Inkimbinkimbi Esenzweni: Ingxoxo Yezinkolo Nokwenza Ukuthula eBurma naseNew York
Isingeniso
Kubalulekile ukuthi umphakathi oxazulula izingxabano uqonde ukusebenzisana kwezinto eziningi ezihlanganayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukungqubuzana phakathi nangaphakathi kwemiphakathi yezenkolo. Ukuhlaziya okulula mayelana nendima yenkolo akukhiqizi lutho.
E-USA lokhu kuhlaziya okuyiphutha kubonakala enkulumweni yabezindaba mayelana ne-ISIS kanye nokushushiswa kwayo izinkolo ezincane. Kungase futhi kubonakale ezigcawini zezepolitiki (kamuva nje ngoJuni 2016) kunikeza ochwepheshe mbumbulu ithuba lokukhuluma phambi kwabenzi bomthetho kazwelonke. Izifundo ezifana ne-“Fear Inc.”[1] ziyaqhubeka nokubonisa ukuthi uphiko lwezombangazwe olungakwesokudla belukhulisa kanjani inethiwekhi yamaqembu ongqondongqondo ukuze kuthuthukiswe “ubuchwepheshe” obunjalo kwabezindaba nemibuthano yezombangazwe, ngisho nokufinyelela kuZizwe Ezihlangene.
Izinkulumo zomphakathi ziya ngokuya zingcoliswa imibono ephikisayo kanye nokucwasa kwabokufika, hhayi e-Europe nase-USA kuphela kodwa nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Isibonelo, eNingizimu naseMpumalanga ye-Asia i-Islamophobia isiphenduke amandla ezombusazwe abhubhisa kakhulu eMyanmar/Burma, Sri Lanka naseNdiya. Kubalulekile kubacwaningi ukuthi bangalisebenzisi ithuba 'laseNtshonalanga' lokungqubuzana, ukungqubuzana noma inkolo; kubalulekile ngokufanayo ukunganikezi izinkolo ezintathu zika-Abrahamu ngaphandle kwamanye amasiko enkolo angase adunwe ubuzwe noma ezinye izintshisekelo zezombusazwe.
Ngosongo oluqhubekayo lwangempela nolucatshangelwayo lokungqubuzana nokwesaba, ukuvikeleka kwezinkulumo zomphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi kungase kuholele ekubukeni okuhlanekezelwe komthelela wemibono yezenkolo. Abanye abalamuli bangase babhalise ngokuqaphela noma bengazi emibonweni yokungqubuzana kwempucuko noma ukuphikiswa okubalulekile phakathi kwezwe nokunengqondo ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nezenkolo nokungenangqondo ngakolunye.
Ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuhlanganiseni nasekuhlanganiseni okungamanga kwenkulumo edumile yezokuphepha, singazihlola kanjani izinhlelo zezinkolelo - ezabanye nezethu—ukuqonda indima yamagugu "ezenkolo" ekusunguleni imibono, ukuxhumana, kanye nenqubo yokwenza ukuthula?
Njengomsunguli weFlushing Interfaith Council, neminyaka yomsebenzi wezobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle ebudlelwaneni bezinkolo ezisezingeni eliphansi, ngiphakamisa ukuhlola amamodeli ahlukahlukene okusebenzelana kwezinkolo e-New York City. NjengoMqondisi Wezinhlelo ze-UN we-Burma Task Force, ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngiphenye ukuthi lezi zibonelo zingadluliselwa kwezinye izimo zamasiko, ikakhulukazi e-Burma naseNingizimu Asia.
Inkimbinkimbi Esenzweni: Ingxoxo Yezinkolo Nokwenza Ukuthula eBurma naseNew York
Izinkulumo zomphakathi ziya ngokuya zingcoliswa imibono ephikisayo kanye nokucwasa kwabokufika, hhayi e-Europe nase-USA kuphela kodwa nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Isibonelo esizodingidwa kuleli phepha, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia i-Islamophobia isiphenduke amandla abhubhisayo ikakhulukazi eMyanmar/Burma. Lapho, inhlangano enonya yama-Islamophobic eholwa izindela zamaBuddha ezinonya ngokuhlangana nezingxenye zombuso wobushiqela wezempi yangaphambili yenza idlanzana lamaRohingya Muslim langenasisekelo futhi lahlukunyezwa.
Iminyaka emithathu ngisebenzele iBurma Task Force njengoMqondisi Wezinhlelo ze-UN. I-Burma Task Force iyisinyathelo samalungelo abantu abangamaSulumane baseMelika esimelela amalungelo abantu baseRohingya abashushiswayo ngokuhlanganisa amalungu omphakathi, ukuzibandakanya emsebenzini omkhulu wemidiya kanye nemihlangano nabakhi bezinqubomgomo.[2] Leli phepha liwumzamo wokubamba isimo samanje sokusebenzisana kwezinkolo eBurma kanye nokuhlola amandla ako okudala ukuthula okunobulungiswa.
Ngokufakwa kuka-April 2016 kukahulumeni omusha waseBurma oholwa nguMeluleki Wombuso u-Aung San Suu Kyi, kukhona ngempela amathemba amasha okuthi ekugcineni kuguqulwe inqubomgomo. Kodwa-ke, ngo-Okthoba 2016 kwakungekho izinyathelo eziqinile zokubuyisela noma yimaphi amalungelo omphakathi ku-1 million Rohingya, abahlala benqatshelwe ukuhamba ngaphakathi kweBurma, bathole imfundo, bakha umndeni ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwe-bureaucratic noma ukuvota. (Akbar, 2016) Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamadoda, abesifazane kanye nezingane badingiswe e-IDP nasemakamu ababaleki. Eholwa nguNobhala Jikelele wangaphambili we-UN u-Kofi Annan i-Advisory Commission yabizwa ngo-Agasti 2016 ukuze ihlole lesi "simo esiyinkimbinkimbi" njengoba uDaw Suu Kyi ebiza kanjalo, kodwa iKhomishana ayifaki amalungu eRohingya. Khonamanjalo inqubo yokuthula kuzwelonke ibizelwe ukuze kuxazululwe ezinye izingxabano ezingathi sína, zesikhathi eside zezinhlanga ezweni lonke - kodwa akubandakanyi idlanzana lamaRohingya. (Myint 2016)
Uma kubhekwa iBurma ikakhulukazi, lapho ubuningi buvinjezelwe, buthinteka kanjani ubudlelwano bezinkolo ezingeni lendawo? Uma uhulumeni eqala ukukhombisa izimpawu zentando yeningi, yiziphi izindlela ezivelayo? Yimiphi imiphakathi ehamba phambili ekuguquleni izingxabano? Ingabe inkhulumomphendvulwano yezinkolo ezenzelwe ukudala ukuthula, noma zikhona ezinye izindlela zokwakha ukwethembana nokubambisana?
Inothi elilodwa ekubukeni kwami izinto: isizinda sami njengeMuslim American eDolobheni laseNew York sinomthelela endleleni engiqonda ngayo kanye nokubeka ngayo le mibuzo. I-Islamophobia ibe nomthelela ongemuhle enkulumweni yezombangazwe nabezindaba ku-post 9/11 USA. Ngezinsongo eziqhubekayo zangempela nezibonwayo zokungqubuzana nokwesaba, ukuvikeleka kwezinkulumo zomphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi kungaholela ekuhloleni okuhlanekezelwe komthelela wemibono yezenkolo. Kodwa esikhundleni sesizathu esisodwa—i-Islam– izici eziningi zezenhlalo nezamasiko ziyahlangana ukuze zidale ukungqubuzana phakathi nangaphakathi kwemiphakathi yezenkolo. Ukuhlaziya okulula mayelana nendima yezimfundiso zenkolo kuphambene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumayelana ne-Islam noma iBuddhism nanoma iyiphi enye inkolo. (Jerryson, 2016)
Kuleli phepha elifushane ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngiqale ngokuhlola izitayela zamanje ekuhlanganyeleni kwezinkolo zaseBurma, okulandelwa ukubheka kafushane amamodeli aphansi okusebenzelana kwezinkolo e-New York City, okunikezwa njengendlela yokuqhathanisa nokuzindla.
Ngenxa yokuthi okwamanje kunedatha encane engabazekayo etholakalayo evela e-Burma, lolu cwaningo lokuqala lusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ezingxoxweni nozakwethu abahlukahlukene eziqinisekiswa ama-athikili nemibiko eku-inthanethi. Bobabili abamele futhi bahlanganyele nemiphakathi yaseBurma edonsa kanzima, la madoda nabesifazane bakha ngokuthula izisekelo zendlu yokuthula yesikhathi esizayo, ngomqondo ohlanganisa kakhulu.
AmaBaptist eBurma: Iminyaka Engamakhulu Amabili Yokuhlanganyela
Ngo-1813 amaBaptist aseMelika u-Adoniram no-Ann Judson baba izithunywa zevangeli zokuqala zaseNtshonalanga ezafika futhi zaba nethonya eBurma. U-Adoniram wahlanganisa nesichazamazwi solimi lwesiBurma futhi wahumusha iBhayibheli. Naphezu kokugula, ijele, impi, nokuntula isithakazelo phakathi kweningi lamaBuddha, phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amane abakwaJudson bakwazi ukumisa amaBaptist ahlala njalo eBurma. Eminyakeni engu-63 ngemva kokufa kuka-Adoniram, iBurma yayinamasonto obuKristu angu-163, izithunywa zevangeli ezingu-7,000, namakholwa abhapathiziwe angaphezu kuka-XNUMX XNUMX. IMyanmar manje isinenombolo yesithathu enkulu yamaBaptist emhlabeni, ilandela i-USA neNdiya.
AbakwaJudson bathi babehlose “ukushumayela ivangeli, hhayi ukuphikisa ubuBuddha.” Nokho, ukwanda okukhulu komhlambi wabo kwakuvela ezizweni ezikholelwa ezilwaneni, hhayi kwabaningi abangamaBuddha. Ikakhulukazi, abaguqukile bavela kubantu abangamaKaren, idlanzana elalishushiswa elinamasiko amaningana asendulo ayebonakala enanela iTestamente Elidala. Amasiko abo okukhuluma ayebalungiselele ukwamukela umesiya owayeza nemfundiso yokubasindisa.[3]
Ifa likaJudson liyaqhubeka ebudlelwaneni benkolo baseBurma. Namuhla eBurma iJudson Research Center eMyanmar Theological Seminary isebenza njengenkundla yezazi ezihlukahlukene, abaholi benkolo nabafundi bezenkolo “yokuthuthukisa inkhulumomphendvulwano nezenzo zokuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona manje ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphakathi wethu.” Kusukela ngo-2003 i-JRC ibize uchungechunge lwezinkundla ezihlanganisa amaBuddha, amaSulumane, amaHindu namaKrestu ndawonye, "ukwakha ubungane, ukuqondana, ukwethembana nokubambisana." (Izindaba kanye Nemisebenzi, iwebhusayithi)
Izithangami zazivame ukuba nesici esisebenzayo futhi. Isibonelo, ngo-2014 Isikhungo sibambe ukuqeqeshwa ukuze kulungiselelwe izishoshovu zezinkolo eziningi eziyi-19 ukuthi zibe izintatheli noma zisebenze njengomthombo wama-ejensi wemidiya. Futhi ngo-August 28, 2015 ngaphezu kuka-160 othisha nabafundi babambe iqhaza Engxoxweni Yezemfundo phakathi kwe-ITBMU (International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University) kanye ne-MIT (Myanmar Institute of Theology) ngendikimba ethi “Ukuhlola Okubalulekile Kokubuyisana ngemibono yobuBuddha neyobuKristu.” Le Dialogue ingeyesithathu ochungechungeni oluklanyelwe ukujulisa ukuqondana phakathi kwemiphakathi.
Okwningi lwe20th Ikhulu leminyaka iBurma yalandela imodeli yemfundo uhulumeni wamakoloni wamaNgisi ayeyifakile futhi yasebenza kakhulu kwaze kwaba yilapho ithola inkululeko ngo-1948. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka ambalwa alandelayo uhlelo lwemfundo olwalubuzwe kakhulu futhi olwalumpofu lwahlukanisa abanye abantu baseBurma ngokululaza ubuzwe bezizwe kodwa lwakwazi ukubekezela, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini aphakeme. Kodwa-ke, kulandela i-1988 Democracy Movement uhlelo lwezemfundo lukazwelonke lwacekelwa phansi kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi ezinde zokucindezelwa kwabafundi. Ngeminyaka yawo-1990 amanyuvesi avalwa izikhathi ezihlanganisa okungenani iminyaka emihlanu kanti ngezinye izikhathi unyaka wokufunda wawufushaniswa.
Kusukela yasungulwa ngo-1927, inhlangano yabazali be-JRC iMyanmar Institute of Theology (MIT) yayinikeze kuphela izinhlelo zeziqu zemfundiso yenkolo. Nokho, ngonyaka wezi-2000, ukuphendula izinselele kanye nezidingo zemfundo zezwe, iSeminary yethula Uhlelo Lwezobuciko Lwenkululeko olubizwa ngeBachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (BARS) olwaheha amaSulumane namaBuddha kanye namaKrestu. Lolu hlelo lwalandelwa yinqwaba yezinye izinhlelo ezintsha ezihlanganisa i-MAID (Master of Arts in Interfaith Studies and Dialogue).
UMfundisi Karyn Carlo unguKapteni wamaPhoyisa aseDolobheni laseNew York osethathe umhlalaphansi osephenduke umshumayeli, uthisha, nesithunywa sevangeli saseBaptist owachitha izinyanga ezimbalwa phakathi no-2016 efundisa ePwo Karen Theological Seminary eduze kwaseYangon eBurma. (UCarlo, 2016) Uma kuqhathaniswa nabafundi abayinkulungwane baseMyanmar Theological Seminary, isikole sakhe sokufundela ubufundisi siyingxenye yesihlanu, kodwa futhi sakhiwe kahle, njengoba saqalwa ngo-1,000 ngokuthi “Isikole SeBhayibheli Sowesifazane Karen.” Ngaphezu kwemfundiso yenkolo, amakilasi ahlanganisa isiNgisi, amakhono e-Computer kanye neSiko likaKaren.[1897]
Njengoba zibalelwa ezigidini ezingu-7, iqembu lesizwe samaKaren nalo lihlupheke kakhulu ngenxa yokungqubuzana nokukhishwa inyumbazane ngaphansi kwezinqubomgomo "zeBurmanization" eziklanyelwe ukubacwasa. Ukuhlupheka sekuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane, okunomthelela omkhulu ekuhlalisaneni kwabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhuliswe ugogo wakhe phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuntengantenga, uMongameli wamanje waseSeminary uMfundisi uDkt. Soe Thihan wafundiswa ukudla ngokushesha uma kwenzeka ehlaselwa, nokuhlala ephethe irayisi emaphaketheni akhe ukuze akwazi ukuphila emahlathini edla. okusanhlamvu okumbalwa ngosuku. (ukuxhumana komuntu siqu no-K. Carlo)
Phakathi kuka-1968 no-1988 abekho abantu bakwamanye amazwe ababevunyelwe eBurma, futhi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwaholela emfundisweni yenkolo yamaBaptist ukuba iqhwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izingxabano zezenkolo zesimanje ezifana nezindaba ze-LGBT kanye ne-Liberation Theology zazingaziwa. Kodwa-ke, emashumini eminyaka adlule kube nokuningi okubambekayo phakathi kwabafundi baseseminari uma kungenjalo ezingeni lesonto lendawo, elihlala libambelele kakhulu. Eqinisekisa ukuthi “Ingxoxo iyingxenye yenkolo yobuKristu,” uMfundisi Carlo waletha inkulumo enokuthula neyokuthula ngemva kobukoloni kuhlelo lwezifundo lweSeminary.
UMfundisi Carlo waqaphela izici zobukoloni endabeni ka-Adoniram Judson kodwa wayamukela indima yakhe ekusunguleni ibandla eBurma. Wathi kimi, “Ngatshela abafundi bami: UJesu wayengowase-Asiya. Ungamgubha u-Judson– kuyilapho ubuyisa izimpande zase-Asia zokholo lobuKristu.” Ubuye wafundisa ikilasi “elamukelwe kahle” ngobuningi bezenkolo futhi idlanzana labafundi lazwakalisa intshisekelo yokuba nengxoxo namaSulumane. Ngokwezenkolo bavumelana ngokuthi, “Uma uMoya oNgcwele ungenakuboshwa inkolo, uMoya oNgcwele ukhulume namaMuslim nawo.”
UMfundisi Carlo uphinde wafundisa amaSeminari akhe ezincwadini zikaMfundisi Daniel Buttry, umbhali nomqeqeshi owaziwayo osebenzelana ne-International Ministries, ojikeleza umhlaba wonke eqeqesha imiphakathi ekuguquleni izingxabano, ukungabi nodlame kanye nokwakha ukuthula. Okungenani kusukela ngo-1989, uMfundisi Buttry uvakashele eBurma ukuze anikeze amaseshini eqembu mayelana nokuhlaziya ukungqubuzana, ukuqonda izitayela zokungqubuzana komuntu siqu, ukulawula uguquko, ukulawula ukuhlukahluka, ukuguquguquka kwamandla kanye nokuphulukiswa kobuhlungu. Uvame ukuhlanganisa imibhalo yeTestamente Elidala nelisha ukuze aqondise ingxoxo, njenge-2 Samuweli 21, Esteri 4, Mathewu 21 kanye neZenzo 6: 1-7. Kodwa-ke, usebenzisa ngobuchule imibhalo yamasiko ahlukahlukene, njengaseqoqweni lakhe lemiqulu emibili esihloko sithi “Interfaith Just Peacemaking” namamodeli ayo angama-31 obuholi bobulungiswa bezenhlalo emhlabeni wonke. (Buttery, 2008)
Echaza izinkolo zika-Abraham njengezelamani ezingqubuzanayo, uDaniel Buttry uhlanganyele nomphakathi wamaSulumane kusukela eNigeria kuya eNdiya, naseDetroit kuya eBurma. Ngo-2007, izazi zamaSulumane ezingaphezu kuka-150 zakhipha isimemezelo esithi “Izwi Elivamile Phakathi Kwethu Nawe” zifuna ukuhlonza izinto ezifanayo ukuze kwakhiwe ubudlelwano obunokuthula nokuxutshwa kwezinkolo.[5] I-American Baptist Church nayo ihlele uchungechunge lwezingqungquthela zama-Muslim-Baptist mayelana nalo mbhalo. Ngaphezu kokufaka lezi zinto, u-Buttry ufanise imibhalo yobuKristu neyamaSulumane mayelana nokuthula ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwakhe ngoDisemba 2015 e-IONA Mosque eDetroit, ngokubambisana “okuyimpumelelo kakhulu” no-Imam El Turk woMkhandlu Wobuholi Bezinkolo Ezihlangene weMetro Detroit. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqeqesha abantu baseMelika abahlukahlukene kusukela e-Bangladesh kuya e-Ukraine babelane ngemibhalo egxile kwezobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, kuhlanganise “neNtshumayelo yaseNtabeni” “njengeJihad kaJesu.” (I-Butty 2015A)
Indlela ka-Buttry ethi “Interfaith Just Peacemaking” imongiwe ezimisweni eziyi-10 zenhlangano ethi “Just Peacemaking” eyasungulwa uzakwabo ongumBaptist uGlen Stassen, owakha imikhuba ethile engasiza ekwakheni ukuthula esisekelweni esiqinile, hhayi nje ukuphikisa impi. (Stassen, 1998)
Phakathi nohambo lwakhe njengomeluleki, uDaniel Buttry ubhala ngemizamo yakhe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezingqubuzanayo. Olunye lohambo lwakhe lwe-2011 kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba ukuvakashela i-Rohingya[6]; yonke imininingwane isusiwe ku-akhawunti, nakuba incazelo ibonakala ifanelana kakhulu. Lokhu ukuqagela; kodwa kwezinye izimo, ucacisa kakhulu emibikweni yakhe yomphakathi evela eBurma. ESahlukweni 23 (“Lokho Okushoyo Kakusizi,” ku SingamaSokisi) umenzi wokuthula uxoxa indaba yeseshini yokuqeqeshwa eNyakatho Burma, lapho ibutho lalibulala amavukela-mbuso (uhlanga olungashiwongo). Ngokwengxenye enkulu abafundi baseBurma bayamhlonipha kakhulu umfundisi wabo kangangokuthi abalokothi baveze imibono ezimele. Futhi, njengoba ebhala, “kwakunokwesaba okukhulu ngebutho lezempi ngakho abantu abaningi babengabaza ukusho noma yini eshabhu. Ababambiqhaza babenendawo encane kakhulu “yokunethezeka” futhi yayingekude “nendawo ye-alamu” lapho okuwukuphela kokukhathazeka kwakuwukuzivikela. Kodwa-ke, u-Buttry ulandisa ngomunye umfundi owambekela inselele ngokomzwelo futhi wathi amaqhinga angenalo ubudlova azobabulala bonke. Ngemva kokucabangisisa, abaqeqeshi bakwazile ukukujika lokho ngokukhomba ubuqhawe obungavamile bombuzo; “Yini ekunika amandla angaka?” babuza. Banikeza obuzayo amandla, axhumanisa nentukuthelo yakhe ngokungabi nabulungisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela angene ezisusa ezijulile. Lapho bebuyela esifundeni ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa bathola ukuthi amanye amaqhinga angenabo ubudlova empeleni ayezanywe ngokuphumelelayo nomlawuli wamasosha owavuma ukuthola indawo ethile yokulala. Abahlanganyeli benkundla yokucobelelana ngolwazi bathe bekungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi bazuze noma yiluphi uhlobo lokunqoba ngebutho laseBurma. (Butty, 2015)
Naphezu kwezinqubomgomo ezisemthethweni, ukungqubuzana nobumpofu kungase kusize ukugcina umuzwa oqinile wokuthembela phakathi, uma kungewona ubumbano. Amaqembu aye adingana ukuze aphile. Abaholi be-Rohingya engixoxile nabo bonke bakhumbula isikhathi se-30 edlule lapho ukushada nokuxhumana kwakuvame kakhulu (Carroll, 2015). U-Karyn Carlo wangitshela ukuthi kune-mosque ngasekungeneni kwe-Alone Township e-Yangon, nokuthi amaqembu ahlukahlukene asahwebelana futhi ahlangane ezimakethe ezivulekile. Uphinde wathi othisha nabafundi abangamaKristu baseSeminary bazovakashela isikhungo sendawo samaBuddha ukuze bazindle. Kwakuvuleleke kubo bonke.
Kunalokho, uthe ozakwabo manje besaba ukuthi ngoshintsho lwezepolitiki ukuphazamiseka kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kungase kuphonsele inselelo lo mqondo wobunye bomphakathi, njengoba uphazamisa inkambiso yomndeni yemindeni exube izizukulwane. Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka kahulumeni nengcindezelo yezempi, ibhalansi phakathi kokugcina amasiko nokuvuleleka ezweni elibanzi kubonakala kungaqinisekile futhi kusabisa ngisho nakwabaningi baseBurma, eBurma nakwamanye amazwe.
Diaspora kanye Nokuphatha Ushintsho
Kusukela ngo-1995 iMyanmar Baptist Church[7] ibihlaliswe esakhiweni esivulekile saseTudor emgwaqeni onamaqabunga e-Glendale, NY. Kukhona imindeni engaphezu kuka-2,000 yamaKaren ehambela iTabernacle Baptist Church (TBC) enyakatho ye-Utica, kodwa i-MBC yaseNew York City yayigcwele imikhuleko yangeSonto ngo-Okthoba 2016. Ngokungafani neBandla lase-Utica, ibandla le-MBC lihlukene ngokwezizwe, noMon kanye noKachin. ngisho nemindeni yaseBurma ihlangana kalula noKaren. Insizwa ethile ingitshela ukuthi uyise ungumBuddha futhi unina ungumKristu, nokuthi naphezu kokungabaza okuncane uyise uye wavumelana nokukhetha aye wakwenza ekukhetheni iSonto LamaBaptist. Ibandla licula ingoma ethi “Sibuthana Ndawonye” nethi “Umusa Omangalisayo” ngesiBurma, futhi umfundisi walo osenesikhathi eside uMfundisi u-U Myo Maw ethula intshumayelo yakhe phambi kwelungiselelo lezitshalo ezintathu zama-orchid amhlophe.
Amaphuzu okugcizelela ngesiNgisi angivumela ukuba ngilandele intshumayelo ngezinga elithile, kodwa ngemva kwalokho ilungu lebandla kanye noMfundisi ngokwakhe bachaza izincazelo zakhe. Isihloko salentshumayelo sasithi “UDaniel Nezingonyama” uMfundisi uMaw asisebenzisa ukuze acacise inselele yokumelela isiko nokholo ngokuqinile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngaphansi kwengcindezelo yezempi eBurma noma ukucwiliswa kwezithikamezo zesiko laseNtshonalanga lembulunga yonke. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ikhwelo lokubambelela ngokuqinile esikweni lalihambisana namazwi amaningi okwazisa ngobuningi benkolo. Umfundisi Maw uchaze ukubaluleka “kweQibla” ezindlini zamaSulumane aseMalaysia, ukuze awakhumbuze ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesiqondiso sokuqondisa imithandazo yawo kuNkulunkulu. Futhi izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa wabancoma oFakazi BakaJehova ngokuzinikela kwabo obala okholweni lwabo. Umlayezo ongacacile wawuwukuthi sonke singahloniphana futhi sifunde komunye nomunye.
Nakuba uMfu Maw engazange akwazi ukuchaza noma yiziphi izenzo zokuxutshwa kwezinkolo ibandla lakhe ebelihileleke kuzo, uvumile ukuthi kule minyaka engu-15 eseNew York City, uye wabona ukwanda kwemisebenzi yezinkolo ezihlangene njengempendulo ku-9/11. Wavuma ukuthi ngingaletha abangewona amaKristu ukuba bavakashele iBandla. Ngokuphathelene neBurma, wazwakalisa ukuba nethemba ngokuqapha. Waphawula ukuthi uNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zenkolo wayeyindoda yezempi efanayo neyayisebenza ngaphansi kohulumeni bangaphambili kodwa wabonakala esanda kushintsha umqondo, elungisa umsebenzi weNkonzo yakhe ukuze ekugcineni ungahlanganisi amaBuddha kuphela kodwa nezinye izinkolo zaseBurma.
Ama-Baptists namathrendi Okwenza Ukuthula
Izikole zezenkolo zaseBurma, ikakhulukazi amaBaptist, kubonakala sengathi zenze ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kokwakha ukwethembana kwenkolo nokuthula. Ukushayisana okuqinile phakathi kobuhlanga kanye nenkolo yamaBaptist kungenzeka kusize ukuhlanganisa kokubili, kube nemiphumela eyakhayo yobuholi obusekelwe enkolweni enqubweni yokwenza ukuthula.
Abesifazane bahlanganisa amaphesenti angu-13 kuphela abantu baseBurma ababambe iqhaza kuNqubo Kazwelonke Yokuthula, engabandakanyi amaSulumane amaRohingya. (Bheka uJosephson, 2016, Win, 2015) Kodwa ngokwesekwa uhulumeni wase-Australia (ikakhulukazi i-AUSAid) i-N Peace Network, inethiwekhi yamazwe amaningi yabagqugquzeli bokuthula, isebenzele ukukhuthaza ubuholi besifazane kulo lonke elase-Asia. (bona i-N Peace Fellows ku http://n-peace.net/videos ) Ku-2014 inethiwekhi yahlonipha izishoshovu ezimbili zaseBurma ngokuhlanganyela: uMi Kun Chan Non (i-Mon ethnic) kanye no-Wai Wai Nu (umholi wamaRohingya). Ngemuva kwalokho inethiwekhi ihloniphe uRakhine wobuhlanga oweluleka i-Arakan Liberation Army kanye namaKachin amaningana ahlangene neSonto okuhlanganisa nabesifazane ababili baseBurma abaqondisa izinhlanga ngenqubo yokuthula kazwelonke futhi abaxhumene neShalom Foundation, i-NGO ezinze eBurma eyasungulwa uMfundisi Omkhulu wamaBaptist uMfundisi uDkt. USaboi Jum futhi ngokwengxenye uxhaswe yiNxusa LaseNorway, i-UNICEF kanye ne-Mercy Corps.
Ngemva kokuvula i-Peace Centre exhaswe nguhulumeni wase-Japan, i-Shalom Foundation yasungula i-Myanmar Ethnic Nationalities Mediators' Fellowship ngo-2002, futhi yabiza i-Interfaith Cooperation Groups ngo-2006. Igxile kakhulu ezidingweni zeSifundazwe SaseKachin, ngo-2015 iSisekelo sashintsha sagcizelela kubantu baso. Iphrojekthi ye-Ceasefire Monitoring, ngokwengxenye isebenza ngabaholi bezenkolo abahlukahlukene, kanye nephrojekthi ye-Space for Dialogue ukudala ukwesekwa kwenqubo yokuthula. Lesi sinyathelo sasihlanganisa abantu baseBurma abangu-400 abahlukahlukene abahlanganyela eMthandazweni Wezinkolo Ezihlangene ngo-September 8, 2015 cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zeBurma ngaphandle kweSifundazwe SaseRakhine. Umbiko wonyaka weSisekelo walowo nyaka ubala imisebenzi engama-45 yokuxutshwa kwezinkolo njengemikhosi neminye imicimbi yezenhlalo enezehlakalo ezingama-526 zokuzimbandakanya kwentsha yamaBuddha, nezingu-457 nezingu-367 zamaKristu namaSulumane ngokulandelana, ngokulingana kobulili obuseduze. [8]
Kucace kakhulu ukuthi amaBaptist abambe iqhaza eliphambili ezingxoxweni ezixube izinkolo nasekudaleni ukuthula eBurma. Nokho-ke namanye amaqembu okholo nawo aya phambili.
I-Pluralism noma i-Globalization of Interfaith Dialogue?
Ukuphendula nge-alamu ekukhuphukeni kwe-xenophobia kanye nokushushiswa ngokwenkolo okubhekiswe kumaRohingya ngo-2012, amaqembu amaningi omhlaba afinyelele kubaholi bendawo. Ngalowo nyaka, Izinkolo Zokuthula zavula ama-92 ayond isahluko eBurma.[9] Lokhu kwaletha ukunakwa nokusekelwa kwezinye izahluko zesifunda, ngokubonisana kwakamuva e-Japan. “Ingqungquthela Yomhlaba wonke ka Izinkolo Zokuthula wazalelwa eJapane,” kusho uDkt. William Vendley, uNobhala Jikelele we I-RfP Izizwe ngezizwe “IJapane inefa eliyingqayizivele lokusiza abaholi benkolo emazweni anezinkinga.” Leli thimba lihlanganisa ngisho namalungu eqembu lamaBuddha eleqisayo iMa Ba Tha. (ASG, 2016)
Ehlangene ne-Islamic Center yaseMyanmar, ilungu elisungula u-Al Haj U aye Lwin wangitshela ngo-September 2016 mayelana nemizamo eholwa yi-RFP Myanmar Myint Swe; Amalungu amaSulumane namaBuddha abesebenzisana nemiphakathi yawo ukuze anikeze usizo lokusiza abantu abasengozini, ikakhulukazi izingane ezithintekile ngenxa yezingxabano.
U Myint Swe, umemezele ukuthi "ekuphenduleni ukwanda kobuzwe kanye nokungezwani komphakathi eMyanmar, iRfP Myanmar yethule iphrojekthi entsha "yokwamukela abanye" ezindaweni ezihlosiwe." Abahlanganyeli balungiselele ukuxazulula izingxabano kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha ibhuloho lomphakathi. Mhla zingama-28-29 kuNdasa wezi-2016, u-U Myint Swe, uMongameli we-RfP Myanmar kanye noMfundisi u-Kyoichi Sugino, iPhini likaNobhala-Jikelele we-RfP International, bavakashele eSittwe, eSifundazweni Sase-Rakhine, eMyanmar, “inkundla yodlame olukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi.”
Ulimi olungenalutho olumayelana "nodlame lomphakathi" aluvamisile ukusekelwa amaSulumane aseBurma, ekhumbula ukushushisa ngamabomu amaBuddha angama-Rohingya. U-Al Haj U Aye Lwin, wengeza ngokuthi “I-RfP I-Myanmar iyaqonda ukuthi amaRohingya afanelwe ukuphathwa hhayi kuphela ngezizathu zobuntu kodwa futhi ngokufanele nangobulungisa ngokuhambisana nemithetho ehambisana nezinkambiso nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. I-RfP IMyanmar izokweseka uhulumeni kaDaw Aung San Suu Kyi ekusunguleni umthetho kanye namalungelo abantu. Kancane kancane, ngenxa yalokho, kwakuyolandela amalungelo abantu nokungacwaswa ngenxa yohlanga nenkolo.”
Ukwehluka okunjalo kwemibono nokuthumela imiyalezo akuzange kuvimbe Izinkolo Zokuthula eMyanmar. Ngomsebenzi oyedwa okhokhelwayo kodwa lutho ukwesekwa nguhulumeni, ngo-2014 uphiko lokuthuthukisa abesifazane lwethula “Inethiwekhi Yabesifazane Bokholo” ehlangene neGlobal Women of Faith Network. Ngo-2015 amaqembu entsha nabesifazane ahlela ukuphendula amavolontiya ezikhukhuleni e-Mektila, esifundazweni sase-Rakhine esihlukaniswe ngokwezizwe. Amalungu aqhube izinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi ezisingethwe yi-Myanmar Institute of Theology futhi ahlanganyela emigubhweni yezenkolo yomunye nomunye, okuhlanganisa neMigubho Yosuku Lokuzalwa Lomprofethi kanye no-Hindu Diwali.
Kanye nozakwabo u-U Myint Swe, u-Al Haj U Aye Lwin ucelwe ukuthi ajoyine iKhomishana Yokweluleka entsha enempikiswano enikezwe umsebenzi wokuhlola "Izinkinga zikaRakhine" kubandakanya nombuzo weRohingya "futhi unephutha ngabathile ngokungalucindezeli udaba lwe imithetho yobuhlanga neyenkolo eyinkinga eqondise amalungelo amaRohingya. (Akbar 2016) Kodwa-ke, u-Aye Lwin wangitshela ukuthi ubhale futhi wasakaza ngezindleko zakhe incwadi ephikisa Imithetho Yobuhlanga Nezenkolo eyinkinga. Ukuqeda ezinye zezinkolelo ezibangela ukwanda kwe-Islamophobia, wabheka ukuqinisekisa ozakwabo abangamaBuddha. Ephikisana nombono womlando owabiwe kabanzi wokuthi amaSulumane anqoba izizwe zamaBuddha, wabonisa ukuthi kuqondwa kahle, "i-dawah" yamaSulumane noma umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli awukwazi ukufaka ukuphoqelela.
Abahlanganyeli beZinkolo Zokuthula baphinde basiza ekuqiniseni ukubambisana okuningana. Isibonelo, ngo-2013 egameni le-International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), i-International Movement for a Just World (JUST), kanye neZinkolo Zokuthula (RfP) uMnu Aye Lwin wasiza ukuhlanganisa umfelandawonye wabaholi bamaSulumane namaBuddha. abavela esifundeni sonke behlangana ukuze bagunyaze Isimemezelo se-Dusit sika-2006. Lesi simemezelo sinxuse osopolitiki, abezindaba kanye nabafundisi ukuthi bacabangele futhi bahloniphe umehluko wenkolo. (Ibhulogi Yephalamende 2013)
Ngo-2014 i-Interfaith for Children yahlangana ukuze isekele ukuvikelwa kwezingane, ukusinda kanye nemfundo. Futhi ngokwesekwa nguzakwethu Wezinkolo Zokuthula i-Ratana Metta Organisation (RMO) amalungu aleli qembu angamaBuddha, amaKrestu, amaHindu namaMuslim nawo enze isitatimende ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-2015 ecabanga ukuthi kunomphakathi obekezelelayo ohlonipha ukuhlukahluka kwenkolo nobuzwe. UBertrand Bainvel we-UNICEF wathi: “Ikusasa laseMyanmar lincike kulokho umphakathi waseMyanmar ozokwazi ukukwenzela izingane manje. Ukhetho oluzayo luyisikhathi esikahle hhayi nje kuphela sokuzibophezela emigomeni emisha, emigomweni nasezinsizeni zezingane, kodwa futhi nokugcizelela izindinganiso zokuthula nokubekezelelana ezibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kwazo okuvumelanayo.”
Intsha yaseBurma ibambe iqhaza ku-Religions for Peace "Global Interfaith Youth Network", icela ukuthi kudalwe amaPaki Okuthula, imfundo yamalungelo abantu, kanye namathuba okushintshana kwentsha njengemoto yokuzibandakanya emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuhamba komphakathi. Amalungu entsha yase-Asia ahlongoze “Isikhungo Sokufunda Ngokuqhathanisa Nezinkolo Namasiko Zase-Asia.” [10]
Mhlawumbe ikakhulukazi kwabasha, ukuvulwa komphakathi waseBurma kunikeza isikhathi sethemba. Kodwa ekuphenduleni, abaholi bezenkolo abehlukene nabo banikeza imibono yabo yokuthula, ubulungiswa nentuthuko. Eziningi zazo ziletha imibono yomhlaba wonke kanye nezinsiza zokutshala emnothweni wokuziphatha odonsa kanzima waseBurma. Ezinye izibonelo ziyalandela.
Osomabhizinisi Bokuthula: AmaBuddha namaMuslim Initiatives
Dharma Master Hsin Tao
U-Master Hsin Tao wazalelwa kubazali abangamaShayina e-Upper Burma kodwa wathuthela eTaiwan esengumfana. Ngenkathi eba yiNgcweti yobuBuddha enenkambiso eyi-Chan, wagcina ukuxhumana namasiko eTheravāda kanye neVajrayāna, aqashelwa yizo zombili izinzalamizi eziphakeme zaseBurma kanye nozalo lukaNyingma Kathok lweBuddhism yaseTibetan. Ugcizelela into efanayo yazo zonke izikole zamaBuddha, uhlobo lomkhuba abhekisela kulo “njengobunye bezimoto ezintathu.”
Selokhu aphuma endaweni ekude ngo-1985 i-Master Tao ayigcinanga nje ngokuthola isigodlo kodwa futhi iqale uxhaxha lwemiklamo yokwakha ukuthula, eklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuzwana phakathi kwezizwe zonke. Njengoba esho kusizindalwazi sakhe, “Njengoba ngikhulele endaweni yempi, kufanele ngizinikele ekuqedeni ukuhlupheka okubangelwa izingxabano. Impi ayisoze yaletha ukuthula; ukuthula okukhulu kuphela okukwazi ukuxazulula izingxabano ezinkulu.” [11]
Eveza ukuzola, ukuzethemba nozwelo, u-Master Tao ubonakala esebenza ukuze enze abangane. Uhamba kabanzi njengeNxusa Lobumbano Lwezinkolo Ezihlangene futhi uxhumene ne-Elijah Institute. Isungulwe nguRabi uDkt. Alon Goshen-Gottstein ngo-1997 u-Elijah “usondela emsebenzini wokuxutshwa kwezinkolo ezivela endaweni yezemfundo”, ngendlela ebheke phezulu ebheke ebulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, “kuqale ngezinhloko zezinkolo, kuqhubeke nezifundiswa nokufinyelela emphakathini wonkana. ” U-Master Tao uphinde wahola izingxoxo zephaneli ezingqungqutheleni zePhalamende Lomhlaba Lezenkolo. Ngahlangana naye eNhlanganweni Yezizwe Ezihlangene phakathi nochungechunge lwezinkulumo ezixube izinkolo ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-2016.
Wethule uchungechunge lwezingxoxo zamaSulumane namaBuddha, okuthe ngokwewebhusayithi yakhe “selubanjwe izikhathi eziyishumi emadolobheni ayisishiyagalolunye ahlukene. [12]Uthola amaSulumane “abantu abamnene uma bengapolitiki” futhi unabangane eTurkey. Wethule “Izimiso Ezinhlanu ZeBuddhism” e-Istanbul. UMfundisi Tao waphawula ukuthi zonke izinkolo zingonakaliswa izimo zangaphandle. Wengeze ngokuthi kumaBurma, ubuzwe abubalulekile kangako kunobuzwe.
Ngo-2001 i-Master Tao yavula “Imnyuziyamu Yezinkolo Zomhlaba” eTaiwan, enezifundo ezibanzi zokukhuthaza “ukufunda ukuphila.” Uye wasungula nemizamo yokupha; Umndeni wakhe Womhlaba Wonke Wothando Nokuthula usungule ikhaya lezintandane eBurma kanye “nepulazi lamazwe ngamazwe e-eco” e-Shan State yaseBurma, elilima izitshalo zenani eliphakeme njenge-citronella kanye ne-vetiver, lisebenzisa kuphela imbewu nezitshalo ezingezona ze-GMO. [13]
U-Master Hsin Tao njengamanje uhlongoza “iNyuvesi Yezinkolo Zomhlaba” yokuhlanganisa izinkolo ukuze kufundiswe ukuvumelana kwezenhlalo nezomoya emcabangweni nasekwenzeni. Njengoba engitshele, “Manje ubuchwepheshe namathonya asentshonalanga kukhona yonke indawo. Wonke umuntu kumaselula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uma sinekhwalithi enhle yesiko kuzohlanza izingqondo. Uma belahlekelwa isiko balahlekelwa isimilo kanye nozwelo. Ngakho sizofundisa yonke imibhalo engcwele esikoleni sase-Peace University.”
Ezicini eziningi, amaphrojekthi e-Dharma Master ahambisana nomsebenzi weJudson Research Center yaseMyanmar Theological Seminary, nenselelo eyengeziwe yokuyiqala phansi.
Imam Malik Mujahid
U-Imam Malik Mujahid ungumongameli ongumsunguli we-Soundvision. Isungulwe ngo-1988 eChicago, iyinhlangano engenzi nzuzo ethuthukisa okuqukethwe kwemidiya yamaSulumane, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zeRadio Islam, kuyilapho ikhuthaza ukuthula nobulungiswa. U-Imam Mujahid wabona inkhulumomphendvulwano nokubambisana njengamathuluzi esenzo esihle. E-Chicago wayejoyine amasonto, ama-mosque namasinagoge esebenza ndawonye ukuze kube noshintsho emphakathini. Uveze ukuthi “i-Illinois ibikade ikleliswe endaweni yama-47 phakathi kwezifundazwe ngokwezempilo. Namuhla, ibambe indawo yesibili esizweni, ngenxa yamandla ezingxoxo phakathi kwezinkolo… (Mujahid 2011)
Ngokuhambisana nale mizamo yasendaweni, u-Imam Mujahid ungusihlalo weBurma Task Force okuwuhlelo oluyinhloko lwe-NGO Justice for All. Usungule imikhankaso yokumela ukusiza amaMuslim amancane eBurma, okufanekisela imizamo yakhe yangaphambilini emele amaBosnia ngesikhathi “sokuhlanzwa kohlanga” ngo-1994.
Mayelana namalungelo abantu abambalwa eBurma, futhi egxeka uhulumeni omusha ka-April 2016 ukuguqula izindela ezeqisayo, u-Imam Malik ucele ukwesekwa okugcwele kobuningi nenkululeko yenkolo; "Lesi yisikhathi sokuthi iBurma ivuleleke kubo bonke abantu baseBurma." (Mujahid 2016)
U-Imam Mujahid ubesebenza nenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe exube izinkolo kusukela kwavuselelwa iPhalamende Lezenkolo Zomhlaba ngo-1993. Usebenze njengoMongameli wePhalamende iminyaka emihlanu, kwaze kwaba nguMasingana 2016. IPhalamende lisebenzela “ukunakekela izinkolo nezizwe ezisebenzisana ngokuzwana ukuze kuzuze isintu” futhi izingqungquthela ezibanjwa kabili ngonyaka ziheha ababambiqhaza abahlukahlukene ababalelwa ku-10,000, okuhlanganisa no-Master Hsin. Tao, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla.
NgoMeyi 2015 iPhalamende lahlonipha izindela ezintathu zaseBurma eNgqungqutheleni yase-Oslo yezinsuku ezintathu yokuqeda ukushushiswa kwamaRohingya eMyanmar.” Abahleli boMklomelo Womhlaba Wonke Wokuvumelana bahlose ukunikeza amaBuddha ukuqinisa okuhle futhi bawakhuthaze ukuba alahle inhlangano emelene namaSulumane uMa Ba Tha yendela u-U Wirathu. Izindela kwakungu-U Seindita, umsunguli we-Asia Light Foundation, u-U Zawtikka, kanye no-U Withudda, owakhoselisa amakhulukhulu amadoda, abesifazane nezingane ezingamaMuslim esigodlweni sakhe sezindela ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kukaMashi 2013.
Ngemva kokusebenza ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bamaBuddha abafana noDalai Lama bazokhuluma ngokumelene nokuhlanekezelwa kweBuddhism nokushushiswa kwamaRohingya, ngoJulayi 2016 wajabula ukubona iSangha (uMkhandlu WamaBuddha Wombuso) ekugcineni waphika. futhi waphika abalandeli bakaMa Ba Tha.
Njengoba aphawula emcimbini wemiklomelo, “uBuddha wamemezela ukuthi kumelwe sithande futhi sinakekele zonke izidalwa. UMprofethi uMohammad, ukuthula kube kuye, wathi akekho kini okholwa ngokweqiniso ngaphandle kokuthi ufisele omunye lokho ozifisayo ngokwakho. Lezi zimfundiso ziwumgogodla wazo zonke izinkolo zethu, lapho ubuhle benkolo busekelwe khona.” (Izindaba ze-Mizzima Juni 4, 2015)
UKhadinali uCharles Maung Bo
NgoFebhuwari 14, 2015 uCharles Maung Bo waba uKhadinali wokuqala waseBurma, ngomyalo kaPapa Francis. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, watshela i-Wall Street Journal ukuthi wayefuna ukuba “izwi labangenazwi.” Uphikisane esidlangalaleni nemithetho yobuhlanga nenkolo eyaphasiswa ngo-2015, wathi “Sidinga ukuthula. Sidinga ukubuyisana. Sidinga ubunikazi obuhlanganyelwe futhi obunokuzethemba njengezakhamizi zesizwe esinethemba ... kodwa le mithetho emine ibonakala sengathi ifinyelele kulelo themba. "
Ngemva nje konyaka, uKhadinali Bo wenza uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe ehlobo lika-2016 ukuze abonise ithemba namathuba ngemva kokukhethwa kukahulumeni omusha we-NLD. Wayenezindaba ezinhle: Phakathi nokucindezelwa, wathi iSonto LamaKatolika eMyanmar laba “isonto elisha nelinamandla.” “Ibandla likhule lisuka kuma-diocese amathathu nje kuphela laya kuma-diocese angu-16,” kusho uKhadinali Bo. “Kusukela kubantu abayizi-100,000 800,000, singabantu abathembekile abangaphezu kuka-160 800, kusukela kubapristi abangu-300 kuya kubapristi abangu-2,200, kusukela kwabangama-60 sisonta manje abangu-40 XNUMX kanti abangamaphesenti angu-XNUMX kubo baneminyaka engaphansi kuka-XNUMX.”
Kodwa-ke, nakuba kungabangeli izinga elifanayo lokuhlupheka njengokushushiswa kwamaRohingya, amanye amaqembu angamaKristu eBurma ahlosiwe futhi amasonto ashiswa eminyakeni embalwa edlule. Embikweni Wawo Wonyaka Ka-2016 Ikhomishana YaseMelika Yenkululeko Yezenkolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe ibike izehlakalo ezimbalwa zokuhlukunyezwa, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseKachin, kanye nezinqubomgomo eziqondise ukumiswa kweziphambano emasontweni. I-USCIRF iphinde yaphawula ukuthi izingxabano zezinhlanga osekunesikhathi eside zikhona, “nakuba zingezona ezenkolo, zibe nomthelela omkhulu emiphakathini yamaKristu kanye naleyo yezinye izinkolo, okuhlanganisa nokunciphisa ukufinyelela kwayo emanzini ahlanzekile, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, inhlanzeko efanele kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle, nezinye izidingo eziyisisekelo.” UCardinal Bo naye uyigxekile inkohlakalo.
U-Bo wanezela entshumayelweni ka-2016, “Izwe lami liphuma kubusuku obude bezinyembezi nokudabuka kwaba ukuntwela kokusha. Ngemva kokuhlupheka ngokubethelwa esiphambanweni njengesizwe, siqala ukuvuka kwethu. Kodwa umbuso wethu wentando yeningi osemusha untekenteke, futhi amalungelo abantu ayaqhubeka nokuhlukunyezwa nokuphulwa. Siyisizwe esilimele, isizwe esophayo. Ezinhlangeni nasezinkolweni ezincane, lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi, yingakho ngiphetha ngokugcizelela ukuthi awukho umphakathi ongaba nentando yeningi ngempela, okhululekile futhi onokuthula uma ungahloniphi - futhi ungagubhi - ukuhlukahluka kwezepolitiki, ubuhlanga nezinkolo, kanye vikela amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo awo wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, inkolo noma ubulili... Ngikholelwa ngempela ukuthi isihluthulelo sokuzwana phakathi kwezinkolo nokuthula siwukuthi amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo, inkululeko yenkolo noma inkolelo yawo wonke umuntu.” (WorldWatch, May 2016)
UKhadinali Bo ungumsunguli weZinkolo Zokuthula eMyanmar. Ekwindla ka-2016 wajoyina u-Alissa Wahid, indodakazi kamongameli wangaphambili wase-Indonesia, ukuba abhale ngokubambisana i-Op Ed eqinile eshicilelwe ku-Wall Street Journal (9/27/2016) ebiza inkululeko yenkolo eBurma nase-Indonesia. Baxwayise ngezithakazelo zezempi ezifuna ukulawula amazwe abo, futhi banxusa ukuba kususwe “inkolo” komazisi. Njengobudlelwano bamaKrestu namaSulumane banxuse ukuthi zombili izinkonzo zabo zezeNkolo ziguqulwe ukuze kuvikelwe wonke amasiko ngokulinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banezela, “ukugcinwa komthetho kubeke kuqala ukuzwana komphakathi ngisho noma kusho ukucindezela abantu abambalwa. Lo mbono kufanele uthathelwe indawo yinto entsha ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela inkululeko yenkolo njengelungelo lomuntu…” (Wall Street Journal, Septhemba 27, 2016)
Ubambiswano Nokusekela
Isungulwe i-Austria, iSpain kanye ne-Saudi Arabia, i-King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue (KAICIID) iye yasekela izinhlelo ezihlelwe yiPhalamende Lezinkolo Zomhlaba Nezinkolo Zokuthula. Baphinde basekela “Uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa lwezinyanga ezintathu lwentsha yaseMyanmar, oluhlanganisa ukuvakashela izindawo zokukhulekela zenkolo” kanye nezingqungquthela eziningi ezifana neNkhulumomphendvulwano ka-September 2015 phakathi kwamaSulumane namaKrestu eGreece. Ngokuhlanganyela no-Arya Samaj, i-KAICIID yethule ingqungquthela “Yomfanekiso Womunye” e-India eyatusa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ze-Interfaith nemfundo yokuthula nentuthuko, ukuze kugwenywe “izinhlaka eziqhudelanayo.” Abahlanganyeli baphinde bacela ukuba kube nohlu lwamagama enkolo ukuze kusizwe ukuxhumana nokuhumusha okwengeziwe nokuqeqeshwa kothisha.
Ngo-April 2015 i-KAICIID yahlela ngokuhlanganyela umhlangano we-ASEAN nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zesifunda ezisiza abantu kanye namalungelo abantu, umphakathi wamabhizinisi wesifunda, nabaholi bezenkolo besifunda, bahlangana e-Malaysia ukuze “baxoxisane ngezindlela zezinhlangano zomphakathi nabaholi bezenkolo ukuthi bafake isandla kwathuthukisa ubudlelwano bamaBuddha-Muslim eMyanmar kanye nesifunda… Esitatimendeni, i-Roundtable ikhumbule ukuthi njengoba “Isimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu sase-ASEAN sihlanganisa nokuvikelwa kwelungelo lenkululeko yenkolo, kunesidingo esiqhubekayo sokusiza ukuxoxisana kwezinkolo ezixubile kanye nezingxoxo. ngaphakathi kweMyanmar kanye nesifunda esibanzi”. (KAIICID, Ephreli 17, 2015)
I-KAICIID isekele abaholi bezenkolo abazibandakanya emphakathini ngokuhlanganyela kanye nemiklomelo. Endabeni yaseBurma, lokhu kuye kwasho ukuqaphela abaholi abasebasha abangamaBuddha abakulungele ukukhuthaza ubuningi benkolo.[14] (Ngokwesibonelo, kwanikezwa inhlanganyelo indela engumBuddha waseBurma uVen Acinna, efundela iziqu zakhe zobudokotela e-Postgraduate Institute of Buddhist and Pali Studies, eNyuvesi yaseKelaniya eSri Lanka. Uzibophezele kakhulu emisebenzini yezenhlalo nenkolo nokudala indawo enokuthula emphakathini wakubo, lapho iningi lamaBuddha kanye nengxenye enkulu yamaSulumane aseMyanmar behlala ndawonye.”
Obunye ubudlelwano banikezwa u-Ashin Mandalarlankara imfundiso encane yobuBuddha esigodlweni sezindela saseBurma. Ngemva kokuhambela umhlangano wokufundisa ngobuSulumane owawuqhutshwa uFata Tom Michael, umpristi ongumKatolika nesazi ngezifundo zamaSulumane wase-US, wahlangana nabaholi bamaSulumane futhi “wakha ubungane obuningi. Ubuye wenza izifundo ze-iPACE zeConflict Transformation nesiNgisi eJefferson Centre eMandalay.” (KAIICID Fellows)
Enye inhlanganyelo yanikezwa umsunguli weTheravada Dhamma Society of America, uMhlonishwa u-Ashin Nyanissara Uthisha weBuddhism futhi osiza abantu, "ungumsunguli we-BBM College e-Lower Myanmar futhi wayenomsebenzi wokwakha uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngamanzi. manje esihlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile ezakhamuzini ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili kanye nesibhedlela esithuthuke ngokuphelele eBurma esihlinzeka abantu abangaphezu kuka-250 ngosuku.”
Ngenxa yokuthi i-KAICIID inikeza ubudlelwano obuningi kumaSulumane kwezinye izizwe, okuhamba phambili kwayo kungenzeka kwakuwukufuna amaBuddha athembisayo naphumelela kakhulu eBurma. Kodwa-ke, umuntu angalindela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo amaSulumane amaningi aseBurma azoqashelwa yilesi Sikhungo esiholwa yiSaudi.
Ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa esezishiwo, ukubandakanyeka kwamaSulumane aseBurma emisebenzini yokuxuba izinkolo akunamandla. Ziningi izizathu ezingase zibe nomthelela kulokhu. AmaSulumane amaRohingya avinjelwe ukuhamba ngaphakathi eBurma, kanti amanye amaSulumane akhathazekile ukugcina iphrofayili ephansi. Ngisho nase-Yangon e-cosmopolitan i-mosque yashiswa ngesikhathi se-Ramadan 2016. Izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi zamaSulumane ziye zanqatshelwa isikhathi eside ukuthi zisebenze eBurma, futhi njengoba sibhala lesi sivumelwano sokuvumela ihhovisi le-Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) singakaze senziwe, nakuba lokhu kulindeleke ukuthi ishintshe. Izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ezifisa ukusiza amaSulumane amaRohingya kumele zihlanganyele ngokuyimfihlo nezinye izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ezinikezwe ukufinyelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eSifundazweni Sase-Rakhine, kuyadingeka kwezombusazwe ukusebenzela umphakathi wase-Rakhine. Konke lokhu kuthatha izinsiza kude nesakhiwo sesikhungo samaSulumane.
Umbhalo oputshuziwe ovela ezinhlelweni ze-OSF zikaGeorge Soros, ezinikeze uxhaso lwezimali e-Burma Relief Centre ukuze kuxhunyanwe nezinhlanga zomphakathi, ubonise ukuzibophezela okuqaphelayo ekubhekaneni nokuchema nakuba kuqeqeshwa ochwepheshe bemidiya kanye nokukhuthaza uhlelo lwezemfundo olubandakanya wonke umuntu; kanye nokuqapha imikhankaso emelene namaSulumane ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nokuyisusa uma kungenzeka. Lo mbhalo uyaqhubeka, “Sibeka engcupheni ukuma kwethu kwenhlangano eBurma kanye nokuphepha kwabasebenzi bethu ngokulandela lo mbono (omelene Nenkulumo Enenzondo). Asizithathi kalula lezi zingozi futhi sizosebenzisa lo mbono ngokuqapha okukhulu.” (OSF, 2014) Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela i-Soros, uLuce, i-Global Human Rights uxhaso oluncane kakhulu luye lwaya ngqo emaqenjini omphakathi we-Rohingya. Okuhlukile kakhulu, i-Wai Wai Nu's Women Peace Network-Arakan, isebenzela i-Rohingya kodwa ingahlukaniswa njengenethiwekhi yamalungelo abantu besifazane.
Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani abaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe bengazange bakubeke eqhulwini ukuqinisa izikhungo zama-Muslim Burmese, noma bakwazi ukufinyelela kubaholi bamaSulumane. Okokuqala nje, ukuhlukumezeka kokuxoshwa kusho ukuthi amarekhodi awakwazi ukugcinwa futhi nemibiko eya kubanikezeli bezibonelelo ayikwazi ukubhalwa. Okwesibili, ukuhlala ngokungqubuzana akusizi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwakha ukwethembana ngisho naphakathi kweqembu elishushiswayo. Ingcindezelo ingase ifakwe ngaphakathi. Futhi njengoba ngibonile eminyakeni emithathu edlule, abaholi beRohingya bavame ukuncintisana ngomunye nomunye. Ukuthi bangobani kuhlala kungamukeleki ngokusemthethweni, noma okungenani kunempikiswano enkulu, enkulumweni yomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwelungelo labo lokuzibonakalisa, u-Aung San Suu Kyi ngokwakhe ucele izinhlangano zosizo kanye nohulumeni bangaphandle ukuthi bangasebenzisi ngisho namagama abo. Bahlala bengebona abantu.
Futhi ngonyaka wokhetho ukungcola kwasakazekela kuwo wonke amaSulumane aseBurma. Njengoba i-USCIRF ikubeka, ngonyaka ka-2015, "abashisekeli bezwe bamaBuddha babiza ngokukhethekile abantu abazongenela ukhetho kanye namaqembu ezepolitiki 'ama-pro-Muslim' ukungcolisa isithunzi sabo nokukhethwa kwabo." Umphumela walokho ngisho neqembu eliwinile le-NLD okhethweni lanqaba nhlobo ukungenela ukhetho lwamaMuslim. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nakumaSulumane angewona amaRohingya, kuye kwaba nomuzwa wokuvinjezelwa okungenzeka ugcine abaholi abaningi bamaSulumane endimeni yokuqapha nokungenzi lutho. (USCIRF, 2016)
Ekuxhumaneni komuntu siqu (Okthoba 4, 2016) uMana Tun, uzakwabo ofundisa eMyanmar Theological Seminary uthi Uhlelo lwabo Lwezobuciko Lwenkululeko lwamukela abafundi kungakhathalekile inkolo, ubuhlanga nobulili futhi linenani labafundi abangamaBuddha—lingaba ngu-10-20% womzimba wabafundi– kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abafundi abangamaSulumane, abafundi aba-3-5 kubafundi abayi-1300.
Kungani bembalwa kangaka? Amanye amaSulumane aye afundiswa ukugwema izimo zomphakathi ezingase ziyekethise imibono yesizotha noma ubumsulwa. Abanye bangase bakugweme ukubhalisa esikoleni sobuKristu ngoba besaba ‘ukulahlekelwa inkolo yabo. I-Muslim Insularity ngezinye izikhathi ingase ibangele izincazelo ezithile ze-Islam. Kodwa-ke, njengoba umphakathi wamaSulumane eBurma ngokwawo uhluke kakhulu, hhayi ngokobuhlanga kuphela, kodwa ngokwenkolo yawo, kungase kube ngcono ukucabangela izinselele ezinkulu zezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezombusazwe njengokunquma kakhudlwana.
I-New York City Comparison
Ngizophetha leli phepha ngokuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo komsebenzi we-Interfaith eNew York, ngigcizelela ukusebenzelana kwamaSulumane ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Inhloso wukukhanyisela ngomthelela we-Islamophobia ngezindlela zayo ezihlukahlukene, kanye nezinye izici ezifana nesiko nobuchwepheshe.
Kusukela ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula kwangomhla ziyi-11 kuSepthemba 2001, ukubambisana nokubambisana kwezinkolo ezixubile kuye kwakhula eDolobheni laseNew York, kokubili ezingeni lobuholi nanjengenhlangano ephansi exhumene nenkonzo yamavolontiya kanye nezinhlelo zobulungisa bomphakathi. Abahlanganyeli abaningi bavame ukuthuthuka kwezombusazwe, okungenani ezindabeni ezithile, futhi imiphakathi yama-evangelical Christian, Orthodox Jewish kanye namaSalafi Muslim imiphakathi ngokuvamile ikhetha ukuphuma.
Ukuhlehla kwe-Islamophobic kuqhubekile, kwanda ngisho naseminyakeni yamuva nje, kugqugquzelwa futhi kwaxhaswa yimithombo yezindaba ethile kanye namaqembu anentshisekelo yezepolitiki. I-backlash isekelwa ukungezwani kwezwe kanye nentukuthelo ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwe-ISIS, ukukhuphuka kwe-reactionary wing populism, kanye nokungaqondi kahle kwemikhuba yamaSulumane. (CAIR, 2016)
Umbono we-Islam njengosongo olukhona ususabalele e-Europe, kanye nase-USA, usungula impendulo eyisijeziso nokuba khona kwedlanzana elincane lamaSulumane. Izinhlangano ezimelene namaSulumane sezisabalele naseNdiya, okuyikhaya ledlanzana lamaSulumane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ayizigidi eziyi-150, kanye naseThailand naseSri Lanka. Lo mkhuba wokucwasa abokufika uyabonakala nasezindaweni ezithile ezazingaphansi kweSoviet Union kanye neChina. Abaholi bezombangazwe bebelokhu begxeka amaSulumane amancane egameni lokuhlanzeka kwezenkolo, ukuqonda okungeyona ingxenye yobuningi bobunikazi bezwe, kanye nezimangalo zokuphepha kwezwe.
EDolobheni laseNew York, ukukhathazeka kwezokuphepha “kukhuphule” ezinye izindlela zokuhlasela, nakuba imizamo efanayo yenziwe ukuze kulungiswe kabusha izindinganiso zesintu zesizotha njengengcindezelo yobulili kanye nokubukela phansi inkululeko. Ama-mosque nezinye izinhlangano zamaSulumane kuye kwadingeka ukuthi zimelane nemikhankaso ye-smear ezinkundleni zokuxhumana nakumaphephandaba e-tabloid, kanye nokubhekwa okubanzi yizinhlaka zomthetho ezincintisanayo.
Kulo mongo, inkhulumomphendvulwano yezinkolo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokubambisana kunikeze ithuba elibalulekile lokwamukelwa komphakathi, okuvumela abaholi bamaSulumane nezishoshovu ukuba baphume ekuhlukaniseni okuphoqiwe futhi okungenani ngezikhathi ezithile zeqe isimo "somuntu oyisisulu" ngokusebenzisa isenzo somphakathi esihlanganyelwe. Imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa izinkolo ihlanganisa imizamo yokwakha ukwethembana ngezingxoxo ezisekelwe emibhalweni mayelana namagugu okwabelwana ngawo; ukuhlangana phakathi kwamaholide enkolo; ukwakhiwa kwezindawo eziphephile, ezingathathi hlangothi njengokuhlangana ukuze kusekelwe omakhelwane abahlukahlukene; kanye namaphrojekthi wosizo wokondla abalambile, ukumela ukuthula, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokunye okukhathazayo kobulungisa bezenhlalakahle.
Ukukhombisa (uma kungelona imephu) isimo sendawo sokusebenzisana kwezinkolo ezahlukene, ngizochaza kafushane amaphrojekthi amabili engisebenzisana nawo. Zombili zingaqondwa njengezimpendulo ekuhlaselweni kwe-9/11.
Iphrojekthi yokuqala iwukusebenzelana kwezinkolo ezihlukene mayelana nokusabela kwezinhlekelele zika-9/11, ekuqaleni kwakwaziwa ngokuthi yi-NYDRI ubambiswano oluhlangene noMkhandlu Wamasonto WaseDolobheni LaseNew York, futhi yathathelwa indawo yi-New York Disaster Interfaith Services (NYDIS)[15]. Inkinga eyodwa ngokuphindaphinda kokuqala kwaba ukungaqondi kahle kwemvelo ehlukahlukene nokwehlukaniswa kobuholi bamaSulumane, okwaholela ekukhishweni okuthile okungadingekile. Inguqulo yesibili, eholwa nguPeter Gudaitis ovela eSontweni Lama-Episcopal futhi ebonakala ngezinga eliphakeme lobuchwepheshe, yabonakala ihlanganisa kakhulu. I-NYDIS ibambisene nama-ejensi wamadolobha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu kanye namaqembu asengozini (okuhlanganisa abokufika abangenazo izincwadi) ngeke baqede zonke izikhala ezinsizeni zosizo. I-NYDIS ibize “I-Unmet Needs Roundtable” ehlinzeke ngamadola ayizigidi ezi-5 ekusizeni amalungu omphakathi ahlukahlukene, izidingo zawo ezethulwa ngabasebenzi bamacala abavela emiphakathini yezenkolo eyahlukene. I-NYDIS iphinde yasekela izinsizakalo ze-chaplaincy futhi yabhekana "nokuhlehla okuhlobene nenhlekelele." Ngemuva kokunciphisa abasebenzi bayo, iphinde yavuselela izinsizakalo ngemuva kweSiphepho uSandy ngo-2012, yanikeza usizo olungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8.5.
Bengiyilungu lebhodi ye-NYDIS kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, emele i-Islamic Circle (ICNA Relief USA) ngomlando wayo omude wokusiza izinhlekelele. Ngemva kokushiya i-ICNA ekupheleni kuka-2005 ngamela i-Muslim Consultative Network iminyaka eminingana, futhi ngasiza kafushane amaphrojekthi wedatha womphakathi we-NYDIS ngemva kweSiphepho uSandy. Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi, ngibone umthelela omuhle wokufakwa kanye nabaholi bezenkolo abavela emasikweni ezenkolo ahleleke kakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zikazwelonke ezinezinsiza eziningi kakhulu. Naphezu kwengcindezi kwabanye ozakwethu, ikakhulukazi izinhlangano zamaJuda zaseMelika, ukuthi zihlukane namaqembu amaSulumane, ukwakhiwa kokuthembana kanye nemikhuba yokuphatha okuhle kwavumela ukubambisana ukuthi kuqhubeke.
Kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2007 i-"Livingroom Project," umzamo wokukhuthaza ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlangano eziholayo zamaJuda kanye ne-NYC Muslim civil society, yaphela ngokudumala ngisho nokucasuka okuthile. Izikhala ezinjalo zandiswa ngo-2007 ngesikhathi kuhlaselwa abezindaba kozakwabo abasondelene abangamaSulumane njengoDebbie Almontaser, uthishanhloko owasungula isikole saseKahlil Gibran, lapho ozakwethu benkhulumomphendvulwano behluleka ukumvikela esidlangalaleni noma ukubekela inselele ngokusobala amanga nokuhlanekezela amaqiniso. Ukusabela kwezinkolo ezihlukahlukene ekuhlaselweni kuka-2010 ePark 51 (okubizwa ngokuthi "i-mosque at ground zero") kwakungcono kodwa kusaxubene. Imibiko yango-2007 emayelana nokuhlaziywa kwamaphoyisa okunephutha nokweqile kwe-radicalization yamaSulumane kwalandelwa izambulo ngo-2011-12 mayelana nezinga lokuqapha kwamaphoyisa abaholi bamaSulumane abazinze eNew York City kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi. Ubudlelwano nabaxazululi beDolobha laseNew York amandla ezombusazwe namasiko aphazamisekile.
Ebusweni balesi sigungu, ubuholi bamaSulumane eNew York buhlukaniseke baba amakamu amabili. Ikamu elihambisana kakhulu nezepolitiki ligcizelela ukusebenzelana, kanti ikamu lezishoshovu libeka phambili umgomo. Umuntu angase abone ukuhlangana kwama-imam ase-Afrika aseMelika acabangela ubulungisa kwezenhlalo kanye nezishoshovu zama-Arabhu ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nabahlukumezi abahlukahlukene bokufika ngakolunye. Nokho, umehluko wezombangazwe nobuntu awukona ukuphambana okuhle. Futhi ikamu elilodwa alikho ngaphezu kwelinye. Noma kunjalo, okungenani ezingeni lobuholi ubudlelwano bamaSulumane phakathi kwenkolo buye bakhubeka ekukhetheni amasu phakathi “kokukhuluma iqiniso emandleni” kanye nesiko lokukhombisa inhlonipho nokwakha ubudlelwano ezinhlangothini zombili zomkhakha wezepolitiki. Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, leli bhulukwe alikapholiswa.
Ukwehluka kobuntu kwaba neqhaza kulokhu kuhlukana. Kodwa-ke umehluko wangempela wemibono nemibono kwavela mayelana nobudlelwane obufanele neziphathimandla zikahulumeni wase-US. Kwaqubuka ukungathembani mayelana nezisusa zalabo ababezimise eduze namaphoyisa futhi babonakala bevumelana nesidingo sokugadwa kabanzi. Ngo-2012 iqembu elilodwa lahlela ukuduba isidlo sasekuseni saminyaka yonke seMeya yase-NY Bloomberg, [16] ukuphikisana nokweseka kwakhe izinqubomgomo ezinezinkinga ze-NYDP. Yize lokhu kuhehe abezindaba, ikakhulukazi onyakeni wokuqala wokuduba, amanye amakamu aqhubekile nokuhambela lo mcimbi, njengoba kwenza neningi labaholi bezinkolo eziningi edolobheni lonke.
Abanye abaholi bamaSulumane kanye nezishoshovu baqonda amasiko abo njengaphikisana namandla ezwe negunya lezwe kanye nokukhetha kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseNtshonalanga. Lo mbono ubangele isu lokugcina imingcele neminye imiphakathi, kanye nokugxila ezenzweni zobugebengu kanye nokuvikela izithakazelo zamaSulumane ngesikhathi sokuhlasela. Ukubambisana kwezinkolo ezehlukene akukhishelwa ngaphandle– kodwa kuyakhethwa uma kunezinjongo zokulunga komphakathi.
Ngiphinde ngibe yilungu le-Flushing Interfaith Council[17], eyathuthukiswa njengesizinda se-Flushing Interfaith Unity Walk. I-Walk ngokwayo isekelwe ku-Children of Abraham Interfaith Peace Walk, eyasungulwa ngo-2004 nguRabi Ellen Lippman kanye no-Debbie Almontaser ukuze kwakhiwe amabhuloho okuqonda phakathi kwezakhamuzi zaseBrooklyn ezindaweni ezahlukene. Umqondo uwukujwayela kwemodeli ye-open house, nokuvakasha, izingxoxo kanye nokudla okulula ezindlini zokukhulekela ezihlukahlukene endleleni. Ngo-2010 i-Walk-based Walk yaphelela endaweni ye-mosque ehlongozwayo e-Sheepshead Bay eyayihehe ababhikishi abamelene namaSulumane, futhi abahlanganyeli be-Walk bakhiphe izimbali esixukwini esithukuthele. Ukusebenzela isifunda saseQueens, i-Flushing Walk yaqala ngo-2009 futhi isisindile kakhulu impikiswano, njengoba ivumelanisa imodeli yokuxuba izinkolo ukuze ifake umphakathi ohluke kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi wase-Asia okuhlanganisa namaHindu amaningi, amaSikh kanye namaBhudda eFlushing. Nakuba uye wafinyelela kulokhu kuhlukahluka kwe-Walk neminye imisebenzi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMkhandlu usalokhu ubambelele ekuhlanganyeleni kwamalungu “esonto lokuthula”—amaQuaker namaUnitarians.
Esigodini saseQueens, eFlushing, NY futhi kuyindawo ye-1657 Flushing Remonstrance, idokhumenti yokuqala yenkululeko yenkolo e-US. Ngaleso sikhathi, uPeter Stuyvesant, ngaleso sikhathi owayenguMbusi walokho okwakuyiNew Netherlands ngaleso sikhathi, wayewuvimbele ngokomthetho umkhuba wazo zonke izinkolo ezingaphandle kweSonto LaseDutch Reformed. AmaBaptist namaQuaker aboshelwa imikhuba yawo yenkolo endaweni yaseFlushing. Lisabela, iqembu lezakhamuzi ezingamaNgisi lahlangana ukuze lisayine i-Remonstrance, isicelo sokubekezelelwa hhayi amaQuaker kuphela kodwa “amaJuda, amaTurkey namaGibhithe, njengoba bebhekwa njengamadodana ka-Adamu.”[18] Abasekeli baboshwa kamuva ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. kanti enye indoda eyiNgisi uJohn Bowne yadingiselwa eHolland, nakuba yayingasazi isiDashi. Lesi sibhicongo sigcine siphindiselele uStuyvesant ngesikhathi iDutch West India Company icheme nabangahambisani nayo.
Ukubungaza leli gugu, ngo-2013 i-Flushing Interfaith Council yabuyekeza i-Remonstrance ukuze ibhekane nezinqubomgomo zokugada ezimelene namaSulumane kanye ne-Left e-New York City. Uhunyushelwe ezilimini zasendaweni eziyi-11, lo mbhalo omusha wakhuluma neMeya uMichael Bloomberg ngokuqondile nezikhalo ezihlobene nezinqubomgomo zokugadwa kanye nokumisa kanye nezingaqondile.[19] UMkhandlu uyaqhubeka nokubonisa ubumbano namaSulumane aseQueens, okuhloswe ngawo ubugebengu obunenzondo ngisho nokubulala imbala ngo-2016. Ehlobo lika-2016 uMkhandlu waxhasa izingxoxo zababhali bamaSulumane kanye neqembu lokufunda. I-Pluralism Project e-Harvard iye yaqaphela "izinqubo ezithembisayo" zoMkhandlu we-Flushing interfaith ngesixhumanisi sawo esisha nefa elibalulekile lika-Flushing lokuba nobuningi.[20]
Ngaphandle kwalezi zibonelo ezimbili isimo sedolobha saseNew York sokusebenzelana kwezinkolo ezihlukahlukene sihlanganisa izinhlangano nezinhlelo ezixhumene neNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (ezifana ne-Alliance of Civilizations, Religions for Peace, Temple of Understanding) kanye nemifelandawonye yendawo phakathi kwezindlu zokukhulekela ngisho namakilabhu abafundi. Ikakhulukazi, selokhu yavela ngo-1997 ohlelweni lukaMfu James Parks Morton olukhuthaza ukuxutshwa kwezinkolo eCathedral of St John the Divine, i-Interfaith Centre yaseNew York inikeze izingqungquthela nokuqeqeshwa ngezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zenhlalo “kubefundisi, othisha bezenkolo, abaholi abavamile. , abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle, nanoma ubani odlala indima yobuholi ukuze basize imiphakathi yabo yezenkolo.”
EDolobheni laseNew York, i-Union Theological nezinye izisemina, iTanenbaum Centre of Interreligious Understanding, Foundation for Ethnic Understanding (FFEU), Centre for Ethnic, Religious And Racial Understanding (CERRU) I-Interfaith Worker Justice, kanye ne-Intersections International zonke ziyahlangana ezinhlelweni zomphakathi wezenkolo. amalungu.
Eziningana zalezi zinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zihlehlile ekubhebhethekeni kwe-Islamophobia, zisekela izinhlelo zikazwelonke ezinjengokuthi “Ihlombe Ehlombe.”[21] Kuphinde kwaba nemikhankaso eminingi yokumela ehlelwe hhayi izinhlangano zamaSulumane kuphela njenge-CAIR ne-MPAC kanye ne-Soundvision, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwezinsizakusebenza ezifana ne-My Neighbor is Muslim, umhlahlandlela wokufunda onezingxenye eziyisikhombisa okhiqizwe kuzwelonke yiLutheran Social Service yaseMinnesota, kanye nekharikhulamu ye-Peace and Unity Bridge elungiselwe i-Unitarian Universalist Church yase-Vermont.[22] NgoSepthemba 2016 i-Unitarian Universalist Church (UUSC) iphinde yafaka “Umcimbi Wobumbano WamaSulumane” kuphrojekthi yabo yesenzo exhunywe kwifilimu ka-Ken Burns emayelana nemizamo yama-Unitarian yokusindisa abantu kumaNazi. Ukuxhumana okungacacile kwakuhambisana nomlando. Kusesekuseni kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi bangaki abazosebenzisa lezi zinsiza.
Naphezu kwesimo esibi esiqhubekayo phakathi nenkathi yokhetho yango-2016, kusobala ukuthi kukhona ubumbano oluqhubekayo namaSulumane, okungajulile nokujulile, phakathi kwemiphakathi yezenkolo. Kodwa futhi, njengaseBurma, amaSulumane awanazo izinsiza kanye nenhlangano futhi mhlawumbe nesifiso sokuthatha indima eholayo ebudlelwaneni bezinkolo ezihlukahlukene. Isitayela sobuholi bamaSulumane siseyingxenye enkulu yohlobo "olunomusa", olwakha ukuxhumana komuntu siqu kodwa olungadluliseli amandla noma ukuthuthukisa amandla esikhungo ahlala njalo. Abantu abaningi abafanayo bahileleke kakhulu ezingxoxweni ezixube izinkolo kodwa abakwazi noma abalethi ababambiqhaza abasha. Kukhona izikhulumi ezimbalwa ezinhle zamaMuslim kunabaphathi abalungile ukuze bathole izibonelelo futhi baqhubeke nokubandakanyeka. Ukuba khona kwama-Mosque akuphezulu, futhi noma bemukela ubunikazi benkolo ngendlela eqinile, amaSulumane asemasha asuka kwamanye amazwe azenqaba ikakhulukazi izindlela zabazali babo.
Ukuthi ungubani kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kunezinhlaka eziningi, kodwa inkulumo yepolitiki nedumile mayelana nobuhlanga, ezomnotho, inkolo nobulili imvamisa yenza kube lula ngokweqile. Uxhaso lulandela izitayela ezithandwayo, njenge-Black Lives Matter, kodwa azinikezi amandla ngokuqondile labo abathinteke kakhulu.
Ngo-2008 u-Kusumita Pederson waphawula, “Impela isici esiphawuleka kakhulu nesibalulekile senhlangano yokuxuba izinkolo namuhla… ukukhula kokuhlangana kwezinkolo ezingeni lendawo. Lona umehluko omkhulu kunawo wonke emashumini eminyaka okuqala ale nhlangano, futhi kubonakala kuphawula isigaba esisha.” Lokhu kube yiqiniso eDolobheni laseNew York njengoba kubonakala ezinhlelweni eziningi zasendaweni kusukela ngomhlaka-9/11. Eminye imizamo yendawo “ibonakala” kakhulu kuneminye. Kunoma yikuphi, lesi sici esiphansi manje senziwe inkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokuhlanekezelwa kwezenhlalo kobuchwepheshe obusha. Ngokukhula kwenkundla yezokuxhumana "izingxoxo" eziningi manje zenzeka ku-inthanethi, nabantu abangabazi abayisigidi bebodwa. Impilo yezenhlalo yaseNew York manje isilamule kakhulu, futhi ukuthengisa indaba, indaba, isimangalo samandla, kuyingxenye yokuncintisana komnotho wonxiwankulu. (Pederson, 2008)
Yebo, amafoni ahlakaniphile ayasabalala naseBurma. Ingabe amaphrojekthi enkundla yezokuxhumana asekelwe ku-facebook njengomkhankaso omusha woMngane Wami[23], obungaza ubungane phakathi kwamaBurma ezinhlanga ezahlukene, azophumelela ekwakheni isiko elibungaza bonke ngokulinganayo? Ingabe lokhu “ukwakha ukuthula okuxube izinkolo” kwekusasa? Noma ingabe omakhalekhukhwini bazophenduka izikhali ezandleni zezixuku ezihlose udlame njengoba sekwenzekile? (Baker, 2016, Holland 2014)
I-Enophobia kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi kudala umjikelezo ononya. Nakuba ukuqoqwa kwabantu abaningi “abangekho emthethweni” kuxoxwa ngakho e-USA, futhi kwaqaliswa e-Burma, ukungavikeleki okukhuthazwa yile nkulumo kuthinta wonke umuntu. Ngokuhambisana namaqembu omphakathi asengozini, inselelo yamanje yobuningi bezenkolo nobuzwe kuwuphawu lokufuduka okukhulu kwamasiko nokomoya okuhlobene nobunxiwankulu bomhlaba.
Ngonyaka wezi-2000, uMark Gopin waphawula, “Uma ulokotha ugudluze isiko lezenkolo, nanoma yiliphi isiko lalolo daba, uyisa esakhiweni esisha ngokuphelele sezomnotho noma sezombusazwe, njengentando yeningi noma imakethe ekhululekile, ungasuki phezulu ngaphandle phansi, phansi ngaphandle kwaphezulu, noma ngisho phakathi nendawo, ngaphandle uma uzimisele ukubangela ukuchitheka kwegazi…Isiko lenkolo alimane lisuke phezulu liye phansi. Eqinisweni, kunamandla amangalisayo asabalalayo, yingakho nje abaholi bebambeke kangaka.” (Gopin, 2000, p 211)
UGopin ube esengeza futhi esixwayiso sakhe- ukwamukela inqubo yoguquko ebanzi; ukungagudluzi iqembu lenkolo noma uhlanga ngaphandle kwesinye; futhi ungalokothi wenze ukungqubuzana kube kubi nakakhulu ngokuqinisa iqembu elithile lenkolo noma lempucuko kunelinye, “ikakhulukazi ngokutshalwa kwezimali.”
Ngeshwa, i-United States - kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe - benze lokho kanye njengengxenye yezinqubomgomo zangaphandle ezizukulwaneni eziningi, futhi ngokuqinisekile baye baqhubeka eminyakeni kusukela uGopin abhala lawo mazwi. Ifa elilodwa lalokhu kungenelela kwamanye amazwe ukungathembani okujulile, okusenomthelela omkhulu ebudlelwaneni bezinkolo ezihlukahlukene eNew York namuhla, ngokusobala kakhulu ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezinhlangano zamaSulumane nezamaJuda ezithi zimelela izintshisekelo zomphakathi obanzi. Ukwesaba kwamaSulumane nama-Arab kokuhlangana ngisho nokuhlanganiswa kuyajula. Ukungavikeleki kwamaJuda kanye nokukhathazeka okukhona nakho kuyizici eziyinkimbinkimbi. Futhi umuzwa wase-Afrika waseMelika wobugqila nokubandlululwa uya ngokuya uba mkhulu. Imithombo yezindaba egcwele yonke indawo esizungezile ivumela lezi zindaba ukuba zixoxwe kabanzi. Kodwa njengoba kuphawuliwe, kungase kuphinde kuhlukumeze kalula, kubandlulule futhi kube nepolitiki.
Kodwa yini esiyenzayo lapho “senza izinkolo ezixubile”? Ingabe njalo iyingxenye yesixazululo, hhayi inkinga? UMana Tun waphawula ukuthi eBurma, abahlanganyeli ezingxoxweni ezixube izinkolo basebenzisa igama lesiNgisi elithi “interfaith” njengegama lokubolekwa. Ingabe lokho kusikisela ukuthi abenzi bokuthula baseBaptist eBurma bangenisa futhi babeka imibono yezingxoxo ephuma ekubukeni kwe-Orientalizing, neo-colonial yesithunywa sevangeli saseNtshonalanga? Ingabe lokho kusikisela ukuthi abaholi baseBurma (noma baseNew York) abamukela amathuba okudala ukuthula bangosomathuba? Cha; kungenzeka ukukhumbula izexwayiso zika-Gopin mayelana nokugxambukela kwezinhloso ezinhle eziguquguqukayo zomphakathi kodwa ucabangele ukuhwebelana kwabantu okusungulayo nokubalulekile okwenzeka ezingxoxweni lapho amalebula nemibono yangaphambili ilahlwa.
Eqinisweni, eDolobheni laseNew York ukusebenzelana kwezinkolo eziningi emazingeni aphansi bekukhululekile ngokuphelele. Inani lethiyori lingase lifike kamuva, lapho isizukulwane sesibili siqeqeshelwa ukuqhuba inkhulumomphendvulwano, okuvumela abaqeqeshi abasha ukuba bazi kabanzi mayelana nokuguquguquka kweqembu kanye nemibono yoshintsho.
Ozakwethu bazivulela amathuba amasha. Naphezu kobunzima bokuhlangenwe nakho kwami kwengxoxo yamaJuda namaSulumane eNew York, omunye walabo ababambisene nenkhulumomphendvulwano uye wahlala engumngane futhi muva nje wenza umfelandawonye wamaJuda ukuze alwele amalungelo amaRohingya Muslim eBurma. Ngenxa yokuzwelana nabaxoshiwe kanye nedlanzana elinamadimoni, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okubonisa iphupho elibi lamaJuda ngeminyaka yawo-1930s e-Europe, i-Jewish Alliance of Concern Over Burma (JACOB) isayine cishe izinhlangano zamaJuda ezijwayelekile ezingama-20 ukuze zimelele amaSulumane ashushiswayo.
Singase sibhekane nekusasa lokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke (nokunganeliseki kwakho) ngethemba noma ukungabaza okujulile. Kunoma ikuphi, kukhona amandla ekusebenzeni ndawonye ngenjongo efanayo. Ngokuhambisana nokuzwelana nomfokazi, nabanye abantu abasengozini, abalingani bezenkolo babelana ngokuthuthumela okujulile ngokusobala kokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuqondiswe kubantu abavamile, okuhlanganisa nezigaba zabantu abaphila ndawonye ezingamukelwa ngokugcwele imiphakathi yezenkolo, njengamadoda nabesifazane be-LGBT. . Ngenxa yokuthi imiphakathi yezenkolo eyahlukene manje ibhekene nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokulungiswa okuningi kwenkolo yangaphakathi kanye nendawo yokuhlala phakathi “kophezulu” nabaphansi” bobuholi, kanye nezivumelwano zokungavumelani nokuhlukanisa ezindabeni ezinjalo zenhlalo, isigaba esilandelayo sokuxoxisana kwezinkolo ezihlukahlukene sithembisa ukuthi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu– kodwa ngamathuba amasha ozwelo olwabiwe.
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amanothi
[1] Bheka izikhombo u-Ali, W. (2011) For Fear Inc. 2.0 bona www.americanprogress.org
[2] www.BurmaTaskForce.org
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoniram_Judson
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[5] Bheka ku-http;//www.acommonword.org
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[11] “Izingxoxo” http://www.093ljm.org/index.asp?catid=136
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[15] www.nydis.org
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[23] Bona i-https://www.facebook.com/myfriendcampaign/
