I-Hindutva yase-USA: Ukuqonda Ukugqugquzelwa Kwezingxabano Zobuzwe Nezenkolo
- Ngu-Adem Carroll, Justice for All USA kanye noSadia Masroor, Justice for All Canada
- Izinto ziyawohloka; isikhungo asikwazi ukubamba.
- Isiyaluyalu sithululiwe emhlabeni,
- Igagasi elifiphele igazi liyaxega, nakuyo yonke indawo
- Umkhosi wokungabi nacala uminzile-
- Okuhle kunakho konke ukuqiniseka, kuyilapho okubi kakhulu
- Zigcwele umfutho ovuthayo.
Isiphakamiso Esiphakanyisiwe:
U-Carroll, A., & Masroor, S. (2022). I-Hindutva yase-USA: Ukuqonda Ukugqugquzelwa Kwezingxabano Zobuzwe Nezenkolo. Iphepha elethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yesi-7 Yaminyaka Yonke Ye-International Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation's Annual International on Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution and Religious Peacebuilding on September 29, 2022 at Manhattanville College, Purchase, New York.
Background
I-India iyisizwe esihlukene ngokwezizwe esiyizigidigidi eziyi-1.38. Njengoba idlanzana layo lamaSulumane lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-200, kungenzeka ukuthi ezombangazwe zaseNdiya zamukele ubuningi njengengxenye yobuntu bayo “njengentando yeningi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.” Ngeshwa, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ipolitiki yase-India isiye yahlukanisa kakhulu futhi i-Islamophobic.
Ukuze aqonde inkulumo yayo ehlukanisayo yezombangazwe namasiko umuntu angase akhumbule iminyaka engu-200 yokubuswa kwamakoloni aseBrithani, okokuqala yiBritish East India Company kwase kuba yiBritish Crown. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Partition of India kanye nePakistan eyayichitha igazi yango-1947 yahlukanisa isifunda ngemigqa yenkolo, okwaholela emashumini eminyaka engxabano phakathi kweNdiya nomakhelwane wayo, iPakistan, izwe elinabantu abangamaSulumane abayizigidi ezingama-220.
I-“Hindutva” iwumbono we-supremacist ofana nenkolo yobuHindu ephinde yavela ephikisana nokungabi nankolo futhi ebona iNdiya “njengesizwe samaHindu”. I-Hindutva iyisimiso esiqondisayo se-Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), inhlangano yangakwesokudla, i-Hindu nationalist, inhlangano yamasosha eyasungulwa ngo-1925 exhunyaniswe nenethiwekhi enkulu yezinhlangano eziphiko lwesokudla, okuhlanganisa ne-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ene uhole uhulumeni waseNdiya kusukela ngo-2014. UHindutva akagcini nje ngokunxusa abantu abasezingeni eliphezulu uBrahmin abafuna ukubambelela elungelweni lakhe kodwa uqanjwa njengenhlangano yabantu abaningi ekhanga “abaphakathi abanganakiwe. [1]. "
Naphezu komthethosisekelo wase-India wangemva kobukoloni uvala ukucwasa okusekelwe embonweni wesigaba, uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwabantu nokho luhlala lunamandla amasiko e-India, isibonelo, lwahlanganiswa lwaba ngamaqembu epolitiki. Udlame lomphakathi ngisho nokubulala kusachazwa futhi kulungiswe ngokwezigaba. Umlobi ongumNdiya, uDevdutt Pattanaik, uchaza indlela “uHindutva aye waqinisa ngayo amabhange amaHindu ngokuphumelelayo ngokuqaphela ukuba ngokoqobo kwezigaba kanye ne-Islamophobia eyisisekelo futhi ngokungangabazeki ekufanisa nobuzwe.” Futhi uSolwazi Harish S. Wankhede usephethe[2], “Inkathi yamanje yophiko lwesokudla ayifuni ukuphazamisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile komphakathi. Esikhundleni salokho, abasekeli beHindutva benza ipolitiki yokuhlukana ngokwezigaba, bakhuthaze izindinganiso zezenhlalo zezinzalamizi futhi bagubhe amafa amasiko eBrahmanical.”
Ngokukhulayo, imiphakathi eyidlanzana iye yahlushwa ukungabekezelelani ngokwenkolo kanye nokucwaswa ngaphansi kukahulumeni omusha we-BJP. Okuhloswe ngakho kakhulu, amaSulumane aseNdiya abone ukwanda okumangazayo kwabaholi abakhethiwe kusukela ekukhuthazeni imikhankaso yokuhlukunyezwa kwe-inthanethi kanye nokuduba umnotho kwamabhizinisi aphethwe ngamaSulumane kuya eziceleni ezisobala zokuqothulwa kohlanga ngabaholi abathile bamaHindu. Udlame olumelene nedlanzana lufake phakathi ukubulawa kwabantu nokuqwasha.[3]
Ngokwezinga lenqubomgomo, ubuzwe bobuHindu obungabandakanyi buqukethwe kuMthetho Wokuchibiyela Ubuzwe baseNdiya wango-2019 (CAA), osabisa ngokuhoxisa izigidi zamaSulumane asuka eBengali. Njengoba kuphawulwe Ikhomishana YaseMelika Yenkululeko Yamazwe Ngamazwe, “i-CAA ihlinzeka ngomkhondo osheshayo kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe abangewona amaSulumane abavela e-Afghanistan, e-Bangladesh, nasePakistan, okugcwele amaSulumane ukuthi bafake izicelo zokuba yisakhamuzi saseNdiya. Umthetho empeleni unikeza abantu abathile bemiphakathi ekhethiwe, engeyona eyamaSulumane kula mazwe isikhundla sababaleki ngaphakathi kwe-India futhi ugodle isigaba 'sokufika ngokungemthetho' samaSulumane kuphela."[4] AmaSulumane amaRohingya abalekela ukubulawa kwabantu eMyanmar futhi ahlala eJammu asatshiswe ngodlame kanye nokudingiswa abaholi beBJP.[5] Izishoshovu ezimelene ne-CAA, izintatheli nabafundi baye bahlukunyezwa futhi baboshwa.
Imibono yamaHindutva isatshalaliswa izinhlangano eziningi okungenani emazweni angama-40 emhlabeni jikelele, eziholwa abalandeli beqembu elibusayo lezepolitiki laseNdiya kanye noNdunankulu uNarendra Modi. I-Sangh Parivar (“Umndeni We-RSS”) igama eliyisambulela sokuqoqwa kwezinhlangano zobuzwe zamaHindu ezihlanganisa i-Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP, noma “World Hindu Organization,”) i-CIA eyibeke njengenhlangano yezenkolo elwisayo emhlabeni wayo. Ukungena kwe-Factbook ka-2018[6] kwelaseNdiya. Ithi "ivikela" inkolo namasiko amaHindu, uphiko lwentsha lwe-VHP u-Bajrang Dal wenze inqwaba yezenzo zobudlova.[7] eqondise amaSulumane aseNdiya futhi yaphinde yahlukaniswa njengamasosha. Yize i-Factbook ingakwenzi lokho okwamanje, kwaba nemibiko ngo-Agasti 2022 yokuthi u-Bajrang Dal uhlela “ukuqeqeshwa kwezikhali zamaHindu.”[8]
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlangano eziningi ziye zasakaza umbono wamaHindutva wobuzwe eNdiya nasemhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo, i-Vishwa Hindu Parishad of America (VHPA) ingase ihlukaniswe ngokusemthethweni ne-VHP yase-India eyagqugquzela ukucekelwa phansi komlando we-Babri Mosque ngo-1992 kanye nodlame olukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi olwalandela.[9] Kodwa-ke, ibaseke ngokusobala abaholi beVHP abagqugquzela udlame. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2021 i-VHPA yamema u-Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, umpristi omkhulu weDasna Devi Temple eGhaziabad, e-Uttar Pradesh, kanye nomholi weHindu Swabhiman (Ukuzihlonipha KwamaHindu), ukuba ayoba isikhulumi esihlonishwayo emkhosini wenkolo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezicasulayo, uSaraswati udume kabi ngokuncoma ababulali abangamaHindu baseMahatma Gandhi, nangokubiza amaSulumane ngamademoni.[10] I-VHPA yaphoqeleka ukuthi ihoxise isimemo sayo kulandela isicelo se-#RejectHate, kodwa abanye abahlobene nale nhlangano, njengoSonal Shah, basanda kuqokwa ezikhundleni eziphezulu ku-Biden Administration.[11]
E-India, u-Rashtrasevika Samiti umele uphiko lwabesifazane, ngaphansi kwenhlangano yabesilisa ye-RSS. I-Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) isebenze e-USA, yaqala ngokungakahleleki ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 yabuye yafakwa ngo-1989, ngenkathi isebenza nakwamanye amazwe angaphezu kuka-150 anamagatsha alinganiselwa ku-3289.[12]. E-USA, amanani e-Hindutva nawo avezwa futhi athuthukiswa yi-Hindu American Foundation (HAF), inhlangano emelelayo ebonisa ukugxekwa kwe-Hindutva kufana ne-Hinduphobia.[13]
Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukuhlangana, zakha inethiwekhi ebandakanyeka kakhulu yabaholi nama-influencers amaHindutva. Lokhu kuxhumana kwabonakala ngoSepthemba 2019 ngesikhathi somhlangano kaHowdy Modi eHouston, eTexas, isikhathi lapho amandla ezepolitiki omphakathi wamaHindu aseMelika athola ukunakwa kwabezindaba e-USA. Bemi eceleni, uMongameli uTrump kanye noNdunankulu uModi batusa omunye nomunye. Kepha u-'Howdy, Modi 'wabuthana ndawonye hhayi nje uMongameli uTrump kanye namaNdiya aseMelika angama-50,000, kodwa osopolitiki abaningi, okuhlanganisa noMholi weDemocratic House Majority uSteny Hoyer kanye noSenator wase-Texas Republican uJohn Cornyn noTed Cruz.
Njengoba i-Intercept yabika ngaleso sikhathi[14], “Usihlalo wekomiti elihlela i-'Howdy, Modi', uJugal Malani, ungumlamu wephini likamongameli kazwelonke we-HSS.[15] futhi umeluleki we-Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation yase-USA[16], inhlangano engenzi nzuzo kwezemfundo uzakwabo wase-India oxhumene ne-RSS offshoot. Umshana kaMalani, uRishi Bhutada*, ubemkhulumeli omkhulu womcimbi futhi uyilungu lebhodi le-Hindu American Foundation.[17], eyaziwa ngamasu ayo anolaka okuthonya izinkulumo zezombusazwe eNdiya nobuHindu. Omunye umkhulumeli, uGitesh Desai, ungumongameli[18] yesahluko saseHouston seSewa International, inhlangano yezinkonzo exhumene ne-HSS.”
Ephepheni locwaningo luka-2014 elibalulekile neliningilizayo[19] bedweba imephu ye-Hindutva landscape e-USA, abacwaningi Bewebhu baseNingizimu Asia base beyichazile i-Sangh Parivar (“umndeni” wama-Sangh), inethiwekhi yamaqembu ahamba phambili embuthweni wamaHindutva, ngokuthi inamalungu alinganiselwe ababalelwa ezigidini, futhi ihlanganisa izigidi zamaRandi kumaqembu obuzwe eNdiya.
Kuhlanganisa nawo wonke amaqembu ezenkolo, inani labantu baseNdiya eTexas liye laphindeka kabili eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule lafinyelela ku-450,000, kodwa iningi lihlala lihambisana neDemocratic Party. Umthelela womzuzu we-Howdy Modi[20] kubonise impumelelo kaNdunankulu uModi ekuboniseni izifiso zamaNdiya kunanoma yikuphi ukukhanga uMongameli uDonald Trump. Umphakathi futhi usekela i-Modi kune-pro-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), njengabafika abaningi baseNdiya.[21] e-United States baqhamuka eSouth India lapho i-BJP ebusayo kaModi ingabambeki kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba abanye abaholi bamaHindutva e-USA balusekela ngenkani udonga lwasemngceleni kaTrump eTexas, isibalo esandayo sabokufika baseNdiya siwela umngcele oseningizimu.[22], kanye nezinqubomgomo eziqinile zabaphathi bakhe mayelana nokuthuthela kwelinye izwe - ikakhulukazi imingcele yama-visa e-H1-B, kanye nohlelo lokuphuca abanikazi bama-visa e-H-4 (abashade nabaphethe ama-visa e-H1-B) ilungelo lokusebenza—kwahlukanisa nabanye abaningi emphakathini. "Abashisekeli bobuzwe baseMelika basebenzise isikhundla sabo sengcosana ukuze bazivikele ngenkathi besekela inhlangano enkulu e-India," ngokusho kukaDieter Friedrich, umhlaziyi wezindaba waseNingizimu Asia ocashunwe yi-Intercept.[23] Kuzo zombili i-India kanye ne-USA, abaholi bobuzwe abahlukene babekhuthaza ipolitiki enkulu ukuze banxuse abavoti babo.[24]
Njengoba intatheli uSonia Paul abhala kuyi-Atlantic,[25] “URadha Hegde, uprofesa weNyuvesi yaseNew York kanye nomhleli we- I-Routledge Handbook ye-Indian Diaspora, ifake uhlaka lwerali ka-Modi e-Houston njengoba igqamisa isizinda sokuvota iningi labantu baseMelika abangalicabangi. 'Kulo mzuzu wobuzwe bamaHindu,' wangitshela, 'ayavuswa njengamaHindu aseMelika.'” Kungenzeka ukuthi amalungu amaningi angamaHindu aseMelika amaqembu axhumene ne-RSS awafundiswanga ngokugcwele, kodwa ahambisana nje namaNdiya aphinde avuka. ubuzwe. Futhi nokho kusakhathaza kakhulu ukuthi lokhu "kuvuka" kwenzeka emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokuthi uhulumeni waseModi ephuce uJammu kanye neKashmir ukuzimela futhi wabeka amaSulumane ayizigidi ezimbili engcupheni yokungabi nazwe esifundazweni sase-Assam.[26]
Incwadi Yokufunda Izimpi Zamasiko
Njengoba abantu baseMelika sebevele bazi ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo “zamalungelo abazali” kanye ne-Critical Race Theory (CRT), izimpi zekharikhulamu yesikole ziyama futhi zilolongwa izimpi zamasiko ezinkulu zezwe. Ukubhalwa kabusha okuhlelekile komlando kuyisici esibalulekile sombono wamaHindu wobuzwe futhi ukungena kwe-Hindutva kuhlelo lwezifundo kubonakala kuseyinkinga kazwelonke e-India nase-USA. Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa okuthile ekufanekisweni kwamaHindu kungase kudingeke, le nqubo iye yaba nepolitiki kusukela ekuqaleni.[27]
Ngo-2005 izishoshovu ze-Hindutva zammangalela [ubani] ukuze avimbele "izithombe ezingezinhle" zohlelo lwezigaba ukuba zifakwe ohlelweni lwezifundo.[28]. Njengoba ama-Equality Labs achaza ocwaningweni lwawo lwango-2018 lwe-caste eMelika, "ukuhlelwa kwabo kuhlanganisa nokuzama ukusula igama elithi "Dalit", ukusula umsuka we-Caste embhalweni wamaHindu, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa izinselele ku-Caste kanye ne-Brahmanism kaSikh, Buddhist, kanye namasiko Islamic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazama ukufaka imininingwane eyinganekwane emlandweni we-Indus Valley Civilization kuyilapho bezama ukunyundela ubuSulumane njengenkolo yokunqoba ngobudlova eNingizimu Asia.”[29]
Kubantu abashisekela ubuzwe bamaHindu, isikhathi esidlule saseNdiya sihlanganisa impucuko ekhazimulayo yamaHindu elandelwa ukubusa kwamaSulumane amakhulu eminyaka uNdunankulu uModi akuchaza njengeminyaka eyinkulungwane “yobugqila.”[30] Izazi-mlando ezihlonishwayo eziphikelelayo ekuchazeni umbono oyinkimbinkimbi zithola ukuhlukunyezwa okubanzi ku-inthanethi ngemibono “emelene namaHindu, emelene neNdiya”. Isibonelo, isazi-mlando esidumile esineminyaka engama-89, u-Romila Thapar, uthola ukusakazwa okujwayelekile kwezithombe ezingcolile zobulili kubalandeli be-Modi.[31]
Ngo-2016 iNyuvesi yaseCalifornia (Irvine) yenqaba uxhaso lwezigidi eziyisi-6 zamarandi oluvela ku-Dharma Civilization Foundation (DCF) ngemuva kokuba ongoti bezemfundo abaningi basayine incwadi yezikhalazo ephawula ukuthi abangaphansi kwe-DCF bazamile ukwethula izinguquko ezingelona iqiniso ezincwadini zaseCalifornia zebanga lesithupha. mayelana nobuHindu[32], futhi izwakalisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nombiko wabezindaba obonisa ukuthi umnikelo uncike ekukhetheni inyuvesi eqoka i-DCF efiselekayo. Ikomidi lobuhlakani lithole isisekelo “siqhutshwa ngokwedlulele” “nemibono ephiko lwesokudla eyedlulele.”[33] Ngemva kwalokho, i-DCF yamemezela izinhlelo zokuthola isigidi samaRandi[34] ye-Hindu University of America[35], ehlinzeka ngokusekela kwesikhungo kubantu abasemikhakheni yezemfundo ebekwe eqhulwini yi-Sangh, njengophiko lwezemfundo lwe-VHPA.
Ngo-2020, abazali abahlotshaniswa ne-Mothers Against Teaching Hate in Schools (Project-MATHS) babuza ukuthi kungani uhlelo lokufunda lwe-Epic, izikole zomphakathi e-US kulo lonke elase-US ezinalo ohlelweni lwezifundo lwazo, lubonisa umlando kaNdunankulu uModi oveza izimangalo zakhe ezingamanga mayelana nemfundo yakhe. ukuzuzwa kwezemfundo, kanye nokuhlasela kwakhe iCongress Party kaMahatma Gandhi.[36]
Ukushuba kwesimo kuqhubekile nokudlondlobala. Ekwindla ka-2021 abameli bamalungelo abantu kanye nabagxeki bombuso we-Modi bahlela ingqungquthela ye-inthanethi, i-Dismantling Global Hindutva, okuhlanganisa amaphaneli ngohlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, i-Islamophobia kanye nomehluko phakathi kobuHindu inkolo kanye ne-Hindutva umbono omkhulu. Lo mcimbi ubuxhaswe yiminyango yamanyuvesi aseMelika angaphezu kuka-40, okuhlanganisa iHarvard neColumbia. I-Hindu American Foundation namanye amalungu enhlangano yamaHindutva asigxekile lesi senzakalo ngokuthi sidala isimo esinobutha kubafundi abangamaHindu.[37] Cishe ama-imeyili ayisigidi athunyelwa emanyuvesi ebhikisha, futhi iwebhusayithi yomcimbi ayizange ixhumeke ku-inthanethi izinsuku ezimbili ngemuva kwesikhalazo esingamanga. Ngesikhathi umcimbi ngoSepthemba 10, abahleli bawo nezikhulumi bese bethole izinsongo zokufa nokudlwengulwa. E-India, iziteshi zezindaba ze-Pro-Modi zikhuthaze izinsolo zokuthi ingqungquthela inikeze “ikhava yobuhlakani yamaTaliban.”[38]
Izinhlangano zamaHindutva zathi lesi senzakalo sasakaza “i-Hinduphobia.” "Basebenzisa ulimi lwe-American multiculturalism ukubiza noma yikuphi ukugxeka ngokuthi i-Hinduphobia," kusho uGyan Prakash, isazi-mlando ePrinceton University owayeyisikhulumi engqungqutheleni yamaHindutva.[39] Ezinye izifundiswa zihoxile kulo mcimbi ngenxa yokwesabela imindeni yazo, kodwa ezinye ezinjengo-Audrey Truschke, uprofesa womlando waseNingizimu Asia e-Rutgers University, usevele ethola izinsongo zokufa nokudlwengulwa ezivela kubantu besizwe samaHindu ngomsebenzi wakhe kubabusi abangamaSulumane baseNdiya. Ngokuvamile udinga ukuvikeleka okuhlomile emicimbini yokukhuluma esidlangalaleni.
Iqembu labafundi abangamaHindu abavela eRutgers lafaka isicelo kubaphathi, lifuna ukuba angavunyelwa ukufundisa izifundo zobuHindu neNdiya.[40] USolwazi u-Audrey Truschke naye ubizwe ecaleni le-HAF ngokubhala kuTwitter[41] mayelana nendaba ye-al Jazeera kanye ne-Hindu American Foundation. NgoSepthemba 8, 2021, uphinde wafakaza ku-Congressional Briefing, “Hindutva Attacks on Academic Freedom.”[42]
Ubuzwe bamaHindu obuphiko kwesokudla buye bathuthukisa kanjani ukufinyelela kwabo okubanzi ezifundweni?[43] Ekuqaleni kuka-2008 i-Campaign to Stop Funding Hate (CSFH) yayikhiphe umbiko wayo, "Ngokungangabazeki i-Sangh: I-HSC Kazwelonke kanye ne-Hindutva Agenda yayo," egxile ekukhuleni kophiko lwabafundi be-Sangh Parivar e-USA - the Hindu Students Council (HSC). ).[44] Ngokusekelwe ekubuyiselweni kwentela ye-VHPA, ukufakwa kwe-US Patents Office, ulwazi lokubhaliswa kwesizinda se-inthanethi, izingobo zomlando nokushicilelwe kwe-HSC, umbiko ubhala “umkhondo omude nominyene wokuxhumana phakathi kwe-HSC ne-Sangh kusukela ngo-1990 kuze kube manje.” I-HSC yasungulwa ngo-1990 njengomklamo we-VHP yaseMelika.[45] I-HSC ikhuthaze izikhulumi ezihlukanisayo nezingamahlelo ezifana no-Ashok Singhal no-Sadhvi Rithambara futhi yaphikisana nemizamo yabafundi yokuthuthukisa ukubandakanywa.[46]
Kodwa-ke, intsha yase-Indian American ingase ijoyine i-HSC ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuxhumana “okungabonakali” phakathi kwe-HSC ne-Sangh. Ngokwesibonelo, njengelungu elikhuthele leqembu lakhe labafundi abangamaHindu eNyuvesi yaseCornell, uSamir wabheka ukukhuthaza umphakathi wakubo ukuba uhlanganyele ezingxoxweni zobulungisa bezenhlalo nezobuhlanga kanye nokukhuthaza ingokomoya. Wangitshela ukuthi wafinyelela kanjani eMkhandlwini WamaHindu Kazwelonke ukuze ahlele ingqungquthela enkulu yabafundi eyayibanjelwe e-MIT ngo-2017. Lapho ekhuluma nabalingani bakhe ababehlela, ngokushesha waba nokungakhululeki futhi wadumala lapho i-HSC imema umbhali u-Rajiv Malhotra njengesikhulumi esiqavile.[47] UMalhotra ungumsekeli oshisekayo we-Hindutva, umhlaseli ophikisana nabagxeki be-Hindutva kanye naku-inthanethi. umqaphi ngokumelene nezifundiswa angavumelani nazo[48]. Isibonelo, uMalhotra ubelokhu eqondise isazi u-Wendy Doniger, emhlasela ngamagama athinta ucansi nezamuntu siqu okwaphinda kwaphindwa ezinsolweni eziyimpumelelo e-India lapho ngo-2014 incwadi yakhe ethi, "The Hindus," yavalwa kulelo zwe.
Ngaphandle kobungozi, abanye abantu nezinhlangano baqhubekile nokuhlehla ngokumelene neHindutva esidlangalaleni[49], kuyilapho abanye befuna ezinye izindlela. Kusukela ekuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ne-HSC, uSamir uthole umphakathi wamaHindu okhululekile nonomqondo ovulekile futhi manje ukhonza njengelungu lebhodi le-Sadhana, inhlangano yamaHindu ethuthukayo. Uyaphawula: “Ukholo lunombono womuntu siqu. Kodwa-ke, e-USA kunemigqa yamaphutha ezinhlanga nezinhlanga ezidinga ukunakwa, kodwa eNdiya lezi zigxile kakhulu emigqeni yezenkolo, futhi noma ngabe ukhetha ukugcina ukholo nepolitiki ngokwehlukana, kunzima ukungalindeli ukuphawula okuthile kubaholi bezenkolo bendawo. Imibono eyahlukene ikhona kuwo wonke amabandla, futhi amanye amathempeli ahlala kude nanoma yikuphi ukuphawula “kwezombangazwe,” kuyilapho amanye ebonisa ukuthambekela kobuzwe okwengeziwe, ngokusekelwa kokwakhiwa kweThempeli laseRam Janmabhoomi endaweni ye-mosque yase-Ayodhya ebhidliziwe njengesibonelo. Angicabangi ukuthi ukuhlukana Kwesokunxele/kwesokudla e-USA kuyafana naseNdiya. I-Hindutva kuzimo zaseMelika ihlangana ne-Evangelical Right on Islamophobia, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izindaba. Ubudlelwano bakwesokudla buyinkimbinkimbi. ”
I-Legal Push Back
Izenzo zomthetho zakamuva zenze udaba lokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba lwabonakala nakakhulu. NgoJulayi 2020, abalawuli baseCalifornia bamangalela inkampani yezobuchwepheshe i-Cisco Systems ngezinsolo zokucwasa unjiniyela waseNdiya ngozakwabo baseNdiya ngenkathi bonke besebenza esifundazweni.[50]. Icala lithi uCisco akazange akuphendule ngokwanele ukukhathazeka kwesisebenzi sika-Dalit esilimele sokuthi uhlukunyezwe ozakwabo abangamaHindu abaphezulu. Njengoba uVidya Krishnan ebhala e-Atlantic, “Icala laseCisco liwumlando. Inkampani—noma iyiphi inkampani—yayingeke ibhekane namacala anjalo eNdiya, lapho ukucwasa ngokwezigaba, nakuba kungekho emthethweni, kuyiqiniso elamukelekayo… isinqumo sizobeka isibonelo kuzo zonke izinkampani zaseMelika, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinenani elikhulu labasebenzi baseNdiya noma imisebenzi. eNdiya.”[51]
Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngoMeyi ka-2021, icala lombuso lisola ukuthi inhlangano yamaHindu, iBochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, eyaziwa kabanzi nge-BAPS, yaheha abasebenzi abasezingeni eliphansi abangaphezu kuka-200 e-US ukuthi bayokwakha ithempeli elikhulu lamaHindu eNew Jersey. , ibakhokhela imali encane engu-$1.20 ngehora iminyaka eminingana.[52] Icala lithe abasebenzi bahlala endaweni ebiyelwe lapho ukunyakaza kwabo kuqashwe ngamakhamera nonogada. I-BAPS ibala ngaphezu kwe-1200 mandirs kunethiwekhi yayo kanye namathempeli angaphezu kwama-50 e-USA nase-UK, amanye amahle kakhulu. Yize yaziwa ngokusiza umphakathi nokupha abantu, i-BAPS iye yeseka esidlangalaleni futhi yaxhasa ngezimali iRam Mandir e-Ayodhya, eyakhelwe endaweni yesonto lamaSulumane elinomlando elabhidlizwa ubuzwe bamaHindu, futhi uNdunankulu waseNdiya uModi ube nobudlelwane obuseduze nale nhlangano. IBAPS iziphikile izinsolo zokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi.[53]
Ngaso leso sikhathi, umfelandawonye wezishoshovu zase-Indian American kanye nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu ucele i-US Small Business Administration (SBA) ukuthi iphenye ukuthi amaqembu amaHindu aphiko lwesokudla athola kanjani amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi kwizimali zosizo ze-COVID-19, njengoba kubikiwe. ngu-Al Jazeera ngo-Ephreli 2021.[54] Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izinhlangano ezixhumene ne-RSS zithole ngaphezu kuka-$833,000 wezinkokhelo eziqondile, kanye nezimalimboleko. U-Al Jazeera ucaphune uJohn Prabhudoss, usihlalo weFederation of Indian American Christian Organisations: “Amaqembu aqapha uhulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu kumele bakuqaphele ukuxhashazwa koxhaso lwe-COVID ngamaqembu amaHindu aseMelika.”
I-Islamophobia
Njengoba sekushiwo, eNdiya ukukhuthazwa kwezinkulumo eziphikisana namaSulumane kusabalele. I-pogrom emelene namaSulumane eDelhi[55] kuhambisane nokuvakasha kukamongameli kukaDonald Trump okokuqala eNdiya[56]. Futhi phakathi neminyaka emibili edlule imikhankaso eku-inthanethi ikhuthaze ukwesaba “nge-jihad yothando”[57] (eqondise ubungane nemishado exube izinkolo), Coronajihad”[58], (esola ukusabalala kwalolu bhubhane kumaSulumane) kanye nethi “Spit Jihad” (okungukuthi, “Thook Jihad”) isola ukuthi abathengisi bokudla abangamaSulumane bafela ukudla abakuthengisayo.[59]
Ngo-December 2021, abaholi bamaHindu “ePhalamende Lezenkolo” eHaridwar bahlaba ikhwelo lokuthi kubulawe uquqaba lwamaSulumane.[60], ngaphandle kokulahlwa nguNdunankulu uModi noma abalandeli bakhe. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili, i-VHP yaseMelika[61] wayememe u-Yati Narsinghanand Saraswati, umpristi omkhulu we-Dasna Devi Temple njengesikhulumi esikhulu[62]. Umcimbi obuhleliwe uhoxiswe ngemuva kwezikhalo eziningi. U-Yati ubevele enedumela elibi “ngokuphalaza inzondo” iminyaka eminingi futhi waboshwa ngemuva kokubiza ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngoDisemba.
Kunenkulumo eningi ekhona mayelana ne-Islamophobic eYurophu[63], USA, Canada kanye nezinye izizwe. Ukwakhiwa kwama-mosque kuye kwaphikiswa e-USA iminyaka eminingi[64]. Ukuphikiswa okunjalo kuvame ukuvezwa ngokwenyuka kokukhathazeka kwethrafikhi kodwa ngo-2021 kwaphawuleka ukuthi amalungu omphakathi wamaHindu aye abaphikisi ababonakala kanjani bokwandiswa kwe-mosque ehlongozwayo eNaperville, IL.[65].
E-Naperville abaphikisi bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphakama kwe-minaret kanye nokwenzeka kokubizelwa komkhuleko ukuba usakazwe. Muva nje eCanada, u-Ravi Hooda, ivolontiya legatsha lendawo le-Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS)[66] kanye nelungu leBhodi Lesikole Sesifunda Sase-Peel endaweni yaseToronto, babhale ku-Twitter ukuthi ukuvumela izingcingo zamaMuslim ukuba zisakazwe kuvula umnyango “wemizila ehlukene yabagibeli bamakamela nezimbuzi” noma imithetho “edinga ukuthi bonke abesifazane bazimboze kusukela ekhanda kuye ozwaneni ematendeni. .”[67]
Izinkulumo ezinjalo ezinenzondo nezilulazayo ziye zagqugquzela ubudlova nokusekela ubudlova. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2011, umshokobezi ophiko lwesokudla u-Anders Behring Breivik wagqugquzelwa ngokwengxenye imibono yamaHindutva ukubulala amalungu entsha angama-77 axhumene neNorwegian Labor Party. NgoJanuwari 2017[68], ukuhlasela kwamaphekula endaweni yamaSulumane eQuebec City kwabulala amaSulumane ayisi-6 kwalimala abangu-19[69], ekhuthazwa ukuba khona kophiko lwesokudla oluqinile endaweni (okuhlanganisa nesahluko seqembu lenzondo laseNordic[70]) kanye nenzondo eku-inthanethi. ECanada futhi, ngo-2021 iqembu laseCanada Hindu Advocacy eliholwa ngu-Islamophobe Ron Banerjee, lahlela umhlangano wokweseka indoda eyabulala amaSulumane amane ngeloli layo edolobheni laseCanada iLondon.[71]. Ngisho noNobhala Jikelele we-UN wayekubonile futhi wakugxeka lokhu kuhlasela okuhlosiwe[72]. I-Banarjee idume kabi. Kuvidiyo efakwe ku-akhawunti ye-YouTube ye-Rise Canada ngo-Okthoba 2015, u-Banerjee wayebonakala ephethe i-Qur'an ngenkathi eyikhafulela futhi eyisula ngemuva. Kuvidiyo elayishwe ku-akhawunti ye-YouTube ye-Rise Canada ngoJanuwari 2018, u-Banerjee uchaze i-Islam ngokuthi “ihlelo lokudlwengula empeleni.”[73]
Ukusabalalisa Ithonya
Ngokusobala iningi labashisekeli bobuzwe bamaHindu e-USA alikusekeli ukugqugquzela noma izenzo zobudlova ezinjalo. Nokho, izinhlangano eziphefumulelwe i-Hindutva zihamba phambili ekwenzeni abangane nokuthonya abantu kuhulumeni. Impumelelo yemizamo yabo ingabonakala ekwehlulekeni kweCongress yaseMelika ukugxeka ukuchithwa kokuzimela kweKashmir ngo-2019 noma ukuhoxiswa kwamaSulumane e-Assam State. Kungaphawulwa ekuhlulekeni koMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ukuqoka i-India Njengezwe Elikukhathazayo Okuthile (CPC), naphezu kwesincomo esiqinile seKhomishini YaseMelika Yenkululeko Yenkolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe.
Njengoba inamandla futhi inqunywa njengokungena kwayo ohlelweni lwezemfundo lwase-US, ukufinyelela kwe-Hindutva kuqondise kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, njengoba enalo lonke ilungelo lokwenza. Nokho, amaqhinga abo okucindezela angaba nolaka. I-Intercept[74] ichaze indlela uKhongolose wase-Indian American u-Ro Khanna ahoxe ngayo esithangamini sangoMeyi 2019 mayelana nokucwaswa kweCaste ngomzuzu wokugcina ngenxa “yengcindezi evela emaqenjini amaningi amaHindu anethonya.”[75] Uzakwabo uPramila Jayapal usalokhu enguye yedwa umxhasi walo mcimbi. Kanye nokuhlela imibhikisho emicimbini yomphakathi wakhe,[76] Izishoshovu zahlanganisa amaqembu nabantu abangaphezu kuka-230 abangamaHindu namaNdiya aseMelika, okuhlanganisa neHindu American Foundation, ukuthi bathumele uKhanna incwadi egxeka isitatimende sakhe ngeKashmir futhi emcela ukuthi ahoxe kuCongressional Pakistan Caucus, asanda kuyijoyina.
Abamele u-Ilham Omar no-Rashida Tlaib baye bamelana namaqhinga anjalo okucindezela, kodwa abanye abaningi abakwazanga; isibonelo, u-Rep. Tom Suozzi (D, NY), okhethe ukuhlehla ezitatimendeni ezinezimiso nge-Kashmir. Futhi ngaphambi kokhetho lukaMongameli, iHindu American Foundation ixwayise kabuhlungu ngobuholi beDemocratic Party ukuthi buhlale "isibukeli esiyisimungulu" "se-Hinduphobia ekhulayo" eqenjini.[77].
Ngemuva kokhetho lukaMongameli Biden lwango-2020, abaphathi bakhe babonakala belalela ukugxekwa kwakhe ngokukhethwa kwakhe ngabamele imikhankaso.[78]. Ukukhetha komkhankaso wakhe u-Amit Jani njengomxhumanisi nomphakathi wamaSulumane kwaphakamisa amashiya, njengoba umndeni wakhe wawunezixhumanisi ezaziwayo zeRSS. Abanye abahlaziyi bagxekile "umfelandawonye we-motley wamaSulumane, amaDalit, namaqembu angakwesokunxele" ngomkhankaso wawo we-inthanethi ngokumelene noJani, ubaba wakhe ongasekho owasungula Abangane Be-Overseas be-BJP.[79]
Kuphinde kwaphakanyiswa imibuzo eminingi mayelana nesixhumanisi sika-Tulsi Gabbard Omele I-Congressional Representative (kanye Nokhethwe Kamongameli) nezibalo zamaHindu ezikude kwesokudla.[80]. Nakuba umlayezo wamaHindu wobuKristu ophiko lwesokudla usebenza ngokuhambisana esikhundleni sokuphambana, u-Rep Gabbard akajwayelekile ekuxhumekeni kuzo zombili izifunda.[81]
Ezingeni lesishayamthetho saseNew York State, Ilungu Lomhlangano uJenifer Rajkumar ugxekwe ngabaxhasi bakhe abaxhumene neHindutva.[82] Iqembu lomphakathi lendawo iQueens Against Hindu Fascism nalo liphawule ukuthi lizwakalise ukumeseka uNdunankulu uModi. Omunye omele indawo, uSenator Wesifunda sase-Ohio uNiraj Antani esitatimendeni sangoSepthemba 2021 wathi uyigxekile ingqungquthela ye-'Disantling Hindutva ""ngamagama anamandla" ngokuthi "ayilutho ngaphandle kokucwasa nokucwasa amaHindu."[83] Kungenzeka ukuthi kunezibonelo eziningi ezifanayo zokuhlanganisa ezingase zimbiwe ngocwaningo olwengeziwe.
Okokugcina, kuba nemizamo evamile yokufinyelela ezimeya zendawo nokuqeqesha iminyango yamaphoyisa.[84] Nakuba imiphakathi yamaNdiya namaHindu inalo lonke ilungelo lokwenza lokhu, abanye ababukele baye baphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokubandakanyeka kwe-Hindutva, isibonelo ukwakha ubuhlobo be-HSS neminyango yamaphoyisa eTroy naseCaton, eMichigan, nase-Irving, eTexas.[85]
Kanye nabaholi abanohlonze bamaHindutva, abaholi bocwaningo, abagqugquzeli kanye nezisebenzi zezobunhloli basekela imikhankaso yethonya kahulumeni we-Modi e-USA naseCanada.[86] Kodwa-ke, ngale kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqonda kangcono imikhankaso yokugada, yokubulala ulwazi kanye nenkulumo-ze ekhuthazwa ku-inthanethi.
I-Social Media, Journalism and Culture Wars
I-India iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke kuFacebook, enabantu abayizigidi ezingama-328 abasebenzisa inkundla yezokuxhumana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaNdiya angaba izigidi ezingu-400 asebenzisa isevisi yokuthumela imiyalezo ye-Facebook, i-WhatsApp[87]. Ngeshwa, lezi zinkundla zokuxhumana seziphenduke izimoto zenzondo kanye nokungabi nalwazi. E-India, inqwaba yokubulawa kwabantu izinkomo kwenzeka ngemuva kokusabalala kwamahlebezi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi uWhatsApp[88]. Amavidiyo okudlwengula nokushaywa avame ukwabiwa naku-WhatsApp.[89]
Izintatheli zesifazane ziye zabhekana ikakhulukazi nezinsongo zodlame lobulili, "izinto ezidabukisayo" kanye ne-doxing. Abagxeki bakaNdunankulu uModi bangene ngokuhlukumeza ikakhulukazi ngodlame. Isibonelo, ngo-2016, intatheli u-Rana Ayub yashicilela incwadi mayelana nokuhambisana kukaNdunankulu nezibhelu ezibulalayo zango-2002 eGujarat. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ngaphezu kokuthola izinsongo eziningi zokubulawa, u-Ayub waqaphela ividiyo enezithombe ezingcolile zobulili eyabiwa emaqenjini ahlukahlukene e-WhatsApp.[90] Ubuso bakhe bebugqanyiswe ebusweni bomlingisi wefilimu yocansi, esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Deepfake obashintsha ubuso buka-Rana ukuze buvumelane nezinkulumo ezivusa inkanuko.
UNksz Ayub uyabhala, “Iningi lezibambo ze-Twitter nama-akhawunti e-Facebook athumele ividiyo yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezibonisa ukuthi angabalandeli bakaMnu. Modi neqembu lakhe.”[91] Izinsongo ezinjena ezintathelini zesifazane nazo ziholele ekubulaweni kwangempela. Ngo-2017, ngemuva kokuhlukunyezwa okusabalele ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, intatheli kanye nomhleli uGauri Lankesh wabulawa ama-radicals aphiko lwesokudla ngaphandle komuzi wakhe.[92] U-Lankesh wayephethe omagazini ababili bamasonto onke futhi wayengumgxeki wamaHindu ashisekayo izinkantolo zasendaweni ezaziwagwebe enecala lokwehlisa isithunzi ngokugxeka kwakhe i-BJP.
Namuhla, ukucasulwa “kwe-slut-shaming” kuyaqhubeka. Ngo-2021, uhlelo lokusebenza olubizwa ngokuthi i-Bulli Bai ephethwe kusizindalwazi se-GitHub labelana ngezithombe zabesifazane abangamaSulumane abangaphezu kwe-100 bethi “ziyathengiswa.”[93] Zenzani izinkundla zokuxhumana ukuqinisa le nzondo? Ngokusobala akwanele.
Kundatshana eshaya ngamandla ka-2020, Ubudlelwano Be-Facebook Neqembu Elibusayo LaseNdiya Buyinselele Ukulwa Kwalo Nenkulumo Enenzondo, Intatheli ye-Time Magazine u-Tom Perrigo uchaze ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi i-Facebook India yabambezela kanjani ukwehlisa inkulumo enenzondo yama-ant-Muslim lapho yenziwa izikhulu eziphezulu, ngisho nangemva kokuba i-Avaaz namanye amaqembu ezishoshovu yenze izikhalazo futhi abasebenzi bakaFacebook babhala izikhalo zangaphakathi.[94] UPerrigo uphinde wabhala ukuxhumana phakathi kwabasebenzi abaphezulu be-Facebook eNdiya kanye neqembu likaModi le-BJP.[95] Maphakathi no-Agasti 2020, i-Wall Street Journal yabika ukuthi abasebenzi abakhulu bathi ukujezisa abenzi bomthetho kuzolimaza amathuba ebhizinisi le-Facebook.[96] Ngesonto elilandelayo, iReuters wachaza ukuthi kanjani, bephendula, abasebenzi be-Facebook babhale incwadi evulekile yangaphakathi bebiza abaphathi ukuthi bagxeke ubandlululo olumelene namaSulumane futhi basebenzise imithetho yenkulumo enenzondo ngokungaguquki. Le ncwadi iphinde yasola ukuthi abekho abasebenzi abangamaSulumane eqenjini lenqubomgomo ye-India yesikhulumi.[97]
Ngo-Okthoba 2021 i-New York Times isekelwe ku-athikili kumadokhumenti angaphakathi, ingxenye yenqolobane enkulu yezinto ezibizwa Amaphepha e-Facebook eqoqwe ngumkhulumeli uFrances Haugen, owayengumphathi womkhiqizo we-Facebook.[98] Le mibhalo ihlanganisa imibiko yokuthi ama-bot nama-akhawunti mbumbulu, ikakhulukazi ahlobene namabutho ezepolitiki aphiko lwesokudla abedala umonakalo ongakanani okhethweni lukazwelonke, njengoba enza e-United States.[99] Baphinde bachaze ukuthi izinqubomgomo ze-Facebook zaziholela kanjani olwazini olungeluhle eNdiya, ikakhulukazi oluyingozi ngesikhathi sodlame.[100] Imibhalo ichaza indlela inkundla evame ukuhluleka ngayo ukulawula inzondo. Ngokwalesi sihloko: “I-Facebook iphinde yaba manqikanqika ukuqoka i-RSS njengenhlangano eyingozi ngenxa “yokungezwani kwezepolitiki” okungase kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwezinkundla zokuxhumana ezweni.”
Ekuqaleni kuka-2022 iphephabhuku lezindaba laseNdiya, The Intambo, iveze ukuba khona kohlelo lokusebenza oluyimfihlo oluyindida olubizwa nge-'Tek Fog' olwalusetshenziswa ama-troll asebenzisana neqembu elibusayo lase-India ukuduna izinkundla zokuxhumana ezinkulu kanye nokufaka engcupheni izinkundla zemiyalezo ebethelwe njenge-WhatsApp. I-Tek Fog ingaduna ingxenye 'ethrendayo' ye-Twitter kanye 'nethrendi' ku-Facebook. Ama-opharetha we-Tek Fog angaphinda aguqule izindaba ezikhona ukuze bakhe izindaba ezingamanga.
Ngemva kophenyo oluthathe izinyanga ezingu-20, esebenza nombiko kodwa eqinisekisa izinsolo zakhe eziningi, umbiko uhlola ukuthi lolu hlelo lokusebenza luyenza kanjani inzondo nokuhlukumeza okuhlosiwe futhi lisabalalise inkulumo-ze. Umbiko uphawula uxhumo lohlelo lokusebenza enkampanini yamasevisi ezobuchwepheshe ehweba esidlangalaleni yase-Indian American, i-Persistent Systems, etshalwe kakhulu ekutholeni izinkontileka zikahulumeni e-India. Iphinde ithuthukiswe uhlelo lokusebenza lwezokuxhumana lwase-India lwe-#1, i-Sharechat. Umbiko uphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuxhumana nama-hashtag ahlobene nodlame kanye nokuxhumana kwe-COVID-19. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi “kuzo zonke izikhala eziyizigidi ezingu-3.8 ezibuyekeziwe… cishe u-58% (izigidi ezingu-2.2) zazo zingase zibhalwe 'njengenkulumo enenzondo'.
Ngo-2019, i-EU DisinfoLab, i-NGO ezimele ecwaninga ngemikhankaso yokubulala ama-disinformation eqondiswe ku-EU, yashicilela umbiko ochaza ngenethiwekhi “yemithombo yezindaba yasendaweni engamanga” engaphezu kuka-260 ethathela emazweni angama-65, okuhlanganisa naseNtshonalanga yonke.[101] Lo mzamo ngokusobala uhloselwe ukuthuthukisa umbono we-India, kanye nokuqinisa imizwa yama-Indian kanye ne-anti-Pakistan (kanye namaShayina). Ngonyaka olandelayo, lo mbiko walandelwa umbiko wesibili othola hhayi kuphela phezu 750 imithombo yezindaba mbumbulu, esehlanganise 119 amazwe, kodwa ukwebiwa identity eziningana, okungenani 10 kuntshontshelwe UN Human Rights Council accredited NGOs, futhi 550 amagama domain ezibhalisiwe.[102]
I-EU DisinfoLab ithole ukuthi umagazini “womgunyathi”, I-EP Today, iphethwe ababambiqhaza baseNdiya, enobudlelwane nenethiwekhi enkulu yama- think tanks, ama-NGO, nezinkampani ezivela ku-Srivastava Group.[103] Amaqhinga anjalo akwazi “ukuheha inani elikhulayo lama-MEP enkulumweni ye-pro-India kanye ne-anti-Pakistan, ngokuvamile esebenzisa izizathu ezinjengamalungelo abantu abambalwa namalungelo abesifazane njengendawo yokungena.”
Ngo-2019 amalungu angamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ephalamende laseYurophu avakashela eKashmir njengezihambeli zenhlangano engacacile, i-Women's Economic and Social Think Tank, noma i-WESTT, nayo ngokusobala exhumene nale nethiwekhi ye-pro-Modi.[104] Baphinde bahlangana noNdunankulu uNarendra Modi kanye noMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke u-Ajit Doval eNew Delhi. Lokhu kufinyelela kuvunyelwe naphezu kokwenqaba kukahulumeni waseModi ukuvumela uSenator wase-US uChris Van Hollen ukuthi avakashe[105] noma ngisho ne-UN Human Rights Council ukuthumela abameleli bayo esifundeni[106]. Zazingobani lezi zivakashi ezithenjwayo? Okungenani ama-22 kwangu-27 ayevela emaqenjini akude kwesokudla, njenge-France's National Rally, Law and Justice yasePoland, kanye ne-Alternative for Germany, eyaziwa ngemibono eqinile mayelana nokufika kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kanye nalokho okubizwa nge-“Islamization of Europe”.[107] Lolu hambo "lombumbulu osemthethweni" lube nempikiswano, njengoba alwenzekanga kuphela ngenkathi abaholi abaningi baseKashmiri behlala beboshiwe futhi nezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi zimisiwe, kodwa futhi ngenkathi amaLungu ePhalamende amaningi aseNdiya ayenqatshelwe ukuvakashela eKashmir.
I-EU Disinfo Lab NGO inesibambo se-Twitter se-@DisinfoEU. Ukulungisa igama ngendlela edidayo, ngo-Ephreli 2020 i-"Disinfolab" engaqondakali yenzeke ku-Twitter ngaphansi kwesibambo @DisinfoLab. Umbono wokuthi i-Islamophobia e-India iyakhuphuka uchazwa ngokuthi "izindaba ezingezona iqiniso" ngokusebenzela izintshisekelo zasePakistan. Ukuphindaphinda kuma-tweets nasemibikweni, kubonakala sengathi kunokuthatheka nge- I-Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC) kanye noMsunguli wayo, uShaik Ubaid, echaza ukufinyelela kwabo okumangalisayo nomthelela.[108]
Ngo-2021, i-DisinfoLab kugubha ukwehluleka koMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika ukuqamba i-India Njengezwe Elikhathezekile Ngokukhethekile[109] futhi ixoshiwe embikweni we-United States Commission on International Religious Freedom ngokuthi “inhlangano ekhathazayo ngokukhethekile” ethinta izinhlangano ezilawulwa yi-Muslim Brotherhood.[110]
Lokhu kuthinta ababhali bale ndatshana ende, ngoba eSahlukweni Sesine sombiko wayo, i-“Disnfo Lab” ichaza inhlangano yamalungelo abantu esiyisebenzelayo, i-Justice for All, eveza i-NGO njengohlobo lokushushumbisa olunezixhumanisi ezingacacile ze-Jamaat. /Muslim Brotherhood. Lezi zinsolo ezingamanga ziphinda lezo ezenziwa ngemuva komhla zi-9/11 lapho i-Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) nezinye izinhlangano zamaSulumane aseMelika zibhekwe njengetulo elikhulu lamaMuslim futhi zahlanjalazwa kwabezindaba eziphiko lwesokudla isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuba iziphathimandla ziluphothulile uphenyo lwazo.
Kusukela ngo-2013 ngisebenze njengomeluleki weJustice for All, i-NGO eyasungulwa ngesikhathi sokubulawa kwabantu baseBosnia ukuze iphendule ekushushisweni kwamaSulumane amancane. Ivuselelwe ngo-2012 ukuze igxile ekuqothulweni kohlanga lwaseRohingya "okushisa kancane", izinhlelo zokumela amalungelo abantu ziye zanda ukuze zifake ama-Uyghur namaNdiya amancane, kanye namaSulumane eKashmir naseSri Lanka. Lapho nje izinhlelo zase-India naseKashmir seziqalile, ukunyathela kanye ne-disinformation kwanda.
USihlalo Wezobulungiswa Kubo Bonke, uMalik Mujahid, uboniswa ehlanganisa ukuxhumana ne-ICNA, okukude neqiniso, njengoba ahlukana nenhlangano eminyakeni engu-20 edlule.[111] Isebenza njengenhlangano yamaSulumane aseMelika enezimiso zokuziphatha eziqinile zenkonzo yomphakathi, i-ICNA ihlanjalazwe kakhulu ama-Islamophobic think tanks eminyakeni edlule. Njengomningi “womfundaze” wabo, “ucwaningo lwe-Disinfo” belungahlekwa uma belungenawo amandla okulimaza ubudlelwano obubalulekile bokusebenzisana, ukwakha ukungathembani nokuvala ubudlelwano obungase bube khona kanye noxhaso. Amashadi “emephu ehambisanayo” e-Kashmir nase-India angase adonse ukunaka kodwa angasho lutho.[112] Lokhu kusebenza njengemikhankaso yokuhleba ebonakalayo, kodwa ngeshwa ayikasuswa ku-Twitter naphezu kokuqukethwe kwayo okuthunaza isithunzi kanye nokungahle kube nokulimaza isithunzi. Kodwa-ke, i-Justice for All ayizange idikibale futhi ikhuphule ukusabela kwayo ezinqubweni ze-India ezihlukanisayo neziyingozi.[113] Leli phepha labhalwa ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezijwayelekile.
Kuyini Iqiniso?
NjengamaSulumane ahlala eNyakatho Melika, ababhali baphawula indida yokuthi kulesi sihloko silandelela amanethiwekhi amakhulu ezisebenzi ezigqugquzelwa inkolo. Siyazibuza: ingabe siyazihlaziya ngezindlela ezifanayo “nophenyo” lwama-Islamophobes lwezinhlangano zamaSulumane aseMelika? Sikhumbula amashadi enza lula e-Muslim Students Associations kanye “nezixhumanisi” zawo okuthiwa yi-Islamic Society of North America. Siyazi ukuthi amakilabhu abafundi abangamaSulumane abevamise ukuthi ahlukaniswe kanjani phakathi nendawo (akuyona neze uchungechunge lomyalo) futhi siyazibuza ukuthi nathi siyakweqa yini ukuhlangana kwamanethiwekhi e-Hindutva okukhulunywe ngawo emakhasini andulelayo.
Ingabe ukuhlola kwethu ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu e-Hindutva kwakha imephu yokuhlobana eyeqa ukukhathazeka kwethu? Ngokusobala njengeminye imiphakathi engaphambi kwayo, amaSulumane ayizifiki namaHindu asuka kwamanye amazwe afuna ukulondeka okukhulu kanye nethuba. Akungabazeki ukuthi i-Hinduphobia ikhona, kanjalo ne-Islamophobia kanye ne-Antisemitism nezinye izinhlobo zokuchema. Ingabe abaningi abazondayo abashukunyiswa ukwesaba nokucasukela noma ubani ohlukile, abahlukanisi phakathi komHindu, umSikh noma umSulumane ogqoke ngokwesiko? Ingabe ayikho ngempela indawo yesizathu esivamile?
Nakuba inkhulumomphendvulwano yezinkolo ezixubile inikeza indlela engaba khona yokwenza ukuthula, siphinde sathola ukuthi ezinye izinhlangano zezinkolo ezixubile ziye zasekela ngokungazi izimangalo ze-Hindutva zokuthi ukugxekwa kwe-Hindutva kulingana ne-Hindu phobia. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2021 incwadi eyabhalwa yi-Interfaith Council of Metropolitan Washington yayifuna amanyuvesi ahoxe ekusekeleni ingqungquthela ye-Dismantling Hindutva. I-Interfaith Council ngokuvamile isebenza ekuphikisaneni nenzondo nokuchema. Kodwa ngemikhankaso yokuqamba amanga, enobulungu obukhulu kanye nokuzibandakanya empilweni yomphakathi, izinhlangano zaseMelika Hindutva ngokusobala zifeza izintshisakalo zenhlangano ehleleke kakhulu yokukholelwa ebukhoneni obuphezulu ezinze eNdiya esebenzela ukubukela phansi ubuningi kanye nentando yeningi ngokugqugquzela inzondo.
Amanye amaqembu ezinkolo ezixubile abona ingozi yokuduma ngokugxeka iHindutva. Kukhona futhi okunye ukuphazamiseka: isibonelo, eNhlanganweni Yezizwe, i-India ivimbele amaqembu athile e-Dalit ekugunyazweni iminyaka eminingi. Nokho, ngo-2022 amanye amaqembu ezinkolo eziningi kancane kancane aqala ukuhlanganyela ekukhulumeni. Kakade, i-Coalition Against Genocide[114] idalwe ngemuva kodlame lwaseGujarat (2002) ngenkathi uModi esengungqongqoshe wezwe, ethola ukugunyazwa yiTikkun kanye ne-Interfaith Freedom Foundation. Muva nje, ngethonya le-USCIRF, phakathi kokunye, i-International Religious Freedom Roundtable ihlele izithangami, kwathi ngoNovemba 2022 Izinkolo Zokuthula (RFPUSA) yabamba ingxoxo yephaneli ephusile. Ukumela umphakathi kungase kugcine kukhuthaze abenzi benqubomgomo e-Washington DC ukuthi babhekane nezinselelo zokugunyazwa phakathi kwabalingani bezwe baseMelika njengeNdiya.
Intando yeningi yaseMelika nayo ibonakala ivinjezelwe - njengaseCapitol Building ngoJanuwari 6, 2021 - umbhikisho owawuhlanganisa uVinson Palathingal, indoda yaseNdiya yaseMelika ephethe ifulegi laseNdiya, umsekeli kaTrump okubikwa ukuthi wayeqokelwe eMkhandlwini KaMongameli Wokuthekelisa.[115] Impela maningi amaHindu aseMelika aseka uTrump futhi asebenzele ukubuya kwakhe.[116] Njengoba sithola ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasosha ophiko lwesokudla kanye namaphoyisa kanye namalungu ezinsiza ezihlomile, kungase kube nokunye okuqhubekayo ngaphansi komhlaba futhi okungabonakali.
Esikhathini esidlule, abanye abavangeli baseMelika baye bahlambalaza amasiko amaHindu, futhi eNdiya, amaKristu eVangeli ngokuvamile akhishwa inyumbazana futhi aze ahlaselwe. Kukhona ukuhlukana okusobala phakathi kwenhlangano yamaHindutva kanye nelungelo lobuKristu bevangeli. Kodwa-ke, le miphakathi iyahlangana ekusekeleni ubuzwe bophiko lwesokudla, ukwamukela umholi onegunya, kanye ne-Islamophobia. Kube nabalala abangabazi.
USalman Rushdie ubize iHindutva ngokuthi “Crypto Fascism”[117] futhi wasebenza ukuphikisa ukunyakaza ezweni lakhe lokuzalwa. Ingabe siyayichitha imizamo yokuhlela ka-Steve Bannon, egqugquzelwe imibono yobuzwe obuyi-esoteric evezwe ngu AmaFascist Traditionalists, ngokusekelwe emicabangweni yobandlululo yobumsulwa buka-Aryan?[118] Esikhathini esiyingozi emlandweni, iqiniso namanga kuyadideka futhi kuhlanganiswe, futhi i-inthanethi ilolonge indawo yomphakathi elawulayo futhi ephazamisa ngendlela eyingozi.
- Ubumnyama buyaconsa futhi; kodwa manje sengiyazi
- Lezo khulunyaka ezingamashumi amabili zokulala kwamatshe
- Bakhathazwa yiphupho elibi ngenxa yombhede onyakazayo,
- Futhi yeka isilo esibi, ihora laso lifika ekugcineni,
- Ama-Slouches abheke eBetlehema ukuze azalwe?
Okubhekwayo
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[26] Qaphela futhi imibuthano yemoto ye-Howdy Yogi ka-2022 Chicago futhi Houston ukusekela i-Islamophobe Yogi Adityanath.
[27] Ukubhala "I-Hindutva View of History", Kamala Viseswaran, uMichael Witzel et al, bika ukuthi i-Anti-Hindu Bias e-Indian Iwebhusayithi ye-US Books e-Indian Countbs kanye ne-Hindurismism ehambisana nezinguquko ezenziwe ezincwadini I-India. " Nokho, ababhali baphinde baphawule ukwehlukana okuthile emasuni: “Izincwadi zokubhala eGujarat ziveza isimiso sokuhlukanisa ngokwezigaba njengempumelelo yempucuko yama-Aryan, kuyilapho ukuthambekela kwamaqembu amaHindutva e-United States kwakuwukwesula ubufakazi bokuhlobana phakathi kobuHindu nesimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba. Siphinde sabona ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezincwadi zokufunda eGujarat kwaholela ekuguqulweni kobuzwe baseNdiya njengobuphekula, okwahlanganisa amaSulumane namaphekula futhi kwabeka kabusha ifa likaHitler njengelihle, kuyilapho ngokuvamile (futhi mhlawumbe ngobuqili) kufakwa izindikimba nezibalo zenganekwane kuma-akhawunti omlando.”
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[35] September 19, 2021 ukuhlaziya eQuora
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