Indaba Yokuphila Kwabamnyama: Ukususa Ukubethela Ubandlululo Lobuhlanga
abstract
Ukuyaluza kwe Ukuphila Okumnyama Matter ukunyakaza kuye kwabusa enkulumweni yeningi e-United States. Igqugquzelwa ukulwa nokubulawa kwabantu abamnyama abangahlomile, le nhlangano kanye nalabo abazwelana nayo benze uchungechunge lwezimfuno zobulungisa nesithunzi kubantu abamnyama. Kodwa-ke, abagxeki abaningi bazwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuba semthethweni kwebinzana elithi, izimpilo zabantu abamnyama zibalulekile kusukela zonke izimpilo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, kufanele kube nendaba. Leli phepha alihlosile ukuqhuba inkulumo-mpikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-semantic ye izimpilo zabamnyama or zonke izimpilo. Esikhundleni salokho, leli phepha lifuna ukufunda, ngokusebenzisa amalensi emibono ebucayi yase-Afrika yaseMelika (Tyson, 2015) kanye neminye imibono efanele yokungqubuzana kwezenhlalo, uguquko oluvame ukunganakwa kodwa olubalulekile olwenzekile ebudlelwaneni bobuhlanga eMelika, ukusuka ku ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala ngendlela yayo eyimfihlo - ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Kungumbango waleli phepha ukuthi njengoba i-Civil Rights Movement yaba nesandla ekuqedeni ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala, ukucwasa nokucwasa okusobala, i Ukuphila Okumnyama Matter ukunyakaza kuye kwaba usizo ngesibindi ukususa ukubhala ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo e-United States.
Isingeniso: Imicabango Yokuqala
Inkulumo ethi "Black Lives Matter," "inhlangano yenkululeko yabaMnyama" esafufusa yama-21st ekhulwini, liye labusa kokubili izinkulumo zeningi nezizimele e-United States. Selokhu yasungulwa ngo-2012 ngemuva kokubulawa ngokungemthetho komfana oneminyaka engu-17 wase-Afrika yaseMelika, uTrayvon Martin, ngumphakathi waseSanford, eFlorida, uGeorge Zimmerman, owakhululwa yijaji ngesisekelo sokuzivikela ngaphansi kweFlorida " Stand Your Ground statute,” ngokusemthethweni eyaziwa ngokuthi “Justifiable Use of Force” (Florida Legislature, 1995-2016, XLVI, Ch. 776), inhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter ihlanganise izigidi zabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nabazwelana nabo ukulwa nokubulawa kwabantu. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nesihluku samaphoyisa; ukufuna ubulungiswa, ukulingana, ukulingana nokungenzeleli; kanye nokugomela izicelo zabo zamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo nesithunzi.
Izimangalo ezivezwe yinhlangano iBlack Lives Matter, nakuba zamukelwe kabanzi abalandeli baleli qembu, zihlangabezane nokugxekwa kwalabo abakholelwa ukuthi zonke izimpilo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uluphi uhlanga, uhlanga, inkolo, ubulili noma isimo senhlalo, zibalulekile. Kuphikisana nabasekeli be-"All Lives Matter" ukuthi akulungile ukugxila kuphela ezindabeni zase-Afrika yaseMelika ngaphandle kokuvuma igalelo nokuzinikela kwabantu abavela kweminye imiphakathi ukuze kuvikelwe zonke izakhamizi kanye nezwe lonke, okuhlanganisa imihlatshelo yobuqhawe. wamaphoyisa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, imishwana ethi All Lives Matter, Native Lives Matter, Latino Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter, kanye nePolice Lives Matter, yavela ngokuphendula ngokuqondile “izishoshovu ezihlangene ngokumelene nesihluku samaphoyisa nokuhlasela kwezimpilo zabantu abamnyama” (Towns, 2015, isigaba 3).
Nakuba izimpikiswano zabasekeli bazo zonke izindaba zezimpilo zingase zibonakale zinenhloso futhi zivamile, abaholi abaningi abaqavile eMelika bakholelwa ukuthi isitatimende esithi “indaba yempilo emnyama” sisemthethweni. Echaza ukuba semthethweni "kokubaluleka kwempilo yabantu abamnyama" nokuthi kungani kufanele kuthathwe ngokungathi sína, uMongameli u-Barack Obama, njengoba ecashunwe ku-Townes (2015), uyaphawula:
Ngicabanga ukuthi isizathu esenza abahleli basebenzise inkulumo ethi 'impilo emnyama ibalulekile' kwakungekona ukuthi babephakamisa ukuthi akukho muntu obalulekile empilweni. Ababekuphakamisa ukuthi, kunenkinga ethile eyenzekayo emphakathini wase-Afrika-America engenzeki kweminye imiphakathi. Futhi leyo wudaba olusemthethweni okufanele silulungise. (isigaba 2)
Le nkinga eyingqayizivele emphakathini wase-Afrika yaseMelika uMongameli u-Obama abhekisela kuyo ihlobene nesihluku samaphoyisa, ukubulawa kwabantu abamnyama abangahlomile, futhi ngezinga elithile, ukuboshwa okungenasizathu kwentsha yase-Afrika yaseMelika ngamacala amancane. Njengoba abagxeki abaningi base-Afrika baseMelika beye baveza, “kunenani elilinganiselwe leziboshwa ezinemibala kuleli [United States]” (Tyson, 2015, p. 351) abakholelwa ukuthi kungenxa “yemikhuba yokucwasa ngokwebala phakathi kwezwe. izinhlelo zomthetho nezomthetho” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, abanye ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi “asisho ukuthi 'zonke izimpilo zinendaba,' ngoba uma kukhulunywa ngesihluku samaphoyisa, akuzona zonke izindikimba ezibhekana namazinga afanayo okwehlisa ubuntu kanye nodlame olwenziwa yizinhlangano ezimnyama” (Brammer, 2015, para. . 13).
Leli phepha alihlosile ukuqhubeka nenkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi mayelana nokuthi i-Black Lives Matter isemthethweni noma i-All Lives Matter kufanele ithole ukunakwa ngokulinganayo njengoba ababhali nabahlaziyi abaningi benzile. Ngokucabangela ukucwasa okuhlosiwe okudaluliwe komphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika ngenxa yobuhlanga ngokusebenzisa isihluku samaphoyisa, imikhuba yasenkantolo neminye imisebenzi egqugquzelwa ukucwasa, nokwazi ukuthi le mikhuba yokucwasa ngamabomu, eyenze ngamabomu iphula iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane kanye neminye imithetho yenhlangano. , leli phepha lifuna ukutadisha futhi liqinisekise ukuthi umsuka wenhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter elwisana nayo ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Isikhathi ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo igqugquzelwe yi-Restrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) “Umthethosisekelo Obethelwe: I-Paradigm Entsha Yokucindezela,” ephikisa ngokuthi:
Inhloso yokuqala yokubethela ukufihla zonke izilinganiso zamandla. Ngokubethelwa kolimi lobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke, izinqubo, izivumelwano nezinqumo, ukubonakaliswa kwamandla okucashile kungabonakali kunoma ubani ongenalo ulwazi lolimi lokwephula ukubethela. Ngakho-ke, ukubethela kuncike ebukhoneni beqembu elikwazi ukufinyelela amafomula wokubethela kanye nelinye iqembu elingazinaki ngokuphelele. Laba bakamuva, njengabafundi abangagunyaziwe, bavulekele ukukhohliswa. (ikhasi 12)
Ubandlululo olubethelwe njengoba lisetshenziswe kuleli phepha kukhombisa ukuthi ubandlululo olubethelwe uyazi futhi uyaqonda imigomo eyisisekelo ye ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kanye nodlame kodwa akukwazi ukucwasa ngokusobala nangokusobala umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika ngenxa yokuthi ukucwasa okusobala nokucwasa ngokwesakhiwo kunqatshelwe futhi kwenziwa kube ngokungekho emthethweni uMthetho wamaLungelo oMphakathi we-1964 neminye imithetho ye-Federal. Ingxabano enkulu yaleli phepha ukuthi uMthetho Wamalungelo Oluntu ka-1964 owaphasiswa yiNgqungquthela yama-88 (1963-1965) futhi wasayinwa njengomthetho ngoJulayi 2, 1964 nguMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson waphela. ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala kodwa, ngeshwa, ayizange iphele ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo, okuyinto a i-covert uhlobo lokucwasa ngokwebala. Kunalokho, ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni kwe ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala wazala lolu hlobo olusha lokucwasa ngokobuhlanga olufihlwe ngamabomu ngabakwa abacwasi ababethelwe, kodwa kufihliwe kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika abahlukunyeziwe, abadelwa ubuntu, abasatshiswayo nabaxhashazwayo.
Yize bobabili ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga futhi ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo zibandakanya isikhundla samandla noma igunya, njengoba kuzochazwa kabanzi ezahlukweni ezilandelayo, ukuthi yini eyenza ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo kuhlukile kwi ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga ukuthi lokhu kwakamuva kwasungulwa futhi kwabhekwa njengokusemthethweni ngaphambi kokwamukelwa koMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, kuyilapho owokuqala ufihliwe ngawodwana futhi ungabonakala njengongekho emthethweni kuphela lapho, noma uma futhi kuphela, ususwe ukubethela futhi wafakazelwa yiziphathimandla eziphakeme. Ubandlululo olubethelwe utshala uhlobo oluthile lwe amandla angama-pseudopower kuya ubandlululo olubethelwe obuye ayisebenzise ukuze asebenzise abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abangenamandla, abasengozini, nabangenalungelo. “Isihluthulelo samandla njengokubusa emhlabeni wethu wentando yeningi mbumbulu, umhlaba wonke ukubethelwa kwawo. Umsebenzi wethu uwukuthuthukisa amasu okukhishwa kwayo kwemfihlo” (Restrepo and Hincapíe, 2013, p. 1). Ngendlela yokufanisa phakathi kwe-Civil Rights Movement eholwa nguDkt Martin Luther King, Jr. kanye nenhlangano iBlack Lives Matter eholwa nguPatrisse Cullors, u-Opal Tometi, no-Alicia Garza, leli phepha liyaqinisekisa ukuthi njengoba nje i-Civil Rights Movement yaba nesandla eku isiphetho ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala, ubandlululo oluvulekile kanye nokuhlukaniswa e-United States, inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter ibe nesandla esinamandla ekususeni ukubethela. ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo e-United States – uhlobo lokucwasa ngokwebala obekwenziwa kabanzi ngabantu abaningi abasezikhundleni ezihlanganisa nabezomthetho.
Ucwaningo mayelana nokuyaluza kwe-Black Lives Matter movement ngeke luphele ngaphandle kokuhlolwa kokuqagela kwethiyori okuyisisekelo sobudlelwane bobuhlanga e-United States. Ngalesi sizathu, leli phepha lifuna ukuthola ugqozi emibonweni emine efanele. Eyokuqala "Ukugxekwa Kwama-Afrika aseMelika," inkolelo-mbono ebucayi ehlaziya izindaba zobuhlanga eziye zabonisa umlando wase-Afrika waseMelika kusukela "Ngenkathi Ephakathi: ukuthuthwa kwabathunjwa base-Afrika bewela i-Atlantic Ocean" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) ukuze e-United States lapho banqotshwa khona njengezigqila amakhulu eminyaka. Eyesibili eka-Kymlicka (1995) ethi “Ubuzwe Abanamasiko Ahlukahlukene: Inkolelo-mbono Yenkululeko Yamalungelo Abantu Abancane” eqaphela futhi evumela «amalungelo ahlukene ngokweqembu» emaqenjini athile aye abhekana nokucwasa ngokomlando, ukucwaswa kanye nokucwaswa (ngokwesibonelo, umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika). Eyesithathu ithiyori kaGaltung (1969) ethi udlame lwesakhiwo okungaqondwa ngomehluko phakathi “kodlame oluqondile nolungaqondile”. Nakuba udlame oluqondile luthwebula ababhali incazelo yodlame olungokomzimba, udlame olungaqondile lumele izakhiwo zengcindezelo ezivimbela ingxenye yesakhamuzi ukuthi ifinyelele ezidingweni zaso eziyisisekelo zobuntu namalungelo ngaleyo ndlela iphoqelele “ukuqonda kwangempela komuntu nokwengqondo kwabantu ukuba kube ngaphansi kwalokho abangase bakwazi ukukwenza” (Galtung, 1969, p. 168). Futhi okwesine ukugxeka kukaBurton (2001) “kwesakhiwo samandla-elite endabuko” - isakhiwo esifanekiselwa emqondweni othi “thina-bona”-, esibamba ukuthi abantu ababhekene nodlame lwesakhiwo yizikhungo kanye nezinkambiso ezitholakala ku isakhiwo esinamandla-elite nakanjani sizophendula sisebenzisa izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa udlame nokungalaleli komphakathi.
Ngokusebenzisa amalensi alezi zinkolelo-mbono zokungqubuzana komphakathi, leli phepha lihlaziya ngokujulile uguquko olubalulekile olwenzekile emlandweni waseMelika, okungukuthi, inguquko esuka ku ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala kuya ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Ngokwenza lokhu, kwenziwa imizamo yokugqamisa amaqhinga amabili abalulekile atholakala kuzo zombili izinhlobo zokucwasa ngokwebala. Okukodwa wubugqila, ukucwasa okusobala kanye nokwehlukaniswa okusobala okubonisa ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo. Okunye unya lwamaphoyisa nokubulawa kwabantu abamnyama abangahlomile okuyizibonelo zokucwasa ngokwebala. Ekugcineni, indima yokunyakaza kwe-Black Lives Matter ekususeni ukubethela kobandlululo olubethelwe iyahlolwa futhi ichazwe.
Ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo
Ukugqugquzelwa kwenhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter kudlulela ngale kwesihluku samaphoyisa esiqhubekayo kanye nokubulawa kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nabokufika base-Afrika. Abasunguli balo mbutho basho ngokungananazi kusizindalwazi sabo esithi, #BlackLivesMatter ku-http://blacklivesmatter.com/ ukuthi “Igxile kulabo ababencishwe amathuba phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilwela inkululeko yabaMnyama, okwenza kube iqhinga (kabusha) ukwakha inhlangano yenkululeko yabaMnyama..” Ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni kwami, inhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter ilwa nayo ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Nokho, umuntu akakwazi ukuqonda ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo e-United States ngaphandle kosizo ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga, ngenxa ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga wenziwe ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningi e-African American nonviolent activism kanye nocansi lesi sishoshovu saba nalo nemithetho, okwenza ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo ukuzalwa kwe ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga.
Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole amaqiniso omlando aphathelene nokucwasa ngokwebala e-United States, kubalulekile ukuthi sicabange ngemibono yokungqubuzana komphakathi okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla kuyilapho sigqamisa ukuhambisana kwayo nesihloko. Siqala ngokuchaza imigomo: ubuhlanga, isakhiwo, Futhi ukubethela. Ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kuchazwa ngokuthi “ubudlelwane bamandla obungalingani obukhula busuka ekubuseni kwezenhlalo yomphakathi kohlanga olulodwa ngolunye futhi okuholela emikhubeni ehlelekile yokucwasa (isibonelo, ukucwasa, ukubusa, nokushushiswa)” (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ubandlululo oluqanjwe ngale ndlela lungachazwa enkolelweni engokwengqondo “komunye” ophakeme, okungukuthi, ukuphakama kohlanga olubusayo kunohlanga olubuswayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-theorists amaningi ase-Afrika aseMelika ahlukanisa amanye amagama ahlotshaniswa nokucwasa ngokwebala, okuhlanganisa kodwa okungagcini nje ngokuthi ukucwasa ngokwebala, ubandlululo futhi zobandlululo. Ukucwasa ngokwebala “inkolelo yokuphakama kohlanga, ukuncipha, kanye nobumsulwa obusekelwe ekukholelweni ukuthi izici zokuziphatha nezihlakaniphe, njengezici zomzimba, ziyizinto eziphilayo ezihlukanisa izinhlanga” (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ngakho-ke i-racialist yinoma ubani onezinkolelo ezinjalo ekuphakameni kohlanga, ukuba phansi, nangokuhlanzeka. Futhi umuntu ocwasa ngokwebala yinoma ubani “osesikhundleni sokubusa njengelungu leqembu elibusayo kwezombangazwe” ohileleka emikhubeni ehlelekile yokubandlulula, “ngokwesibonelo, enqabela abantu abafanelekayo ukuqashwa ngemibalabala, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, nanoma yini enye abayifunayo. 'unelungelo" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344). Ngalezi zincazelo zomqondo, kuba lula ngathi ukukuqonda ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga futhi ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo.
Isisho esithi, ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo, iqukethe igama elibalulekile lapho ukuhlola okubukisayo kuzosiza ukuqonda kwethu leli gama. Igama okumele lihlolwe lithi: isakhiwo. Isakhiwo singachazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, kodwa ngenjongo yaleli phepha, izincazelo ezinikezwe i-Oxford Dictionary kanye nesichazamazwi Sabafundi zizokwanela. Okwangaphambili, isakhiwo kusho “ukwakha noma ukuhlela ngokohlelo; ukunikeza iphethini noma inhlangano kokuthile” (Incazelo ye isakhiwo ngesiNgisi, nd Esichazamazwini esiku-inthanethi sika-Oxford); futhi ngokwakamuva “indlela into eyakhiwe ngayo, ehlelwa ngayo, noma ehlelwa ngayo” (Incazelo yoMfundi yesakhiwo, nd In Merriam-Webster's online learner's Dictionary's online learner's dictionary). Lezi zincazelo ezimbili ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ziphakamisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, kwakukhona ipulani, isinqumo esihlakaniphile sokuhlela noma ukuhlela okuthile ngokwalolo hlelo, okulandelwa ukuqaliswa kwepulani kanye nokuhambisana kancane kancane, okuphoqelekile okuholela ekwakhekeni iphethini. Ukuphindwaphindwa kwale nqubo kuzonikeza abantu umuzwa obonakala ungamanga wesakhiwo - indlela yokuphila yaphakade, engaguquki, engaguquki, engaguquki, emile, engaguquki futhi eyamukelekayo emhlabeni wonke ehlala ingenakuguqulwa - indlela okwenziwa ngayo okuthile. Ngenxa yale ncazelo, singaqonda ukuthi izizukulwane zabantu baseYurophu zakha kanjani, zafundiswa futhi zafundisa inzalo yazo, izinhlaka zokucwasa ngaphandle kokubona izinga lomonakalo, ukulimala kanye nokungabi nabulungiswa ababekwenza kwezinye izinhlanga, ikakhulukazi uhlanga olumnyama.
Ukungabi nabulungiswa okuqoqiwe okwenziwa yi- izinhlaka zokucwasa ngokumelene nama-Afrika aseMelika yiwona awumongo wesiyaluyalu senhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter yobulungisa nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo. Ngokombono wethiyori, isiyaluyalu sokunyakaza kweBlack Lives Matter singaqondwa “Ekugxekweni KwamaMelika AseMelika,” ithiyori ebucayi ehlaziya izindaba zobuhlanga eziye zaveza umlando wama-Afrika aseMelika kusukela “Ngenkathi Ephakathi: ukuthuthwa kwezithunjwa zase-Afrika ngaphesheya. Atlantic Ocean” (Tyson, 2015, p. 344) eya e-United States lapho baphathwa njengezigqila amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuze uchaze izinselele abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ababhekana nazo ngenxa yobugqila, ubuhlanga, nokubandlululwa, abagxeki base-Afrika baseMelika basebenzisa "I-Critical Race Theory" (Tyson, 2015, pp. 352 -368). Lo mbono uphathelene ngokuyinhloko nokuhlolwa kokusebenzelana kwethu ngokombono wohlanga kanye nokubuza ukuthi lokhu kuxhumana kuyithinta kanjani inhlalakahle yansuku zonke yabambalwa, ikakhulukazi umphakathi wase-Afrika yaseMelika. Ngokuhlaziya imiphumela esobala necashile yokusebenzelana phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nenani labantu baseYurophu (abazibiza ngokuthi abamhlophe) e-United States, uTyson (2015) uyaqinisekisa ukuthi:
ithiyori yobuhlanga ebucayi ihlola izindlela imininingwane yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke ehlobana ngayo nobuhlanga, nakuba singase singakuqapheli, futhi sicwaninga izinkolelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisekela lokho okubonakala kulula, ukuqagela okujwayelekile mayelana nobuhlanga ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi ukucwasa ubuhlanga kuphi futhi kanjani. isachuma ebukhoneni bayo 'bomshoshaphansi'. (ikhasi 352)
Imibuzo efika emqondweni yilena: Ingabe ithiyori yobuhlanga ebucayi ihambisana kanjani nenhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter? Kungani ukucwasa ngokwebala kuseyinkinga eMelika uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi imikhuba yokucwasa ngokwebala eyenziwa ama-Afrika aseMelika ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwe-Civil Rights Movement yaqedwa ngokusemthethweni yi-Civil Rights Acts of 1964, futhi uma kubhekwa ukuthi umongameli wase-United States naye ungowozalo lwase-Afrika yaseMelika? Ukuphendula umbuzo wokuqala, kubalulekile ukugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi bobabili abasekeli kanye nabamelene nenhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter abavumelani ezindabeni zobuhlanga eziholele ekuveleni kwenhlangano. Ukungavumelani kwabo kusendleleni noma indlela izishoshovu zenhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter ezizama ngayo ukufeza izinhloso zazo. Ukukhombisa ukuthi inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter inesimangalo esisemthethweni sokulingana, ukulingana namanye amalungelo abantu, abagxeki babo, ikakhulukazi abasekeli benhlangano ye-All Lives Matter ngokufakazela bahlanganisa ama-Afrika aseMelika esigabeni esithi "All Lives" okubalulekile njengoba bona. ukulwela ukulingana nokulingana kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ngaphandle kokubheka uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, ikhono, ubuzwe, njalonjalo.
Inkinga ngokusetshenziswa kwe-"All Lives Matter" ukuthi iyehluleka ukuvuma amaqiniso omlando nobuhlanga kanye nokungabi nabulungiswa kwangaphambilini okubonisa i-United States. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-theorists amaningi we-liberal of amalungelo amancane futhi amasiko amaningi bathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba okujwayelekile njengokuthi “All Lives Matter” kubekela eceleni “amalungelo eqembu elithile” noma, uma kubekwe ngendlela ehlukile, “amalungelo ahlukene eqembu” (Kymlicka, 1995). Ukuze kuqashelwe futhi kugunyazwe «amalungelo ahlukene eqembu» emaqenjini athile abhekane nokucwasa ngokomlando, ukucwaswa kanye nokucwaswa (isibonelo, umphakathi wase-Afrika yaseMelika), u-Will Kymlicka (1995), ongomunye wabaqambi benkolo abahamba phambili nge- amasiko amaningi, uye wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuhlaziyeni ifilosofi, ucwaningo lwezazi kanye nokwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo ezindabeni ezihlobene namalungelo eqembu elincane. Encwadini yakhe ethi, “Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights,” uKymlicka (1995), njengabanye abagxeka ubuhlanga, ukholelwa ukuthi inkululeko njengoba ibiqondwa futhi isetshenziswa ekwakheni imigomo kahulumeni yehlulekile ukukhuthaza nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. idlanzana elihlala emphakathini omkhulu, isibonelo, umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika e-United States. Umbono ovamile mayelana nenkululeko ukuthi “ukuzinikela okukhululekile ekukhululekeni komuntu ngamunye kuphambene nokwamukelwa kwamalungelo eqoqo; nokuthi ukuzibophezela okukhululekile emalungelweni omhlaba wonke kuphambene nokwamukelwa kwamalungelo amaqembu athile” (Kymlicka, 1995, p. 68). Ku-Kymlicka (1995), le “politiki yokunganakwa kahle” (ikhasi 107-108) eholele ekubukelweni phansi okuqhubekayo kwabancane kufanele ilungiswe.
Ngendlela efanayo, amathiyori ohlanga agxekayo akholelwa ukuthi imigomo yenkululeko njengoba yakhiwe futhi yaqondwa inomkhawulo lapho isetshenziswa emphakathini onamasiko amaningi. Umbono uthi njengoba i-Conservatism iphikisana kakhulu nanoma yisiphi isiphakamiso senqubomgomo esibhekwa njengesizuzisa abantu abambalwa abacindezelwe, inkululeko akufanele ihlale. ukubuyisana or ngokulinganisela njengoba bekulokhu ezindabeni zobuhlanga. kuyiqiniso ukuthi inkululeko ibe usizo, ngokwesibonelo, ekuphasiseni umthethosivivinywa owahlukanisa izikole, kodwa abaqambi bemibono ebucayi bakholelwa ukuthi akwenzanga “lutho ukulungisa iqiniso lokuthi izikole zisahlukaniswa hhayi ngokomthetho kodwa ngobumpofu” (Tyson, 2015, ikhasi 364). Futhi, nakuba uMthethosisekelo uqinisekisa amathuba alinganayo azo zonke izakhamuzi, ukucwasa kusaqhubeka nsuku zonke emikhakheni yokuqashwa neyokwakhiwa kwezindlu. UMthethosisekelo awuzange uphumelele ukuyeka ukucwasa ngokwebala kanye nemikhuba yokucwasa abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abaqhubeka besesimweni esibucayi, kuyilapho abantu baseYurophu (abamhlophe) beqhubeka bejabulela amalungelo cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi.
Ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo kungachazwa njengokwenza ingxenye ethile yomphakathi ibe nenhlanhla ngaphezu kwenye - okuyidlanzana. Amalungu eqembu anelungelo - inani labantu abamhlophe - anikezwa ukufinyelela kalula ezinzuzweni zokubusa ngentando yeningi kuyilapho idlanzana elingenamalungelo livinjelwe ngamabomu, ngokucashile noma ngokusobala ekufinyeleleni izinzuzo ezifanayo ezihlinzekwa ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Kuyini ke ilungelo elimhlophe? Kungenzeka kanjani abangenamalungelo Izingane zase-Afrika zaseMelika, ezizalelwa ebumpofu, ezindaweni ezimpofu, ezikoleni ezingenazo izinsiza, nezimo ezigunyaza ubandlululo, ukugadwa, ukuma nobudlova ngezinye izikhathi unya lwamaphoyisa, ngezinye izikhathi ukuze zikwazi ukuncintisana nozakwabo abamhlophe?
"Ilungelo elimhlophe," ngokusho kukaDelgado & Stefancic (2001, njengoba kucashunwe kuTyson, 2015) kungachazwa ngokuthi "inqwaba yezinzuzo zomphakathi, izinzuzo, kanye nezilokotho eziza ngokuba yilungu lohlanga oluvelele" (ikhasi 361) ). Ngamanye amazwi, "ilungelo elimhlophe liwuhlobo lokucwasa kwansuku zonke ngoba wonke umbono welungelo uncike emcabangweni wokungabi namathuba" (Tyson, 2015, p. 362). Ukuyeka ilungelo labamhlophe, uWildman (1996, njengoba ecashunwe kuTyson, 2015) ukholelwa ukuthi “ukuyeka ukwenza sengathi uhlanga alunandaba” (ikhasi 363). Umbono welungelo uhambisana kakhulu nokuqonda isimo sase-Afrika saseMelika. Ukuzalelwa emndenini wase-Afrika waseMelika akuncikile ekukhetheni kwengane yase-Afrika yaseMelika. Ngamanye amazwi, kusekelwe enhlanhleni hhayi ekukhetheni; futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ingane yase-Afrika yaseMelika akufanele ijeziswe ngenxa yokuzikhethela noma isinqumo angasithathanga. Kulo mbono, u-Kymlicka (1995) ukholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi “amalungelo eqembu elithile” noma “amalungelo ahlukene ngokweqembu” ayathetheleleka “ngaphakathi kwethiyori yokulingana ekhululekile…egcizelela ukubaluleka kokulungisa ukungalingani okungakhethiwe” (ikhasi 109). Uma sinweba lo mugqa womcabango kancane futhi esiphethweni sawo esinengqondo, umuntu angaphikisa ngokuthi izimangalo zenhlangano ethi "Black Lives Matter" kufanele zithathwe njengezifaneleka, ngoba lezi zimangalo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izisulu zobandlululo lwesakhiwo noma lwesikhungo. nomuzwa wodlame.
Omunye wamathiyori wokungqubuzana komphakathi umsebenzi wawo "wodlame lwesakhiwo" uhlala ubalulekile ekuqondweni ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga or ukucwasa ngokwezikhungo e-United States yi-Galtung (1969). Umbono kaGaltung (1969) wodlame lwesakhiwo oqhubeka ngqo futhi ngokungaqondile udlame, phakathi kwezinye izinto, lungasisiza siqonde ukuthi izinhlaka nezikhungo eziklanyelwe ukugqugquzela ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga kohlanga lwase-Afrika yaseMelika kanye nabanye abantu abambalwa zisebenza kanjani. Ngenkathi udlame oluqondile ithatha incazelo yababhali ubudlova, udlame olungaqondile imele izinhlaka zengcindezelo ezivimbela ingxenye yesakhamuzi ukuthi ifinyelele izidingo zaso eziyisisekelo namalungelo abantu ngaleyo ndlela iphoqelele "ukubona kwangempela komuntu kanye nokwengqondo kwabantu ukuba kube ngaphansi kwalokho abangase bakwazi ukukwenza" (Galtung, 1969, p. 168).
Ngendlela yokufanisa, umuntu angaphikisa ngokuthi njengoba nje ama-indigenes e-Niger Delta yaseNigeria ehlangabezane nemiphumela engabekezeleleki yodlame lwesakhiwo ezandleni zikahulumeni waseNigeria kanye nezinkampani zikawoyela zamazwe ngamazwe, isipiliyoni sase-Afrika saseMelika e-United Sates, kusukela isikhathi sokufika kwezigqila zokuqala, ngesikhathi se Ukukhishwa, lo Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu, futhi kuze kube ukuvela kwakamuva kwe Ukuphila Okumnyama Matter ukunyakaza, kuphawulwe kakhulu ngu udlame lwesakhiwo. Endabeni yaseNigeria, umnotho waseNigeria ngokuyinhloko usekelwe emithonjeni yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ukukhishwa kukawoyela esifundeni saseNiger Delta. Izinzuzo zokuthengiswa kukawoyela ovela eNiger Delta zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amanye amadolobha amakhulu, kunothisa imikhankaso yokumba amazwe angaphandle kanye nabasebenzi bawo abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukukhokhela osopolitiki, kanye nokwakha imigwaqo, izikole nezinye izingqalasizinda kwamanye amadolobha. Kodwa-ke, abantu baseNiger Delta abagcini nje ngokuhlupheka ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yokukhishwa kukawoyela - isibonelo ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yokuhlala abayinikezwe uNkulunkulu -, kodwa sekungamakhulu eminyaka benganakwa, bathuliswa, bebhekene nobumpofu obukhulu kanye nokuphathwa ngonya. Lesi sibonelo savele safika engqondweni yami ngenkathi ngifunda izincazelo zikaGaltung (1969) zodlame lwesakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, isipiliyoni sase-Afrika saseMelika sodlame lwesakhiwo ngokusho kukaTyson (2015) kungenxa:
ukufakwa kwezinqubomgomo nezinqubo zokucwasa ngokwebala ezikhungweni umphakathi osebenza ngazo: isibonelo, imfundo; ohulumeni besifunda, bezifundazwe nabasekhaya; umthetho, mayelana nalokho okulotshwe ezincwadini kanye nendlela osetshenziswa ngayo yizinkantolo kanye nezikhulu zamaphoyisa; ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nomhlaba wezinkampani. (ikhasi 345)
Ukudilizwa kwezinhlaka ezisekelwe kuzinqubomgomo zobandlululo kudinga inselelo engenalo udlame noma ngezinye izikhathi enobudlova nemba eqolo yezikhungo nezinhlaka zengcindezelo. Ngendlela efanayo nabaholi baseNiger Delta, ababegqugquzelwa uKen Saro-Wiwa, balwa impi engenabudlova yokulwela ubulungiswa ngokumelene nababusi bezempi baseNigeria ngaleso sikhathi, lapho uSaro-Wiwa nabanye abaningi bakhokha khona umklomelo wenkululeko ngezimpilo zabo njengabashiqela bezempi. wabagwebela ukufa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala elifanele, uMartin Luther King Jr. “waba umholi we-Civil Rights Movement” (Lemert, 2013, p. 263) eyasebenzisa izindlela ezingenabo ubudlova ukuqeda ngokomthetho ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga okusemthethweni e-United States. Ngeshwa, uDkt. King "wabulawa eMemphis ngo-1968 ngesikhathi ehlela 'imashi yabantu abampofu' eWashington" (Lemert, 2013, p. 263). Ukubulawa kwezishoshovu ezingenalo udlame njengoDkt. King kanye no-Ken Saro-Wiwa kusifundisa isifundo esibalulekile mayelana nodlame lwesakhiwo. UGaltung, (1969) uthi:
Lapho isakhiwo sisongelwa, labo abahlomulayo ngodlame lwesakhiwo, ngaphezu kwabo bonke labo abaphezulu, bazozama ukulondoloza isimo esikhona esihloselwe kahle ukuvikela izintshisekelo zabo. Ngokubheka imisebenzi yamaqembu ahlukahlukene kanye nabantu lapho isakhiwo sisongelwa, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuqaphela ukuthi ubani ozosindisa isakhiwo, kwethulwa ukuhlolwa kokusebenza okungasetshenziswa ukukala amalungu esakhiwo ngokwentshisekelo yawo. ekugcineni isakhiwo. (ikhasi 179)
Umbuzo ofikayo emqondweni uthi: Kuyoze kube nini abaqaphi bodlame lwesakhiwo beqhubeka nokugcina isakhiwo? Endabeni yase-United States, kuthathe amashumi amaningi eminyaka ukuqala inqubo yokuhlakaza izakhiwo ezigxilwe ekucwaseni ngokobuhlanga, futhi njengoba inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter ibonisile, mningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe.
Ngokuvumelana nombono kaGaltung (1969) wodlame lwesakhiwo, uBurton (2001), ekugxekeni kwakhe “isakhiwo samandla-elite endabuko” – isakhiwo esifanekiselwa emqondweni othi “thina-bona”-, ikholelwa ukuthi abantu ababhekene nodlame lwesakhiwo yizikhungo nezinkambiso ezikhona esakhiweni esinamandla-elite nakanjani bazophendula besebenzisa izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa udlame nokungalaleli komphakathi. Ngokusekelwe enkolelweni yenhlekelele yempucuko, umbhali ugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo akusanele ukugcina udlame lwesakhiwo ngokumelene nezisulu zakho. Ukuthuthuka okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkundla zokuxhumana kanye nekhono lokuhlela nokuhlanganisa abasekeli kungaletha kalula uguquko oludingekayo lwezenhlalo - ukuguqulwa kwamandla, ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuphela kodlame lwesakhiwo umphakathi.
Ubandlululo Olubethelwe
Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngazo ezahlukweni ezandulele - izahluko ezikhuluma ngemicabango yokuqala kanye ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga – omunye umehluko phakathi ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga futhi ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo ukuthi ngesikhathi sokucwasa ngokwesakhiwo, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babhalwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi abangezona izakhamizi noma abafokazi futhi baphucwa amalungelo okuvota kanye nethuba lokuhlanganisa ukumela, ukwenza kanye nobulungiswa, ngenkathi besengozini enkulu yokubulawa ngabaseYurophu (abamhlophe). ) ama- supremacist e-United States, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu. Abansundu, ngokusho kukaDu Bois (1935, njengoba eshiwo ku-Lemert, 2013) babebhekene nemiphumela yokucwasa okungapheli eNingizimu. Lokhu kubonakala emalini ehlukanisiwe "emholo womphakathi nengqondo" "iqembu elimhlophe labasebenzi" (Lemert, 2013, p. 185) elitholwe ngaphezu komholo wabo ophansi, ngokuphambene "neqembu elimnyama lezisebenzi" elihlupheka ngesakhiwo. , ukucwaswa ngokwengqondo nomphakathi. Ukwengeza, abezindaba abajwayelekile "bacishe banganaki ngokuphelele iNigro ngaphandle kobugebengu nokuhleka usulu" (Lemert, 2013, p. 185). Abantu baseYurophu babengazinaki izigqila zase-Afrika abaziletha eMelika, kodwa umkhiqizo wabo waziswa kakhulu futhi waziswa kakhulu. Isisebenzi sase-Afrika "sasihlukanisiwe futhi sihlukanisiwe" nemikhiqizo yaso. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kungaphinde kufanekiswe kusetshenziswa ithiyori kaMarx (njengoba icashunwe ku-Lemert, 2013) ye-“Estranged Labour” ethi:
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesisebenzi emkhiqizweni wakhe akusho nje kuphela ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe uba yinto, ubukhona bangaphandle, kodwa ukuthi ukhona ngaphandle kwakhe, ngokuzimela, njengento engaziwa kuye, nokuthi kuba amandla okubhekana naye; kusho ukuthi impilo ayinikeze entweni ibhekana naye njengento enobutha futhi engajwayelekile. (ikhasi 30)
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesigqila sase-Afrika emikhiqizweni yaso - yona kanye imikhiqizo yomsebenzi waso - kuwuphawu olukhulu ekuqondeni ukubaluleka okubangelwa ama-Afrika ngabathumbi bawo baseYurophu. Iqiniso lokuthi isigqila sase-Afrika saphucwa ilungelo laso lokukhiqiza umsebenzi waso libonisa ukuthi abathumbi baso babengambheki njengomuntu, kodwa njengento, njengento ephansi, impahla engathengwa futhi ithengiswe, engasetshenziswa. noma abhujiswe ngokuthanda kwakhe. Nokho, ngemva kokuqedwa kobugqila kanye noMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka-1964 owawuvimbela ngokusemthethweni ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga e-United Sates, ukuguquguquka kobuhlanga eMelika kwashintsha. Injini (noma imibono) eyakhuthaza futhi yabhebhethekisa ukucwasa ngokwebala yasuswa kuhulumeni futhi yabhalwa ezingqondweni, emakhanda, emehlweni, ezindlebeni, nasezandleni zabantu abathile baseYurophu (abamhlophe). Njengoba umbuso wawucindezelwe ukuthi ushaye umthetho ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala, ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo kwakungasekho emthethweni kodwa manje kwase kungasekho emthethweni.
Njengoba kuvame ukushiwo, “imikhuba emidala ifa kanzima,” kunzima kakhulu ukuguqula nokuyeka ukuziphatha noma umkhuba osujwayele ukukwenza ukuze uvumelane nendlela entsha yokuphila – isiko elisha, indlela entsha yokuphila. weltanschauung kanye nomkhuba omusha. Kusukela awukwazi ukufundisa inja endala amaqhinga amasha, kuba nzima kakhulu futhi kuhamba kancane kwabanye abantu baseYurophu (abamhlophe) ukulahla ukucwasa futhi bamukele uhlelo olusha lobulungisa nokulingana. Ngomthetho wezwe osemthethweni kanye nethiyori, ukucwasa ngokwebala kwaqedwa ngaphakathi kwezinhlaka ezasungulwa zengcindezelo. Ngamagugu amasiko angakahleleki, anqwabelene, futhi ngokwenza, ukucwasa kwashintsha kusuka ezimisweni zakhona kuya esimweni esibethelwe; kusukela ekuphathweni kombuso kuya emandleni omuntu; ukusuka emvelweni wayo osobala futhi osobala kuya ekufihlekeni okwengeziwe, okucashile, okufihlekile, okungabonakali, okumboziwe, okumboziwe, nokucashile. Lokhu kwakungukuzalwa kuka ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo e-United States of America lapho inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter iphikisana nayo, ibhikisha futhi ilwa e-21.st Ikhulu leminyaka.
Engxenyeni esethulweni yaleli phepha, ngithe ukusebenzisa kwami leli gama, ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo igqugquzelwe yi-Restrepo and Hincapíe's (2013) “Umthethosisekelo Obethelwe: I-Paradigm Entsha Yokucindezela,” ephikisa ngokuthi:
Inhloso yokuqala yokubethela ukufihla zonke izilinganiso zamandla. Ngokubethelwa kolimi lobuchwepheshe, ngakho-ke, izinqubo, izivumelwano nezinqumo, ukubonakaliswa kwamandla okucashile kungabonakali kunoma ubani ongenalo ulwazi lolimi lokwephula ukubethela. Ngakho-ke, ukubethela kuncike ebukhoneni beqembu elikwazi ukufinyelela amafomula wokubethela kanye nelinye iqembu elingazinaki ngokuphelele. Laba bakamuva, njengabafundi abangagunyaziwe, bavulekele ukukhohliswa. (ikhasi 12)
Kusukela kule ngcaphuno, umuntu angaqonda kalula izici zangaphakathi ze ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Okokuqala, emphakathini wobandlululo ofihliwe, kunamaqembu amabili abantu: iqembu elinelungelo kanye neqembu elingenamalungelo. Amalungu eqembu anelungelo lokufinyelela kulokho u-Restrepo no-Hincapíe (2013) abakubiza ngokuthi “ifomula yokubethela” (ikhasi 12) lapho imigomo ukucwasa okucashile noma okubethelwe futhi imikhuba yokucwasa isekelwe. Ngoba amalungu eqembu anelungelo yilabo abasezikhundleni zobuholi emahhovisi omphakathi nakweminye imikhakha yamasu omphakathi, futhi uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi banawo amandla. amafomula wokubethela, okungukuthi, amakhodi ayimfihlo amalungu eqembu anelungelo lekhodi futhi anqume ngawo i-algorithm noma amasethi emiyalo namaphethini okusebenzelana phakathi kwamaqembu anelungelo noma angenamalungelo, noma abekwe ngendlela ehlukile futhi ecacile, phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama e-United States, abantu abamhlophe (abanelungelo) bangabandlulula kalula futhi bakhiphe abantu base-Afrika baseMelika (abamnyama abangenamalungelo), ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi banobandlululo. Owokugcina, ongenakho ukufinyelela ku- amafomula wokubethela, amasethi ayimfihlo olwazi, noma amakhodi acashile okusebenza azungeza phakathi kweqembu elikhethekile, ngezinye izikhathi awaqapheli nokuthi kwenzekani kuwo. Lokhu kuchaza ubunjalo bokucwasa okufihliwe, okufihliwe noma okufihliwe okwenzeka ohlelweni lwezemfundo, izindlu, ukuqashwa, ipolitiki, abezindaba, ubudlelwano bamaphoyisa nomphakathi, uhlelo lwezobulungiswa, njalo njalo. UTyson (2015) uwuthatha ngokungaqondile umqondo wokuthi ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo nokuthi isebenza kanjani e-United States ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi:
Njengoba abantu baseMelika abaningi bayo yonke imibala bazi, nokho, ukucwasa abukanyamalala: kudlule “ngaphansi komhlaba.” Okungukuthi, ukungabi nabulungisa kwezinhlanga e-United States kuseyinkinga enkulu necindezelayo; kumane kungabonakali kakhulu kunakuqala. Ukungalungi kwezinhlanga kwenziwa kumuntu oyiqili, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, ukuze agweme ukushushiswa ngokomthetho, futhi kuye kwadlondlobala ngezindlela, ezimweni eziningi, izisulu zakho kuphela ezazi kahle ngempela. (ikhasi 351)
Kunezibonelo eziningi umuntu angabonisa ngazo ukusebenza kwabacwasi ababethelwe. Isibonelo esisodwa ukuphikisa okungenangqondo nokucashile kwamanye amaRiphabhulikhi kuzo zonke iziphakamiso zenqubomgomo uMongameli uBarack Obama, uMongameli wokuqala wase-Afrika waseMelika wase-United States, ezethula. Ngisho nangemva kokunqoba okhethweni lukamongameli ngo-2008 nango-2012, iqeqebana lamaRepublicans ebeligqugquzelwa nguDonald Trump lisathi uMengameli Obama akazalelwanga eMelika. Nakuba abantu abaningi baseMelika bengamthathi njengento ebalulekile uTrump, kodwa umuntu kufanele abuze izizathu zakhe zokuphuca u-Obama amalungelo akhe akumthethosisekelo njengesakhamuzi saseMelika ngokuzalwa. Ngabe lena akuyona indlela ecashile, ebhalwe ngekhodi noma ebhalwe phansi yokuthi u-Obama akafaneleki ukuba nguMengameli wase-United States ngenxa yokuthi ungumuntu omnyama odabuka e-Afrika, futhi akamhlophe ngokwanele ukuba umongameli ezweni iningi labo omhlophe?
Esinye isibonelo isimangalo esishiwo abagxeki base-Afrika baseMelika mayelana nemikhuba yokucwasa ngokwebala ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zomthetho nezomthetho. “Ukutholakala namagremu angu-28 e-crack cocaine (esetshenziswa kakhulu abantu abamnyama baseMelika) ngokuzenzekelayo kuvula isigwebo esiyisibopho seminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa-ke, kuthatha amagremu angama-500 we-powder cocaine (esetshenziswa kakhulu ngabamhlophe baseMelika) ukuze kuqale leso sigwebo esiyisibopho seminyaka emihlanu ejele” (Tyson, 2015, p. 352). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugadwa kwamaphoyisa ngobandlululo nobandlululo ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nomphumela wokuma nokudubula, isihluku samaphoyisa kanye nokudubula okungadingekile kwama-Afrika aseMelika angahlomile kungabonakala ngokulinganayo njengokuvela ezimisweni ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo.
Ubandlululo olubethelwe njengoba lisetshenziswe kuleli phepha kukhombisa ukuthi ubandlululo olubethelwe uyazi futhi uyaqonda imigomo eyisisekelo ye ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kanye nodlame kodwa akukwazi ukubandlulula ngokusobala nangokusobala umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika ngenxa yokuthi ukucwasa okusobala kanye nokucwasa okusobala kwesakhiwo kunqatshelwe futhi kwenziwa kube ngokungekho emthethweni ngoMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964 kanye neminye Imithetho Yombuso. Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964 owaphasiswa yiNgqungquthela yama-88 (1963-1965) futhi wasayinwa waba ngumthetho ngoJulayi 2, 1964 nguMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson waphela. ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala kodwa, ngeshwa, ayizange iphele ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo, okuyinto a i-covert uhlobo lokucwasa ngokwebala. Ngokuqhubekayo futhi kancane kancane ukuhlanganisa izigidi zabantu hhayi e-United States kuphela kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke ngokumelene i-ajenda yokucwasa ngekhodia of the white supremacists, inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter iphumelele ekuqwashiseni nasekukhuliseni ukwazi kwethu emaqinisweni ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo ukuzibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuvezeni iphrofayili kuya ebulwaneni bamaphoyisa; kusukela ekucashunweni nasekuboshweni kuya ekubulaweni kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika abangahlomile; kanye nokusuka emikhubeni yokuqashwa kanye nokucwasa ngezindlu kuye ekuncishweni phansi okugqugquzelwa ubuhlanga kanye nengcindezelo ezikoleni. Lezi izibonelo ezimbalwa zobandlululo olubethelwe ukunyakaza kwe-Black Lives Matter olusize ekususeni ukubethela.
Ukususa Ukubethela Ubandlululo Lobuhlanga
Lokho ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo isuswe ukubethela ngokusebenza kwe-Black Lives Matter ukunyakaza akukona ngomklamo ohlelwe kusengaphambili, kodwa ukuzola - igama elasetshenziswa ngoJanuwari 28, 1754 nguHorace Walpole elisho “ukutholwa, ngengozi nangobuhlakani, bezinto” (Lederach 2005, p. 114) okungakaziwa okwamanje. Akukhona ngobuhlakani obuvamile babasunguli benhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter, kodwa ngenxa yobuhlungu nobuhlungu bentsha engahlomile kanye namakhulukhulu ezimpilo zabamnyama ezanqanyulwa kungazelelwe ngezibhamu zalabo ababezibiza ngokuthi bangochwepheshe abamhlophe ezinhliziyweni zabo. yinzondo enobuthi efihlekile ezimpilweni zabamnyama, futhi emiqondweni, ekhanda nasengqondweni isinqumo sokubulala umuntu omnyama ongahlomile sivuswe yinkumbulo yakudala. izinhlaka zokucwasa.
Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi isihluku samaphoyisa, ukwenzelela, ukucwasa kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwabantu abamnyama ezweni lonke nakho kwakudlange ezinhlakeni ezindala zokucwasa ngokwebala. Kepha izehlakalo eFerguson, eMissouri, zinikeze abacwaningi, abenzi benqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi jikelele ukuqonda okujulile kwemvelo ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Ubushoshovu benhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter baba nesandla ekukhuliseni ukukhanya kophenyo emikhubeni yokucwasa, nokubulawa kwabantu abangahlomile, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Uphenyo loMnyango Wamaphoyisa aseFerguson olwenziwa futhi lwanyatheliswa uMnyango Wezobulungiswa Wase-United States of Civil Rights Division ngoMashi 4, 2015 ngemva kokubulawa kukaMichael Brown, Jr. luveza ukuthi izenzo zokugcinwa komthetho zaseFerguson zilimaza ngokungafanele izakhamuzi zase-Ferguson zase-Afrika-America futhi ziyaqhutshwa ngokwengxenye ngokucwasa ngokobuhlanga, okuhlanganisa nokukhuluma ngendlela ehlukile (Umbiko we-DOJ, 2015, p. 62). Umbiko uqhubeka uchaza ukuthi izenzo zikaFerguson zokuphoqelela umthetho zibeka umthelela ohlukile kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika owephula umthetho wenhlangano; nokuthi izinqubo zokuphoqelela umthetho zikaFerguson zigqugquzelwa ngokwengxenye inhloso yobandlululo ephula Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane neminye imithetho yenhlangano (DOJ Civil Rights Division Report, 2015, pp. 63 – 70).
Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika ucasulwa yimikhuba yokucwasa yamaphoyisa agcwele abamhlophe. Umbuzo owodwa ofikayo emqondweni ngowokuthi: ngabe i-DOJ Civil Rights Division ingaphenya uMnyango Wamaphoyisa waseFerguson uma kungenjalo ngenxa yobushoshovu benhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter? Mhlawumbe cha. Mhlawumbe, ukube bekungengenxa yemibhikisho ephikelelayo eyenziwa yinhlangano iBlack Lives Matter, ukubulawa okugqugquzelwa ukucwasa kwabantu abamnyama abangahlomile eFlorida, Ferguson, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi nezifunda ngamaphoyisa, bekungeke. zivezwe zaphenywa. Ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwe-Black Lives Matter kungahunyushwa ngokuthi "izwi lombala" eliyingqayizivele (Tyson, 2015, p. 360) - umqondo obucayi womjaho ophethe ukuthi "ababhali abambalwa nabacabangi ngokuvamile basesimweni esingcono kunababhali nabacabangi abamhlophe. ukubhala nokukhuluma ngobuhlanga nokucwasa ngenxa yokuthi babhekana nokucwasa ngokuqondile” (Tyson, 2015, p. 360). Abasekeli “bezwi lombala” bamema izisulu zobandlululo lobuhlanga ukuba zixoxe izindaba zazo njengoba zabhekana nokucwaswa. I-Black Lives Matter movement idlala le ndima ebalulekile yokuxoxa izindaba, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, isebenza njenge-21.st ucingo lwekhulu lokungashintshi kuphela isimo samanje esishumekwe kuso ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo, kodwa ukudalula kanye nokubhala phansi lokho u-Restrepo no-Hincapíe (2013) abakubiza ngokuthi “ifomula yokubethela” (ikhasi 12), amakhodi ayimfihlo amalungu eqembu anelungelo lekhodi futhi anqume ngawo i-algorithm namaphethini okusebenzelana phakathi kwamaqembu anelungelo kanye nalawo angenamalungelo. , noma ibekwe ngendlela ehlukile futhi ecacile, phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama e-United States.
Isiphetho
Uma kubhekwa isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiyinkimbinkimbi sokucwasa ngokwebala e-United States, futhi kucatshangelwa imikhawulo umbhali ahlangabezane nayo ngenkathi eqoqa imininingwane ngamacala amaningi odlame olubhekiswe kubantu abamnyama, abagxeki abaningi bangase baphikise ngokuthi leli phepha alinayo idatha eyanele yasensimini (okungukuthi, imithombo eyinhloko. ) okufanele kusekelwe kukho izimpikiswano nezikhundla zombhali. Kuyavunywa ukuthi ucwaningo lwenkundla noma ezinye izindlela zokuqoqwa kwedatha ziyisimo esidingekayo semiphumela yocwaningo evumelekile kanye nokutholwe, nokho, umuntu angaphinde aphikise ngokuthi azisona isimo esanele sokuhlaziya okubucayi kwezingxabano zomphakathi njengoba kuye kwenziwa ngokusobala kuleli phepha. ngokusebenzisa amathiyori wokungqubuzana komphakathi ahambisana nesihloko esifundwayo.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe esingenisweni, umgomo oyinhloko leli phepha elinikezwe umsebenzi wokuhlola nokuhlaziya imisebenzi yenhlangano ethi “Black Lives Matter” kanye nemizamo yabo yokudalula ukucwasa ngokwebala okucashile okufakwe ezikhungweni nomlando wase-United States ukuze ukwakha indlela yobulungiswa, ukulingana kanye nokulingana kwabancane, ikakhulukazi umphakathi wase-Afrika waseMelika. Ukuze kuzuzwe lo mgomo, leli phepha lihlole imibono emine efanelekile yokungqubuzana kwezenhlalakahle: "Ukugxeka kwe-African American" (Tyson, 2015, p. 344); U-Kymlicka (1995) “Ubuzwe Abanamasiko Ahlukahlukene: Inkolelo-mbono Yenkululeko Yamalungelo Abantu Abancane” evuma futhi evumela “amalungelo ahlukene ngokweqembu” emaqenjini athile ahlukumezeke ngokomlando wokucwasa ngokobuhlanga, ukucwaswa kanye nokucwaswa; Ithiyori kaGaltung (1969) ethi udlame lwesakhiwo lokho okugqamisa izinhlaka zengcindezelo ezivimbela ingxenye yesakhamuzi ukuthi ifinyelele izidingo zaso eziyisisekelo namalungelo abantu ngaleyo ndlela iphoqelele “ukubona kwangempela kwabantu okunengqondo nokwengqondo ukuthi kube ngaphansi kwalokho okungenzeka bakwenze” (Galtung, 1969, p. 168); futhi ekugcineni ukugxeka kukaBurton (2001) “ngesakhiwo esinamandla endabuko” - isakhiwo esifanekiselwa emqondweni othi “thina-bona”-, esibamba ukuthi abantu abahlukunyezwa yisakhiwo yizikhungo nezinkambiso ezitholakala emandleni- isakhiwo esikhethekile sizophendula sisebenzisa izindlela zokuziphatha ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa udlame nokungalaleli komphakathi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwengxabano yobuhlanga e-United States leli phepha lenze ngempumelelo ngokucabangela le mibono, futhi ngosizo lwezibonelo eziphathekayo kuveza inguquko noma ukusuka ku- ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala kuya ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo. Lolu shintsho lwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ngokomthetho wezwe osemthethweni nangombono, ukucwasa ngokwebala kwaqedwa e-United States. Ngamagugu amasiko angakahleleki, anqwabelene, futhi ngokwenza, ubandlululo lwashintsha lusuka ezimisweni zalo ezisobala lwesakhiwo lwaya ohlotsheni olubethelwe, olufihlekile; yasuka ekwengameleni kombuso yaya emandleni omuntu; ukusuka emvelweni wayo osobala futhi osobala kuya ekufihlekeni okwengeziwe, okucashile, okufihlekile, okungabonakali, okumboziwe, okumboziwe, nokucashile.
Lolu hlobo olucashile, olufihliwe, olubhalwe ngekhodi noma olucashile lokucwasa ngokobuhlanga yilokho leli phepha elibhekisela kulo njengokucwasa ngokobuhlanga okubethelwe. Leli phepha liqinisekisa ukuthi njengoba i-Civil Rights Movement yaba nesandla ekuqedeni ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo okusobala, ubandlululo oluvulekile kanye nokuhlukaniswa e-United States, inhlangano ye-Black Lives Matter ibe nesandla esinamandla ekususeni ukubethela. ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo e-United States. Isibonelo esithile kungaba izehlakalo zaseFerguson, eMissouri, ezinikeze ukuqonda okujulile kwemvelo ye ukucwasa ngokwemfihlo kubacwaningi, abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nomphakathi jikelele ngoMbiko we-DOJ (2015) oveza ukuthi izenzo zokuphoqelela umthetho zikaFerguson zilimaza ngokungafanele izakhamuzi zase-Ferguson zase-Afrika-America futhi ziqhutshwa ngokwengxenye ukucwasa ngokwebala, okuhlanganisa nemibono engaqondile (ikhasi 62). Ngakho-ke ukunyakaza kwe-Black Lives Matter "izwi lombala" eliyingqayizivele (Tyson, 2015, p. 360) lisiza abantu base-Afrika baseMelika ababebuswa ngokomlando futhi ababecwaswa ngokwebala ukuthi baxoxe izindaba zabo njengoba bebhekana nokubandlululwa.
Izindaba zabo zibe nesandla ekususeni ukucwasa okubethelwe e-United States. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe izindlela ezahlukahlukene i-21st Izishoshovu zase-Afrika zaseMelika ezingenabudlova zekhulu leminyaka zenza amazwi azo azwakale, futhi zihlaziye izinselelo ezibhekana nazo emsebenzini wazo kanye nokuhlola ukusabela okuvela kuhulumeni kanye nenani labantu abamhlophe abavelele.
Okubhekwayo
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