UChristopher Columbus: Isikhumbuzo Esiyimpikiswano eNew York
abstract
UChristopher Columbus, iqhawe elihlonishwayo ngokomlando laseYurophu okulandisa okuvelele kwaseYurophu okuphathelene nokutholwa kweMelika, kodwa isithombe sakhe kanye nefa elifanekisela ukuqothulwa kohlanga okuthulisiwe kwabantu Bomdabu BaseMelika naseCaribbean, usephenduke impikiswano. Leli phepha lihlola ukumelwa okungokomfanekiso kwesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zodweshu - amaNtaliyane aseMelika abasimisa e-Columbus Circle eNew York City nakwezinye izindawo ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye ne-Indigenous Peoples of America kanye ICaribbean okhokho bawo babulawa abahlaseli baseYurophu, ngakolunye. Ngokusebenzisa amalensi enkumbulo yomlando kanye nethiyori yokuxazulula izingxabano, iphepha liqondiswa i-hermeneutics - ukuhumusha okubucayi nokuqonda - kwesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus njengoba ngakubona ngesikhathi sokucwaninga kwami kule ndawo yenkumbulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano kanye nezimpikiswano zamanje ukuthi ukuba khona kwayo komphakathi enhliziyweni yeManhattan kuhlaziywa ngokujulile. Ekwenzeni le hermeneutical cum ukuhlaziya okujulile, kuhlolisiswa imibuzo emithathu esemqoka. 1) Ungahunyushwa futhi uqondwe kanjani umfanekiso kaChristopher Columbus njengesikhumbuzo esingokomlando esinempikiswano? 2) Imibono yenkumbulo yomlando isitshelani ngetshe lesikhumbuzo likaChristopher Columbus? 3) Yiziphi izifundo esingazifunda kule nkumbulo yomlando eyimpikiswano ukuze sivimbele kangcono noma sixazulule izingxabano ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo futhi sakhe iDolobha neMelika yaseNew York ebandakanyayo, elinganayo futhi enokubekezela? Leli phepha liphetha ngokubheka ikusasa leDolobha laseNew York njengesibonelo sedolobha elinamasiko ahlukahlukene, eMelika.
Isingeniso
Ngo-September 1, 2018, ngasuka endlini yethu e-White Plains, eNew York, ngaya e-Columbus Circle eNew York City. I-Columbus Circle ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu eNew York City. Kuyindawo ebalulekile hhayi kuphela ngoba itholakala ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo emine emikhulu eManhattan - West and South Central Park, Broadway, kanye ne-Eighth Avenue - kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, maphakathi neColumbus Circle yikhaya lesithombe sika. UChristopher Columbus, iqhawe laseYurophu elihlonishwayo ngokomlando okulandisa okuvelele kwaseYurophu okuphathelene nokutholwa kweMelika, kodwa isithombe sakhe kanye nefa elifanekisela ukuqothulwa kohlanga okuthulisiwe kwabantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean.
Njengesizinda senkumbulo yomlando eMelika naseCaribbean, ngakhetha ukwenza ucwaningo lokubheka etsheni lesikhumbuzo likaChristopher Columbus eColumbus Circle eNew York City ngethemba lokujulisa ukuqonda kwami uChristopher Columbus nokuthi kungani esephenduke ingxabano. isithombe eMelika naseCaribbean. Ngakho-ke inhloso yami kwakuwukuqonda ukumelwa okungokomfanekiso kwesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zombango - amaNtaliyane aseMelika abawumisa eColumbus Circle nakwezinye izindawo ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye Nabantu Bomdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean. okhokho bawo babulawa abahlaseli baseYurophu, ngakolunye.
Ngokusebenzisa amalensi enkumbulo yomlando kanye nethiyori yokuxazulula izingxabano, ukucabanga kwami kuqondiswa i-hermeneutics - incazelo ebucayi nokuqonda - kwesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus njengoba ngakubona ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwami kusayithi, ngenkathi ngichaza izingxabano kanye nezimpikiswano zamanje ukuthi ubukhona baso esidlangalaleni. enhliziyweni Manhattan evokes. Ngokwenza le hermeneutical cum ukuhlaziya okujulile, kuhlolisiswa imibuzo emithathu esemqoka. 1) Ungahunyushwa futhi uqondwe kanjani umfanekiso kaChristopher Columbus njengesikhumbuzo esingokomlando esinempikiswano? 2) Imibono yenkumbulo yomlando isitshelani ngetshe lesikhumbuzo likaChristopher Columbus? 3) Yiziphi izifundo esingazifunda kule nkumbulo yomlando eyimpikiswano ukuze sivimbele kangcono noma sixazulule izingxabano ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo futhi sakhe iDolobha neMelika yaseNew York ebandakanyayo, elinganayo futhi enokubekezela?
Leli phepha liphetha ngokubheka ikusasa leDolobha laseNew York njengesibonelo sedolobha elinamasiko amaningi, ahlukahlukene eMelika.
Ukutholwa e-Columbus Circle
I-New York City iyindawo encibilika emhlabeni ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwamasiko nokuhlukahluka kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyikhaya lemisebenzi yobuciko ebalulekile, amatshe esikhumbuzo kanye nezimpawu ezihlanganisa inkumbulo ehlangene yomlando ebuye ilolonge ukuthi singobani njengamaMelika kanye nabantu. Ngenkathi ezinye zezindawo zenkumbulo yomlando eNew York City zindala, ezinye zakhiwe ku-21st ikhulunyaka lokukhumbula izehlakalo zomlando ezibalulekile ezishiye uphawu olungacimeki kubantu nasesizweni sakithi. Nakuba ezinye zidumile futhi zivame ukuvakashelwa abantu baseMelika kanye nabavakashi bamazwe ngamazwe, ezinye azisadumile njengoba zazivame ukwakhiwa.
ISikhumbuzo sango-9/11 siyisibonelo sendawo evakashelwa kakhulu yenkumbulo ehlangene eDolobheni laseNew York. Ngenxa yokuthi inkumbulo ka-9/11 iseyintsha ezingqondweni zethu, ngangihlele ukunikela ukucabanga kwami kuyo. Kodwa njengoba ngicwaninga ezinye izingosi zenkumbulo yomlando eDolobheni laseNew York, ngathola ukuthi izehlakalo zaseCharlottesville ngo-Agasti 2017 zenze "ingxoxo enzima" (Stone et al., 2010) ngezikhumbuzo ezazihlonishwa ngokomlando kodwa eziyimpikiswano eMelika. Kusukela ngo-2015 isigameko sokudubula esibulala abantu abaningi ngaphakathi kwe-Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church e-Charleston, eSouth Carolina, nguDylann Roof, ilunga leqembu le-White Supremacist kanye nomgqugquzeli oqinile wezimpawu nezikhumbuzo ze-Confederate, amadolobha amaningi avotele ukususa izithombe nezinye izikhumbuzo. zifanekisela inzondo nokucindezelwa.
Nakuba ingxoxo yethu yomphakathi kazwelonke igxile kakhulu kumatshe esikhumbuzo nefulege leNhlangano efana necala laseCharlottesville lapho idolobha livotele ukususa isifanekiso sika-Robert E. Lee e-Emancipation Park, eNew York City kugxilwe kakhulu esifanekisweni sika-Christopher Columbus. kanye nokuthi ifanekiselani aboMdabu baseMelika kanye naseCaribbean. Njengomuntu waseNew York, ngabona imibhikisho eminingi ngo-2017 ngokumelene nesithombe sikaChristopher Columbus. Ababhikishi kanye Nabantu Bomdabu bafuna ukuba isithombe sikaColumbus sisuswe e-Columbus Circle futhi kunikezwe isifanekiso esikhethekile noma itshe lesikhumbuzo elimele AboMdabu BaseMelika ukuba bathathe isikhundla sikaColumbus.
Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka imibhikisho, ngikhumbula ngizibuza le mibuzo emibili: ngabe isipiliyoni saboMdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean siholele kanjani ekutheni bafune ngokusobala nangokhahlo ukuthi kususwe inganekwane eyaziwa ngokomlando, uChristopher Columbus, okuthiwa wathola iMelika? Kungaziphi izizathu ukufunwa kwabo kuzovunyelwa ku-21st New York City ngekhulu leminyaka? Ukuhlola izimpendulo zale mibuzo, nginqume ukucabangisisa ngesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus njengoba wethulwa emhlabeni wonke sisuka eColumbus Circle eDolobheni laseNew York futhi ngihlole ukuthi ukuba khona kwaso endaweni yomphakathi yeDolobha kusho ukuthini kubo bonke abantu baseNew York.
Njengoba ngangimi eduze kwesithombe sikaChristopher Columbus phakathi ne-Columbus Circle, ngamangazwa ngempela indlela uMqophi wezithombe ongumNtaliyane, uGaetano Russo, athatha futhi wamelela ngayo ukuphila nohambo lukaChristopher Columbus etsheni lesikhumbuzo elingamafidi angu-76 ubude. Njengoba iqoshwe e-Italy, itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus lafakwa e-Columbus Circle ngo-Okthoba 13, 1892 ukuze kukhunjulwe iminyaka engama-400 yokufika kukaColumbus eMelika. Nakuba ngingeyena umdwebi noma itilosi, ngingathola umfanekiso oningiliziwe wohambo lukaColumbus oluya emazweni aseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, uColumbus uvezwa kuleli tshe lesikhumbuzo njengetilosi eliyiqhawe limi emkhunjini walo libambe ongezansi ngezigigaba zalo nezimangaliso zalo ezintsha azithole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli tshe lesikhumbuzo linomfanekiso wethusi wemikhumbi emithathu emi ngaphansi kukaChristopher Columbus. Njengoba ngangicwaninga ukuze ngazi ukuthi le mikhumbi iyini kusizindalwazi soMnyango Wezamapaki Nezokungcebeleka weDolobha laseNew York, ngathola ukuthi ibizwa ngokuthi Nina, lo Pinta, Kanye Santa Maria - imikhumbi emithathu uColumbus ayisebenzisa ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala esuka eSpain eya eBahamas eyasuka ngo-August 3, 1492 futhi yafika ngo-Okthoba 12, 1492. Ngaphansi kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kunesidalwa esifana namaphiko esibukeka njengengelosi eqaphile.
Nokho, okwangimangaza, futhi ekuqiniseni nasekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa okuvelele kokuthi uChristopher Columbus wayengumuntu wokuqala owathola iMelika, akukho lutho kulesi sikhumbuzo esimele aboMdabu noma amaNdiya ayesevele ehlala eMelika ngaphambi kokufika kukaColumbus futhi. iqembu lakhe. Konke okukulesi sikhumbuzo kumayelana noChristopher Columbus. Yonke into ikhombisa ukulandisa kokuthola kwakhe ubuqhawe kweMelika.
Njengoba kuxoxiwe esigabeni esilandelayo, itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus liyindawo yenkumbulo hhayi kuphela yalabo abakhokhela futhi bamisa - amaNtaliyane aseMelika - kodwa futhi liyindawo yomlando nenkumbulo yaboMdabu baseMelika, ngoba nabo bakhumbula ubuhlungu. kanye nokuhlangana okudabukisayo kokhokho babo noColumbus nabalandeli bakhe isikhathi ngasinye lapho bebona uChristopher Columbus ephakeme enhliziyweni yeDolobha laseNew York. Futhi, isifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus eColumbus Circle eNew York City sesibe yisona i-terminus ad quo futhi Inkumbulo yesikhangiso (iphuzu lokuqala nelokugcina) le-Columbus Day Parade njalo ngo-Okthoba. Abantu abaningi baseNew York bahlangana e-Columbus Circle ukuze baphinde bazizwele no-Christopher Columbus neqembu lakhe ukutholakala nokuhlasela kwabo emazweni aseMelika. Kodwa-ke, njengoba amaNtaliyane aseMelika - akhokhela futhi afaka lesi sikhumbuzo - kanye namaMelika aseSpain okhokho babo baxhasa uhambo lwemikhumbi oluningi lukaColumbus lokuya emazweni aseMelika futhi ngenxa yalokho babamba iqhaza futhi bazuza kulokhu kuhlasela, kanye nabanye abantu baseMelika baseMelika bagubha ngenjabulo Usuku lukaColumbus, ingxenye eyodwa yabantu baseMelika - aboMdabu noma amaNdiya aseMelika, abanikazi bangempela bomhlaba omusha kodwa omdala obizwa ngokuthi iMelika - bahlala bekhunjuzwa ngokuqothulwa kwabo kwabantu namasiko ezandleni zabahlaseli baseYurophu, ukubulawa kohlanga okufihliwe/okuthulisiwe. okwenzeka phakathi nangemuva kwezinsuku zikaChristopher Columbus. Le ndida ehlanganiswa yitshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus isanda kuqalisa ukungqubuzana okukhulu kanye nempikiswano mayelana nokubaluleka okungokomlando kanye nophawu lwesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus eDolobheni laseNew York.
Isithombe sikaChristopher Columbus: Isikhumbuzo Esinempikiswano eNew York City
Njengoba ngangigqolozele isikhumbuzo esihle nesinhle sikaChristopher Columbus eColumbus Circle eDolobheni laseNew York, ngangicabanga nangezingxoxo eziyimpikiswano eziye zasungulwa yilesi sikhumbuzo ezikhathini zamuva nje. Ngo-2017, ngikhumbula ngibona ababhikishi abaningi e-Columbus Circle ababefuna ukuba kususwe isithombe sikaChristopher Columbus. Iziteshi zomsakazo nethelevishini zaseDolobheni laseNew York zonke zazikhuluma ngezimpikiswano eziphathelene netshe lesikhumbuzo saseColumbus. Njengenjwayelo, osopolitiki baseNew York State nabaseDolobheni bahlukene phakathi ngokuthi ngabe itshe lesikhumbuzo saseColumbus kufanele lisuswe noma lihlale. Njengoba iColumbus Circle kanye nesithombe sikaColumbus singaphakathi kwendawo yomphakathi nepaki yeDolobha laseNew York, kuzobe sekufanele izikhulu ezikhethiwe zeDolobha laseNew York eziholwa yiMeya ukuthi zinqume futhi zenze okuthile.
Ngo-September 8, 2017, IMeya uBill de Blasio yasungula Ikhomishini Yokweluleka YeMeya mayelana Nobuciko BeDolobha, Izikhumbuzo, kanye Nezimpawu (Ihhovisi likaMeya, 2017). Le khomishana yabamba ukulalelwa, yamukela izicelo ezivela emaqenjini nasemphakathini, futhi yaqoqa izimpikiswano ezihlukene zokuthi kungani itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kufanele lihlale noma lisuswe. Inhlolovo iphinde yasetshenziswa ukuze kuqoqwe idatha eyengeziwe kanye nemibono yomphakathi ngale ndaba eyimpikiswano. Ngokusho kwe umbiko weKhomishana Yokwelulekwa KweMeya mayelana neCity Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018), “kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye okugxilile mayelana nazo zonke izikhathi ezine ngesikhathi ezicatshangelwa ekuhlolweni kwalesi sikhumbuzo: impilo kaChristopher Columbus, inhloso ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo, umthelela kanye nencazelo yalo yamanje, kanye nekusasa laso. ifa” (ikhasi 28).
Okokuqala, kunezingxabano eziningi kakhulu ezizungeze impilo kaChristopher Columbus. Ezinye zezingqinamba ezinkulu ezihambisana naye zihlanganisa ukuthi uColumbus wamthola ngempela yini iMelika noma iMelika; ukuthi wayebaphatha yini abantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye nabaseCaribbean abamamukela kanye nethimba lakhe futhi wabanikeza umoya wokungenisa izihambi, kahle noma wabaphatha kabi; ukuthi yena kanye nalabo abeza ngemva kwakhe babahlaba noma cha aboMdabu baseMelika naseCaribbean; ukuthi izenzo zikaColumbus eMelika zazihambisana yini nenkambiso yokuziphatha yabantu Bomdabu BaseMelika kanye naseCaribbean; nokuthi uColumbus kanye nalabo abeza ngemva kwakhe baphuca aboMdabu baseMelika nabaseCaribbean umhlaba wabo, amasiko, isiko, inkolo, izinhlelo zokubusa, nezinsiza zabo noma cha.
Okwesibili, izimpikiswano eziyimpikiswano zokuthi itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kufanele yini lihlale noma lisuswe linokuxhumana okungokomlando nesikhathi, kanye nenhloso yokufaka / yokugunyaza itshe lesikhumbuzo. Ukuze siqonde kangcono isifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus noColumbus Circle eDolobheni laseNew York, kubalulekile ukuba siqonde ukuthi kwakusho ukuthini ukuba umNtaliyane waseMelika hhayi eNew York kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke ezinye izingxenye ze-United States ngo-1892 ngesikhathi iColumbus. itshe lesikhumbuzo lafakwa futhi lasebenza. Kungani kwafakwa itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus eNew York City? Itshe lesikhumbuzo limelelani amaNtaliyane aseMelika alikhokhela futhi alifaka? Kungani isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kanye noSuku lukaColumbus zivikelwa ngokuqinile nangokushiseka amaNtaliyane aseMelika? Ngaphandle kokufuna izincazelo ezingenakubalwa neziningi zale mibuzo, a Impendulo ivela ku- John Viola: (2017), umongameli weNational Italian American Foundation, kufanelekile ukucabanga ngalokhu:
Kubantu abaningi, kuhlanganise namaNtaliyane aseMelika, ukugujwa kukaColumbus kubhekwa njengokululaza ukuhlupheka kwabantu bomdabu ezandleni zabantu baseYurophu. Kodwa kubantu abaningi emphakathini wakithi, iColumbus, kanye noSuku lukaColumbus, bamele ithuba lokugubha amagalelo ethu kuleli zwe. Ngisho nangaphambi kokufika kwenani elikhulu labafuduki baseNtaliyane ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uColumbus wayengumuntu obambe iqhaza ekulweni nobuNtaliyane ngaleso sikhathi. (isigaba 3-4)
Imibhalo esetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus eDolobheni laseNew York iphakamisa ukuthi ukufakwa nokugunyazwa kwesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus kususelwa esu eliqaphile lama-Italy aseMelika lokuqinisa ubunjalo bawo ngaphakathi kwe-main-stream America njengendlela yokuqeda izinhlekelele, ubutha kanye ukucwaswa ababebhekana nakho ngesikhathi. AmaNtaliyane aseMelika azizwa eqondiswe futhi eshushiswa, ngakho-ke alangazelela ukufakwa endabeni yaseMelika. Bathola uphawu lwalokho abakubheka njengendaba yaseMelika, ukufakwa kanye nobunye kumuntu kaChristopher Columbus, okwenzeka engumNtaliyane. Njengoba uViola, (2017) echaza:
Kwakungenxa yalokhu kubulala okudabukisayo lapho umphakathi wakuqala wama-Italian-American eNew York uhlanganise iminikelo yangasese ukuze unikeze itshe lesikhumbuzo e-Columbus Circle edolobheni lawo elisha. Ngakho-ke lesi sithombe manje esesilulazwa njengophawu lokunqotshwa kweYurophu kusukela ekuqaleni sasiwubufakazi bothando lwezwe emphakathini wabantu bokufika abazabalaza ukuthola ukwamukelwa ekhaya labo elisha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi elinobutha... ubungozi obusenhliziyweni yephupho laseMelika, nokuthi kuwumsebenzi wethu njengomphakathi ohlobene kakhulu nefa lakhe ukuba phambili endleleni ebucayi nehehayo eya phambili. (isigaba 8 nese-10)
Ukunamathela okuqinile nokuziqhenya kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus abantu baseMelika base-Italy ababonisile nakho kwembulwa kuKhomishana Yokweluleka Kamasipala Yezobuciko BeDolobha, Izikhumbuzo, kanye Nezimpawu ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kwecala labo lomphakathi ngo-2017. Ngokombiko weKhomishini (2018), “uColumbus itshe lesikhumbuzo lamiswa ngo-1892, unyaka ngemva kwesinye sezenzo ezimbi kakhulu zobudlova obumelene namaNtaliyane emlandweni waseMelika: ukubulawa kwabantu base-Italy abayishumi nanye ababekhululwe ecaleni eNew Orleans” (ikhasi 29). . Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ama-Italian Americans aholwa yi-National Italian American Foundation aphikisa ngokuqinile nangokuqinile ukususwa/ukususwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus e-Columbus Circle. Ngokwamazwi kamongameli wale nhlangano, uViola (2017), “'Ukubhidlizwa komlando' akuwushintshi lowo mlando” (iphara 7). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uViola (2017) kanye neNational Italian American Foundation yakhe baphikisa ngokuthi:
Ziningi izikhumbuzo zikaFranklin Roosevelt, futhi nakuba avumela amaJapane-aseMelika kanye nama-Italian-Americans ukuba aboshwe phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, thina njengeqembu asifuni ukuba izithombe zakhe zibhujiswe. Futhi asidilizi inkokhiso kuTheodore Roosevelt, okwathi, ngo-1891, ngemva kokuba abantu abangu-11 baseSicilian-America besolwa ngamanga ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi emlandweni waseMelika, wabhala ukuthi wayecabanga ukuthi lo mcimbi “uyinto enhle kakhulu. (isigaba 8)
Okwesithathu, futhi uma sicabangela ingxoxo engenhla, lisho ukuthini isikhumbuzo saseColumbus namuhla kubantu abaningi baseNew York abangewona amalungu omphakathi wamaNtaliyane aseMelika? Ubani uChristopher Columbus kumaNative New Yorkers kanye namaNdiya aseMelika? Ukuba khona kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus e-Columbus Circle e-New York City kunamuphi umthelela kubanikazi boqobo beDolobha laseNew York kanye nabanye abambalwa, isibonelo, aboMdabu/AmaNdiya aseMelika kanye nama-Afrika aseMelika? Umbiko weMayoral Advisory Commission on City Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018) wembula ukuthi “uColumbus usebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokubulawa kwabantu boMdabu kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika kanye nokuqala kohwebo lwezigqila ngaphesheya kwe-atlantic” (ikhasi 28).
Njengoba amagagasi oshintsho nokwambulwa kwamaqiniso ayefihliwe ngaphambili, acindezelwe kanye nokulandisa okuthulisiwe sekuqalile ukuvunguza emazweni aseMelika, izigidi zabantu eNyakatho Melika naseCaribbean seziqalile ukungabaza ukulandisa okuvelele, futhi bafunda umlando kaChristopher Columbus. Kulezi zishoshovu, sekuyisikhathi sokuqeda lokho okwakufundiswa ezikoleni nezinkulumo zeningi ukuze kukhethwe ingxenye eyodwa yabantu baseMelika ukuze bafunde kabusha futhi baveze obala amaqiniso ayefihliwe ngaphambili, amboziwe, futhi acindezelwe. Amaqembu amaningi ezishoshovu azibandakanye emasu ahlukene okuveza lokho akuthatha njengeqiniso mayelana nophawu lukaChristopher Columbus. Amanye amadolobha aseNyakatho Melika, ngokwesibonelo, eLos Angeles, “ayimisele ngokusemthethweni imikhosi yawo yoSuku LukaColumbus ngoSuku Lwabantu Bomdabu” (Viola, 2017, para. 2), futhi kuye kwenziwa isidingo esifanayo eDolobheni laseNew York. Isithombe sikaChristopher Columbus eDolobheni laseNew York muva nje siye saphawulwa (noma safakwa umbala obomvu) esifanekisela igazi ezandleni zikaColumbus nabahloli bamazwe ayekanye nabo. EyaseBaltimore kuthiwa icekelwe phansi. Futhi leyo eseYonkers, eNew York, kwathiwa yayinqunyulwe ngobudlova futhi “inqunywe ikhanda ngokungafanele” (Viola, 2017, para. 2). Wonke la maqhinga asetshenziswa izishoshovu ezihlukene emazweni aseMelika anomgomo ofanayo: ukunqamula ukuthula; yembula ukulandisa okufihliwe; xoxa indaba ngokwenzeka ngokombono wezisulu, futhi ufune ukuthi ubulungiswa bokubuyisela esimeni – obuhlanganisa ukuvuma lokho okwenzekile, ukunxeshezelwa noma ukubuyiselwa, kanye nokwelapha – kwenziwe manje hhayi kamuva.
Okwesine, ukuthi iDolobha laseNew York lizisingatha kanjani lezi zingxabano ezithinta umuntu kanye nesifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus kuzonquma futhi kuchaze ifa iDolobha elilishiyela abantu baseDolobheni laseNew York. Esikhathini lapho aboMdabu baseMelika, okuhlanganisa abantu baseLenape nabakwa-Algonquian, bezama ukwakha kabusha, ukwakha kabusha kanye nokubuyisela ubunjalo bamasiko kanye nomhlaba womlando wabo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi iDolobha laseNew York linikele ngezinsiza ezanele ocwaningweni lwalesi sikhumbuzo esiyimpikiswano, yini limele izinhlangothi ezahlukene, futhi ukungqubuzana kuyabhebhetheka. Lokhu kuzosiza iDolobha ukuthi lisungule izinhlelo nezinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano ezisebenzayo nezingachemile zokubhekana nezindaba zomhlaba, ukucwaswa kanye nefa lobugqila ukuze kwakheke indlela yobulungisa, ukubuyisana, izingxoxo, ukuphulukiswa ngokuhlanganyela, ukulingana, kanye nokulingana.
Umbuzo ofika engqondweni lapha uthi: ingabe iDolobha laseNew York lingakwazi ukugcina itshe lesikhumbuzo likaChristopher Columbus eColumbus Circle ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokuhlonipha “umuntu ongokomlando izenzo zakhe maqondana naboMdabu zimelela ukuqala kokuphucwa izwe, ukugqilazwa, nokuqothulwa kohlanga?” (Ikhomishana Yokwelulekwa KweMeya mayelana Nobuciko BeDolobha, Izikhumbuzo, Nezimpawu, 2018, p. 30). Iphikisana namanye amalungu e- Ikhomishana Yokweluleka YeMeya mayelana Nobuciko BeDolobha, Izikhumbuzo, Nezimpawu (2018) ukuthi itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus lifanekisela:
isenzo sokwesula ubuzwe kanye nokugqilazwa. Labo abathinteke kangaka bathwala ngaphakathi kubo inqolobane ejulile yenkumbulo kanye nolwazi lokuphila okuhlangatshezwana nalo etsheni lesikhumbuzo... indawo evelele yesifanekiso iqinisekisa umbono wokuthi labo abalawula indawo banamandla, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokubheka ngokwanele lawo mandla ukususa noma susa isithombe. Ukuze siqhubekele ebulungiswa, la malungu eKhomishana ayabona ukuthi ukulingana kusho ukuthi abantu abafanayo abahlale bebhekana nokucindezeleka, kodwa ukuthi lesi yisimo sokuhlanganyela. Ubulungiswa busho ukuthi usizi lusatshalaliswa kabusha. (ikhasi 30)
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kanye nenkumbulo yomlando edabukisayo yabantu boMdabu baseMelika naseCaribbean kanye nabantu base-Afrika baseMelika buzochazwa kangcono futhi buqondwe ngamalensi etiyetha enkumbulo yomlando.
I-History Memory Theories Isitshelani mayelana nalesi sikhumbuzo Esiyimpikiswano?
Ukuphuca abantu umhlaba noma impahla yabo kanye nokuqoqwa kwamakholoni akusona neze isenzo sokuthula kodwa kungafezwa kuphela ngobudlova nokuphoqelela. Kubantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye nabaseCaribbean abakhombise okukhulu ukumelana nokuqapha nokugcina lokho imvelo ebanike yona, futhi ababulawa kule nqubo, ukubaphuca umhlaba wabo kuyisenzo sempi. Encwadini yakhe, Impi ingamandla asinika incazelo, uHedges (2014) ucabanga ukuthi impi “ibusa isiko, ihlanekezela inkumbulo, yonakalise ulimi, futhi ingena yonke into ezungezile ... Impi idalula amandla obubi angaphansi kakhulu kithi sonke. Yingakho kwabaningi, impi kuba nzima ukuxoxa ngayo uma isiphelile” (ikhasi 3). Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkumbulo engokomlando kanye nezehlakalo ezibuhlungu zabantu boMdabu baseMelika naseCaribbean zadunwa, zacindezelwa, futhi zathunyelwa ekukhohlweni kuze kube muva nje ngoba abenzi bobubi babengafuni ukuba kudluliswe inkumbulo yomlando ebuhlungu kangaka.
Inhlangano Yabantu Bomdabu esikhundleni setshe lesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus ngetshe lesikhumbuzo elimelela aboMdabu, kanye nesidingo sabo sokushintsha uSuku lweColumbus ngoSuku Lwabantu Bomdabu, kuyinkomba yokuthi umlando odluliselwa ngomlomo wezisulu uya ngokuya uvezwa ukuze ukhanyisele okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu nokubuhlungu. bakhuthazela amakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa kubenzi bobubi abalawula ukulandisa, uHedges (2014) uyaqinisekisa: “lapho sihlonipha futhi silila abafileyo bethu asinandaba nalabo esibabulalayo” (ikhasi 14). Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, amaNtaliyane aseMelika akha futhi afaka itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus futhi anxenxa uSuku lweColumbus ukuze agubhe amagugu awo namagalelo awo emlandweni waseMelika. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izenzo zonya ezenziwa kubantu boMdabu baseMelika naseCaribbean ngesikhathi nangemva kokufika kukaColumbus eMelika azikakakhulunywa futhi zivunywe esidlangalaleni, ingabe umgubho kaColumbus netshe lesikhumbuzo lakhe eliphakeme edolobheni elihluke kakhulu eliseNyakatho Melika. umhlaba ungaqhubeki nokunganaki nokuphika inkumbulo ebuhlungu yaboHlanga balo mhlaba? Futhi, ingabe kube khona ukunxeshezelwa komphakathi noma ukubuyiselwa kobugqila okuhambisana nokufika kukaColumbus emazweni aseMelika? Umgubho wohlangothi olulodwa noma imfundo yenkumbulo yomlando isolisa kakhulu.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka othisha bethu bephindaphinda ukulandisa okusohlangothini olulodwa mayelana nokufika kukaChristopher Columbus emazweni aseMelika - okungukuthi, ukulandisa kwalabo abaphethe. Lokhu kulandisa kwe-Eurocentric mayelana noColumbus nezigigaba zakhe emazweni aseMelika kuye kwafundiswa ezikoleni, kwabhalwa ezincwadini, kwaxoxwa ngakho emazingeni omphakathi, futhi kwasetshenziselwa ukwenza izinqumo zenqubomgomo yomphakathi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okubucayi kanye nokungabaza ngobuqiniso bayo nobuqiniso bayo. Yaba yingxenye yomlando wezwe lethu futhi ayizange ibangwe. Buza umfundi webanga lokuqala esikoleni samabanga aphansi owaba ngumuntu wokuqala ukuthola iMelika, futhi uzokutshela ukuthi nguChristopher Columbus. Umbuzo uthi: ingabe uChristopher Columbus wathola iMelika noma iMelika yamthola? Ku-“Context is everything: The Nature of Memory,” u-Engel (1999) uxoxa ngomqondo wenkumbulo ephikiswayo. Inselele ehambisana nenkumbulo akuyona nje indlela yokukhumbula nokudlulisa lokho okukhunjulwayo, kodwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu, ukuthi lokho okudluliselwa noma okwabelwana nabanye - okungukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indaba yomuntu noma ukulandisa - kuyaphikiswa noma cha; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwamukelwa njengeqiniso noma kwenqatshwa njengamanga. Ngabe sisakwazi ukubambelela endabeni yokuthi uChristopher Columbus wayengumuntu wokuqala ukuthola iMelika ngisho naseminyakeni yama-21st ekhulwini? Kuthiwani ngalabo bomdabu ababevele behlala eMelika? Ngabe kusho ukuthi bebengazi ukuthi bahlala eMelika? Babengazi ukuthi bakuphi? Noma ababhekwa njengabantu ngokwanele ukwazi ukuthi babeseMelika?
Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe nolujulile lomlando oxoxwayo nobhaliwe wabantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean luqinisekisa ukuthi lawa ma-indigenes ayenesiko elithuthuke kahle nezindlela zokuphila nezindlela zokuxhumana. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo okudabukisayo kwabahlaseli baseColumbus nabakwa-post-Columbus kudluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi emaqenjini aboHlanga kanye nabanye abayingcosana, kuningi okukhunjulwayo nokudluliswayo. Njengoba u-Engel (1999) eqinisekisa, “inkumbulo ngayinye ihlezi, ngandlela thize, kulwazi lwangaphakathi lwenkumbulo. Isikhathi esiningi lezi izethulo zangaphakathi zinembe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi zisinikeza imithombo ecebile yolwazi” (ikhasi 3). Inselele iwukwazi “ukumelwa kwangaphakathi” noma inkumbulo kabani okunembile. Ingabe kufanele siqhubeke nokwamukela isimo se-quo - indaba endala, ebusayo ngoColumbus nobuqhawe bakhe? Noma ingabe manje kufanele siphenye ikhasi futhi sibone iqiniso ngeso lalabo abamazwe abo athathwa ngenkani futhi okhokho babo babhekana nokuqothulwa kohlanga lwabantu namasiko ezandleni zikaColumbus nabanye abafana naye? Ngokwami ukuhlaziya, ukuba khona kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus enhliziyweni yeManhattan eDolobheni laseNew York kuye kwavusa inja elele ukuba ikhonkothe. Manje sesingakwazi ukulalela ukulandisa okuhlukile noma indaba emayelana noChristopher Columbus ngokombono walabo okhokho babo ababhekana naye kanye nabamlandelayo - I-Indigenous Peoples of America and the Caribbean.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani abantu boMdabu baseMelika naseCaribbean bekhuthaza ukususwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kanye noSuku LukaColumbus futhi esikhundleni sazo kufakwe Isikhumbuzo Sabantu Bomdabu kanye Nosuku Lwabantu Bomdabu, umuntu kufanele ahlole kabusha imiqondo yokuhlukumezeka okuhlangene nokulila. Encwadini yakhe, Imigqa yegazi. Ukusuka ekuziqhenyeni ngobuhlanga kuye ebuphekula bezinhlanga, UVolkan, (1997) uphakamisa ithiyori yokuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe exhumene nokulila okungakaxazululeki. Ukuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe ngokukaVolkan (1997) uchaza “inkumbulo ehlangene yenhlekelele eyake yehlela amadlozi eqembu. Ku ... ngaphezu kwenkumbulo elula; kuwukuboniswa okwabelwana ngakho ngengqondo kwezehlakalo, okuhlanganisa ulwazi olungokoqobo, okulindelwe yinganekwane, imizwa ejulile, nokuzivikela emicabangweni engamukeleki” (ikhasi 48). Ukuqonda igama nje, ukuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe, iphakamisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu afana Nabantu Bomdabu BaseMelika kanye NabaseCaribbean noma ama-Afrika aseMelika akhethe ngokuzithandela izenzakalo ezibuhlungu ababhekana nazo ezandleni zabahloli bamazwe baseYurophu njengoChristopher Columbus. Ukube bekunjalo, ngabe angivumelani nombhali ngoba asizikhetheli lezo zenzakalo ezibuhlungu eziqondiswe kithi noma ngenhlekelele yemvelo noma inhlekelele eyenziwe umuntu. Kodwa umqondo we ukuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe njengoba kuchazwa umlobi “kubonisa ukungazi kweqembu elikhulu ubunikazi balo ngokudlulisela izizukulwane zabantu abalimele okufakwe inkumbulo yokuhlukumezeka kwedlozi” (ikhasi 48).
Ukusabela kwethu kokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kuzenzakalela futhi esikhathini esiningi, kuqulekile. Isikhathi esiningi siphendula ngokulila, kanti uVolkan (1997) uveza izinhlobo ezimbili zokulila – usizi lwenhlekelele okuwukudabuka noma ubuhlungu esibuzwayo, futhi umsebenzi wokulila okuwuhlelo olujulile lokwenza umqondo walokho okwenzeka kithi - inkumbulo yethu yomlando. Isikhathi sokulila siyisikhathi sokuphulukisa, futhi inqubo yokwelapha ithatha isikhathi. Nokho, izinkinga ngalesi sikhathi zingase zisivule kabusha isilonda. Ukuba khona kwetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus enhliziyweni yeManhattan, iDolobha laseNew York nakwamanye amadolobha e-United States yonkana kanye nomgubho waminyaka yonke woSuku lukaColumbus kuvula kabusha amanxeba nokulimala, izigameko ezibuhlungu nezibuhlungu ezenzelwe aboMdabu/AmaNdiya kanye nama-Afrika. izigqila zabahlaseli baseYurophu emazweni aseMelika eholwa nguChristopher Columbus. Ukuze kube lula inqubo yokuphulukisa ehlangene yabantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean, kufunwa ukuthi itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus lisuswe futhi esikhundleni salo kufakwe Isikhumbuzo Sabantu Bomdabu; nokuthi uSuku lukaColumbus luthathelwe indawo ngoSuku Lwabantu Bomdabu.
Njengoba uVolkan (1997) ephawula, isililo sokuqala esiyiqoqo sibandakanya amasiko - amasiko noma ezenkolo - ukuze kucace ukuthi kwenzekeni eqenjini. Enye indlela yokulila ngokuhle ngokuhlanganyela isikhumbuzo ngalokho uVolkan (1997) akubiza ngokuthi ukuxhumanisa izinto. Ukuxhumanisa izinto kusiza ekudambiseni izinkumbulo. UVolkan (1997) uthi “ukwakha amatshe esikhumbuzo ngemva kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kunendawo yako ekhethekile ekulileni komphakathi; izenzo ezinjalo cishe ziyisidingo somqondo” (ikhasi 40). Kuphakathi kwalezi zikhumbuzo noma ngomlando oxoxwayo, inkumbulo yalokho okwenzekile idluliselwa esizukulwaneni esizayo. "Ngenxa yokuthi izithombe ezihlukumezekile ezidluliswa ngamalungu eqembu zonke zibhekisela enhlekeleleni efanayo, ziba yingxenye yobunikazi beqembu, umaka wobuhlanga oseyili yetende lobuhlanga" (Volkan, 1997, p. 45). Ngokombono kaVolkan (1997), “inkumbulo yokuhlukumezeka okwedlule isalokhu imile ezizukulwaneni ezimbalwa, igcinwe ngaphakathi kwe-DNA yengqondo yamalungu eqembu futhi ivunywa buthule ngaphakathi kwesiko - ezincwadini nasebuciko, isibonelo - kodwa iphinde ivele ngamandla. ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kuphela” (ikhasi 47). AmaNdiya aseMelika/aboMdabu baseMelika ngokwesibonelo ngeke bakhohlwe ukubhujiswa kokhokho bawo, amasiko, kanye nokuthathwa kwezindawo zabo ngendluzula. Noma iyiphi into exhumanisayo njengetshe lesikhumbuzo noma isifanekiso sikaChristopher Columbus izovusa inkumbulo yabo ehlangene yokuqothulwa kohlanga kwabantu namasiko ezandleni zabahlaseli baseYurophu. Lokhu kungase kubangele ukuhlukumezeka phakathi kwezizukulwane noma i-post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ukushintsha isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kufakwe Isikhumbuzo Sabantu Bomdabu ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi esikhundleni soSuku LwaseColumbus ngoSuku Lwabantu Bomdabu ngakolunye, ngeke kusize nje ekuxoxeni indaba eyiqiniso ngalokho okwenzekile; okubaluleke kakhulu, izenzo ezinjalo eziqotho nezingokomfanekiso zizosebenza njengesiqalo sokunxeshezelwa, ukulila okuhlangene nokuphulukisa, ukuthethelela, kanye nenkhulumomphendvulwano eyakhayo yomphakathi.
Uma amalungu eqembu anenkumbulo ehlanganyelwe yenhlekelele engakwazi ukunqoba umuzwa wawo wokungabi namandla futhi akhe ukuzethemba, azohlala ngaphakathi kwesimo sokuba izisulu nokungabi namandla. Ukubhekana nokuhlukumezeka okuhlangene, ngakho-ke, kunesidingo senqubo nokusebenza kwalokho uVolkan (1997) akubiza ngokuthi yi-enveloping and outsideizing. Amaqembu ahlukumezekile adinga "ukumboza izinkulumo zabo (izithombe) ezihlukumezekile (eziboshiwe) futhi azikhiphe ngaphandle futhi azilawule ngaphandle kwawo" (ikhasi 42). Indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa izikhumbuzo zomphakathi, izikhumbuzo, ezinye izingosi zenkumbulo yomlando kanye nokuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni zomphakathi ngazo ngaphandle kokusaba. Ukugunyaza Isikhumbuzo Sabantu Bomdabu kanye nokugubha uSuku Lwabantu Bomdabu minyaka yonke kuzosiza aboMdabu baseMelika kanye nabaseCaribbean ukuthi bakhiphe ukuhlukumezeka kwabo okuhlangene esikhundleni sokukufaka ngaphakathi isikhathi ngasinye lapho bebona itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus limi lide enhliziyweni yamadolobha aseMelika.
Uma isidingo saboMdabu baseMelika kanye nabaseCaribbean singachazwa ngokufaka isicelo kumbono kaVolkan (1997) wokuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe, kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi abahloli bamazwe base-Europe ababemelelwe uChristopher Columbus onetshe lesikhumbuzo kanye nefa lakhe elivikelwe ngentshiseko umphakathi wase-Italy waseMelika. waqonda? Esahlukweni sesihlanu sencwadi yakhe, Imigqa yegazi. Ukusuka ekuziqhenyeni ngobuhlanga kuye ebuphekula bezinhlanga, UVolkan, (1997) uhlola inkolelo-mbono ye “chosen glory – we-ness: identification and shared reservoirs.” Ithiyori “yenkazimulo ekhethiwe” njengoba ichazwe nguVolkan (1997) ichaza “ukumelwa kwengqondo kwesenzakalo esingokomlando esikhuthaza imizwa yempumelelo kanye nokunqoba” [nokuthi] “okungahlanganisa amalungu eqembu elikhulu ndawonye” (ikhasi 81). KumaNtaliyane aseMelika, uhambo lukaChristopher Columbus oluya emazweni aseMelika nakho konke okwafika nakho kuyisenzo sobuqhawe okufanele amaNtaliyane aseMelika aziqhenye ngaso. Ngesikhathi sikaChristopher Columbus njengoba kwakunjalo ngenkathi isikhumbuzo sikaColumbus sinikezwa umsebenzi eColumbus Circle eNew York City, uChristopher Columbus wayewuphawu lokuhlonipha, ubuqhawe, ukunqoba, kanye nempumelelo kanye nengqikithi yendaba yaseMelika. Kodwa ukudalulwa kwezenzo zakhe emazweni aseMelika ngenzalo yalabo ababhekana nakho kuye kwaveza uColumbus njengophawu lokuqothulwa kohlanga nokululazwa komuntu. NgokukaVolkan (1997), “Ezinye izehlakalo ezingase zibonakale zinqoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zibuye zibonakale njengehlazo. 'Ukunqoba' kweJalimane lobuNazi, ngokwesibonelo, kwathathwa njengobugebengu iningi lezizukulwane ezalandela zamaJalimane” (ikhasi 82).
Kodwa, ingabe kube khona ukulahlwa okuhlangene phakathi komphakathi wase-Italy waseMelika - abagcini boSuku lukaColumbus netshe lesikhumbuzo - ngezindlela uColumbus nabalandela esikhundleni sakhe abaphatha ngayo aboMdabu/AmaNdiya emazweni aseMelika? Kubonakala sengathi amaNtaliyane aseMelika adala itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus hhayi nje ukuze kugcinwe ifa likaColumbus kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuphakanyiswe isimo sabo sobunikazi emphakathini omkhulu waseMelika kanye nokusisebenzisa njengendlela yokuzihlanganisa ngokugcwele futhi bafune indawo yabo ngaphakathi. indaba yaseMelika. UVolkan (1997) ukuchaza kahle ngokuthi “izinkazimulo ezikhethiwe zivuselelwa njengendlela yokuqinisa ukuzethemba kweqembu. Njengokuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe, baba yizinganekwane kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi” (ikhasi 82). Lokhu kufana ncamashi nesikhumbuzo sikaColumbus kanye nosuku lukaColumbus.
Isiphetho
Ukucabanga kwami ngetshe lesikhumbuzo laseColumbus, nakuba kunemininingwane eminingi, kunomkhawulo ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa. Ukuqonda izindaba ezingokomlando ezithinta ukufika kukaColumbus emazweni aseMelika kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kwabantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean ngaleso sikhathi kudinga isikhathi esiningi nezinsiza zocwaningo. Lokhu ngingaba nakho uma ngihlela ukwenaba ngalolu cwaningo esikhathini esizayo. Nginale mikhawulo engqondweni, le ndatshana ihloselwe ukuba namandla okuvakasha kwami etsheni lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus e-Columbus Circle eNew York City ukuze ngiqale ukucabangisisa ngaleli sikhumbuzo nesihloko esiyimpikiswano.
Imibhikisho, izicelo, kanye nezicelo zokuthi kususwe itshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kanye nokuqedwa koSuku lukaColumbus ezikhathini zamuva nje kugqamisa isidingo sokucabangisisa ngalesi sihloko. Njengoba le ndatshana ikhombisa, umphakathi wase-Italy waseMelika - umnakekeli wetshe lesikhumbuzo likaColumbus kanye noSuku LukaColumbus - ufisa ukuthi ifa likaColumbus njengoba lishiwo endabeni evelele ligcinwe linjengoba linjalo. Kodwa-ke, i-Pro-Indigenous Peoples Movements ifuna ukuba indawo yesikhumbuzo saseColumbus ifakwe i-Indigenous Peoples Monument kanye noSuku LwaseColumbus esikhundleni soSuku Lwabantu Bomdabu. Lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye, ngokombiko we-Mayor Advisory Commission on City Art, Monuments, and Markers (2018), kusekelwe “kuzo zonke izikhathi ezine ngesikhathi ezicatshangelwa ekuhlolweni kwalesi sikhumbuzo: impilo kaChristopher Columbus, inhloso isikhathi sokugunyazwa kwetshe lesikhumbuzo, umthelela kanye nencazelo yalo yamanje, kanye nefa laso lesikhathi esizayo” (ikhasi 28).
Ngokuphambene nokulandisa okuvelele okuphikiswayo manje (Engel, 1999), kuye kwavezwa ukuthi uChristopher Columbus uwuphawu lokuqothulwa kwabantu kanye namasiko aboMdabu/AmaNdiya emazweni aseMelika. Ukuphuca abantu boMdabu baseMelika kanye neCaribbean izindawo zabo namasiko kwakungesona isenzo sokuthula; kwakuyisenzo sobudlova nempi. Ngale mpi, isiko labo, inkumbulo, ulimi nakho konke ababenakho kwakubuswa, kuhlanekezelwe, konakaliswe, futhi kuthelelekile (Hedges, 2014). Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi labo “abanokulila okungakaxazululwa,” - lokho uVolkan (1997) akubiza ngokuthi “ukuhlukumezeka okukhethiwe” - banikezwe indawo yokudabuka, bakhale, baveze ukuhlukumezeka kwabo okwedlulele ngaphandle, futhi belapheke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi “ukwakha amatshe esikhumbuzo ngemva kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kunendawo yako ekhethekile ekulileni komphakathi; izenzo ezinjalo cishe ziyisidingo esingokwengqondo” (Volkan (1997, p. 40).
The 21st Ikhulu leminyaka akusona isikhathi sokuzigqaja esikhathini esidlule esingenabuntu, izinto ezinonya zabanamandla. Yisikhathi sokuphindisela, sokuphulukiswa, inkhulumomphendvulwano eqotho nevulekile, yokwazisa, yokunika amandla nokwenza izinto zilunge. Ngikholwa ukuthi lezi zingenzeka eDolobheni laseNew York nakwamanye amadolobha aphesheya kweMelika.
Okubhekwayo
Engel, S. (1999). Umongo uyikho konke: Imvelo yenkumbulo. New York, NY: WH Freeman and Company.
UHedges, C. (2014). Impi ingamandla asinika incazelo. E-New York, NY: Izindaba Zomphakathi.
Ikhomishana Yokweluleka YeMeya mayelana Nobuciko BeDolobha, Izikhumbuzo, Nezimpawu. (2018). Bika edolobheni yaseNew York. Kubuyiswe ku-https://www1.nyc.gov/site/monuments/index.page
Umnyango Wezamapaki Nezokungcebeleka weDolobha laseNew York. (nd). UChristopher Columbus. Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-3 Septhemba 2018 kusukela ku-https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/columbus-park/monuments/298.
Ihhovisi likaMeya. (2017, Septhemba 8). IMeya u-De Blasio iqamba ikhomishini yokweluleka ngemeya ngobuciko bedolobha, amatshe esikhumbuzo kanye nezimpawu. Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/582-17/mayor-de-blasio-names-mayoral-advisory-commission-city-art-monuments-markers
Stone, S., Patton, B., & Heen, S. (2010). Izingxoxo ezinzima: Ungaxoxa kanjani ngezinto ezibalulekile bridge. ENew York, NY: Izincwadi zePenguin.
Viola, JM (2017, Okthoba 9). Ukubhidliza izithombe zikaColumbus nakho kubhidliza umlando wami. Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/opinion/christopher-columbus-day-statue.html
Volkan, V. (1997). Imigqa yegazi. Kusukela ekuziqhenyeni ngobuhlanga kuya ebuphekula bezinhlanga. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Basil Ugorji, Ph.D. unguMongameli kanye ne-CEO ye-International Centre for Ethno-Religious Mediation, eNew York. Leli phepha lethulwe ekuqaleni I-Peace and Conflict Studies Journal Conference, eNova Southeastern University, e-Fort Lauderdale, eFlorida.
