Ukuxazulula Ukuthula Nokungqubuzana: Umbono Wase-Afrika

Ernest Uwazie

Ukuxazululwa Kokuthula Nokungqubuzana: I-African Perspective ku-ICERM Radio isakazwa ngoMgqibelo, Ephreli 16, 2016 @ 2:30 PM Eastern Time (New York).

Ernest Uwazie

Lalela uhlelo lwezingxoxo lwe-ICERM Radio, “Lets Talk About It,” ukuze uthole ingxoxo ekhuthazayo noDkt. Ernest Uwazie, uMqondisi, Centre for African Peace and Confliction Resolution kanye noProfesa Wezobulungiswa Bobugebengu eCalifornia State University Sacramento.

Kulesi siqephu, isivakashi sethu, uProf. Ernest Uwazie, sikhuluma ngamaphrojekthi akhe okuthula nokuxazulula izingxabano e-Afrika kanye nangaphakathi kwe-African Diaspora e-United States.

Njengoba i Centre for African Peace and Confliction Resolution igubha iminyaka engu-25th isikhumbuzo se-Africa & Diaspora Conference, uProf. Uwazie uxoxa ngezifundo, izindlela ezinhle kanye namathuba okuthula, ukuphepha kanye nentuthuko esimeme e-Afrika.

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Izihloko ezihlobene Nalesi

Izinkolo e-Igboland: Ukuhlukahluka, Ukufaneleka kanye Nokufaneleka

Inkolo ingesinye sezimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho esinomthelela ongenakuphikwa esintwini noma kuphi emhlabeni. Njengoba kubukeka kungcwele, inkolo ayibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni ukuba khona kwanoma iyiphi isibalo sabantu bomdabu kodwa iphinde ibe nokuhambisana nenqubomgomo ezimweni ezihlukene nezokuthuthuka. Ubufakazi bomlando kanye ne-ethnographic mayelana nokubonakaliswa okuhlukene kanye nezigaba zamagama zesenzakalo senkolo buningi. Isizwe sama-Igbo eNingizimu neNigeria, ezinhlangothini zombili zoMfula iNiger, singelinye lamaqembu amasiko osomabhizinisi abamnyama abakhulu kunawo wonke e-Afrika, anentshiseko yezenkolo engenakuphikiswa ehlanganisa intuthuko esimeme kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezizwe phakathi kwemingcele yaso yendabuko. Kodwa isimo sezenkolo sase-Igboland sishintsha njalo. Kuze kube ngu-1840, inkolo/izinkolo ezivelele zama-Igbo kwakungezomdabu noma zendabuko. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwamashumi amabili eminyaka kamuva, lapho umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli zobuKristu uqala endaweni, kwavulwa ibutho elisha elalizogcina lilungise kabusha inkolo yendabuko yendawo. UbuKristu bakhula baba mncane ukubusa kwakamuva. Ngaphambi kweminyaka eyikhulu yobuKristu e-Igboland, inkolo yobuSulumane kanye nezinye izinkolo ezingezona ezemvelo zavela ukuze ziqhudelane nezinkolo zomdabu zase-Igbo kanye nobuKristu. Leli phepha lilandelela ukuhlukahluka kwezenkolo kanye nokuhambisana kwakho nokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni okuvumelanayo e-Igboland. Idonsa idatha yayo emisebenzini eshicilelwe, izingxoxo, nezinto zobuciko. Iphikisana ngokuthi njengoba izinkolo ezintsha zivela, indawo yezenkolo yama-Igbo izoqhubeka nokuhlukahluka kanye/noma ukuzivumelanisa, noma ukuhlanganisa noma ukuhluka phakathi kwezinkolo ezikhona nezisafufusa, ukuze kuphile ama-Igbo.

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Iqhaza Lokunciphisa Inkolo Ebudlelwaneni basePyongyang-Washington

UKim Il-sung wenze ukugembula okubaliwe phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokugcina njengoMongameli weDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) ngokukhetha ukusingatha abaholi bezenkolo ababili ePyongyang imibono yabo yomhlaba ihluke kakhulu kweyakhe kanye neyomunye nomunye. UKim wamukele okokuqala uMsunguli Wesonto Lobunye u-Sun Myung Moon nomkakhe uDkt. Hak Ja Han Moon ePyongyang ngoNovemba 1991, kwathi ngo-April 1992 wasingatha uMvangeli waseMelika odumile uBilly Graham nendodana yakhe uNed. Kokubili iNyanga kanye nabakwaGraham babenobudlelwano bangaphambilini nePyongyang. UMoon nomkakhe bobabili babedabuka eNyakatho. UmkaGraham uRuth, indodakazi yezithunywa zevangeli zaseMelika eChina, wayechithe iminyaka emithathu ePyongyang njengomfundi wasesikoleni esiphakathi. Imihlangano yeNyanga kanye nabakwaGraham noKim yaholela ezinhlelweni nokusebenzisana okuzuzisayo eNyakatho. Lokhu kwaqhubeka ngaphansi kwendodana kaMongameli uKim uKim Jong-il (1942-2011) nangaphansi komholi ophakeme wamanje we-DPRK uKim Jong-un, umzukulu kaKim Il-sung. Alikho irekhodi lokubambisana phakathi kweNyanga kanye namaqembu aseGraham ekusebenzeni ne-DPRK; nokho, ngamunye ubambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni ze-Track II ezisebenzele ukwazisa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukunciphisa inqubomgomo yase-US maqondana ne-DPRK.

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