Izingxabano Zobuzwe Nezenkolo: Singasiza Kanjani
Isingeniso
Ngithanda ukunibonga ngobuqotho nonke ngobukhona benu, baziswa kakhulu Ibhodi le-ICERM kanye nami. Ngibonga umngane wami, u-Basil Ugorji, ngokuzinikela kwakhe ku-ICERM kanye nosizo oluqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi kumalungu amasha njengami. Ukuqondisa kwakhe ngenqubo kwangivumela ukuthi ngihlangane neqembu. Ngalokho, ngibonga kakhulu futhi ngijabule ngokuba yilungu le-ICERM.
Umbono wami uwukwabelana ngemicabango ngezingxabano zobuzwe nezenkolo: ukuthi zenzeka kanjani nokuthi zingazixazulula kanjani ngempumelelo. Mayelana nalokho, ngizogxila ezimweni ezimbili eziqondile: i-India ne-Côte d'Ivoire.
Siphila ezweni lapho sibhekana nezinkinga nsuku zonke, ezinye zazo zikhula zibe izingxabano ezinobudlova. Izehlakalo ezinjalo zidala ukuhlupheka kwabantu futhi zishiya imiphumela eminingi, kuhlanganise nokufa, ukulimala, kanye ne-PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
Imvelo yalezo zingxabano ziyehluka ngokwezimo zezomnotho, izimo zezwe, izindaba zemvelo (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushoda kwezinsiza), ukungqubuzana okusekelwe kobunikazi obunjengobuhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, noma isiko nokunye okuningi.
Phakathi kwazo, izingxabano zobuzwe nezenkolo zinephethini yomlando yokudala izingxabano ezinodlame, okuyilezi: UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwango-1994 kumaTutsi eRwanda okwadla izisulu ezingu-800,000 (umthombo: Marijke Verpoorten); iSrebenica yango-1995, impi yangaphambili yaseYugoslavia eyabulala amaSulumane angu-8,000 1988 (umthombo: TPIY); ukungezwani kwezenkolo eXinjiang phakathi kwama-Uighurs amaSulumane noHans asekelwa uhulumeni waseShayina; ukushushiswa kwemiphakathi yama-Iraki Kurd ngo-XNUMX(ukusetshenziswa kwe-gaz ngokumelene namaKurdish edolobheni laseHalabja (umthombo: https://www.usherbrooke.ca/); kanye nokungezwani kwenkolo eNdiya…, ukubala nje okumbalwa.
Lezi zingxabano nazo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ziyinselele ukuzixazulula, sithatha isibonelo, ukungqubuzana kwama-Arab-Israel eMpumalanga Ephakathi, okungenye yezingxabano ezithatha isikhathi eside neziyinkimbinkimbi emhlabeni.
Izingxabano ezinjalo zihlala isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuthi zigxile kakhulu ezindabeni zokhokho; bazuzwe njengefa futhi bagqugquzelwa kakhulu ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, okubenza babe inselele kuze kube sekugcineni. Kungase kuthathe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba abantu bavume ukuqhubeka nemithwalo nobugovu bakudala.
Isikhathi esiningi, abanye osopolitiki basebenzisa inkolo nobuhlanga njengamathuluzi okukhohlisa. Laba bosopolitiki babizwa ngosomabhizinisi bepolitiki abasebenzisa iqhinga elehlukile ukugudluza imibono bese bethusa abantu ngokubenza bazizwe sengathi kunosongo kubona noma eqenjini labo. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma ukusabela ngenkathi benza ukusabela kwabo kubukeke njengokulwela ukusinda (umthombo: François Thual, 1995).
I-Case of India (Christophe Jaffrelot, 2003)
Ngo-2002, izwe laseGujarat labhekana nodlame phakathi kwamaHindu amaningi (89%) kanye nedlanzana lamaSulumane (10%). Izibhelu ezixube izinkolo zaziphindaphindeka, futhi ngingasho zaze zaba nesakhiwo eNdiya. Ucwaningo olwenziwa nguJaffrelot lugqamisa ukuthi, izikhathi eziningi, izibhelu zenzeka ngaphambi kokhetho ngenxa yengcindezi enkulu phakathi kwamaqembu ezenkolo, ezombangazwe, futhi akulula nangosopolitiki ukukholisa abavoti ngezimpikiswano zezenkolo. Kuleyo ngxabano, amaSulumane athathwa njengekholomu yesihlanu (amambuka) avela ngaphakathi, asongela ukuphepha kwamaHindu ngenkathi esebenzisana nePakistan. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu esizwe asakaza imiyalezo emelene namaSulumane futhi ngaleyo ndlela enze inhlangano yobuzwe esetshenziselwa izinzuzo zabo ngesikhathi sokhetho. Akugcini lapho kufanele kusolwe amaqembu epolitiki ngezimo ezinjena ngoba izikhulu zombuso nazo zinomthwalo wemfanelo. Kulolu hlobo lwengxabano, izikhulu zombuso ziyazabalaza ukugcina umbono uzivuna, ngakho-ke zisekela ngamabomu iningi lamaHindu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukungenelela kwamaphoyisa kanye nebutho ngesikhathi sezibhelu kuncane kakhulu futhi kuhamba kancane futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubonakala sekudlule isikhathi ngemva kokugqashuka nomonakalo omkhulu.
Kwabanye abantu abangamaHindu, lezi zibhelu zingamathuba okuziphindiselela amaSulumane, kwesinye isikhathi acebe kakhulu futhi athathwa njengabaxhaphazi ababalulekile bamaHindu omdabu.
Indaba yase-Ivory Coast (Phillipe Hugon, 2003)
Icala lesibili engifuna ukuxoxa ngalo ukungqubuzana kwase-Côte d'Ivoire kusukela ngo-2002 kuya ku-2011. Ngangingumxhumanisi lapho uhulumeni namavukela-mbuso besayina isivumelwano sokuthula e-Ouagadougou ngo-March 4, 2007.
Lokhu kungqubuzana kuchazwe njengokungqubuzana phakathi kweMuslim Dioulas yaseNyakatho namaKrestu aseNingizimu. Iminyaka eyisithupha (2002-2007), izwe lahlukaniswa laba eNyakatho, liphethwe amavukelambuso asekelwa abantu baseNyakatho naseNingizimu, elawulwa uhulumeni. Noma ngabe ukungqubuzana kubukeka njengokungqubuzana kwe-ethnoreligious, kuyadingeka ukuveza ukuthi akunjalo.
Ekuqaleni le nkinga yaqala ngo-1993 ngesikhathi kushona owayenguMongameli uFélix Houphouët Boigny. UNdunankulu wakhe u-Alassane Ouattara wayefuna ukumthatha esikhundleni, ebhekise kumthethosisekelo, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke ngendlela ayehlele ngayo, walandelwa umongameli wephalamende, uHenry Konan Bédié.
UBédié wabe esehlela ukhetho eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-1995, kodwa u-Alassane Ouattara wakhishwa emqhudelwaneni (ngamaqhinga omthetho…).
Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, ngo-1999 uBédié waxoshwa ekuketulweni umbuso okwakuholwa amasosha amancane aseNyakatho aqotho ku-Alassane Ouattara. Imicimbi yalandelwa wukhetho olwahlelwa ngo-2000 ngabashokobezi, kwathi u-Alassane Ouattara waphinde washiywa ngaphandle, kwavumela uLaurent Gbagbo ukuthi anqobe ukhetho.
Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-2002, kwaba nokuvukela u-Gbagbo, futhi isidingo esiyinhloko samavukela-mbuso kwaba ukufakwa kwabo ohlelweni lwentando yeningi. Baphumelele ukuphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi ahlele ukhetho ngo-2011 lapho u-Alassane Ouattara avunyelwa khona ukubamba iqhaza njengekhandidethi wabe esewina.
Kulokhu, ukufuna amandla ezombusazwe kwakuyimbangela yengxabano eyaphenduka yaba ukuvukela ngezikhali futhi yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-10,000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuzwe nenkolo kwasetshenziswa kuphela ukukholisa amasosha, ikakhulukazi lawo asemaphandleni, abafundile.
Ezingxabanweni eziningi zobuzwe nezenkolo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi zokungezwani kobuhlanga nokungezwani kwezenkolo kuyisici sokumaketha esizindeni sosomabhizinisi bezepolitiki okuhloswe ngaso ukuhlanganisa izishoshovu, abalwi, nezinsiza. Ngakho-ke, yibona abanqumayo ukuthi yibuphi umkhakha abazowufaka ukuze bafeze izinhloso zabo.
Yini Engayenza?
Abaholi bomphakathi babuyele esimeni ezindaweni eziningi kulandela ukwehluleka kwabaholi bezepolitiki kuzwelonke. Lokhu kuhle. Nokho, iseyinde indlela yokwakha ukwethembana nokuzethemba phakathi kwabantu bendawo, futhi ingxenye yezinselelo ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ukuze babhekane nezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano.
Noma ubani angaba umholi ezikhathini ezizinzile, kodwa ngeshwa, ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi ezenzeka njalo njalo, kubalulekile ukukhetha abaholi abaqeqeshiwe bomphakathi namazwe. Abaholi abangafeza ngempumelelo umsebenzi wabo.
Isiphetho
Ngiyazi ukuthi le thesis ingaphansi kokugxekwa okuningi, kodwa ngifuna nje ukuthi sikukhumbule lokhu: ukugqugquzeleka ezingxabanweni akukhona okuvela kwasekuqaleni. Kungase kudingeke simbe sijule ngaphambi kokuba siqonde ukuthi yini ngempela ebhebhezela izingxabano. Ezimweni eziningi, izingxabano eziphathelene nenkolo zisetshenziselwa ukumboza izifiso zezepolitiki kanye namaphrojekthi.
Khona-ke kungumthwalo wethu njengabadali bokuthula ukukhomba kunoma iyiphi ingxabano eyodwa ukuthi obani abadlali abasathuthukayo nokuthi yiziphi izintshisekelo zabo. Nakuba lokho kungase kungabi lula, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka uqeqesha futhi wabelane ngolwazi nabaholi bomphakathi ukuze kuvinjwe ukungqubuzana (ezimweni ezingcono kakhulu) noma ukuzixazulula lapho sezivele zanda khona.
Kulelo nothi, ngikholelwa ukuthi i-ICERM, i-International Centre for Ethno-Religious Mediation, iyindlela enhle kakhulu yokusisiza ukuba sifinyelele ukusimama ngokuhlanganisa izazi, abaholi bezombusazwe kanye nomphakathi ukuze babelane ngolwazi nolwazi.
Ngiyabonga ngokunaka kwenu, futhi ngithemba ukuthi lokhu kuzoba isisekelo sezingxoxo zethu. Futhi ngiyabonga futhi ngokungamukela eqenjini nokungivumela ukuthi ngibe yingxenye yalolu hambo oluhle njengabadali bokuthula.
Mayelana noSomlomo
U-Yacouba Isaac Zida wayeyisikhulu esiphezulu sebutho laseBurkina Faso esikhundleni sikaJenene.
Waqeqeshwa emazweni amaningi okuhlanganisa iMorocco, Cameroon, Taiwan, France, kanye neCanada. Uphinde waba ngumhlanganyeli ohlelweni lwe-Joint Special Operations eNyuvesi yaseTampa, eFlorida, e-United States.
Ngemuva kokuvukela kwabantu eBurkina Faso ngo-Okthoba 2014, uMnu. Zida waqokwa amasosha njengeNhloko Yesikhashana Yezwe laseBurkina Faso ukuthi ahole izingxoxo ezaholela ekuqokweni komuntu ongekho emthethweni njengomholi wezinguquko. UMnu. Zida wabe eseqokwa njengoNdunankulu ngoLwezi wezi-2014 nguhulumeni wenguquko.
Wehla esikhundleni ngoZibandlela wezi-2015 ngemuva kokwenza ukhetho olukhululekile kunawo wonke aseke awenza eBurkina Faso. Kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2016 uMnu. Zida ubelokhu ehlala e-Ottawa, eCanada, nomndeni wakhe. Wanquma ukubuyela esikoleni ayokwenza iPh.D. kungqubuzana Izifundo. Izintshisekelo zakhe zocwaningo zigxile ebuphekula esifundeni saseSahel.
