Umthetho, Ukuqothulwa Kohlanga kanye Nokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano

Peter Maguire

Umthetho, Ukuqothulwa Kohlanga kanye Nokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano ku-ICERM Radio isakazwa ngoMgqibelo, Februwari 27, 2016 @ 2PM ET.

Ingxoxo noDkt. Peter Maguire, umbhali we "Umthetho Nempi: Umthetho Wamazwe Ngamazwe Nomlando WaseMelika" (2010) kanye "Ukubhekana Nokufa eCambodia" (2005).

UPeter ungusomlando futhi owayengumphenyi wobugebengu bempi imibhalo yakhe eshicilelwe ku-International Herald Tribune, New York Times, The Independent, Newsday, kanye neBoston Globe. Ufundise umthetho ne-war theory e-Columbia University nase-Bard College.

Peter Maguire

Ingqikithi: “Umthetho, Ukubulawa Kohlanga kanye Nokuxazululwa Kwezingxabano”

Lesi siqephu sigxile ekwephulwani kwemithetho kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe ngesikhathi sezimpi zobuhlanga nezenkolo, nokuthi ukungqubuzana kwezinhlanga nezenkolo kungaxazululwa kanjani ukuze kwakhiwe indlela yokuthula nokulondeka.

Ingxoxo isekelwe ezifundweni ezifanele ezitholwe emsebenzini kaDkt. Peter Maguire eCambodia nokuthi lokho akutholile mayelana nokubulawa kwabantu base-Cambodia (1975 - 1979) kungasisiza kanjani ukuthi siqonde okwenzeka (noma okwenzekayo njengamanje) kwamanye amazwe lapho ukubulawa kwabantu nokuqothulwa kohlanga. zenzekile noma ziyenzeka.

Okubhekiselwe kafushane engxoxweni ukubulawa kohlanga lwabantu bomdabu baseMelika (1492-1900), ukubulawa kohlanga lwamaGreki (1915 - 1918), ukubulawa kwabantu base-Armenia (1915 - 1923), ukubulawa kwabantu base-Asiriya (1915-1923), ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe (1933-1945) Genocide (1935-1945), Nigeria-Biafra War and the Massacres of the Biafra people (1967-1970), Bangladesh genocide (1971), massacre of Hutus in Burundi (1972), Rwandan genocide (1994), Bosnia genocide (1995) , Impi yaseDarfur eSudan (2003 - 2010), kanye nokuqothulwa kohlanga okuqhubekayo eSyria nase-Iraq.

Ngokombono ojwayelekile, sihlole ukuthi imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yephulwe kanjani, kanye nokungasebenzi komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ekuvimbeleni ukubulawa kwabantu ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke kanye nokwehluleka kwabo ukuletha abanye abenzi bokubi phambi kobulungiswa.

Ekugcineni, kwenziwa imizamo yokudingida ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zokuxazululwa kwezingxabano (idiplomacy, ukulamula, inkhulumomphendvulwano, ukulamula, njalo njalo), zingase zisetshenziswe kanjani ukuvimbela noma ukuxazulula izingxabano nezingxenye zobuhlanga nezenkolo.

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Lolu cwaningo lugxile ezindleleni ezimbili lapho izindlela zokuziphendulela zingase zilandelwe emphakathini wase-Yazidi ngemuva kokubulawa kohlanga: ukwahlulela nokungakhethi. Ubulungiswa besikhathi esidlule yithuba eliyingqayizivele langemva kwenhlekelele lokusekela uguquko lomphakathi kanye nokugqugquzela umuzwa wokuqina nethemba ngokusebenzisa amasu, ukwesekwa kwezinhlangothi eziningi. Ayikho indlela 'yobukhulu obulingana bonke' kulezi zinhlobo zezinqubo, futhi leli phepha licabangela izici ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile ekusunguleni isisekelo sendlela ephumelelayo yokungagcini nje ngokubamba amalungu e-Islamic State of Iraq kanye ne-Levant (ISIL) abaphendule ngobugebengu babo obubhekiswe esintwini, kodwa ukunika amandla amalungu e-Yazidi, ikakhulukazi izingane, ukubuyisela umuzwa wokuzimela nokuphepha. Ngokwenza kanjalo, abacwaningi babeka izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe zezibopho zamalungelo abantu ezingane, becacisa ukuthi yiziphi ezifanele ezimweni zase-Iraqi naseKurdish. Bese, ngokuhlaziya izifundo ezitholwe ocwaningweni lwezimo ezifanayo e-Sierra Leone nase-Liberia, ucwaningo luncoma izindlela zokuziphendulela zezinhlanga ezahlukene ezigxile ekukhuthazeni ukubamba iqhaza kwezingane kanye nokuvikela ngaphakathi komongo we-Yazidi. Kunikezwe izindlela eziqondile izingane ezingabamba iqhaza ngazo futhi okufanele zibambe iqhaza. Izingxoxo e-Iraqi Kurdistan nezingane eziyisikhombisa ezisinde ekuthunjweni kwe-ISIL zivumele ama-akhawunti azibonela mathupha ukwazisa izikhala zamanje ekunakekeleni izidingo zabo zangemva kokuthunjwa, futhi zaholela ekwakhiweni kwamaphrofayili amasosha e-ISIL, axhumanisa abasolwa ngokuba yizigebengu nokwephulwa okuthile komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Lobu bufakazi bunikeza ukuqonda okuyingqayizivele kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabasindile be-Yazidi abasha, futhi uma kuhlaziywa ngokwenkolo, umphakathi kanye nezimo zesifunda, kunikeza ukucaca ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo eziphelele. Abacwaningi banethemba lokudlulisa umuzwa wokuphuthuma ekusunguleni izindlela ezisebenzayo zobulungiswa bezinguquko zomphakathi we-Yazidi, futhi bacele abalingisi abathile, kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi usebenzise amandla okuphatha umhlaba wonke futhi ukhuthaze ukusungulwa kweKhomishana Yeqiniso Nokubuyisana (TRC) njengenhlangano indlela engajezisi yokuhlonipha okuhlangenwe nakho kuka-Yazidis, konke kuyilapho kuhlonishwa ulwazi lwengane.

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