Ukwahlukaniswa Kwamazwe: Inqubomgomo Yokuqeda Ukungqubuzana Kobuhlanga eNigeria
abstract
Leli phepha ligxile esihlokweni se-BBC sangoJuni 13, 2017 enesihloko esithi “Incwadi evela e-Afrika: Ingabe izifunda zaseNigeria kufanele zithole amandla?” Esihlokweni, umbhali, u-Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani, uxoxe ngobuchule ngezinqumo zenqubomgomo ezadala izimo zokungqubuzana kobuhlanga okunodlame eNigeria. Ngokusekelwe obizweni oluqhubekayo lwesakhiwo esisha sombuso esikhuthaza ukuzimela kwezifunda futhi sikhawulele amandla esikhungo, umbhali uhlole ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo yokudluliswa kwamandla noma ukusabalalisa kungasiza kanjani ekwehliseni izingxabano zenkolo yaseNigeria.
Ukungqubuzana Kwezinhlanga E-Nigeria: Umkhiqizo Osenziwe We-Federal Structure and Leadership Failure
Ukungqubuzana kobuhlanga okungapheli eNigeria, umbhali uthi, kungumphumela wesakhiwo sikahulumeni waseNigeria, kanye nendlela abaholi baseNigeria ababusa ngayo izwe kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kwezizwe ezahlukene zaba yizifunda ezimbili - isivikelo esisenyakatho nesivikelo esiseningizimu. - kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwenyakatho neningizimu ibe yizwe elilodwa elibizwa ngeNigeria ngo-1914. Ngokuphikisana nentando yezizwe zaseNigeria, amaNgisi ahlanganisa ngamandla abantu bomdabu kanye nezizwe ezahlukene ezazingenabo ubudlelwano obusemthethweni ngaphambili. Imingcele yabo yashintshwa; ahlanganiswa aba yizwe elilodwa lesimanje ngabaphathi bamakoloni baseBrithani; kanye negama elithi, Nigeria - igama elisuselwa ku-19th Ikhulu leminyaka inkampani yaseBrithani, i Inkampani yaseRoyal Niger – yabekwa phezu kwabo.
Ngaphambi kwenkululeko yeNigeria ngo-1960, abaphathi bamakoloni aseBrithani babebusa iNigeria ngohlelo lokubusa olwaziwa ngokuthi umthetho ongaqondile. Ukubusa okungaqondile ngokwemvelo yakho kugunyaza ukucwasa nokuchema. AmaNgisi abusa ngamakhosi awo endabuko athembekile, futhi afaka izinqubomgomo zokuqashwa kwezinhlanga ezihlanekezelwe lapho abasenyakatho babebuthelwa amasosha kanye nabaseningizimu ukuze basebenzele umphakathi noma ukuphatha umphakathi.
Ukuhlanekezela kwemvelo yokubusa kanye namathuba ezomnotho amaNgisi akwethula ukuguquguquka kwashintsha ubutha bezizwe ezihlukahlukene, ukuqhathanisa, ukusola, ukuncintisana okukhulu kanye nokucwasa ngesikhathi sangaphambi kwenkululeko (1914-1959), futhi lokhu kwaphumela odlameni phakathi kwezizwe nempi eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemva kuka-1960. isimemezelo sokuzimela.
Ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kuka-1914, izizwe ezihlukahlukene zaziyizinhlangano ezizimele futhi zibusa abantu bazo ngezinhlelo zabo zomdabu zokubusa. Ngenxa yokuzimela nokuzibusa kwalezi zizwe zezinhlanga, kwaba nokungqubuzana okuncane noma okungekho phakathi kwezizwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokufika kokuhlanganiswa kuka-1914 kanye nokwamukelwa kohlelo lukahulumeni lwephalamende ngo-1960, izizwe zobuhlanga ezazizimele ngaphambili nezizimele - isibonelo, ama-Igbos, amaYorubas, amaHausa, njll. - aqala ukuncintisana ngamandla isikhungo. Ukuketulwa kombuso okuholwa ama-Igbo kukaJanuwari 1966 okwaholela ekufeni kwabaholi abaqavile bakahulumeni nabezempi ikakhulukazi abavela esifundeni esisenyakatho (iqembu lamaHausa-Fulani) kanye nokuketulwa umbuso kukaJulayi 1966, kanye ukubulawa kwabantu base-Igbos enyakatho yeNigeria ngabantu basenyakatho okwabonwa umphakathi njengokuphindiselela amaHausa-Fulani asenyakatho kuma-Igbo aseningizimu-mpumalanga, konke kuyimiphumela yomzabalazo wezizwe zonke wokulawula amandla kulesi sikhungo. Ngisho nalapho i- federalism - uhlelo lukamongameli lukahulumeni - lwamukelwa ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi yesibili ngo-1979, umzabalazo wezizwe ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuncintisana okunobudlova kwamandla nokulawulwa kwezinsiza esikhungweni akuzange kume; kunalokho, kwashuba.
Izingxabano eziningi phakathi kwezizwe, udlame kanye nezimpi ezikhungethe iNigeria eminyakeni edlule zibangelwa ukulwa ngokuthi yiluphi uhlanga oluzophatha izindaba, luhlanganise amandla esikhungweni, futhi lulawule izindaba zikahulumeni wobumbano, okuhlanganisa nowoyela. okuwumthombo oyinhloko wemali engenayo eNigeria. Ukuhlaziya kuka-Nwaubani kusekela ithiyori esekela iphethini yesenzo esiphindaphindayo kanye nokusabela ebudlelwaneni bezizwe ngezizwe eNigeria ngokuncintisana kwesikhungo. Lapho isizwe esisodwa sithatha amandla esikhungweni (amandla enhlangano), ezinye izizwe ezizizwa zibandlululwa futhi zingabandakanywa ziqala ukuyaluza ukuze zifakwe. Iziyaluyalu ezinjengalezi zivame ukukhula zibe ubudlova nempi. Ukuketulwa kwezempi kwangoJanuwari 1966 okwaholela ekuveleni kwenhloko yezwe lase-Igbo kanye nokuketulwa umbuso kukaJulayi 1966 okwaholela ekushoneni kobuholi be-Igbo futhi kwangenisa ubushiqela bezempi babasenyakatho, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezizwe. Isifunda sasempumalanga ukwakha izwe elizimele laseBiafra elachithwa kuhulumeni waseNigeria okwaholela empini yeminyaka emithathu (1967-1970) eyabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu, iningi labo okwakungabaseBiafra, zonke ziyizibonelo ze iphethini yesenzo-yokusabela yobudlelwano bezizwe ngezizwe eNigeria. Futhi, ukudlondlobala kweBoko Haram kubonakale njengemizamo yabantu basenyakatho yokudala ukungazinzi ezweni kanye nokwenza buthaka nokuphatha kukahulumeni kaMengameli uGoodluck Jonathan odabuka endaweni enothe ngowoyela iNiger Delta eningizimu yeNigeria. Phela, u-Goodluck Jonathan ulahlekelwe ukhetho (kabusha) lwe-2015 kuMongameli wamanje u-Muhammadu Buhari ongowohlanga olusenyakatho lwamaHausa-Fulani.
Ukwenyukela kukaBuhari ehhovisi likamongameli kuhambisana nezinhlangano ezimbili ezinkulu zezenhlalo nezokulwa ezisuka eningizimu (ikakhulukazi, eningizimu-mpumalanga naseningizimu-eningizimu). Esinye isiyaluyalu esivuselelwe senkululeko ye-Biafra eholwa aboMdabu base-Biafra. Okunye wukuvela kabusha kwenhlangano yezenhlalo egxile emvelweni endaweni enothe ngowoyela iNiger Delta eholwa iNiger Delta Avengers.
Ukucabanga Kabusha Isakhiwo Samanje SeNigeria
Ngokusekelwe kula magagasi avuselelwe esiyaluyalu sobuhlanga sokuzibusa kanye nokuzimela, izazi eziningi nabenzi benqubomgomo sebeqala ukucabanga kabusha ngesakhiwo samanje sikahulumeni wobumbano kanye nezimiso inyunyana yombuso esekelwe phezu kwayo. Kuphikiswana ngakho esihlokweni se-BBC kaNwaubani ukuthi uhlelo olunwetshiwe lapho izifunda noma izizwe zobuhlanga zinikezwa amandla engeziwe nokuzimela ukuze zilawule izindaba zazo, kanye nokuhlola nokulawula imithombo yazo yemvelo ngenkathi zikhokha izintela kuhulumeni wobumbano, ngeke nje kuphela. ukusiza ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano bezizwe ngezizwe eNigeria, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, inqubomgomo enjalo yokusabalalisa izoletha ukuthula okuzinzile, ukuphepha nokukhula komnotho kuwo wonke amalungu enyunyana yaseNigeria.
Udaba lokwabiwa kwezindawo noma ukunwetshwa kwamandla luncike embuzweni wamandla. Ukubaluleka kwamandla ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo ngeke kugcizelelwe ngokwedlulele ezifundazweni zentando yeningi. Ngemva kokudlulela entandweni yeningi ngo-1999, amandla okuthatha izinqumo zenqubomgomo kanye nokuzisebenzisa anikezwe izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokwentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi abenzi bomthetho kukhongolose. Laba bakhi bomthetho, nokho, amandla abo bawathola ezakhamuzini ezibakhethile. Ngakho-ke, uma iphesenti elikhulu lezakhamizi lingathokozile ngohlelo lwamanje lukahulumeni waseNigeria - okungukuthi, ukuhlelwa kombuso - khona-ke banamandla okukhuluma nabameleli bazo mayelana nesidingo sokuguqulwa kwenqubomgomo ngomthetho ozobeka esikhundleni sohlelo lukahulumeni olwengeziwe oluzonikeza amandla engeziwe ezifundeni namandla amancane esiko.
Uma abameleli benqaba ukulalela izimfuno nezidingo zabantu ababavotelayo, khona-ke izakhamuzi zinamandla okuvotela abenzi bomthetho abazothuthukisa isithakazelo sabo, bazwakalise izwi labo, futhi baphakamise imithetho evuna bona. Uma izikhulu ezikhethiwe zazi ukuthi ngeke ziphinde ziqokwe uma zingawusekeli umthethosivivinywa wokusabalalisa izifundazwe ozobuyisela ukuzimela ezifundeni, zizophoqwa ukuthi ziwuvotele ukuze zigcine izihlalo zazo. Ngakho-ke, izakhamizi zinamandla okushintsha ubuholi bezepolitiki obuzomisa izinqubomgomo ezizosabela ezidingweni zabo zokwabiwa kwezindawo futhi andise injabulo yazo.
Ukwahlukaniswa Kwamazwe, Ukuxazululwa Kwezingxabano kanye Nokukhula Komnotho
Uhlelo lukahulumeni olwehlukene luhlinzeka ngezinhlaka eziguquguqukayo - ezingaqinile - zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubomgomo enhle kusekhonweni laleyo nqubomgomo lokuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona noma ukungqubuzana. Kuze kube manje, uhlelo lwamanje lwenhlangano olubeka amandla amakhulu kakhulu kulesi sikhungo alukwazanga ukuxazulula izingxabano zobuzwe ezikhubaze iNigeria kusukela yathola inkululeko. Isizathu siwukuthi amandla amakhulu anikezwa isikhungo kuyilapho izifunda ziphucwa ukuzimela kwazo.
Uhlelo olunwetshiwe lunamandla okubuyisela amandla kanye nokuzimela kubaholi bendawo nabezifunda abasondelene kakhulu nezinkinga zangempela izakhamizi ezibhekana nazo nsuku zonke, futhi abanolwazi lokusebenzisana nabantu ukuthola izixazululo ezihlala njalo ezinkingeni zabo. . Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo ekwandiseni ukubamba iqhaza kwendawo ezingxoxweni zezombangazwe nezomnotho, izinqubomgomo ezihlukaniselwe amazwe zinamandla okusabela kuzidingo zabantu bendawo, kuyilapho zikhulisa uzinzo enhlanganweni.
Ngendlela efanayo naleyo izifundazwe zase-United States ezibhekwa ngayo njengezilabhorethri zezombangazwe zezwe lonke, inqubomgomo yokwahlukaniswa kwabantu eNigeria izonika amandla izifunda, ivuse imibono emisha, futhi isize ekufukameleni le mibono kanye nokuqanjwa okusha ngaphakathi kwesifunda ngasinye noma isimo. Ukuqamba okusha noma izinqubomgomo ezivela ezifundeni noma izifundazwe zingaphindwa kwezinye izifundazwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho wenhlangano.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, lolu hlobo lokuhlelwa kwepolitiki lunezinzuzo eziningi, ezimbili zazo ezigqamayo. Okokuqala, uhlelo lukahulumeni olwendlalekile ngeke nje lusondeze izakhamuzi kwezombusazwe kanye nezombusazwe eduze nezakhamizi, luzophinde lususe ukugxila emzabalazweni wezizwe ezahlukene kanye nokuncintisana phezu kwamandla kusuke esikhungweni kuyise ezifundeni. Okwesibili, ukuhlukaniswa kwezifundazwe kuzothuthukisa ukukhula komnotho nokuzinza ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi lapho izinto ezintsha nezinqubomgomo ezivela esifundeni esisodwa noma isifunda ziphindaphindwa kwezinye izingxenye zezwe.
Umbhali, UDkt. Basil Ugorji, unguMongameli kanye ne-CEO ye-International Centre for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Uthole iPh.D. ekuhlaziyeni nasekuxazululeni izingxabano ezivela eMnyangweni Wezifundo Zokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano, Ikolishi Lezobuciko, Ezabantu Nesayensi Yezenhlalakahle, iNova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
