalanga Nigeria kuphela.
- Ngokusho kwamabalazwe, abahambi abangamaPutukezi basebenzisa igama elithi "Biafara" ukuchaza sonke isifunda soMfula iNiger Esezansi nasempumalanga kuze kufike eNtabeni yaseCameroon kuze kufike ezizweni ezisogwini oluseMpumalanga, ngaleyo ndlela kuhlanganisa izingxenye zeCameroon neGabon (Uhulumeni we-IPOB). , 2014, ikhasi 2).
I-Biafra - Ubudlelwano baseBrithani
- AbaseBrithani babe nokusebenzelana kwezokuxhumana namaBiafra ngaphambi kokuthi kudalwe iNigeria. UJohn Beecroft wayengummeli waseBrithani weBight of Biafra kusukela ngoJuni 30, 1849 kuya kuJuni 10, 1854 nendlunkulu yakhe eFernando Po eBight of Biafra.
- Idolobha lase-Fernando Po manje selibizwa nge-Bioko e-Equatorial Guinea.
- Kwakusuka eBight of Biafra lapho uJohn Beecroft, elangazelela ukulawula ukuhweba engxenyeni yaseNtshonalanga futhi esekelwa izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu eBadagry, wahlasela iLagos eyaba ikoloni laseBrithani ngo-1851 futhi yanikelwa ngokusemthethweni kuNdlovukazi uVictoria, iNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi 1861, okwaqanjwa ngaye iVictoria Island Lagos.
- Ngakho-ke, abaseBrithani base besungule ubukhona babo e-Biafraland ngaphambi kokuba bathathe i-Lagos ngo-1861 (Uhulumeni we-IPOB, 2014).
I-Biafra yayiyiSizwe Esizimele
- I-Biafra kwakuyibhizinisi elizimele elinendawo yalo eboniswe ngokucacile kumephu yase-Afrika ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu baseYurophu njengezizwe zasendulo zase-Ethiopia, i-Egypt, iSudan, njll.
- Isizwe sase-Biafra sasebenzisa intando yeningi ezimele phakathi kwezizwe zaso njengoba kwenziwa phakathi kwama-Igbo namuhla.
- Empeleni, iRiphabhulikhi yaseBiafra eyamenyezelwa ngo-1967 nguGeneral Odumegwu Ojukwu kwakungelona izwe elisha kodwa umzamo wokubuyisela isizwe sasendulo sase-Biafra esasikhona ngaphambi kokuba iNigeria idalwe ngabaseBrithani "(Emekesri, 2012, p. 18-19) .
Qonda Izinqubo Zokungqubuzana, Amandla, kanye Nabashayeli
- Isici esibalulekile kulokhu kungqubuzana umthetho. Ingabe ilungelo lokuzibusa lisemthethweni noma alikho emthethweni elisekelwe kumthethosisekelo?
- Umthetho uvumela abantu bomdabu bezwe ukuthi bagcine ubunjalo babo bendabuko nakuba benikezwe ubuzwe bezwe labo elisha ngokuhlanganiswa kuka-1914.
- Kodwa ingabe umthetho unikeza abomdabu bezwe ilungelo lokuzibusa?
- Isibonelo, amaScots afuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo lawo lokuzibusa futhi amise iScotland njengesizwe esizimele esizimele ngaphandle kweGreat Britain; futhi amaCatalan afuna ukuhlukana neSpain ukuze kusungulwe iCatalonia ezimele njengesizwe esizimele. Ngendlela efanayo, Abantu Bomdabu base-Biafra bafuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuzibusa kanye nokusungula kabusha, ukubuyisela isizwe sabo sasendulo, sokhokho base-Biafra njengesizwe esizimele esizimele ngaphandle kweNigeria (Government of IPOB, 2014).
Ingabe ukuyaluza kokuzibusa kanye nokuzimela kusemthethweni noma akukho emthethweni?
- Kodwa umbuzo obalulekile okufanele uphendulwe uthi: Ingabe ukuyaluza kokuzibusa kanye nokuzimela kusemthethweni noma akukho emthethweni ngaphakathi kwezinhlinzeko zoMthethosisekelo wamanje weFederal Republic of Nigeria?
- Ingabe izenzo zenhlangano ye-pro-Biafra zingathathwa njengeziQhingi-mbuso noma i-Treasonable Felonies?
Ukuvukela umbuso kanye Nezigebengu Ezingakhokhelwa
- Izigaba 37, 38 kanye no-41 zeKhodi Yobugebengu, Imithetho Yenhlangano YaseNigeria, zichaza Ukuvukela umbuso kanye Nezigebengu Ezingakhokhelwa.
- Ukuvukela umbuso: Noma yimuphi umuntu obiza impi noHulumeni waseNigeria noma uHulumeni Wesifunda (noma wesifunda) ngenhloso yokusabisa, ukuketula noma ukwethuka uMongameli noma uMbusi, noma enze itulo nanoma yimuphi umuntu ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kweNigeria ukuthi abize impi ngokumelene neNigeria noma ngokumelene neNigeria. Isifunda, noma ukugqugquzela umuntu wangaphandle ukuthi ahlasele iNigeria noma iSifunda esinombutho ohlomile unecala lokuvukela umbuso futhi unesibopho sokujeziswa ngokufa lapho elahlwa yicala.
- Ama-Treasonable Felonies: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, noma yimuphi umuntu owenza inhloso yokuketula uMongameli noma uMbusi, noma ukukhokhisa impi ngokumelene neNigeria noma ngokumelene noMbuso, noma ukugqugquzela umuntu wangaphandle ukuthi ahlasele iNigeria noma i-States, futhi abonise leyo nhloso. ngesenzo esisobala unecala lokuvukela umbuso futhi uyogwetshwa udilikajele uma elahlwa yicala.
Ukuthula Okubi kanye Nokuthula Okuhle
Ukuthula Okubi - Abadala phakathi I-Biafraland:
- Ukuze aqondise futhi aqhubekisele phambili inqubo yokuthola inkululeko ngezindlela ezingenabudlova, ezingokomthetho, Abadala e-Biafraland ababona impi yombango ka-1967-1970 bakha uHulumeni Womthetho Wesintu Wabantu Bomdabu base-Biafra ophethwe uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala (SCE).
- Ukukhombisa ukungaluvumi kwabo udlame nempi emelene noHulumeni waseNigeria, kanye nokuzimisela kanye nenjongo yabo yokusebenza ngaphakathi kwemithetho yaseNigeria, UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala wamkhipha inyumbazani uMnu.th May 2014 ngaphansi koMthetho Wesintu.
- Ngokomthetho weCustomary Law uma umuntu ekhishwa inyumbazane ngabadala angeke aphinde amukelwe emphakathini ngaphandle kokuthi aphenduke enze isiko lokushweleza kwabadala nezwe.
- Uma ehluleka ukuphenduka futhi ashweleze kwabadala bezwe futhi efa, ukucwaswa kuyaqhubeka enzalweni yakhe (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 5).
Ukuthula Okuhle - I-Biafra Basha
- Kunalokho, enye intsha yaseBiafra eholwa uMqondisi weRadio Biafra, uNnamdi Kanu, ithi ilwela ubulungisa isebenzisa zonke izindlela futhi ayinandaba uma lokho kuphumela odlameni nasempini. Kubo, ukuthula nobulungisa akukhona nje ukungabibikho kobudlova noma impi. Ikakhulukazi isenzo sokuguqula isimo kuze kube yilapho uhlelo nemigomo yengcindezelo ichithwa, futhi inkululeko ibuyiselwa kwabacindezelwe. Lokhu bazimisele ukukufeza ngazo zonke izindlela noma ngabe kusho ukusebenzisa amandla, udlame kanye nempi.
- Ukuqinisa imizamo yabo, leli qembu lizihlanganisele izigidi, ekhaya naphesheya lisebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana;
- misa imisakazo nomabonakude ku-inthanethi; wasungula Izindlu Zase-Biafra, AmaNxusa Ase-Biafra phesheya, uhulumeni wase-Biafra kokubili ngaphakathi kweNigeria kanye nasekudingisweni, wakhiqiza amapasi e-Biafra, amafulege, izimpawu, nemibhalo eminingi; wesabisa ngokuthi uzowanikeza inkampani yangaphandle amafutha eBiafraland; sungula iqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo lesizwe lase-Biafra, namanye amaqembu ezemidlalo kuhlanganise nomncintiswano we-Biafra Pageants; waqamba futhi wakhiqiza iculo lesizwe lase-Biafra, umculo, nokunye;
- wasebenzisa inkulumo-ze nenkulumo enenzondo; wahlela imibhikisho eke yaba nodlame ngezinye izikhathi - ikakhulukazi imibhikisho eqhubekayo eyaqala ngoMfumfu wezi-2015 ngokushesha ngemva kokuboshwa koMqondisi we-Radio Biafra kanye nowazibiza ngoMholi kanye noMkhuzi-Mphathi Omkhulu Wabantu Bomdabu base-Biafra (IPOB) kuye. izigidi zabantu baseBiafra bazinikela ngokugcwele.
Thola ukuthi yimiphi Imibono Efanelekile Ukuxazulula Ukungqubuzana Kwe-Biafra
- I-Irredentism
- Ukulondoloza ukuthula
- Ukuthula
- Ukwakha ukuthula
I-Irredentism
- Kuyini i-irredentism?
Ukubuyiselwa, ukubuyiselwa, noma ukuhlaliswa kabusha kwezwe, indawo noma izwe lendabuko okwakungelabantu ngaphambilini. Ngokuvamile abantu bahlakazekile kwamanye amazwe amaningi ngenxa yobukoloniyali, ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe noma okuphoqelelwe, kanye nempi. I-Irredentism ifuna ukubuyisela okungenani abanye babo ezweni lokhokho babo (bheka i-Horowitz, i-2000, iphe. 229, 281, 595).
- I-Irredentism ingenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Ngodlame noma impi.
- Ngenqubo efanele yomthetho noma ngenqubo yezomthetho.
I-Irredentism ngokusebenzisa Udlame noma Impi
UMkhandlu Ophakeme we Abadala
- Impi yaseNigeria-Biafra ka-1967-1970 iyisibonelo esihle sempi eyalwela inkululeko yesizwe yabantu nakuba abaseBiafra babephoqeleka ukuba balwe ukuze bazivikele. Kuyacaca kokwenzeka eNigerian-Biafra ukuthi impi iwumoya omubi ongavuthuzi lutho kunoma ubani.
- Kulinganiselwa ukuthi bangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 abantu abalahlekelwa izimpilo zabo kule mpi okuhlanganisa nenani elikhulu lezingane nabesifazane ngenxa yenhlanganisela yezinto: ukubulawa okuqondile, ukuvinjelwa kosizo okwaholela ekuguleni okubulalayo okubizwa ngokuthi i-kwashiorkor. “INigeria yonkana kanye nezinsalela zaseBiafra ezingazange zidliwe kule mpi zisahlushwa imiphumela yempi.
- Njengoba sebenolwazi, futhi balwa phakathi nempi, uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala Babantu Bomdabu base-Biafra awuwamukeli umbono kanye nendlela yempi nobudlova emzabalazweni we-Biafra wenkululeko (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 15).
Umsakazo Biafra
- Inhlangano emele i-Biafra eholwa yiRadio Biafra yaseLondon kanye noMqondisi wayo, uNnamdi Kanu, kungenzeka ukuthi iphendukele odlameni nasempini njengoba lokhu kube yingxenye yezinkulumo nemibono yabo.
- Ngokusakazwa kwabo ku-inthanethi, leli qembu selihlanganise izigidi zabantu baseBiafra kanye nalabo abazwelana nabo eNigeria nakwamanye amazwe, futhi kubikwa ukuthi “babize abaseBiafra emhlabeni wonke ukuba banikele ngezigidi zamaRandi nophawu kubo ukuze bathole izikhali nezinhlamvu. ukulwa neNigeria, ikakhulukazi amaMuslim aseNyakatho.
- Ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni kwabo umzabalazo, bakholelwa ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke ukuthola inkululeko ngaphandle kodlame noma impi.
- Futhi kulokhu, bacabanga ukuthi bazoyinqoba iNigeria empini uma ekugcineni kuzodingeka baye empini ukuze bathole inkululeko yabo futhi bakhululeke.
- Laba iningi labantu abasha abangazange babone noma bahlangabezane nempi yombango ka-1967-1970.
I-Irredentism ngokusebenzisa Inqubo Yezomthetho
UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala
- Njengoba ilahlekelwe yimpi ka-1967-1970, uMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala Babantu Bomdabu base-Biafra ukholelwa ukuthi inqubo yomthetho iwukuphela kwendlela i-Biafra engathola ngayo ukuzimela kwayo.
- Ngo-September 13, 2012, UMkhandlu Ophakeme Wabadala (i-SCE) Wabantu Bomdabu base-Biafra wasayina Ithuluzi Lomthetho futhi walidlulisela eNkantolo Ephakeme Yombuso u-Owerri ngokumelene nohulumeni waseNigeria.
- Icala lisasenkantolo. Isisekelo sempikiswano yabo ingxenye yemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe nekazwelonke eqinisekisa ilungelo lokuzikhethela kubantu bomdabu “ngokulandela iSimemezelo SeZizwe Ezihlangene Samalungelo Abantu Bomdabu 2007 kanye ne-Articles 19-22 Cap 10 Laws of the Federation. yaseNigeria, 1990, lapho i-Article 20(1)(2) ithi:
- “Bonke abantu bayoba nelungelo lokuphila. Bayoba nelungelo elingangabazeki nelingenakuphikwa lokuzibusa. Bayonquma ngokukhululekile isimo sabo sezombangazwe futhi bayophishekela intuthuko yabo yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle ngokuvumelana nenqubomgomo abayikhethile ngokukhululekile "
- “Izizwe ezingamakoloni noma ezicindezelwe ziyoba nelungelo lokuzikhulula ezibopho zokubusa ngokusebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela eziqashelwa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe.”
Umsakazo Biafra
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uNnamdi Kanu kanye neqembu lakhe le-Radio Biafra bathi "ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo yomthetho ukuze uthole ukuzimela akukaze kwenzeke ngaphambili" futhi ngeke kuphumelele.
- Bathi "akunakwenzeka ukuzuza ukuzimela ngaphandle kwempi nobudlova" (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 15).
Ukulondoloza ukuthula
- NgokukaRamsbotham, uWoodhouse & Miall (2011), “ukugcinwa kokuthula kufanelekile ezindaweni ezintathu ngesilinganiso sokwanda: ukuqukatha udlame futhi luvimbele ukuthi lukhuphukele ekubeni yimpi; ukunciphisa umfutho, ukusabalala kwendawo kanye nesikhathi sempi uma isiqalile; kanye nokuhlanganisa ukumiswa kwezikhali nokudala indawo yokwakha kabusha ngemva kokuphela kwempi” (ikhasi 147).
- Ukuze kudaleke isikhala kwezinye izinhlobo zokuxazululwa kwezingxabano - ukuxoxisana nezingxoxo njengesibonelo-, kunesidingo sokuqukatha, ukunciphisa noma ukunciphisa ukushuba nomthelela wodlame phansi ngokugcina ukuthula kanye nemisebenzi yokusiza abantu.
- Ngalokhu, kulindeleke ukuthi abagcini bokuthula baqeqeshwe kahle futhi baqondiswe amakhodi ezimiso ze-deontological ukuze bangalimazi abantu okulindeleke ukuba babavikele noma babe yingxenye yenkinga abathunywe ukuthi bayilawule.
Ukwenza Ukuthula Nokwakha Ukuthula
- Ngemuva kokuthunyelwa kwabalindi bokuthula, kufanele kwenziwe imizamo yokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokwenza ukuthula - ukuxoxisana, ukuxoxisana, ukuxazulula, kanye namathrekhi wokuxoxisana (Cheldelin et al., 2008, p. 43; Ramsbotham et al., 2011, p. 171; Pruitt & Kim, 2004, p. 178, Diamond & McDonald, 2013) ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana kwe-Biafra.
- Amazinga amathathu ezinqubo zokwenza ukuthula ahlongozwa lapha:
- I-Intragroup Dialogue ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ye-Separatist ye-Biafra isebenzisa i-track 2 diplomacy.
- Ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano phakathi kukahulumeni waseNigeria kanye nenhlangano ye-pro-Biafra kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yethrekhi 1 futhi kulandelelwe izingxoxo ezimbili
- I-Multi-Track diplomacy (kusuka ku-track 3 kuya kweyesi-9) ihlelwe ngokukhethekile izakhamuzi ezivela ezizweni ezahlukene zaseNigeria, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-Igbos angamaKristu (asuka eningizimu-mpumalanga) kanye nama-Muslim Hausa-Fulanis (asenyakatho)
Isiphetho
- Ngikholwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa amandla ezempi kanye nesistimu yokwahlulela kuphela ukuxazulula izingxabano nezingxenye zobuhlanga nezenkolo, ikakhulukazi e-Nigeria, kuzoholela ekubhebhethekeni okwengeziwe kwengxabano.
- Isizathu siwukuthi ukungenelela kwezempi kanye nobulungiswa bokubuyisela obulandelayo abunawo ngaphakathi kwawo amathuluzi okuveza ubutha obufihliwe obubhebhezela ukungqubuzana noma amakhono, ukwazi nokubekezela okudingekayo ukuze kuguqulwe “ingxabano ejulile ngokuqeda udlame lwesakhiwo kanye ezinye izimbangela kanye nezimo zokungqubuzana okujulile” (uMitchell & Banks, 1996; Lederach, 1997, ecashunwe ku-Cheldelin et al., 2008, p. 53).
- Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, a ukugudluka kwepharadigm kusuka kunqubomgomo yokuphindisela kuya ebulungiswa bokubuyisela esimweni futhi kusukela kunqubomgomo enempoqo kuya ekuxoxisaneni nasekuxoxisaneni kuyadingeka (Ugorji, 2012).
- Ukufeza lokhu, izinsiza ezengeziwe kufanele zitshalwe ezinhlelweni zokwakha ukuthula, futhi kufanele ziholwe izinhlangano zomphakathi emazingeni aphansi.
Okubhekwayo
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- Diamond, L. & McDonald, J. (2013). I-Multi-Track Diplomacy: Indlela Yezinhlelo Zokuthula. (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Kumarian Press.
- Emekeri, EAC (2012). I-Biafra noma uMongameli waseNigeria: Okufunwa yi-Ibos. London: Christ The Rock Community.
- Uhulumeni Wabantu Bomdabu base-Biafra. (2014). Izitatimende Nemiyalelo Yenqubomgomo. (1st ed.). U-Owerri: I-Bilie Human Rights Initiative.
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- Lederach, JP (1997). Ukwakha Ukuthula: Ukubuyisana Okusimeme Emiphakathini Ehlukene. I-Washington DC: I-US Institute of Peace Press.
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- Mitchell, C R. & Banks, M. (1996). I-Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Indlela Yokuhlaziya Inkinga Yokuxazulula. London: Pinter.
- UPruitt, D., & Kim, SH (2004). Ukungqubuzana Komphakathi: Ukudlondlobala, Ukuqina kanye Nokuxazululwa. (3rd ed.). ENew York, NY: McGraw Hill.
- Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., and Miall, H. (2011). Isixazululo seNkathi Yezingxabano. (uhlelo lwesi-3). I-Cambridge, UK: I-Polity Press.
- Ingqungquthela Kazwelonke YaseNigeria. (2014). Uhlaka Lokugcina Lombiko Wenkomfa. Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.premiumtimesng.com/national-conference/wp-content/uploads/National-Conference-2014-Report-August-2014-Table-of-Contents-Chapters-1-7.pdf
- Ugorji, B. (2012) .. Colorado: Outskirts Press. Ukusuka kubulungiswa beSiko kuya ekuxoxisaneni kwezizwe ezihlukene: Ukuzindla Ngamathuba Okuxoxisana Kwenkolo E-Afrika
- I-United Nations Resolution eyamukelwe yi-General Assembly. (2008). Isimemezelo Sezizwe Ezihlangene Samalungelo Abantu Bomdabu. Izizwe Ezihlangene.
Umbhali, UDkt. Basil Ugorji, unguMongameli kanye ne-CEO ye-International Centre for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Uthole iPh.D. ekuhlaziyeni nasekuxazululeni izingxabano ezivela eMnyangweni Wezifundo Zokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano, Ikolishi Lezobuciko, Ezabantu Nesayensi Yezenhlalakahle, iNova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
