Ukuxhumanisa Udlame Lwesakhiwo, Izingxabano kanye Nokulimala Kwemvelo
Abstract:
I-athikili ihlola ukuthi ukungalingani ezinhlelweni zezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho nezamasiko kubangela kanjani ukungqubuzana kwesakhiwo okubonisa imiphumela yomhlaba. Njengomphakathi womhlaba wonke, sixhumene kakhulu kunangaphambili. Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zikazwelonke nezomhlaba wonke ezidala izikhungo nezinqubomgomo ezilulaza iningi kuyilapho zizuzisa abambalwa azisasimame. Ukuguguleka komphakathi ngenxa yokubandlululwa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho kuholela ezingxabanweni ezithatha isikhathi eside, ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okuyinto i-neo-liberal order yepolitiki ehlulekayo ukuyixazulula. Ngokugxila e-Afrika, leli phepha lidingida izimbangela zodlame lwesakhiwo futhi liphakamisa ukuthi lungaguqulwa kanjani lube ukuphilisana okuvumelanayo. Ukuthula okusimeme emhlabeni wonke kudinga ukuguquguquka kwepharadigm ukuze: (1) kuthathelwe indawo ama-paradigms ezokuphepha agxile kuhulumeni ngokuvikeleka okufanayo, kugcizelela ukuthuthukiswa komuntu okubalulekile kubo bonke abantu, inhloso yobuntu obuhlanganyelwe kanye nesiphetho esifanayo; (2) ukudala umnotho nezinhlelo zezombusazwe ezibeka abantu phambili kanye nokuphila kahle kweplanethi ngaphezu kwenzuzo.
Landa Lesi sihloko
Isiphakamiso Esiphakanyisiwe:
Mayanja, ENB (2022). Ukuxhumanisa udlame lwesakhiwo, izingxabano kanye nokulimala kwemvelo. Ijenali Yokuphila Ndawonye, 7(1), i-15-25.
Ulwazi lwe-athikili:
@Isihloko{Mayanja2022}
Isihloko = {Ukuxhumanisa Udlame Lwesakhiwo, Izingxabano kanye Nokulimala Kwemvelo}
Umbhali = {Evelyn Namakula B. Mayanja}
I-Url = {https://icermediation.org/linking-structural-violence-conflicts-and-ecological-damages/}
I-ISSN = {2373-6615 (Phrinta); 2373-6631 (Ku-inthanethi)}
Unyaka = {2022}
Idethi = {2022-12-10}
Ijenali = {Journal of Living Together}
Ivolumu = {7}
Inombolo = {1}
Amakhasi = {15-25}
Umshicileli = {Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokulamula Kwe-Ethno-Religious}
Ikheli = {White Plains, New York}
Uhlelo = {2022}.
Isingeniso
Ukungalungi kwesakhiwo kuyimbangela yezingxabano eziningi ezithatha isikhathi eside zangaphakathi nezamazwe ngamazwe. Zigxiliswe ezinhlelweni ezingalingani zezenhlalo nezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho kanye nezinhlelo ezincane eziqinisa ukuxhashazwa nokuphoqwa abantu abakhethekile bezombusazwe, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe (ama-MNCs), kanye nezifunda ezinamandla (Jeong, 2000). Ubukoloni, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ubunxiwankulu, nobugovu kuye kwagqugquzela ukucekelwa phansi kwezikhungo zamasiko nezindinganiso ezivikela imvelo, futhi kwanqanda futhi kwaxazulula izingxabano. Ukuncintisana kwamandla ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, ezempi kanye nezobuchwepheshe kuphuca ababuthaka ezidingweni zabo eziyisisekelo, futhi kubangela ukucekelwa phansi kobuntu nokwephulwa kwesithunzi nelungelo labo. Emazweni ngamazwe, izikhungo nezinqubomgomo ezingasebenzi kahle zezifundazwe eziyinhloko ziqinisa ukuxhashazwa kwezizwe eziseduze. Ezingeni likazwelonke, ubundlovukayiphikiswa, ubuzwe obucekela phansi, kanye nepolitiki yesisu, egcinwa ngempoqo nemigomo ezuzisa kuphela izicukuthwane zezombangazwe, kuzala ukukhungatheka, okushiya ababuthaka bengenandlela yokukhetha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubudlova njengendlela yokukhuluma iqiniso kubo. amandla.
Ukungalungi kwesakhiwo kanye nodlame kuningi njengoba wonke amazinga okungqubuzana afaka usayizi wesakhiwo ogxiliswe ezinhlelweni nasezinhlelweni ezincane lapho kwenziwa khona izinqubomgomo. UMaire Dugan (1996), umcwaningi wokuthula kanye ne-theorist, uklame imodeli 'yesidleke sepharadigm' futhi wakhomba amazinga amane okungqubuzana: izindaba ezingqubuzanayo; ubudlelwano obuhilelekile; amasistimu angaphansi lapho inkinga ikhona; kanye nezinhlaka zesistimu. UDugan uyaphawula:
Izingxabano ezingeni le-subsystem ngokuvamile ziveza izingxabano zesimiso esibanzi, eziletha ukungalingani okunjengokucwasa, ukucwasa ngokobulili, ukucwasa ngokwezigaba, kanye nenzondo yabantu abathandanayo abathandanayo emahhovisi nasezimbonini esisebenza kuzo, ezindlini zokukhulekela esikhuleka kuzo, izinkantolo namabhishi esidlala kuwo. , imigwaqo esihlangana kuyo nomakhelwane bethu, ngisho nezindlu esihlala kuzo. Izinkinga zeleveli yesistimu engaphansi zingase zibe khona ngokwazo, azikhiqizwa amaqiniso abanzi omphakathi. (ikhasi 16)
Lesi sihloko sikhuluma ngokungabi nabulungiswa kwesakhiwo samazwe ngamazwe kanye kazwelonke e-Afrika. UWalter Rodney (1981) uphawula ngemithombo emibili yodlame lwesakhiwo sase-Afrika olunqanda inqubekelaphambili yezwekazi: “ukusebenza kohlelo lwama impiriyali” oluqeda ingcebo ye-Afrika, okwenza izwekazi lingakwazi ukuthuthukisa izinsiza zalo ngokushesha okukhulu; kanye “nalabo abakhohlisa uhlelo kanye nalabo abasebenza njengama-ejenti noma abahlanganyeli bengazi yalolu hlelo olushiwo. Onxiwankulu basentshonalanga yeYurophu yibona abanweba ukuxhashazwa kwabo kusukela ngaphakathi kweYurophu ukuze bahlanganise i-Afrika yonke” (ikhasi 27).
Ngalesi singeniso, leli phepha lihlola amathiyori athile asekela ukungalingani kwesakhiwo, okulandelwa ukuhlaziya izindaba ezibucayi zodlame lwesakhiwo okumele kubhekwane nalo. Iphepha liphetha ngeziphakamiso zokuguqula udlame lwesakhiwo.
Ukucatshangelwa kwethiyori
Itemu elithi udlame lwesakhiwo laqanjwa u-Johan Galtung (1969) ebhekise kuzinhlaka zenhlalo: ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, zamasiko, ezenkolo, nezinhlelo zomthetho ezivimbela abantu, imiphakathi, kanye nemiphakathi ukuthi ifeze amandla ayo aphelele. Udlame lwesakhiwo “ukonakala okungagwemeka kwezidingo zomuntu ezibalulekile noma …ukonakala kwempilo yomuntu, okwehlisa izinga langempela lapho othile ekwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zakhe ngaphansi kwalokho obekungenzeka” (Galtung, 1969, p. 58) . Mhlawumbe, uGaltung (1969) wathola leli gama emfundisweni yenkolo yenkululeko yaseLatin America yama-1960 lapho “izakhiwo zesono” noma “isono somphakathi” zazisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa ezakhiweni ezadala ukungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwabampofu. Abasekeli bemfundiso yenkolo yenkululeko bahlanganisa uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Oscar Romero kanye noBaba uGustavo Gutiérrez. UGutiérrez (1985) wabhala: “ubumpofu busho ukufa… hhayi kuphela ngokomzimba kodwa ngokwengqondo nangokwesiko” (ikhasi 9).
Izakhiwo ezingalingani "yizimbangela eziyinhloko" zezingxabano (Cousens, 2001, p. 8). Kwesinye isikhathi, udlame lwesakhiwo lubizwa ngokuthi udlame lwesikhungo olubangelwa "izinhlaka zomphakathi, zezombusazwe, nezomnotho" ezivumela "ukusabalaliswa okulinganayo kwamandla nezinsiza" (Botes, 2003, p. 362). Udlame lwezakhiwo luzuzisa abambalwa abanamalungelo futhi lucindezela iningi. UBurton (1990) uhlobanisa udlame lwesakhiwo nokungalungi kwezikhungo zomphakathi kanye nezinqubomgomo ezivimbela abantu ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo ze-ontological. Izakhiwo zomphakathi zibangelwa "i-dialectic, noma i-interplay, phakathi kwezinhlangano zesakhiwo kanye nebhizinisi labantu lokukhiqiza nokubumba amaqiniso esakhiwo esisha" (Botes, 2003, p. 360). Akhiwe "ezinhlakeni zenhlalo ezivamile, ezijwayelekile izikhungo ezizinzile kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile" (Galtung, 1969, p. 59). Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zakhiwo zibonakala zivamile futhi cishe zingasongeli, zihlala zingabonakali. I-Colonialism, ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo ye-Afrika esenyakatho kanye nokungathuthuki kahle, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukucwasa, ukubusa kwabamhlophe, neocolonialism, izimboni zempi ezizuza kuphela uma kunezimpi ikakhulukazi eGlobal South, ukungabandakanywa kwe-Afrika ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zamazwe ngamazwe kanye ne-14 West. Izizwe zase-Afrika ezikhokha intela yamakholoni eFrance, ziyizibonelo ezimbalwa nje. Ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza ngokwesibonelo, kudala ukulimala kwemvelo, izingxabano kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Nokho, i isikhathi eside ukuxhashazwa kwemithombo ye-Afrika akubhekwa njengembangela eyinhloko yenkinga edlangile yokufuduka kwabantu abampilo yabo yacekelwa phansi umthelela wonxiwankulu bomhlaba. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhweba ngezigqila kanye nobukoloni kwaqeda amandla abantu base-Afrika kanye nemithombo yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, udlame lwesakhiwo e-Afrika luxhumene nobugqila kanye nokungalungi kwenhlalo yamakholoni, ubunxiwankulu bobuhlanga, ukuxhashazwa, ukucindezelwa, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuthengiswa kwabaNsundu.
Izinkinga Ezibucayi Zodlame Lwesakhiwo
Ubani othola lokho nokuthi kungakanani abakutholayo kube ngumthombo wokungqubuzana emlandweni wesintu (Ballard et al., 2005; Burchill et al., 2013). Ingabe ikhona imithombo yokwanelisa izidingo zabantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7.7 emhlabeni? Ikota yabantu baseGlobal North idla u-80 % wamandla nezinsimbi futhi ikhipha amavolumu aphezulu ekhabhoni (Trondheim, 2019). Isibonelo, i-United States, i-Germany, i-China, ne-Japan ikhiqiza ngaphezu kwengxenye yomphumela wezomnotho weplanethi, kuyilapho u-75% wabantu bezizwe ezithuthuke kancane zisebenzisa u-20%, kodwa uthintwa kakhulu ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke (Bretthauer, 2018; Klein, 2014) kanye nezingxabano ezisekelwe kwizinsiza ezibangelwa ukuxhashazwa konxiwankulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxhashazwa kwamaminerali abalulekile okuthiwa aguquguqukayo ekunciphiseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu (Bretthauer, 2018; Fjelde & Uexkull, 2012). I-Afrika, nakuba umkhiqizi omncane wekhabhoni ethinteka kakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu (Bassey, 2012), kanye nezimpi ezilandelanayo nobubha, okuholela ekufudukeni kwabantu abaningi. ULwandle LwaseMedithera seluphenduke amathuna ezigidi zentsha yase-Afrika. Labo abahlomulayo ezakhiweni ezicekela phansi imvelo futhi ezidala izimpi babheka ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njengenkohliso (Klein, 2014). Kodwa-ke, intuthuko, ukwakhiwa kokuthula, izinqubomgomo zokuncishiswa kwesimo sezulu kanye nocwaningo olusekelwe kuzo konke kuklanywe eGlobal North ngaphandle kokubandakanya i-ejensi yase-Afrika, amasiko kanye nezindinganiso ezisekele imiphakathi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Njengoba uFaucault (1982, 1987) esho, udlame lwesakhiwo luxhunyaniswa nezikhungo zolwazi lwamandla.
Ukuguguleka kwamasiko nenani okukhushulwe yimibono yesimanje kanye nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kunomthelela ezingxabanweni zesakhiwo (Jeong, 2000). Izikhungo zesimanje ezisekelwa ubunxiwankulu, imikhuba yentando yeningi ekhululekile, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni nentuthuko yesayensi kudala izindlela zokuphila nentuthuko efanekiselwa amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kodwa zicekela phansi imvelaphi ye-Afrika yamasiko, ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho. Ukuqonda okujwayelekile kwesimanje kanye nentuthuko kuvezwa ngokuya nge-consumerism, capitalism, i-urbanization kanye nobuntu (Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009).
Izakhiwo zezombusazwe, ezenhlalakahle, nezomnotho zidala izimo zokusabalalisa ingcebo ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezizwe nangaphakathi (Green, 2008; Jeong, 2000; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Ukubusa komhlaba wonke kuyehluleka ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo ezifana neSivumelwano saseParis mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukwenza umlando wobumpofu, ukwenza imfundo emhlabeni wonke, noma ukwenza izinjongo zentuthuko yeminyaka eyinkulungwane, kanye nezinjongo zentuthuko ezinzile zibe nomthelela omkhulu. Labo abazuzayo ohlelweni ababoni neze ukuthi alusebenzi kahle. Ukukhungatheka, ngenxa yokwanda kwegebe phakathi kwalokho abantu abanakho nalokho abakholelwa ukuthi kubafanele okuhambisana nokuwohloka komnotho kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kukhulisa ukucwaswa, ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi, izimpi, kanye nobuphekula. Abantu ngabanye, amaqembu, kanye nezizwe zifuna ukuba phezulu kwezikhundla zenhlalo, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nezempi, eziqhubekisela phambili ukuncintisana okunobudlova phakathi kwezizwe. I-Afrika, ecebile ngezinsiza ezifiswa amandla amakhulu, iyimakethe evundile yezimboni zempi ezithengisa izikhali. Kuyaxaka ukuthi ayikho impi esho ukuthi izimboni zezikhali azinanzuzo, isimo ezingenakusamukela. Impi iyona modus operandi ukuze uthole izinsiza zase-Afrika. Njengoba kuliwa izimpi, izimboni zezikhali zenza inzuzo. Kulolu hlelo, kusukela eMali kuya eCentral African Republic, eSouth Sudan, naseDemocratic Republic of Congo, intsha empofu nengasebenzi ihehwa kalula ukuthi idale noma ijoyine amaqembu ahlomile namaphekula. Izidingo eziyisisekelo ezingakafinyelelwa, okuhambisana nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokuncishwa amandla, kuvimbela abantu ekwenzeni amandla abo futhi kuholele ezingxabanweni nasezimpini zomphakathi (Cook-Huffman, 2009; Maslow, 1943).
Ukuphanga nokulwa ne-Afrika kwaqala ngokuhweba ngezigqila kanye nobukoloni, futhi kusaqhubeka nanamuhla. Uhlelo lwezomnotho lwamazwe ngamazwe nezinkolelo zokuthi imakethe yomhlaba wonke, ukuhwebelana okuvulelekile kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kuqhubekela phambili ngokwentando yeningi kuzuzisa amazwe abalulekile nezinkampani ezixhaphaza izinsiza zamazwe aseduze, ziwabeke esimweni sokuthumela impahla eluhlaza kanye nokungenisa izimpahla ezicutshunguliwe (Carmody, 2016; Southall & Melber, 2009) ). Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ngaphansi kwesambulela sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, izinguquko ezimakethe zamahhala, kanye nokuhlanganisa i-Afrika emnothweni womhlaba, i-World Trade Organisation (WTO) kanye ne-International Monetary Fund (IMF) babeka 'izinhlelo zokulungiswa kwesakhiwo' (SAPs) kanye nesibopho sase-Afrika. amazwe ukuze azimele, akhulule futhi ayeke ukulawula umkhakha wezimayini (Carmody, 2016, p. 21). Amazwe ase-Afrika angaphezu kwama-30 aphoqeleka ukuba ahlele kabusha amakhodi awo ezimayini ukuze kube lula ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe (i-FDI) kanye nokumbiwa kwezinsiza. “Uma izindlela zangaphambili zokuhlanganiswa kwe-Afrika emnothweni wezepolitiki womhlaba bezilimaza,…kuzolandela ngokunengqondo ukuthi kufanele kuqikelelwe ukuthi sikhona yini imodeli yentuthuko yokudidiyelwa komnotho womhlaba we-Afrika, kunokuvulela i-Afrika ithuba lokuzithuthukisa. ukuqhubeka nokuphanga” (Carmody, 2016, p. 24).
Zivikelwe izinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke eziphoqa amazwe ase-Afrika ukuthi atshale izimali ngqo kwamanye amazwe futhi asekelwe ohulumeni bawo basekhaya, izinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe (MNCs) ezixhaphaza izimbiwa zase-Afrika, uwoyela nezinye izinto zemvelo zenza njengoba ziphanga izinsiza ngaphandle kokujeziswa. . Bafumbathisa abantu bomdabu bezombangazwe ukuze benze kube lula ukubalekela ukukhokha intela, bafihle ubugebengu babo, balimaze imvelo, bafake ama-invoyisi amanga futhi benze imininingwane engamanga. Ngo-2017, ukuphuma kwe-Afrika kwafinyelela ku-$203 billion, lapho amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-32.4 ayenziwe ngokukhwabanisa kwezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe (Curtis, 2017). Ngo-2010, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zagwema amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40 futhi zakhohlisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-11 ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba okungalungile (Oxfam, 2015). Amazinga okucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okudalwe izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ohlelweni lokuxhaphaza imithombo yemvelo abhebhethekisa izimpi zemvelo e-Afrika (Akiwumi & Butler, 2008; Bassey, 2012; Edwards et al., 2014). Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe nazo zibhebhethekisa ububha ngokuqhwagwa komhlaba, ukuxoshwa kwemiphakathi kanye nabasebenzi basezimayini bezandla ezindaweni zabo ezinemvume lapho ngokwesibonelo bexhaphaza izimbiwa phansi, uwoyela negesi. Zonke lezi zici zenza i-Afrika ibe uhibe lwengxabano. Abantu abancishwe amalungelo basala bengenayo inketho ngaphandle kokusungula noma ukujoyina amaqembu ahlomile ukuze basinde.
In The Shock Doctrine, uNaomi Klein (2007) udalula ukuthi, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950, izinqubomgomo zemakethe yamahhala ziye zabusa kanjani emhlabeni zisabalalisa izinhlekelele. Ngemva komhla zili-11 kuSepthemba, iMpi Yomhlaba wonke yase-United States yaholela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq, okwaphetha ngokuthi kube nenqubomgomo eyavumela uShell kanye ne-BP ukuba balawule ukuxhashazwa kukawoyela wase-Iraq nokuthi izimboni zempi zaseMelika zithole inzuzo ngokuthengisa izikhali zazo. Imfundiso yokushaqeka efanayo yasetshenziswa ngo-2007, lapho i-US Africa Command (AFRICOM) idalwa ukulwa nobuphekula nezingxabano ezwenikazi. Ingabe ubuphekula nezingxabano zezikhali zandile noma zehlile kusukela ngo-2007? Abalingani base-United States kanye nezitha bonke bagijima ngobudlova ukuze balawule i-Afrika, izinsiza zayo kanye nezimakethe. I-Africompublicaffairs (2016) ivume inselelo ye-China ne-Russia ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Amanye amazwe ayaqhubeka nokutshala izimali emazweni ase-Afrika ukuze aqhubekisele phambili izinhloso zawo, i-China igxile ekutholeni imithombo yemvelo nengqalasizinda edingekayo ukuze isekele ukukhiqiza kuyilapho i-China neRussia ithengisa izinhlelo zezikhali futhi ifuna ukusungula izivumelwano zohwebo nezokuvikela e-Afrika. Njengoba iShayina neRussia bekhulisa amandla abo e-Afrika, womabili la mazwe alwela ukuthola 'amandla athambile' e-Afrika ukuze aqinise amandla awo ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe. (ikhasi 12)
Ukuncintisana kweMelika ngezinsizakusebenza zase-Afrika kugcizelelwe ngesikhathi abaphathi bakaMengameli uClinton besungula umthetho i-Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), uphakamisa ukuthi i-Afrika ikwazi ukufinyelela emakethe yaseMelika. Eqinisweni, i-Afrika ithumela uwoyela, amaminerali nezinye izinsiza e-US futhi isebenza njengemakethe yemikhiqizo yase-US. Ngo-2014, umfelandawonye wabasebenzi wase-US wabika ukuthi "uwoyela negesi kuhlanganisa phakathi kuka-80% no-90% wakho konke okuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngaphansi kwe-AGOA" (AFL-CIO Solidarity Center, 2014, p. 2).
Ukumbiwa kwezinsiza zase-Afrika kuza ngezindleko eziphezulu. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezilawula ukuhlolwa kwamaminerali nowoyela azisetshenziswa neze emazweni asathuthuka. Impi, ukufuduka, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nokuxhashazwa kwamalungelo nesithunzi sabantu kuyizinto ezisetshenziswayo. Izizwe ezicebe ngemithombo yemvelo njenge-Angola, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Mali, namanye amazwe aseWestern Sahara ahileleke ezimpini ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi 'zobuhlanga' ngabaphangi zempi. Isazi sefilosofi saseSlovenia kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, uSlavoj Žižek (2010) saphawula ukuthi:
Ngaphansi kobuso bezimpi zobuhlanga, … sibona ukusebenza konxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke… Induna ngayinye yempi inokuxhumana kwebhizinisi nenkampani yangaphandle noma inhlangano exhaphaza ingcebo yezimayini kakhulu esifundeni. Lolu hlelo lufanele izinhlangothi zombili: izinhlangano zithola amalungelo okumba ngaphandle kwentela nezinye izinkinga, kuyilapho izinduna zempi ziceba. … khohlwa ngokuziphatha okunonya kwabantu bendawo, vele ukhiphe izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu esilinganisweni futhi yonke impi yobuhlanga egqugquzelwa izinkanuko zakudala iyawohloka…Kunobumnyama obukhulu ehlathini eliminyene laseCongo kodwa Izimbangela zilele kwenye indawo, emahhovisi aphethe agqamile amabhange ethu nezinkampani zobuchwepheshe obuphambili. (amakhasi 163-164)
Ukuxhashazwa kwezimpi nezinsiza kwenza kube kubi kakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukukhishwa kwamaminerali namafutha, ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi, kanye nezinto ezingcolisa izikhali kucekela phansi imvelo ehlukahlukene, kungcolise amanzi, umhlaba nomoya (Dudka & Adriano, 1997; Lawrence et al., 2015; Le Billon, 2001). Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwandisa izimpi zezinsiza kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi njengoba izinsiza zokuziphilisa ziba yindlala. Isilinganiso sakamuva seNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokudla Nezolimo sikhomba ukuthi abantu abayizigidi ezingama-795 babulawa indlala ngenxa yezimpi zomhlaba wonke kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu (World Food Program, 2019). Abenzi bomgomo womhlaba wonke abakaze babize izinkampani zezimayini nezimboni zempi ukuba ziphendule. Abakuthathi ukuxhashazwa kwezinsiza njengodlame. Umthelela wezimpi nokuthathwa kwezinsiza akukhulunywa ngisho nakuSivumelwano saseParis kanye neSivumelwano sase-Kyoto.
I-Afrika futhi iyindawo yokulahla futhi umthengi we-Western rejects. Ngo-2018, lapho iRwanda yenqaba ukungenisa izingubo zesibili zase-US kwaqubuka ingxabano (John, 2018). I-US ithi i-AGOA izuzisa i-Afrika, kodwa ubudlelwano bokuhwebelana busebenzela izithakazelo zase-US futhi bunqanda inqubekela phambili ye-Afrika (Melber, 2009). Ngaphansi kwe-AGOA, amazwe ase-Afrika anesibopho sokungazibandakanyi emisebenzini ebukela phansi izintshisekelo ze-US. Ukushoda kwezohwebo nokuphuma kwemali kuholela ekungalinganini kwezomnotho futhi kucindezele izinga lokuphila labampofu (Carmody, 2016; Mac Ginty & Williams, 2009). Omashiqela ebudlelwaneni bezohwebo eGlobal North benza konke ngokuthanda kwabo futhi bapholise onembeza babo ngosizo lwangaphandle, olubizwa ngu-Easterly (2006) njengomthwalo wabamhlophe.
Njengasesikhathini sobukoloni, ubunxiwankulu kanye nokuxhashazwa kwe-Afrika kwezomnotho kusaqhubeka nokucekela phansi amasiko nezimiso zomdabu. Isibonelo, Ubuntu base-Afrika (ubuntu) kanye nokunakekela okuhle okujwayelekile okuhlanganisa nendawo ezungezile kuthathelwe indawo ubugovu bonxiwankulu. Abaholi bezombangazwe balandela ukuzincoma hhayi ukusebenzela abantu (Utas, 2012; Van Wyk, 2007). U-Ali Mazrui (2007) uphawula ukuthi ngisho nembewu yezimpi ezidlangile “isezinxushunxushwini zenhlalakahle ezadalwa ubukoloniyali e-Afrika ngokucekela phansi” amagugu amasiko okuhlanganisa “izindlela ezindala zokuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokudala [ababambele] abaphumelelayo endaweni yazo” (iph. 480). Ngokufanayo, izindlela ezivamile zokuvikela imvelo zazibhekwa njengezidalwa eziphilayo nezinodeveli, futhi zabhujiswa egameni lokukhulekela uNkulunkulu oyedwa. Lapho izikhungo zamasiko nezindinganiso ziwohloka, kanye nobumpofu, ukungqubuzana akunakugwenywa.
Emazingeni kazwelonke, udlame lwesakhiwo e-Afrika lufakwe kulokho u-Laurie Nathan (2000) akubiza ngokuthi "Abamahhashi Abane Besibhicongo" (ikhasi 189) - ukubusa kobushiqela, ukungafakwa kwabantu ekubuseni amazwe abo, ukuswelakala kwenhlalakahle yezomnotho kanye nokungalingani okuqiniswa inkohlakalo nokucwasana, kanye nemibuso engasebenzi kahle enezikhungo ezimpofu ezehlulekayo ukuqinisa umthetho. Ukwehluleka kobuholi kuyicala ekuqiniseni 'Abamahhashi Abane'. Ezizweni eziningi zase-Afrika, ihhovisi liyindlela yokuthuthukisa umuntu. Isikhwama sikazwelonke, izinsiza kanye nosizo lwakwamanye amazwe kuzuzisa kuphela izicukuthwane zezombusazwe.
Uhlu lokungabi nabulungiswa okubalulekile kwesakhiwo emazingeni kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe alunqamuki. Ukwenyuka kokungalingani kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho nakanjani kuzobhebhethekisa izingxabano kanye nokulimala kwemvelo. Akekho ofuna ukuba phansi, futhi abanenhlanhla abazimisele ukwabelana ngezinga eliphezulu lezikhundla zomphakathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe okuhle komphakathi. Abacwaswayo bafuna ukuzuza amandla engeziwe futhi bahlehlise ubudlelwano. Udlame lwesakhiwo lungaguqulwa kanjani ukuze kudaleke ukuthula kuzwelonke nasemhlabeni?
Uguquko Lwesakhiwo
Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokulawulwa kwezingxabano, ukwakhiwa kokuthula, kanye nokunciphisa imvelo emazingeni amakhulu namancane omphakathi ziyehluleka ngoba azibheki izinhlobo zodlame. Ukuthumela, izinqumo ze-UN, amathuluzi wamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano zokuthula ezisayiniwe, kanye nemithetho-sisekelo yezwe kwakhiwa ngaphandle koshintsho lwangempela. Izakhiwo azishintshi. Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo (ST) “kuletha ukugxila emkhathizwe lapho sihamba khona - ukwakhiwa kobudlelwane obunempilo nemiphakathi, endaweni kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele. Lo mgomo udinga ushintsho lwangempela ezindleleni zethu zamanje zobudlelwano” (Lederach, 2003, p. 5). Uguquko lubona ngeso lengqondo futhi luphendule “ekuncipheni nasekugelezeni kwezingxabano zomphakathi njengamathuba anikeza ukuphila okudala izinqubo zoshintsho olwakhayo ezinciphisa ubudlova, zandise ubulungisa ekusebenzelaneni okuqondile nezakhiwo zomphakathi, futhi ziphendule ezinkingeni zempilo zangempela ebuhlotsheni babantu” (Lederach, 2003, ikhasi 14).
UDugan (1996) uphakamisa imodeli yepharadigm esidlekeni ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo ngokubhekana nezinkinga, ubudlelwano, izinhlelo, kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi. U-Körppen and Ropers (2011) uphakamisa "indlela yesistimu yonke" kanye "nokucabanga okuyinkimbinkimbi njenge-meta-framework" (ikhasi 15) ukuze kuguqulwe izakhiwo nezinhlelo ezicindezelayo nezingasebenzi. Uguquko lwesakhiwo luhlose ukunciphisa udlame lwesakhiwo kanye nokwandisa ubulungiswa ezindabeni, ubudlelwano, izinhlelo kanye nezinhlelo ezincane ezidala ubumpofu, ukungalingani, nokuhlupheka. Iphinde inikeze abantu amandla okubona amakhono abo.
E-Afrika, ngiphakamisa imfundo njengomnyombo woguquko lwesakhiwo (ST). Ukufundisa abantu ngamakhono okuhlaziya nolwazi lwamalungelo kanye nesithunzi sabo kuzobasiza ukuba babe nokuqonda okubucayi kanye nokuqaphela izimo zokungabi nabulungisa. Abantu abacindezelwe bayazikhulula ngokusebenzisa unembeza ukuze bafune inkululeko nokuziqinisekisa (Freire, 1998). Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo akusiyo inqubo kodwa wukushintsha kwepharadigm “ukubuka nokubona … ngale kwezinkinga zamanje kubheke ephethinini ejulile yobudlelwano, …amaphethini angaphansi nomongo…, kanye nohlaka lomqondo (Lederach, 2003, pp. 8-9). Isibonelo, ama-Afrika adinga ukunakwa mayelana namaphethini engcindezelo kanye nobudlelwano obuncikile phakathi kweGlobal North kanye neGlobal South, ukuxhashazwa kwekoloniyali kanye ne-neocolonial, ubandlululo, ukuxhashazwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokucwaswa okubakhipha ngaphandle ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo yomhlaba. Uma abantu base-Afrika kulo lonke izwekazi beqaphela ubungozi bokuxhashazwa kwezinkampani kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezempi kwemibuso yaseNtshonalanga, futhi benze imibhikisho esabalele ezwenikazi lonke, lokho kuhlukumeza bekuzophela.
Kubalulekile ukuthi abantu emazingeni aphansi bazi amalungelo abo kanye nezibopho zabo njengamalungu omphakathi womhlaba. Ulwazi lwamathuluzi nezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe nezezwekazi ezifana neNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, i-UN charter, i-Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) kanye nomqulu wase-Afrika wamalungelo abantu kufanele kube ulwazi olujwayelekile oluvumela abantu ukuba bafune ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngokulinganayo. . Ngokufanayo, imfundo ebuholini nasekunakekeleni okuhle kwabantu bonke kufanele kube yimpoqo. Ubuholi obumpofu buyinkomba yalokho imiphakathi yase-Afrika eseyiyikho. Ubuntu (ubuntu) kanye nokunakekela okuhle okujwayelekile kuthathelwe indawo umhobholo wonxiwankulu, ukuzicabangela ngabanye kanye nokwehluleka ngokuphelele ukwazisa nokugubha ubu-Afrika kanye nezakhiwo zamasiko endawo okwenze imiphakathi yase-Afrika yakwazi ukuphila ngenjabulo izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Kubalulekile futhi ukufundisa inhliziyo, "isikhungo semizwa, imibono, kanye nempilo kamoya ... indawo esiphuma kuyo futhi lapho sibuyela khona ukuze sithole isiqondiso, ukudla, kanye nesiqondiso" (Lederach, 2003, p. 17). Inhliziyo ibalulekile ekuguquleni ubudlelwano, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nesihlava sempi. Abantu bazama ukushintsha umphakathi ngokusebenzisa imibhikisho enodlame kanye nezimpi njengoba kuboniswa ezigamekweni zezimpi zomhlaba kanye nezimpi zombango, nokuvukela okunjengaseSudan nase-Algeria. Inhlanganisela yekhanda nenhliziyo ingabonisa ukungabi namsebenzi kobudlova hhayi nje ngoba bubi, kodwa ubudlova buzala ubudlova obengeziwe. Ukungabi nabudlova kuvela enhliziyweni eqhutshwa ububele nozwela. Abaholi abakhulu abafana noNelson Mandela bahlanganisa ikhanda nenhliziyo ukuze benze ushintsho. Nokho, emhlabeni wonke sibhekene nesikhala sobuholi, izinhlelo ezinhle zemfundo, kanye nezibonelo. Ngakho-ke, imfundo kufanele ihambisane nokuhlela kabusha zonke izici zempilo (amasiko, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ipolitiki, ezomnotho, indlela esicabanga ngayo nesiphila ngayo emindenini nasemiphakathini).
Ukufuna ukuthula kumele kubekwe eqhulwini kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi. Ukwakhiwa kobudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwabantu kuyisidingo sokwakha ukuthula uma kubhekwa uguquko lwezikhungo nezenhlalo. Njengoba izingxabano zenzeka emiphakathini yabantu, amakhono ezingxoxo, ukukhuthazwa kokuqondana kanye nesimo sengqondo sokunqoba ekulawuleni nasekuxazululeni izingxabano kudingeka kukhuthazwe kusukela ebuntwaneni. Uguquko lwesakhiwo emazingeni amakhulu namancane omphakathi ludingeka ngokushesha ukuze kubhekwane nezinkinga zomphakathi ezikhungweni eziphambili kanye namagugu. "Ukudala izwe elingenalo ubudlova kuzoncika ekuqedeni ukungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwemvelo" (Jeong, 2000, p. 370).
Ukushintsha kwezakhiwo kukodwa akuholeli ekuthuleni, uma kungalandelwa noma kwandulelwe ukuguqulwa komuntu siqu kanye noshintsho lwezinhliziyo. Ushintsho lomuntu siqu kuphela olungaletha uguquko lwesakhiwo oludingekayo ukuze kube nokuthula nokuvikeleka kwezwe lonke nokwembulunga yonke. Ukushintsha ebugovuni bonxiwankulu, ukuncintisana, ukubandlulula abantu ngabanye kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala okusezinhliziyweni zezinqubomgomo, izinhlelo kanye nezinhlelo ezincane ezixhaphaza futhi zilulaze labo abaseceleni kwezwe kanye nangaphakathi kuphumela emikhubeni eqhubekayo negculisayo yokuhlola umuntu ongaphakathi kanye namaqiniso angaphandle. Uma kungenjalo, izikhungo nezinhlelo zizoqhubeka zithwala futhi ziqinise izinkinga zethu.
Sengiphetha, isifiso sokuthula nokuvikeleka komhlaba wonke siyabuya lapho sibhekene nokuncintisana konxiwankulu, inkinga yezemvelo, izimpi, ukuphangwa kwezinsiza zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokwanda kobuzwe. Abacwaswayo basala bengenayo inketho ngaphandle kokufuduka, ukuhileleka ezingxabanweni zezikhali kanye nobuphekula. Isimo sidinga izinhlangano zobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle ukuthi zifune kuqedwe lezi zigebengu. Ifuna futhi izinyathelo ezizoqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo eziyisisekelo zomuntu ngamunye ziyahlangatshezwa, okuhlanganisa ukulingana kanye nokunika bonke abantu amandla ukuze bafeze amakhono abo. Uma bungekho ubuholi bomhlaba kanye nobuzwe, abantu abasuka ngezansi abathintwa udlame lwesakhiwo (SV) badinga ukufundiswa ukuze bahole inqubo yenguquko. Ukusiphula ubugovu obubangelwa ubunxiwankulu kanye nezinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke eziqinisa ukuxhashazwa nokucwaswa kwe-Afrika kuzoqhubekisela phambili impi yokulwela enye indlela yomhlaba enakekela izidingo nempilo yabo bonke abantu kanye nemvelo.
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