Amadokhumenti Asanda Kutholwa Ngokubulawa Kwabase-Armenia
I-Armenian Genocide
Isethulo Ngokuqoqwa Okukhethekile Kwemibhalo Ye-Ottoman Yase-Matenadaran Mayelana Nokubulawa Kwesizwe Kwa-Armenia ngu-Vera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Umfundi, Umcwaningi Omncane, "Matenadaran" Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Armenia, Yerevan.
Iseshini ye-Q&A no-Vera Sahakyan, Ph.D. Umfundi, Umcwaningi Omncane, ”Matenadaran” Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Armenia, Yerevan, kanye noYustina Trihoni Nalesti Dewi, Umfundisi Omkhulu, Inhloko Yesikhungo Sezifundo Zasemadolobheni, iSoegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia. Izihloko: Iqoqo Elikhethekile Lemibhalo Ye-Ottoman yase-Matenadaran Mayelana Nokubulawa Kwabantu base-Armenia. Uhlelo Lwelungelo Lokubuyisela Izisulu Zokungqubuzana: Indaba Eyindaba Yemizamo Yokwakha Ukuthula ngaphakathi Kwangemva Kokungqubuzana Ambon.
Inkulumo ehlonishwayo eyethulwa ngo-Okthoba 31, 2018 eNgqungqutheleni Yezizwe Zonke Yesihlanu Yonyaka Yokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano Zobuhlanga Nezenkolo Nokwakha Ukuthula eyayibanjwe yi-International Centre for Ethno-Religious Mediation eQueens College, City University of New York, ngokubambisana neSikhungo Sobuhlanga, Ukuqonda Kobuhlanga Nezenkolo (i-CERRU).
abstract
I-Armenian Genocide ka-1915-16 eyahlelwa uMbuso Wase-Ottoman sekuxoxiwe isikhathi eside kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey ayikaqashelwa. Nakuba ukuphika ukuqothulwa kohlanga kuyindlela yokwenza ubugebengu obusha ngabanye abadlali bezifundazwe nabangezona zezwe, ubufakazi nobufakazi obukhona mayelana nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwase-Armenia kuyabukelwa phansi. Le ndatshana ihlose ukuhlola imibhalo emisha nobufakazi bokuqinisa isimangalo sokubona izehlakalo zika-1915-16 njengesenzo sokuqothulwa kohlanga. Lolu cwaningo luhlole imibhalo ye-Ottoman eyayigcinwe ezinqolobaneni ze-Matenadaran futhi engakaze ihlolwe ngaphambilini. Obunye babo ubufakazi obuyingqayizivele bomyalo oqondile wokuxosha abantu base-Armenia ezindaweni zabo zokukhosela futhi kuhlaliswe ababaleki baseTurkey ezindlini zase-Armenia. Mayelana nalokhu, eminye imibhalo iye yahlolwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, efakazela ukuthi ukufuduka okuhleliwe kwama-Ottoman Armenia kwakuhloswe ukuba kube ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngamabomu nokuhleliwe.
Isingeniso
Kuyiqiniso elingephikwe nomlando oqoshiwe ukuthi ngo-1915-16 abantu base-Armenia ababehlala eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman babhekana nokuqothulwa kohlanga. Uma uhulumeni wamanje waseTurkey enqaba ubugebengu obenziwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, buba isisetshenziswa sobugebengu. Uma umuntu noma umbuso ungakwazi ukwamukela ubugebengu abenzile, kumele kungenelele izifundazwe eziningi ezithuthukile. Lezi yizifunda ezigcizelela kakhulu ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu futhi ukuvimbela kwabo kuba isiqinisekiso sokuthula. Okwenzeka ngo-1915-1916 e-Ottoman Turkey kufanele kubhalwe njengobugebengu bokubulala abantu ngaphansi kwesibopho sobugebengu, ngoba kuhambisana nazo zonke izindatshana zeNgqungquthela Yokuvimbela Nokujeziswa Kobugebengu Bokubulala. Eqinisweni, uRaphael Lemkin wabhala incazelo yegama elithi "ukubulawa kwabantu" ecabangela ubugebengu kanye nokuphulwa okwenziwa yi-Ottoman Turkey ngo-1915 (Auron, 2003, p. 9). Ngakho-ke, izindlela ezikhuthaza ukuvinjelwa kobugebengu obenziwa esintwini, kanye nokwenzeka kwabo esikhathini esizayo kanye nezinqubo zokudala ukuthula kufanele kuzuzwe ngokulahlwa kobugebengu bangaphambilini.
Isihloko socwaningo lwalolu cwaningo wumbhalo osemthethweni wase-Ottoman onamakhasi amathathu (f.3). Lo mbhalo ubhalwe uMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseTurkey futhi wathunyelwa emnyangweni wesibili obhekele impahla elahliwe njengombiko oqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokudingiswa kwezinyanga ezintathu (kusukela ngoMeyi 25 kuya ku-Agasti 12) (f.3). Kuhlanganisa ulwazi lwemiyalo evamile, inhlangano yokudingiswa kwama-Armenia, inqubo yokudingiswa, kanye nemigwaqo ama-Armenia adingiswa ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nenhloso yalezi zenzo, imithwalo yemfanelo yezikhulu ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa, kusho ukuthi uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawusetshenziselwa ukuhlela ukuxhashazwa kwempahla yase-Armenia, kanye nemininingwane mayelana nenqubo yeTurkification yama-Armenia ngokusabalalisa izingane zase-Armenia. emindenini yaseTurkey futhi iyiguqulele enkolweni yamaSulumane (f.3).
Iwucezu oluyingqayizivele, njengoba iqukethe ama-oda ayengakaze afakwe kweminye imibhalo. Ikakhulukazi, inolwazi ngohlelo lokuhlalisa abantu baseTurkey ezindlini zase-Armenia abafudukayo ngenxa yeMpi YaseBalkan. Lona umbhalo wokuqala osemthethweni ovela eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman osho ngokusemthethweni noma yini ebesiyazi iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Nansi enye yaleyo miyalo eyingqayizivele:
12 May 331 (May 25, 1915), Cryptogram: Ngemva nje kokuchithwa kwabantu base-Armenian [amadolobhana], inani labantu namagama amadolobhana kufanele aziswe kancane kancane. Izindawo zase-Armenia ezingenabantu kumele zihlaliswe kabusha ngabafuduki abangamaSulumane, amaqembu abo agxile e-Ankara naseKonya. Ukusuka eKonya, kumelwe athunyelwe e-Adana naseDiarbekir (eTigranakert) futhi esuka e-Ankara aye eSivas (Sebastia), eKhesariya (eKayseri) naseMamuret-ul Aziz (Mezire, Harput). Ngaleyo njongo ekhethekile, abafuduki ababuthiwe kufanele bathunyelwe ezindaweni ezishiwo. Ngesikhathi sokuthola lo myalo, abafuduki abavela ezifundeni ezibalwe ngenhla kumele bahambe ngezindlela nezindlela ezishiwo. Ngalokhu, sazisa ukufezeka kwayo. (f.3)
Uma sibuza abantu abasinda ekubulaweni kohlanga noma sifunda izincwadi zabo zesikhumbuzo (Svazlian, 1995), sizophuma nobufakazi obuningi obubhalwe ngendlela efanayo, njengokuthi bebesiphusha, besixosha, besiphuca izingane zethu ngendluzula, besintshontsha. amadodakazi ethu, enikeza izindawo zethu zokukhosela kubafuduki abangamaSulumane. Lobu ubufakazi obuvela kufakazi, iqiniso elilotshwe enkumbulweni eladluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngezinkulumo kanye nangenkumbulo yofuzo. Le mibhalo iwukuphela kobufakazi obusemthethweni mayelana nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwase-Armenia. Omunye umbhalo ohlolisisiwe ovela e-Matenadaran i-cryptogram mayelana nokushintshwa kwabantu base-Armenia (yangomhla ziyi-12 kuMeyi, 1915 kanye nomhla zingama-25 kuMeyi, 1915 ekhalendeni likaGregory).
Ngakho-ke, amaqiniso amabili abalulekile adinga ukucatshangelwa. Abase-Armenia kwadingeka bahambe emahoreni amabili nje ngemva kokumemezela umthetho wokushintshwa. Ngakho-ke, uma ingane ilele kufanele ivuswe, uma owesifazane ebeletha kufanele athathe umgwaqo futhi uma ingane encane ibhukuda emfuleni, umama kwakufanele ahambe ngaphandle kokulinda ingane yakhe.
Ngokwalo myalelo, indawo ethile, ikamu noma isiqondiso akucacisiwe ngenkathi kuxoshwa ama-Armenia. Abanye abacwaningi baveza ukuthi icebo elithile alizange litholakale ngenkathi kuhlolwa imibhalo ehlobene nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwase-Armenia. Kodwa-ke, kukhona uhlelo oluthile oluqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokufuduka kwabantu base-Armenia besuka endaweni ethile beyiswa kwenye kanye nama-oda okubahlinzeka ngokudla, indawo yokuhlala, imithi kanye nezinye izidingo ezibalulekile ngesikhathi bexoshwa. Ukuthuthela endaweni engu-B kudingekile isikhathi esingu-X, esinengqondo futhi umzimba womuntu uyakwazi ukuphila. Akekho nomqondisi onjalo. Abantu bakhishelwa ngaphandle ezindlini zabo, baxoshwa ngendlela ehlelekile, imigwaqo yayishintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile njengoba bengenayo indawo yokugcina. Enye inhloso kwakuwukubhujiswa nokufa kwabantu ngokujaha nokubahlukumeza. Ngokuhambisana nokufuduka, uhulumeni waseTurkey wenze ukubhaliswa ngenhloso yenhlangano, ukuze kuthi nje ngemuva kokudingiswa kwama-Armenia ikomidi lokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabafuduki elithi "iskan ve asayiş müdüriyeti" lizokwazi ukuphinde lihlalise abafuduki baseTurkey.
Mayelana nezingane, ezaziphoqelekile ukuba zibe ngamaTurkified, kufanele kukhulunywe ngazo ukuthi zazingavunyelwe ukuhamba nabazali bazo. Kwakukhona amashumi ezinkulungwane zezintandane zase-Armenia ezazikhala ezindlini zabazali ezingenalutho futhi ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwengqondo (Svazlian, 1995).
Ngokuphathelene nezingane zase-Armenia, iqoqo le-Matenadaran line-Cryptogram (29 Juni, 331 okunguJulayi 12, 1915, i-Cryptogram-telegram (şifre)). “Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izingane zingase ziqhubeke ziphila endleleni eya ekudingisweni nasekudingisweni. Ngenjongo yokubafundisa nokubafundisa, kumelwe bahanjiswe emadolobheni nasezigodini ezinjalo ezilondekile ngokwezimali, phakathi kwemindeni yabantu abadumile lapho kungahlali khona ama-Armenia….” (f.3).
Kusuka kumbhalo ogciniwe we-Ottoman (yangoSepthemba 17, 1915) sithole ukuthi enkabeni ye-Ankara 733 (amakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi amathathu nantathu) abesifazane nezingane base-Armenia badingiselwa e-Eskişehir, besuka eKalecik 257, naseKeskin 1,169 (DH.EUM) 2. Şb) Lokhu kusho ukuthi izingane zale mindeni zaphenduka izintandane ngokuphelele. Ezindaweni ezinjengeKalecik neKeskin, ezinendawo encane kakhulu, izingane ezingu-1,426 2 ziningi kakhulu. Ngokwalo mbhalo ofanayo, sithole ukuthi izingane ezishiwo zasatshalaliswa ezinhlanganweni zamaSulumane (DH.EUM. 2011. Şb). Kufanele sisho ukuthi idokhumenti eshiwo ihlanganisa ulwazi olumayelana nezingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-Turkification lwezingane zase-Armenia lwabhalelwa izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu (Raymond, XNUMX). Umqondo walolu hlelo kwakuwukukhathazeka kokuthi izingane ezineminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu zizokhumbula imininingwane yobugebengu esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho, abantu base-Armenia babengenabantwana, bengenamakhaya, behlupheka ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba. Lokhu kumele kulahlwe njengecala elibhekiswe esintwini. Ukufakazela lezi zambulo zakamuva, kulesi senzakalo sicaphuna ocingweni olulodwa loMnyango Wezangaphakathi, futhi eqoqweni le-Matenadaran.
15 July 1915 (1915 July 28). Incwadi engokomthetho: “Kusukela ekuqaleni koMbuso Wase-Ottoman amadolobhana ahlala amaSulumane ayemancane futhi ehlehla ngenxa yokuthi ayekude nempucuko. Lokhu kungqubuzana nesikhundla sethu esiyinhloko okufanele siphindaphindeke isibalo samaSulumane ngokwaso. Amakhono abahwebi kanye nobungcweti kufanele kuthuthukiswe. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuhlalisa kabusha amadolobhana ase-Armenia angenawo abantu abanezakhamuzi, ababekade benezindlu eziyikhulu kuye kweziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu. Faka isicelo ngokushesha: Ngemva kokuhlala kwabo, amadolobhana azohlala engenalutho ukuze abhaliswe ukuze kamuva ahlaliswe kabusha nabafuduki abangamaSulumane nezizwe (f.3).
Ngakho hlobo luni lwesistimu olwalukhona ukuze kusetshenziswe lesi sigaba esishiwo ngenhla? Kuke kwaba nesikhungo esikhethekile eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman esinesihloko esithi “I-Deportation and Resettlement Directorate.” Ngesikhathi sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, le nhlangano yabambisana nokugunyazwa kwezakhiwo ezingenabanikazi. Lalisebenzise ukubhaliswa kwezindlu zase-Armenia futhi lenza izinhlu ezihambisana nalo. Ngakho nasi isizathu esiyinhloko sokudingiswa kwama-Armenia ngenxa yokuthi isizwe sonke sabhujiswa ogwadule. Ngakho, isibonelo sokuqala sokudingiswa sango-April 1915 futhi incwadi yakamuva, ekhona, yango-October 22, 1915. Ekugcineni, kwaba nini ukuqala noma ukuphela kokudingiswa noma saba yini isiphetho?
Akukho ukucaca. Iqiniso elilodwa kuphela elaziwayo ukuthi abantu babeqhutshwa njalo, beshintsha izinkomba zabo, inani lamaqembu ngisho namalungu eqembu: amantombazane amancane ngokwehlukana, abadala, izingane, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu, iqembu ngalinye ngokwehlukana. Futhi endleleni, babephoqeleka njalo ukuba baguqule.
Incwadi eyimfihlo eyasayinwa uTalyat Pasha, yango-Okthoba 22, yathunyelwa ezifundazweni ezingu-26 nalolu lwazi: “I-Talyat iyala uma kukhona amacala okuguqulwa ngemva kokuxoshwa, uma izicelo zabo zivunyiwe endlunkulu, ukuxoshwa kwabo kufanele kuqedwe. futhi uma impahla yazo isivele inikezwe omunye umfuduki kufanele ibuyiselwe kumnikazi wokuqala. Ukuguqulwa kwabantu abanjalo kwamukelekile” (DH. ŞFR, 1915).
Ngakho-ke, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi izindlela zombuso zokuthunjwa kwezakhamizi zase-Armenia eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman zenziwa ngaphambi kokuthi iTurkey ingene empini. Izenzo ezinjalo ngokumelene nezakhamuzi zase-Armenia zaziwubufakazi bokunyathela umthetho oyisisekelo wezwe njengoba ushiwo kuMthethosisekelo. Kulokhu, imibhalo yokuqala yoMbuso Wase-Ottoman ingaba ubufakazi obungangabazeki futhi obuyiqiniso benqubo yokuvuselelwa kwamalungelo anyathelwe ezisulu zokubulawa kohlanga lwase-Armenia.
Isiphetho
Imibhalo esanda kutholwa iwubufakazi obuthembekile mayelana nemininingwane ye-Armenian Genocide. Zihlanganisa imiyalo yezikhulu zezwe eziphakeme zoMbuso Wase-Ottoman zokuba kuxoshwe abase-Armenia, kuthathwe impahla yabo, kuguqule izingane zase-Armenia zibe yi-Islam, futhi ekugcineni zibaqothule. Ziwubufakazi bokuthi icebo lokuqothula uhlanga lahlelwa kudala ngaphambi kokuba uMbuso Wase-Ottoman uhlanganyele eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala. Kwakuwuhlelo olusemthethweni olwahlelwa ezingeni likahulumeni lokuqothula abantu base-Armenia, bacekele phansi izwe labo elingokomlando futhi bashaqe impahla yabo. Amazwe athuthukile kufanele asekele ukulahlwa kwanoma yiziphi izenzo zokuqothula uhlanga. Ngakho-ke, ngokushicilelwa kwalo mbiko, ngithanda ukunakwa ochwepheshe emkhakheni wezomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukugqugquzela ukulahlwa kokubulawa kwabantu nokuthula emhlabeni.
Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuvimbela ukuqothulwa kohlanga isijeziso sezifunda ezibulala abantu. Ukuhlonipha inkumbulo yezisulu zokubulawa kohlanga, ngicela ukuthi kugwetshwe ukucwaswa kwabantu kungakhathalekile ukuthi bangowaluphi uhlanga, isizwe, inkolo kanye nobulili.
Azikho izigebengu, azikho izimpi.
Okubhekwayo
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