Iqhaza LeDiplomacy, Intuthuko kanye Nezokuvikela Ekuqinisekiseni Ukuthula Nokuvikeleka Emazweni Ahlukahlukene Nezenkolo: Ucwaningo Lwecala lwaseNigeria.

abstract

Kuyiqiniso elicwaningwe kakhulu futhi elibhalwe kahle ukuthi amandla negunya kunezizinda zakho endaweni yomphakathi nakohulumeni. Amaqembu kanye nabantu abanethonya balwela ukulawula indawo yomphakathi ukuze bathole amandla negunya. Ukuqonda ngokubusa eNigeria kuveza ukuthi umbango wamandla negunya uwukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni kanye nezinsiza zomnotho zombuso ukuze kuzuze ngokwengxenye, ubuhlanga kanye nokomuntu siqu. Umphumela uba ukuthi bambalwa abantu abaphumelelayo ngesikhathi intuthuko yezombangazwe nezomnotho yombuso intengantenga. Lokhu, nokho, akujwayelekile esifundazweni saseNigeria. Imbangela enkulu yenhlekelele emhlabeni ukufuna kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu ukubusa noma ukumelana nemizamo yabanye yokubabusa. Lokhu kuba sobala kakhulu emiphakathini exube izinhlanga nezinkolo lapho izinhlanga nezinkolo ezehlukene ziqhudelana khona ngokubusa ezombangazwe nezomnotho. Amaqembu asemandleni asebenzisa amandla aphoqayo ukuze aqhubekisele phambili ukubusa kwawo kuyilapho amaqembu ayencishwe amathuba nawo asebenzisa udlame ukuze aqinisekise ukuzimela kwawo futhi afune nokufinyelela okungcono emandleni ezombusazwe nasezinsizeni zezomnotho. Lokhu kulwela ukubusa kwamaqembu amakhulu namancane kuzala udlame okubonakala lungenakuphunyuka kulo. Imizamo ehlukahlukene yohulumeni yokuqinisekisa ukuthula nokulondeka okuhlala njalo besebenzisa “umhlanga” (amandla) noma “isanqante” (i-diplomacy) ngokuvamile inikeza ukuphumula okuncane. Ukugqugquzelwa kwendlela ye-'3Ds' yokuxazulula izingxabano, ezikhathini zamuva nje, sekukhiqize imiphumela ekhuthazayo yokuthi izingxabano zingaxazululwa ngaphandle kokumiswa kanye nokuthi ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano kungaholela ekuthuleni okuhlala njalo. Ngezibonelo eziningi ezivela esifundazweni sase-Nigerian, lolu cwaningo lugomela ukuthi ngempela luyinhlanganisela ehlakaniphile kuphela yezokuxhumana, ukuthuthukiswa, nokuzivikela njengoba kuhlanganiswe ngendlela 'ye-3Ds' engaqinisekisa ngempela ukuthula nokuphepha okuhlala njalo ezifundazweni ezixube izinhlanga.

Isingeniso

Ngokwesiko, izimpi nokungqubuzana kuvame ukuqedwa lapho iqembu elilodwa noma izinhlangothi ezithile ezimbangweni zithatha isikhundla futhi ziphoqelela ezinye izinhlangothi ukuthi zamukele imigomo yokuzinikela evame ukupakishwa ukuze zilulaze futhi zibenze bangabi namandla kwezempi futhi bancike ngokwezomnotho kwabanqobi. Nokho, uhambo oludlule emlandweni luzoveza ukuthi izitha ezithotshisiwe ngokuvamile zihlangana ndawonye ukuze zenze ukuhlasela okunonya futhi uma zinqoba noma zehluliwe, umjikelezo omubi wezimpi nokungqubuzana uyaqhubeka. Ngakho-ke, ukunqoba impi noma ukusebenzisa ubudlova ukuqeda ukungqubuzana akusona isimo esanele sokuthula noma ukuxazulula izingxabano. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala phakathi kuka-1914 no-1919 inikeza isibonelo esibalulekile. IJalimane yanqotshwa ngokuphelele empini, futhi ezinye izizwe zaseYurophu zayibekela imibandela eyayiklanyelwe ukuyihlazisa futhi imenze ingabi namandla ekuhlanganyeleni kunoma yisiphi isenzo sobudlova. Kodwa-ke, phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili, iJalimane yaba ngumhlukumezi omkhulu kwenye impi eyayishube kakhulu mayelana nobubanzi nokulahlekelwa kwabantu nezinto ezibonakalayo kunaleyo yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula e-United States ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, uhulumeni waseMelika wamemezela impi yomhlaba wonke yobushokobezi wabe esethumela amasosha akhe ukuthi ahlanganyele nohulumeni wamaTaliban wase-Afghanistan, umphathi weqembu le-Al Qaeda elalisolwa obangela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula e-US AmaTaliban kanye ne-Al Qaeda ahlulwa kwathi kamuva u-Osama bin Laden, umholi we-Al Qaeda, wabanjwa wabulawa yi-US Special Forces ePakistan, ongumakhelwane wase-Afghanistan. Naphezu kwalokhu kunqoba nokho, ubushokobezi busaqhubeka nokudlondlobala okukhulu ngokuvela kwamanye amaqembu amaphekula abulalayo ahlanganisa i-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), iqembu elibulalayo lase-Algerian Salafist elaziwa ngokuthi i-Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) kanye Iqembu leBoko Haram elinesizinda salo esikhulu enyakatho yeNigeria. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi amaqembu amaphekula avame ukuba emazweni asathuthuka kodwa imisebenzi yawo ithinta zonke izingxenye zomhlaba (Adenuga, 2003). Kulezi zindawo, ubumpofu obukhona, ukungabi nazwelo kukahulumeni, izinkolelo ezivamile zamasiko nezenkolo, izinga eliphezulu lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala nezinye izici zezomnotho, zezenhlalo, nezenkolo zisiza ukugqugquzela ubuphekula, ukuvukela umbuso nezinye izinhlobo zobudlova futhi zenza impi ibize kakhulu futhi ibe isicefe, futhi ngokuvamile uhlehlisa izinzuzo zokunqoba kwezempi.

Ukuze kubhekwane nale nkinga eshiwo ngenhla, izinhlangano eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlanganisa iNhlangano Yezizwe nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe aphakeme kanye namazwe ahlanganisa i-United States, i-United Kingdom, i-Netherlands kanye ne-Canada bamukele ama-“3Ds” njengendlela yabo yokuxazulula izingxabano emhlabeni wonke. . Indlela ye-“3Ds” ibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuvikela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izingxabano aziqedwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi zixazululwa ngendlela ezobhekana nezici ezingase zibangele omunye umjikelezo wokungqubuzana. Ngakho-ke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxoxo nokubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezithintekayo ekungqubuzaneni (idiplomacy), ukubhekana nezici zezomnotho, zezenhlalakahle ngisho nezenkolo ezibangela ukungqubuzana (intuthuko), kanye nokuhlinzekwa kokuphepha okwanele (ukuzivikela) kuye kwaba i-modus yase-US. operandi ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano. Ucwaningo lomlando luzoqinisekisa nendlela "3Ds" yokuxazulula ukungqubuzana. IJalimane ne-US ziyizibonelo. Nakuba iJalimane yanqotshwa eMpini Yezwe Yesibili, izwe alizange lihlazeke, kunalokho, i-US, ngoHlelo lukaMarshall nezinye izizwe yasiza ukuhlinzeka iJalimane ngosizo lwezokuxhumana kanye nezezimali ukuze ingagcini nje ngokuba isiqhwaga kwezomnotho nezimboni emhlabeni wonke kodwa. futhi ungummeli omkhulu wokuthula nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe. Izingxenye ezisenyakatho neningizimu ye-US nazo zalwa impi yombango ebuhlungu phakathi kuka-1861 no-1865 kodwa ukuphikisana kohulumeni baseMelika abalandelanayo, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo ezithintekile ngenxa yempi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla anquma ukubheka imisebenzi yamaqembu aphikisanayo ahlukene. waqinisekisa ubunye kanye nentuthuko iyonke yase-US Kuyafundisa futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi i-US iphinde yasebenzisa uhlobo lwendlela ye-"3Ds" ukunciphisa usongo lweSoviet Union eYurophu ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ngokusungulwa. yeNorth Alliance Treaty Organisation (NATO), ebimele isu lezokuxhumana kanye nezempi ukunqanda nokuhlehlisa imingcele yobukhomanisi, imibono yezepolitiki nezomnotho yeSoviet Union, kanye nokwembulwa koHlelo lukaMarshall lokuqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezwe. izindawo ezacekelwa phansi yimiphumela yempi (Kapstein, 2010).

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukunikeza ukufaneleka okwengeziwe endleleni ye-“3Ds” njengendlela engcono kakhulu yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokubeka izwe laseNigeria ngaphansi kocwaningo lokusesha. I-Nigeria iyizwe elinezinhlanga eziningi nezinkolo eziningi futhi iye yabona futhi yabhekana nezingxabano eziningi ebezingenza ezinye izifundazwe eziningi ezifanayo ezinezinhlanga ezehlukene nezingokwenkolo ziguqe ngamadolo. Lezi zingxabano zihlanganisa impi yombango yaseNigeria yango-1967-70, impi yaseNiger Delta kanye neBoko Haram. Kodwa-ke, inhlanganisela ye-diplomacy, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuzivikela kuvame ukunikeza izindlela zokuxazulula lezi zingxabano ngokuthula.

Uhlaka lwethiyori

Lolu cwaningo lwamukela ithiyori yokungqubuzana kanye nethiyori ye- frustration-aggression njengesisekelo salo sethiyori. Ithiyori yokungqubuzana iphakamisa ukuthi ukuncintisana ngamaqembu ukulawula izinsiza zezepolitiki nezomnotho emphakathini kuyohlala kuholela ezingxabanweni (Myrdal, 1944; Oyeneye & Adenuga, 2014). Ithiyori yokukhungatheka-nolaka ithi lapho kunomehluko phakathi kwezinto ezilindelwe kanye nolwazi, abantu ngabanye, abantu namaqembu bayakhungatheka futhi baveze ukukhungatheka kwabo ngokuba nolaka (Adenuga, 2003; Ilo & Adenuga, 2013). Lezi zinkolelo-mbono ziqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zinezisekelo zezombangazwe, ezomnotho kanye nezenhlalakahle futhi kuze kube yilapho lezi zindaba zilungiswa ngendlela egculisayo, izingxabano azikwazi ukuxazululwa ngempumelelo.

Ukubuka konke kwe-Conceptual "3Ds"

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, indlela ye-“3Ds”, eyinhlanganisela yokukhulumisana, ukuzivikela kanye nentuthuko, akuyona indlela entsha yokuxazulula izingxabano. Njengoba uGradia (2009) ephawula, indlela edidiyelwe yokugcinwa kokuthula kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha ukuthula ukuze kunzinziswe futhi kwakhiwe kabusha izifundazwe ezingemuva kwezingxabano ngezinye izifundazwe ezizimele kanye nezinhlangano bezilokhu zisebenzisa indlela ye-“3Ds”, nakuba ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukene. U-Van der Lljn (2011) uphinde waveza ukuthi ukusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwendabuko kwezempi ukuya ekwamukelweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zendlela ye-"3Ds" kwaba yisidingo ngokuqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kwezinto eziyisisekelo ezibangela ukungqubuzana ukuxazululwa ngokufanele ngokusebenzisa i-diplomacy. kanye nentuthuko, imisebenzi yokwakha ukuthula ngokuvamile iyoba izivivinyo eziyize. U-Schnaubelt (2011) uphinde waphikisa ukuthi i-NATO (futhi ngokwengeza, zonke ezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe) ibonile ukuthi ukuze umkhankaso wesimanje uphumelele, ukugudluka endleleni yezempi yendabuko ukuya endleleni ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa izici zediplomacy, intuthuko kanye nokuvikela kufanele. kwenziwe.

Ngemuva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula e-US yiqembu le-Al Qaeda ngoSepthemba 11, 2001 kanye nokumenyezelwa kwempi yobushokobezi emhlabeni wonke yi-US, uhulumeni waseMelika wenza isu likazwelonke lokulwa nobuphekula ngalezi zinhloso ezilandelayo:

• Hlula amaphekula nezinhlangano zawo;

• Yenqaba uxhaso, ukusekelwa kanye nendawo engcwele kumaphekula;

• Ukunciphisa izimo eziyisisekelo amaphekula afuna ukuzisebenzisa; futhi

• Vikela izakhamizi zase-US nezintshisekelo zakho ekhaya naphesheya

(Umnyango Wezwe wase-US, 2008)

Ukuhlaziywa okubucayi kwezinjongo ezibalulwe ngenhla zalelisu kuzoveza ukuthi liwukuphuma kwendlela “ye-3Ds”. Inhloso yokuqala igcizelela ukuqedwa kobuphekula bomhlaba wonke kusetshenziswa amandla ezempi (ukuzivikela). Inhloso yesibili igxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezokuxhumana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amaphekula nezinhlangano zabo abanayo indawo ephephile emhlabeni. Kuhilela ukuxhumana nezinye izizwe nezinhlangano ukuze kunqandwe ubuphekula bomhlaba wonke ngokunqamula ukusekelwa ngokwezimali nokuziphatha kwamaqembu amaphekula. Inhloso yesithathu ukuqaphela iqiniso lokuthi ngaphandle kokubhekana ngokwanele nezimo zezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalo-mnotho ezikhuthaza ubuphekula, impi yokulwa nobuphekula ayisoze yanqotshwa (intuthuko). Inhloso yesine ingenzeka kuphela uma lezi ezinye izinjongo ezintathu sezifeziwe. Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi inhloso ngayinye ayizimele ngokuphelele kwezinye. Zonke ziphinde ziphoqelele ngokulinganayo njengoba kuzodinga ukusebenzisana kwezokuxhumana, ukuvikela kanye nentuthuko ukufeza noma yiziphi izinjongo ezine. Ngakho-ke, i-American Academy of Diplomacy embikweni wayo ka-2015 yaphetha ngokuthi i-US kanye neMelika manje sebephephile ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamanxusa, abasebenzi bezempi, ochwepheshe bezokuthuthukiswa kanye nabantu kuma-NGO kanye nezinye izinkampani ezizimele.

UGradia (2009) noVan der Lljn (2011) babheka idiplomacy, ohlelweni lokwakha ukuthula, njengokuqinisa ukwethenjwa kwabantu emandleni, emandleni nasemandleni kahulumeni ekuxazululeni ukungqubuzana ngokuthula. Ukuvikela kubandakanya ukuqiniswa kwekhono likahulumeni odinga ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okwanele endaweni yakhe yokuphatha. Intuthuko ihlanganisa ukuhlinzekwa kosizo lwezomnotho ukusiza lowo hulumeni abhekane nezidingo zezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho nezombusazwe zezakhamizi ezivame ukwakha izici eziyisisekelo zezingxabano.

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, idiplomacy, ukuzivikela kanye nentuthuko akuyona imiqondo ezimele, kunalokho, kuyizinto eziguquguqukayo ezincike komunye nomunye. Ukuphatha ngendlela efanele, okuwumgogodla wokusebenzelana kwezizwe ngezizwe, kungafezwa kuphela lapho ukuphepha kwesakhamuzi kuqinisekiswa nalapho izidingo zentuthuko yabantu ziqinisekiswa khona. Ukuvikeleka okwanele futhi kusekelwe ekuphatheni okuhle futhi zonke izinhlelo zentuthuko kufanele ziqondiswe ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kanye nokuphila kahle kwabantu jikelele (Umbiko Wokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu, 1996).

Isipiliyoni saseNigeria

INigeria ingelinye lamazwe ahlukene ngokwezinhlanga emhlabeni. U-Otite (1990) kanye noSalawu & Hassan (2011) bayaqinisekisa ukuthi cishe kunamaqembu ezizwe angama-374 eNigeria. Imvelo yobuningi bezwe laseNigeria ibonakala enanini lezinkolo ezingatholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalo. Kunezinkolo ezintathu eziyinhloko, ubuKristu, ubuSulumane kanye neNkolo Yendabuko Yase-Afrika, yona ngokwayo ehlanganisa amakhulu namakhulu onkulunkulu abakhulekelwa ezweni lonke. Ezinye izinkolo, ezihlanganisa ubuHindu, i-Bahia kanye ne-Grail Message nazo zinabalandeli ngaphakathi kwesifunda saseNigeria (Kitause & Achunike, 2013).

Isimo sobuningi baseNigeria sivame ukuhunyushwa emiqhudelwaneni yobuhlanga neyezenkolo ukuthola amandla ezepolitiki kanye nokulawula izinsiza zomnotho zombuso futhi le miqhudelwano ivame ukuholela ekuhlukaneni okukhulu nezingxabano (Mustapha, 2004). Lesi sikhundla siphinde sigcizelelwe ngu-Ilo & Adenuga (2013) othi iningi lezingxabano emlandweni wezepolitiki waseNigeria zinemibala yobuhlanga neyenkolo. Nokho, lezi zingxabano zazixazululwa noma zisaxazululwa ngokwamukelwa kwezinqubomgomo namasu amukela amafilosofi endlela “ye-3Ds”. Ngakho lolu cwaningo luzohlola ezinye zalezi zingxabano kanye nendlela ezaxazululwa ngayo noma ezixazululwa ngayo.

Impi Yombango YaseNigeria

Ukuthola imbangela yempi yombango kuzodinga uhambo lokuya ekwakhiweni kwezwe laseNigeria uqobo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lokhu kungekona okugxilwe kulo lolu cwaningo, kwanele ukusho ukuthi izici ezaholela ekuhlukaneni kwesifunda esisempumalanga nesifundazwe saseNigeria ngesimemezelo sesifunda saseBiafra nguColonel Odumegwu Ojukwu ngoMeyi 30, 1967 futhi. ukumenyezelwa kwempi ekugcineni nguHulumeni Wombuso waseNigeria ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bendawo yezwe laseNigeria kubandakanya ukungalingani kwesakhiwo somfelandawonye waseNigeria, ukhetho lombuso olwalunezingxabano kakhulu lwango-1964, ukhetho olwalunezingxabano ngokulinganayo entshonalanga yeNigeria olwasusa ulaka. Inkinga enkulu esifundeni, ukuketulwa umbuso kukaJanuwari 15 noJulayi 29, 1966, ukwenqaba kuka-Ojukwu ukuqaphela uGowon njengenhloko entsha kahulumeni wezempi, ukutholakala kukawoyela ngamanani athengisekayo e-Oloibiri esifundeni esisempumalanga, i-pogrom yabantu base-Igbo extraction enyakatho yeNigeria kanye nokwenqaba kukaHulumeni Wombuso ukusebenzisa i-Aburi Accord (Kirk-Greene, 1975; Thomas, 2010; Falode, 2011).

Impi, eyathatha isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezingu-30, yashushiswa ngamandla yizinhlangothi zombili futhi yaba nemiphumela elimaza kakhulu esifundazweni saseNigeria nakubantu baso, ikakhulukazi esifundeni esisempumalanga, okwakuyinkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi. Impi, njengoba izimpi eziningi zinjalo, yayinentukuthelo eyayivame ukuvezwa ekubulaweni kwabantu abangahlomile, ukuhlukunyezwa nokubulawa kwamasosha ezitha ayethunjiwe, ukudlwengulwa kwamantombazane nabesifazane nokunye ukuphathwa kabi kwawo womabili amasosha ezitha ayethunjiwe kanye namasosha. izakhamizi (Udenwa, 2011). Ngenxa yomunyu obonakala ngezimpi zombango, zikhishwa futhi zivame ukuqedwa ngokungenelela kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye/noma ezinye izinhlangano zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngalesi sikhathi, kufanelekile ukwenza umehluko phakathi kwezimpi zombango kanye namavukelambuso adumile. Izimpi zombango zivame ukulwiwa phakathi kwezifunda namaqembu asesimweni esifanayo kuyilapho ukuvukela umbuso kuyizimpi ezilwa phakathi kwezigaba zomphakathi emphakathini ofanayo ukuze kwakhiwe ukuhleleka okusha kwezenhlalo nezomnotho emiphakathini enjalo. Ngakho, iNguquko Yezimboni, eyayingeyona impi yezikhali, ibhekwa njengenguquko ngoba yashintsha ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho yangaleso sikhathi. Izinguquko eziningi ngokuvamile zigcina zisheshisa izinqubo zokuhlanganiswa kwesizwe nobunye emiphakathini njengoba kwafakazelwa eFrance ngemva kweNguquko YaseFrance yango-1887 kanye nesipiliyoni saseRussia ngemva kweNguquko ka-1914. Nokho, izimpi eziningi zombango ziyahlukanisa futhi ngokuvamile zigcina ngokuhlakazwa kwezitho. yombuso njengoba kufakazelwa eYugoslavia yangaphambili, Ethiopia/Eritrea naseSudan. Lapho umbuso ungaqedwa khona ekupheleni kwempi, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokugcina ukuthula, ukwakhiwa kokuthula kanye nemisebenzi yokuphoqelela ukuthula yezinye izifundazwe ezizimele nezinhlangano, kubusa ukuzola okungekuhle, okuvame ukubhodlozwa izingxabano ngezikhathi ezithile. IRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo ihlinzeka ngocwaningo oluthokozisayo. Kodwa-ke, impi yombango yaseNigeria yayiyivelakancane kulo mthetho njengoba yaqedwa ngaphandle kokungenelela okuqondile kwezizwe nezinhlangano zakwamanye amazwe kanye nezinga elimangalisayo lokuhlanganiswa kwesizwe nobumbano lafinyelelwa ngemva kokuphela kwempi ngo-15 January 1970. UThomas (2010) uthi lokhu kuphumelela kubangelwa "ukunganqobi, onganqotshiwe kodwa ukunqoba kwengqondo kanye nobunye baseNigeria" isimemezelo sikaHulumeni Wombuso waseNigeria ekupheleni kwempi kanye nokwamukelwa kwenqubomgomo yokubuyisana, Ukuvuselelwa. , kanye Nokwakhiwa Kabusha ukuze kusheshiswe ukuhlanganiswa nobunye. Naphezu kokungabaza kwakhe ngezimo ezikhona esifundazweni saseNigeria ngaphambi, ngesikhathi nangemva kwempi yombango, u-Effiong (2012) uphinde wafakazela ukuthi isivumelwano sokuthula ekupheleni kwempi “sizuze izinga elincomekayo lesinqumo futhi sabuyisela isilinganiso esijulile sokujwayelekile komphakathi. .” Muva nje, inhloko kahulumeni wezempi ngesikhathi sempi yombango, u-Yakubu Gowon, uphikile ukuthi bekungukutholwa ngamabomu kwenqubomgomo yokubuyisana, ukuvuselelwa kabusha kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha okusize ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwesifunda esisempumalanga nesifunda saseNigeria. . Ngamazwi akhe, uGowon, (2015) uthi:

kunokuba sijabulele injabulo esicabanga ukuthi sinqobile, sakhetha ukuhamba ngomgwaqo ongakaze uhanjwe yinoma yisiphi isizwe emlandweni wezimpi emhlabeni. Sanquma ukuthi akukho nzuzo ekuqongeleleni impango yempi. Esikhundleni salokho, sakhetha ukubhekana nomsebenzi wethu oyinselele kakhulu wokuzuza ukubuyisana, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwesizwe ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Lowo mbono wezwe wenze kwaba nokwenzeka ngathi ukuba sinikeze ngokushesha futhi ngamabomu i-balm ephulukisayo ukuze sinakekele izilonda namanxeba. Igcizelele ifilosofi yethu ethi No Victor, No Vanqushed engayisho enkulumweni yami esizweni ngemuva kokuba sithule izibhamu sifingqa imikhono ngesikhathi sibeka izandla egejeni ukuze sakhe kabusha iNigeria. Ukufuna kwethu izixazululo ezinkingeni zemiphumela yempi nokucekelwa phansi kwenza kwadingeka ukuthi sisungule isethi yezimiso eziqondisayo njengezikhonkwane zemashi yethu eya phambili ezimisele. Lesi kwaba yisisekelo sokwethulwa kwethu kwe-3Rs … Reconciliation, (Reintegration) Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, okufanele, sikuqonde, azange nje sizame ukulungisa ngokushesha izinkinga eziphathelene nenhlalakahle yezomnotho nengqalasizinda kodwa kwasekela ngokusobala umbono wami wekusasa. ; umbono weNigeria enkulu, ebumbene lapho noma ubani, kusukela eMpumalanga, eNtshonalanga, eNyakatho, naseNingizimu engafisa ukuphumelela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha womzamo womuntu.

Ucwaningo lwenqubomgomo ye-Reconciliation, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (3Rs) luzoveza ukuthi iwuhlobo lwendlela ye-“3Ds”. Ukubuyisana okubhekiselwe ekusungulweni kobudlelwano obungcono nobunomvuzo kakhudlwana phakathi kwezitha zakudala kusekelwe kakhulu ekukhulumeni. Ukuvuselelwa okuhlanganisa inqubo yokubuyisela kuwumsebenzi wekhono likahulumeni lokugxilisa ukuzethemba kubantu ukuze bavuselelwe amandla abo okuqinisekisa ukuphepha kanye nenhlalakahle yabo (ukuzivikela). Futhi ukwakha kabusha kubhekiselwa ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisayo zokubhekana nezinkinga ezehlukene zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo nezomnotho eziwumsuka wokungqubuzana. Ukusungulwa kweNational Youth Service Corps (NYSC), ukusungulwa kweZikole Zobumbano kanye nokwakhiwa okusheshayo, ukuhlinzekwa kwezakhiwo kanye nengqalasizinda kulo lonke elaseNigeria kwakungezinye zalezi zinhlelo ezaqalwa umbuso wakwaGowon.

Inhlekelele yaseNiger Delta

Ngokuka-Okoli (2013), iNiger Delta yakhiwe yizifundazwe ezintathu ezibalulekile okubalwa kuzo izifunda zaseBayelsa, Delta kanye neRivers kanye nezifunda eziyisithupha eziseceleni, okuyi-Abia, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Edo, Imo kanye nezifunda zase-Ondo. Abantu baseNiger Delta bebelokhu behlushwa ukuxhashazwa kusukela ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Lesi sifunda sasingumkhiqizi omkhulu kawoyela wesundu futhi sasikade sihwebelana nezizwe zaseYurophu ngaphambi kwenkathi yamakoloni. Ngokufika kobukoloniyali, iBrithani yafuna ukulawula nokusebenzisa imisebenzi yezohwebo esifundeni futhi lokhu kwahlangatshezwana nokuphikiswa okuqinile kwabantu. AmaNgisi kwadingeka anqobe ngenkani isifunda ngohambo lwezempi kanye nokudingiswa kwababusi bendabuko ababeqavile ababehamba phambili ekulweni okuhlanganisa iNduna uJaja wase-Opobo kanye noKoko waseNembe.

Ngemuva kokuthi iNigeria ithole inkululeko ngo-1960, ukutholakala kukawoyela ngenani elithengisekayo nakho kwaqinisa ukuxhashazwa kwesifunda ngaphandle kokuthuthuka kwesifunda. Lokhu okubonwa njengokungabi nabulungisa kwaholela ekuvukeleni okusobala phakathi nawo-1960 okwakuholwa ngu-Isaac Adaka Boro owamemezela ukuthi isifunda sizimele. Ukuhlubuka kwaqedwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili ngokuboshwa, ukushushiswa nokubulawa kukaBoro ekugcineni. Ukuxhashazwa kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwesifunda nokho kwaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Naphezu kokuthi lesi sifunda siyihansi ebeka iqanda legolide emnothweni waseNigeria, yisifunda esonakaliswe kakhulu nesihlukunyezwayo, hhayi eNigeria kuphela kodwa nase-Afrika yonke (Okoli, 2013). U-Afinotan no-Ojakorotu (2009) babika ukuthi isifunda sithatha ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-80 omkhiqizo wasekhaya wase-Nigeria (GDP), kodwa abantu besifunda bacwile ebuphofini obudlulele. Lesi simo sahlanganiswa neqiniso lokuthi imali etholakala esifundeni isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ezinye izifunda ezweni kuyilapho kunenqwaba yamasosha esifundeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuxhashazwa kwawo okuqhubekayo (Aghalino, 2004).

Ukukhungatheka kwabantu base-Niger Delta ngokuqhubeka nokuxhashazwa kanye nokucwaswa kwesifunda sabo kwakuvame ukuvezwa ezinxushunxushwini ezinodlame ukuze kube nobulungiswa kodwa lezi zinxushunxushu zazivame ukuhlangatshezwa nezenzo zempi zombuso. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, iMovement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSSOB), eyayinomholi wayo, uKen Saro-Wiwa, owayehlonishwa kakhulu kwezokubhala, yasabisa ngokuphazamisa ukucwaningwa kukawoyela nokuxhashazwa esifundeni uma kunezidingo zabantu. abahlangatshezwanga. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni waphendula ngokubopha u-Ken Saro-Wiwa kanye nabanye abaholi ababalulekile be-MOSSOB futhi babulawa kafushane. Ukulengiswa kwe-'Ogoni 9' kumemezele izinga elingakaze libonwe lokuvukelwa kwezikhali esifundeni okuvezwe ekucekeleni phansi nasekucekeleni phansi izindawo zikawoyela, ukwebiwa kukawoyela, ukuthunjwa kwabasebenzi bakawoyela esifundeni, izinga eliphezulu lokudunwa kwezikhali emifudlaneni kanye nasemifudlaneni. izilwandle eziphakeme. Le misebenzi ithinte kakhulu amandla kahulumeni wokuhlola uwoyela esifundeni futhi umnotho nawo wathinteka kakhulu. Zonke izinyathelo eziphoqayo ezathathwa ukuqeda ukuvukela umbuso zehluleka, futhi izingxabano e-Niger Delta zaqhubeka kwaze kwaba uJuni 2009 lapho uMongameli Ongasekho u-Umaru Yar'Adua ememezela uhlelo lukashwele olwaluzovumela noma yimuphi umshoshozeli waseNiger Delta ukuthi anikele ngokuzithandela Isikhathi sezinsuku ezingama-60. UMongameli uphinde wasungula inkonzo yaseNiger Delta ukuze kusheshiswe intuthuko esifundeni. Ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi entsheni yesifunda kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwemali engenayo etholwa izifundazwe esifundeni nakho bekuyingxenye yesivumelwano esahlanganiswa nguhulumeni waseYar'Adua sokubuyisela ukuthula esifundeni kanye nokuqaliswa kwalokhu. izinhlelo zaqinisekisa ukuthula okudingekayo esifundeni (Okedele, Adenuga kanye no-Aborisade, 2014).

Ukuze kugcizelelwe, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izindlela zendabuko zokusebenzisa isenzo sezempi ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula zehlulekile e-Niger Delta kwaze kwaba nenhlanganisela eqinile yokuxoxisana (uhlelo lukashwele), ukuthuthukiswa nokuvikela kwenziwa (yize, ibutho lasolwandle laseNigeria kanye nebutho liyaqhubeka. ukuzulazula e-Niger Delta ukuze kuqedwe amanye amaqembu ezigebengu ayengasakwazi ukucasha ngaphansi kwelebuli lamasosha enkolo yobulungiswa esifundeni).

Inkinga yeBoko Haram

I-Boko Haram, okusho ukuthi 'imfundo yasentshonalanga imbi' iyiqembu lamaphekula enyakatho yeNigeria elaqala ukugqama ngo-2002 ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Ustaz Muhammed Yusuf nomgomo walo omkhulu, ukwakhiwa kombuso wamaSulumane ezweni. . Iqembu lakwazi ukuchuma enyakatho yeNigeria ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokungafundi, ubumpofu obusakazekile kanye nokuntuleka kwamathuba ezomnotho esifundeni (Abubakar, 2004; Okedele, Adenuga no-Aborisade, 2014). U-Ikerionwu (2014) ubika ukuthi leli qembu, ngemisebenzi yalo yobushokobezi, libe necala lokufa kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu baseNigeria kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla ebiza izigidigidi zama-naira.

Ngonyaka wezi-2009, uhulumeni waseNigeria wasebenzisa isenzo sezempi ukuze abhekane ngokuqinile nesikhundla nefayela leqembu leBoko Haram. UYusuf nabanye abaholi baleli qembu babulawa kwathi abaningi baboshwa noma kwadingeka ukuba babalekele eChad, Niger naseCameroon ukuze bagweme ukuboshwa. Kodwa-ke, leli qembu labuyela emuva lisebenzisana kangcono futhi laphinde laqina amandla kangangokuthi ngo-2014 lase lithathe izindawo ezinkulu enyakatho yeNigeria futhi lase limemezele i-caliphate ngaphandle kwesifunda saseNigeria, isinyathelo esaphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi amemezele isimo esiphuthumayo. ezifundazweni ezintathu ezisenyakatho ye-Adamawa, Borno kanye neYobe (Olafioye, 2014).

Maphakathi no-2015, indawo engaphansi kokulawulwa yiqembu yayivinjelwe kakhulu ehlathini laseSambisa nakwamanye amahlathi enyakatho yeNigeria. Uhulumeni ukwazi kanjani ukufeza lesi senzo? Okokuqala, yasebenzisa i-diplomacy nokuzivikela ngokusungula isivumelwano sokuzivikela nomakhelwane bayo ngokusebenzisa umthethosisekelo we-Multi-National Joint Taskforce ehlanganisa amasosha aseNigeria, Chad, Cameroonian kanye naseNiger ukuze axoshe iqembu leBoko Haram ezindaweni zalo zokucasha kuwo wonke lawa mazwe amane. Okwesibili, iqinisekise ukuthuthukiswa kwenyakatho yeNigeria ngokusungulwa ngokushesha kwezikole ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kanye nokusungulwa kwezinhlelo eziningi zokunika amandla ukuze kwehliswe izinga lobumpofu.

Isiphetho

Indlela izingxabano ezinkulu, ezikwazi ukuhlakaza imiphakathi exubile, ezaziphethwe futhi zisaphathwa ngayo eNigeria ibonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela engaguquki yokuxoxisana, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuzivikela (ama-3Ds) kungasiza ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula.

Izincomo

Indlela ye-“3Ds” kufanele yenziwe indlela encono kakhulu yokugcina ukuthula nokwakha ukuthula, futhi ohulumeni balezo zifundazwe ezithanda ukungqubuzana, ikakhulukazi izifunda ezixube izinhlanga nezinkolo eziningi, kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi basebenzise le ndlela njengoba nayo idlala indima ebalulekile. iqhaza ekunqandeni izingxabano ku-bud ngaphambi kokuthi zigcwale ngokugcwele.

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