Ubunikazi Bobuzwe Nabenkolo Babumba Umbango Wezinsiza Ezisekelwe Emhlabeni: Izingxabano Zabalimi Nabafuyi baseTiv eCentral Nigeria
abstract
AbakwaTiv basenkabeni yeNigeria bangabalimi abasafufusa abanendawo yokuhlala ehlakazekile okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ezindaweni zamapulazi. AmaFulani asezindaweni ezomile, enyakatho yeNigeria angafuyi abayimizulane abahamba nezinkathi zonyaka zemvula nezomiso beyofuna amadlelo emihlambi. I-Central Nigeria iheha imihambima ngenxa yamanzi atholakalayo kanye namahlamvu osebeni lweRivers Benue neNiger; kanye nokungabi bikho kwe-tse-tse fly ngaphakathi kwesifunda Esimaphakathi. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, la maqembu aphile ngokuthula, kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 lapho kuqubuka izingxabano ezinodlame phakathi kwawo mayelana nokungena emapulazini nasezindaweni zamadlelo. Kusukela ebufakazini bamadokhumenti kanye nezingxoxo zamaqembu okugxilwe kuwo kanye nokubhekwa, ukungqubuzana kudalwe kakhulu ukuqhuma kwabantu, ukwehla komnotho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukungabi khona kwesimanje kwezolimo kanye nokwanda kwe-Islamization. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwezolimo kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kokubusa kubambe isithembiso sokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezizwe nezinkolo ezihlukene.
Isingeniso
Imibono ekhona yonke indawo yokwenziwa kwesimanje ngeminyaka yawo-1950s ukuthi izizwe zizoyishintsha ngokwemvelo njengoba zithuthuka iye yahlolwa kabusha ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe amaningi asathuthuka enza inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo, ikakhulukazi kusukela engxenyeni yakamuva ye-20.th ikhulu leminyaka. Ama-Modernizers abeke imibono yawo ekusakazekeni kwemfundo kanye nezimboni, okwakuzogqugquzela ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni kanye nentuthuko ehambisanayo nezimo zezinto ezibonakalayo zoquqaba (Eisendaht, 1966; Haynes, 1995). Ngokushintsha okukhulu kokuphila okuphathekayo kwezakhamuzi eziningi, ukubaluleka kwezinkolelo zenkolo kanye nokuqaphela ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga njengezinkundla zokuhlanganisa umbango wokufinyelela ezinsizakalweni kuzoncipha. Kwanele ukuphawula ukuthi ubuzwe nokudlelana kwezenkolo kwase kuvele njengezinkundla zomazisi eziqinile zokuncintisana namanye amaqembu ukuze bathole izinsiza zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezilawulwa uMbuso (Nnoli, 1978). Njengoba amazwe amaningi asathuthuka enobuningi obuyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini, futhi ubuzwe bawo nenkolo bandiswa ubukoloni, umbango emkhakheni wezombangazwe wagqugquzelwa kakhulu izidingo zomphakathi nezomnotho zamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Iningi lala mazwe asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika, lalisezingeni eliyisisekelo kakhulu lesimanje ngeminyaka yawo-1950 kuya ko-1960. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ambalwa okwenziwa kwesimanjemanje, ukuqaphela ubuzwe nenkolo kuye kwaqiniswa futhi, ngo-21.st ekhulwini, liyakhula.
Ukuba maphakathi kobunikazi bobuhlanga nenkolo kwezepolitiki nezinkulumo zezwe eNigeria kusalokhu kugqama kuzo zonke izigaba emlandweni wezwe. Impumelelo eseduze yenqubo yentando yeningi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli lwango-1993 imele isikhathi lapho ukubhekisela kwenkolo nobunikazi bobuhlanga enkulumweni yezombusazwe kazwelonke kwakuphansi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Leso sikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kobuningi beNigeria sashabalala ngokuchithwa kokhetho lukamongameli lwangomhla ziyi-12 kuNhlangulana, 1993 lapho iNduna uMKO Abiola, umYoruba waseNingizimu Ntshonalanga yeNigeria ayephumelele khona. Ukuchithwa kwafaka izwe esimweni sokuxokozela okwathi ngokushesha kwathatha izindlela zenkolo yobuzwe (Osaghae, 1998).
Nakuba ubunikazi benkolo nobuzwe buye bathola ingxenye enkulu yomthwalo wemfanelo wezingxabano ezigqugquzelwa yipolitiki, ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ngokuvamile buye baqondiswa izici zenkolo nezinhlanga. Selokhu kwabuya intando yeningi ngo-1999, ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu eNigeria buthonywe kakhulu ubuzwe nenkolo. Ngakho-ke, kulo mongo, kungaba khona umbango wezinsiza zomhlaba phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv kanye nabelusi baseFulani. Ngokomlando, la maqembu amabili akhulume ngokuthula ngezikhawu zokungqubuzana lapha nalaphaya kodwa emazingeni aphansi, kanye nokusebenzisa kwawo izindlela zendabuko zokuxazulula izingxabano, ukuthula kwakuvame ukuzuzwa. Ukuvela kwezingxabano ezisabalele phakathi kwala maqembu womabili kwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1990, eSifundazweni SaseTaraba, ezindaweni zamadlelo lapho ukulima kwabalimi baseTiv kwaqala ukunciphisa izindawo zamadlelo. INyakatho maphakathi neNigeria yayizoba inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi maphakathi nawo-2000, lapho ukuhlasela kwabelusi baseFulani kubalimi baseTiv nemizi yabo nezilimo zabo kuba isici esiqhubekayo sobudlelwano phakathi kwamaqembu ngaphakathi kwendawo nakwezinye izingxenye zezwe. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwezikhali kuye kwaba kubi kakhulu eminyakeni emithathu edlule (2011-2014).
Leli phepha lifuna ukuveza ubudlelwano phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv nabelusi baseFulani obakheke ubuzwe nenkolo, futhi lizama ukudambisa amandla okungqubuzana ngokuncintisana ngokufinyelela ezindaweni zamadlelo nemithombo yamanzi.
Ukuchaza I-Contours Yengxabano: I-Identity Characterization
I-Central Nigeria inezifunda eziyisithupha, okuyizi: Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Nasarawa, Niger kanye neKwara. Lesi sifunda sibizwa ngokuhlukile ngokuthi 'ibhande eliphakathi' (Anyadike, 1987) noma eyaziwa ngokomthethosisekelo, 'indawo esenyakatho-maphakathi ye-geopolitical zone'. Le ndawo iqukethe ukuhlukahluka nokuhlukahluka kwabantu namasiko. I-Nigeria Emaphakathi iyikhaya lobuningi bezinhlanga ezincane ezithathwa njengezomdabu, kanti amanye amaqembu anjengamaFulani, amaHausa namaKanuri athathwa njengabafuduki. Amaqembu amancane avelele endaweni ahlanganisa i-Tiv, Idoma, Eggon, Nupe, Birom, Jukun, Chamba, Pyem, Goemai, Kofyar, Igala, Gwari, Bassa njll. Ibhande eliphakathi lihlukile njengendawo eneqoqo elikhulu lezinhlanga ezincane ezweni.
I-Central Nigeria iphinde ibonakale ngokuhlukahluka kwezenkolo: ubuKristu, ubuSulumane kanye nezinkolo zendabuko zase-Afrika. Ingxenye yezinombolo ingase ingapheli, kodwa ubuKristu bubonakala bukhulu, bulandelwa ubukhona obukhulu bamaSulumane phakathi kwabafuduki baseFulani nabaHausa. I-Nigeria Emaphakathi ibonisa lokhu kwehluka okuyisibuko sobuningi obuyinkimbinkimbi baseNigeria. Lesi sifunda siphinde sihlanganise ingxenye yezifunda zaseKaduna naseBauchi, ezaziwa ngokuthi iSouthern Kaduna kanye neBauchi, ngokulandelana (uJames, 2000).
I-Central Nigeria imele uguquko olusuka e-savanna yaseNyakatho yeNigeria ukuya esifundeni samahlathi esiseNingizimu neNigeria. Ngakho-ke iqukethe izici zejografi zazo zombili izindawo zesimo sezulu. Le ndawo ifaneleka kakhulu ukuphila unganyakazi, yingakho ezolimo ziwumsebenzi ohamba phambili. Izitshalo zezimpande ezifana namazambane, i-yam kanye nomdumbula zilinywa kabanzi esifundeni sonke. Okusanhlamvu okufana nerayisi, ummbila we-guinea, amabele, ummbila, i-benniseed kanye nobhontshisi wesoya nawo alinywa kabanzi futhi enza izinto eziyisisekelo zokuthola imali. Ukutshalwa kwalezi zitshalo kudinga amathafa abanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutshalwa okuqhubekayo kanye nesivuno esikhulu. Ukulima kwe-sedentary kusekelwa yizinyanga eziyisikhombisa zemvula (April-October) kanye nezinyanga ezinhlanu zenkathi eyomile (November-March) ezifanele ukuvunwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokusanhlamvu nezitshalo ze-tuber. Lesi sifunda sihlinzekwa ngamanzi emvelo emifuleni enqamula isifunda futhi ithuthele emfuleni iBenue kanye neNiger, imifula emibili emikhulu eNigeria. Imifula emikhulu esifundeni ihlanganisa imifula iGalma, Kaduna, Gurara kanye neKatsina-Ala, (James, 2000). Le mithombo yamanzi kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwezolimo, kanye nezinzuzo zasekhaya kanye nezokwelusa.
I-Tiv kanye noMfundisi Fulani eCentral Nigeria
Kubalulekile ukusungula umongo wokuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Tiv, iqembu elihlala phansi, kanye neFulani, iqembu labafundisi elihambahambayo enkabeni yeNigeria (Wegh, & Moti, 2001). I-Tiv iyiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Central Nigeria, elibalelwa ezigidini ezinhlanu, elinabantu abaningi eBenue State, kodwa litholakala ngenani elikhulu eNasarawa, Taraba nasePlateau States (NPC, 2006). AmaTiv kukholakala ukuthi asuka eCongo naseCentral Africa, futhi ahlala enkabeni yeNigeria emlandweni wokuqala (Rubinh, 1969; Bohannans 1953; East, 1965; Moti and Wegh, 2001). Inani lamanje labantu baseTiv likhulu, lenyuka lisuka ku-800,000 ngo-1953. Umthelela walokhu kukhula kwenani labantu emisebenzini yezolimo uhlukahlukene kodwa ubalulekile ebudlelwaneni bamaqembu.
AbakwaTiv ikakhulukazi abalimi abasafufusa abahlala kulowo mhlaba futhi bathola okokuziphilisa kuwo ngokulinywa kwawo ukuze bathole ukudla nemali engenayo. Ukulima kwabalimi kwakuwumsebenzi ovamile we-Tiv kuze kube yilapho izimvula ezinganele, ukuncipha kokuvunda kwenhlabathi nokwanda kwabantu kwaholela ekuvutheni kwezilimo eziphansi, okuphoqe abalimi baseTiv ukuthi bamukele imisebenzi engeyona eyepulazi njengokuhweba ngezinto ezincane. Lapho inani labantu baseTiv lalincane uma liqhathaniswa nomhlaba owawutholakala ukuze ulinywe ngawo-1950 nawo-1960, ukulima okuguquguqukayo nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kwakuyizinqubo zokulima ezivamile. Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu baseTiv, kanye nezindawo zabo zokuhlala ezivamile, ezigqagqene ukuze bathole futhi balawule ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, izindawo ezitshalwayo zancipha ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi baseTiv basalokhu bengabalimi, futhi baye balondoloza ukutshalwa kwezindawo ezitholakalayo zokudla kanye nemali engenayo ehlanganisa izitshalo ezihlukahlukene.
AmaFulani, okugcwele amaSulumane, ayiqembu elizulazulayo, elifuyayo futhi ngokwemisebenzi yawo angabelusi bezinkomo zendabuko. Ukufuna kwazo izimo ezivumayo ekukhuliseni imihlambi yazo kuzigcina zihamba zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamadlelo namanzi atholakalayo futhi ezingenalo i-tsetse fly infestation (Iro, 1991). AmaFulani aziwa ngamagama amaningana ahlanganisa uFulbe, uPeut, uFula noFelaata (Iro, 1991, de st. Croix, 1945). AmaFulani kuthiwa adabuka eNhlonhlweni yase-Arabia futhi athuthela eNtshonalanga Afrika. Ngokuka-Iro (1991), amaFulani asebenzisa ukuhambahamba njengesu lokukhiqiza ukuze bathole amanzi namadlelo futhi, mhlawumbe, nezimakethe. Le nhlangano ithatha abelusi ibayise emazweni angaba ngu-20 e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, okwenza amaFulani abe yiqembu elisakazeke kakhulu lamasiko esintu (ezwenikazi), futhi elibonakala lithinteke kancane ngenxa yesimanjemanje maqondana nomsebenzi wezomnotho wabalusi. Abafuyi beFulani eNigeria baya eningizimu esigodini saseBenue nezinkomo zabo zifuna amadlelo namanzi kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi eyomile (November kuya ku-April). Isigodi saseBenue sinezici ezimbili ezikhangayo eziyinhloko—amanzi avela emifuleni iBenue nemingenela yayo, njengoMfula iKatsina-Ala, nendawo engenazo i-tsetse. Ukunyakaza kokubuya kuqala ngokuqala kwezimvula ngo-Ephreli futhi kuqhubeke ngoJuni. Uma isigodi sesigcwele imvula enkulu futhi ukunyakaza kuphazanyiswa izindawo ezinodaka ezisongela ukuphila kwemihlambi kanye nokuncipha ngenxa yemisebenzi yokulima, okushiya isigodi sibe yinto engenakugwenywa.
Ukuncintisana Kwesimanje Kwezinsiza Ezisekelwe Emhlabeni
Umncintiswano wokuthola nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezisekelwe emhlabeni—ikakhulukazi amanzi namadlelo—phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv nabelusi beFulani wenzeka esimweni sezinhlelo zokukhiqiza umnotho wabalimi kanye nemizulane eyamukelwa yiwo womabili amaqembu.
AbakwaTiv bangabantu abangazihlaleli abaziphilisa ngokusuka emikhubeni yezolimo leyo ndawo eyinhloko. Ukwanda kwabantu kubeka ingcindezi ekufinyeleleni komhlaba okutholakalayo ngisho naphakathi kwabalimi. Ukuncipha kokuvunda komhlabathi, ukuguguleka komhlabathi, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nesimanjemanje kuhlanganisa ukulinganisa izindlela zendabuko zokulima ngendlela ebekela abalimi inselelo yokuziphilisa (Tyubee, 2006).
Abafuyi beFulani bayimfuyo ezulazulayo uhlelo lwabo lokukhiqiza lugxile ekufuyweni kwezinkomo. Basebenzisa ukuhamba njengesu lokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa (Iro, 1991). Ziningi izinto ezenze itulo lokuphonsela inselelo impilo yezomnotho yeFulani, okuhlanganisa nokushayisana kwesimanje nendabuko. I-Fulani iye yamelana nesimanje ngakho-ke uhlelo lwabo lokukhiqiza kanye nokusetshenziswa luhlala lungashintshiwe lapho bebhekene nokukhula kwabantu kanye nesimanje. Izici zezemvelo zihlanganisa isethi enkulu yezinkinga ezithinta umnotho weFulani, okuhlanganisa iphethini yemvula, ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kanye nezinkathi zonyaka, kanye nezinga lokhu okuthinta ngalo ukusetshenziswa komhlaba. Okuhlobene eduze nalokhu iphethini yezimila, ezihlukaniswe zibe izindawo eziwugwadule eziwugwadule kanye namahlathi. Le phethini yezitshalo inquma ukutholakala kwamadlelo, ukungafinyeleleki, kanye nokudliwa kwezinambuzane (Iro, 1991; Water-Bayer kanye noTaylor-Powell, 1985). Ngakho-ke iphethini yezitshalo ichaza ukufuduka kwabelusi. Ukunyamalala kwemizila yamadlelo neziqiwi ngenxa yemisebenzi yokulima ngaleyo ndlela kwabeka ithoni yezingxabano zangaleso sikhathi phakathi kwabafuyi abayimizulane uFulanis kanye nabalimi babo baseTiv.
Kuze kube ngu-2001, lapho ukungqubuzana okuphelele phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv nabelusi baseFulani kuqubuka ngoSepthemba 8, futhi kwathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa eTaraba, zombili lezi zizwe zazihlala ndawonye ngokuthula. Ngaphambilini, ngo-Okthoba 17, 2000, abelusi babephikisana nabalimi baseYoruba eKwara naFulani Fulani nabo baxabana nabalimi bezinhlanga ezahlukene ngoJuni 25, 2001 esifundazweni saseNasarawa (Olabode nase-Ajibade, 2014). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zinyanga zikaJuni, Septhemba no-Okthoba ziphakathi nesikhathi semvula, lapho izitshalo zitshalwa futhi zikhuliswa ukuze zivunwe kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Ngakho, ukuklaba kwezinkomo kwakuyobangela ulaka lwabalimi ababezosongelwa yilesi senzo sokucekelwa phansi kwezinkomo. Noma yikuphi ukusabela kwabalimi ukuze bavikele izitshalo zabo, noma kunjalo, kungaholela ezingxabanweni eziholela ekucekeleni phansi kwemizi yabo.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu kuhlasela okuhlomile okuhlangene nokuqhubekayo okwaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-2000; izingxabano phakathi kwala maqembu mayelana namasimu ngokuvamile zazithuliswa. Umalusi uFulani wayefika, futhi acele ngokusemthethweni imvume yokumisa amadlelo, okwakuvame ukuvunyelwa. Noma yikuphi ukwephulwa kwezitshalo zabalimi kuzoxazululwa ngokuthula kusetshenziswa izindlela ezivamile zokuxazulula izingxabano. Ngaphesheya enkabeni yeNigeria, kwakunamaphakethe amakhulu ezifiki zeFulani nemindeni yazo ezazivunyelwe ukuhlala emiphakathini eyamukelayo. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zibonakala zibhidlika ngenxa yephethini yomfundisi uFulani owayesanda kufika kusukela ngo-2000. Ngaleso sikhathi, abelusi baseFulani baqala ukufika ngaphandle kwemindeni yabo, njengabantu abadala besilisa kuphela nemihlambi yabo, nezikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi kwezikhali zabo, kuhlanganise. Izibhamu ze-AK-47. Ukungqubuzana kwezikhali phakathi kwalawa maqembu kwabe sekuqala ukuthatha isici esimangalisayo, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-2011, nezimo eTaraba, Plateau, Nasarawa naseBenue States.
Ngomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana wezi-2011, iNdlu yabaMeli baseNigeria yavula inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nengxabano eqhubekayo phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv kanye nozakwabo waseFulani maphakathi neNigeria. INdlu yaphawula ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kuka-40,000 2010, okuhlanganisa abesifazane nezingane, baxoshwa ezindaweni zabo futhi bampintshana emakamu esikhashana akhethiwe amahlanu eDaudu, e-Ortese, nase-Igyungu-Adze endaweni kahulumeni wendawo yaseGuma eSifundazweni SaseBenue. Amanye amakamu ahlanganisa izikole zamabanga aphansi ezavalwa ngesikhathi sengxabano futhi zaguqulwa zaba amakamu (HR, 33: 50). INdlu iphinde yathola ukuthi bangaphezu kuka-2011 abesilisa, abesifazane nezingane baseTiv ababulewe, okuhlanganisa namasosha amabili esikoleni samabanga aphakeme samaKhatholika, e-Udei eSifundazweni SaseBenue. Ngo-May 30, okunye ukuhlasela kweFulani kubalimi baseTiv kwenzeka, kwashona abantu abangaphezu kuka-5000 futhi kwaxosha abantu abangaphezu kuka-2014 (Alimba, 192: 8). Phambilini, phakathi kuka-10-2011 February, 19, abalimi baseTiv ngasogwini loMfula iBenue, endaweni yohulumeni wendawo eGwer entshonalanga eBenue, bahlaselwa isixuku sabelusi ababulala abalimi abangu-33 futhi bashisa izigodi ezingu-4. Abahlaseli abebehlomile baphinde babuya ngoMashi 2011, 46 bezobulala abantu abangu-2014, okuhlanganisa nabesifazane nezingane, base bephanga isifunda sonke (Azahan, Terkula, Ogli and Ahemba, 16:XNUMX).
Unya lwalokhu kuhlasela, kanye nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwezikhali ezihilelekile, kubonakala ekukhuphukeni kwabalimala kanye nezinga lokucekelwa phansi. Phakathi kukaZibandlela wezi-2010 noJuni 2011, kwabhalwa ukuhlaselwa okungaphezu kuka-15, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni kwemiphefumulo engaphezu kuka-100 kanye nemizi engaphezu kuka-300 ecekeleke phansi, konke okwenzeka endaweni yohulumeni wasekhaya waseGwer-West. Uhulumeni uphendule ngokuthunyelwa kwamasosha kanye namaphoyisa angomahambanendlwana ezindaweni ezithintekile, kanye nokuqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zokuthula, okuhlanganisa nokusungula ikomiti kule nhlekelele eliholwa nguSultan of Sokoto, kanye nombusi omkhulu we-Tiv, the I-TorTiv IV. Lolu hlelo lusaqhubeka.
Izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu zaqala ukushuba ngo-2012 ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuthula eziqhubekayo kanye nokubhekwa kwezempi, kodwa zabuya ngamandla avuselelwe kanye nokunwetshwa kwezindawo ngo-2013 ezithinta iGwer-west, Guma, Agatu, Makurdi Guma kanye neLogo izindawo zohulumeni wasekhaya waseNasarawa State. Ezikhathini ezihlukene, izigodi zaseRukubi naseMedagba eDoma zahlaselwa amaFulani ayehlome ngezibhamu ze-AK-47, ashiya abantu abangaphezu kuka-60 beshonile kwashiswa nezindlu ezingama-80 (Adeyeye, 2013). Futhi ngo-July 5, 2013, umalusi owayehlomile uFulani wahlasela abalimi baseTiv eNzorov eGuma, wabulala izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-20 futhi washisa yonke indawo. Lezi zindawo zokuhlala yilezo ezisezindaweni zomkhandlu wendawo ezitholakala ogwini lwemifula iBenue neKatsina-Ala. Umbango wamadlelo namanzi uba mkhulu futhi ungaphumela ekulweni kuhlonyiwe kalula.
Ithebula1. Izehlakalo Ezikhethiwe Zokuhlasela Kwezikhali phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv nabelusi baseFulani ngo-2013 nango-2014 maphakathi neNigeria.
| Usuku | Indawo yesigameko | Ukufa okulinganiselwe |
| 1/1/13 | Ukungqubuzana kweJukun/Fulani eSifundazweni saseTaraba | 5 |
| 15/1/13 | abalimi/ukungqubuzana kweFulani eNasarawa State | 10 |
| 20/1/13 | umlimi/Fulani ukungqubuzana e Nasarawa State | 25 |
| 24/1/13 | I-Fulani/abalimi bashayisana e-Plateau State | 9 |
| 1/2/13 | Ukushayisana kweFulani/Eggon eNasarawa State | 30 |
| 20/3/13 | UFulani/abalimi bashayisana eTarok, Jos | 18 |
| 28/3/13 | UFulani/abalimi bashayisana eRiyom, ePlateau State | 28 |
| 29/3/13 | AmaFulani/abalimi bashayisana eBokkos, ePlateau State | 18 |
| 30/3/13 | Ukushayisana kwamaFulani/abalimi/ukungqubuzana kwamaphoyisa | 6 |
| 3/4/13 | Kushayisana amaFulani/abalimi eGuma, eBenue State | 3 |
| 10/4/13 | Kushayisana iFulani/abalimi eGwer-west, Benue State | 28 |
| 23/4/13 | Abalimi baseFulani/Egbe bashayisana eSifundazweni SaseKogi | 5 |
| 4/5/13 | I-Fulani/abalimi bashayisana e-Plateau State | 13 |
| 4/5/13 | Ukungqubuzana kweJukun/Fulani e-wukari, esifundazweni saseTaraba | 39 |
| 13/5/13 | I-Fulani/Farmers Clash e-Agatu, esifundeni sase-Benue | 50 |
| 20/5/13 | I-Fulani/Farmers Clash emngceleni we-Nasarawa-Benue | 23 |
| 5/7/13 | UFulani uhlasela izigodi zaseTiv eNzorov, eGuma | 20 |
| 9/11/13 | Ukuhlasela kwe-Fulani kwe-Agatu, Benue State | 36 |
| 7/11/13 | IFulani/Farmers Clash e-Ikpele, okpopolo | 7 |
| 20/2/14 | Ukushayisana kweFulani/abalimi, esifundazweni sasePlateau | 13 |
| 20/2/14 | Ukushayisana kweFulani/abalimi, esifundazweni sasePlateau | 13 |
| 21/2/14 | I-Fulani/abalimi bashayisana e-Wase, esifundazweni sase-Plateau | 20 |
| 25/2/14 | AmaFulani/abalimi baxabana eRiyom, esifundazweni sasePlateau | 30 |
| July 2014 | UFulani uhlasele izakhamuzi eBarkin Ladi | 40 |
| Mashi 2014 | Ukuhlasela kukaFulani eGbajimba, eBenue state | 36 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani attack on | 22 |
| 13/3/14 | Fulani attack on | 32 |
| 11/3/14 | Fulani attack on | 25 |
Umthombo: Chukuma & Atuche, 2014; Iphephandaba iSun, 2013
Lokhu kuhlasela kwaba kubi kakhulu futhi kwashuba kusukela maphakathi no-2013, lapho umgwaqo omkhulu osuka eMakurdi uya eNaka, ikomkhulu likaHulumeni Wendawo WaseGwer West, uvinjwe amadoda ahlomile eFulani ngemuva kokuphanga izifunda ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha emgwaqeni omkhulu. Kwaphela isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka umgwaqo uvaliwe njengoba kubusa abelusi beFulani abahlomile. Kusukela ngoNovemba 5-9, 2013, abelusi beFulani ababehlome behlome behlomile bahlasela i-Ikpele, Okpopolo nezinye izindawo zase-Agatu, babulala izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-40 futhi bacekela phansi amadolobhana wonke. Abahlaseli bacekele phansi imizi namapulazi basusa izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-6000 (Duru, 2013).
Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMeyi 2014, inqwaba yezindawo zokuhlala eGuma, Gwer West, Makurdi, Gwer East, Agatu kanye nezindawo zohulumeni wasekhaya wase-Logo eBenue zikhungethwe ukuhlaselwa okunyantisayo okwenziwe abelusi bezinkomo baseFulani. Isibhicongo sokubulala sahlasela e-Ekwo-Okpanchenyi e-Agatu ngoMeyi 13, 2014, lapho abelusi baseFulani ababehlomile abangu-230 bebulala abantu abangu-47 futhi bacekela phansi izindlu ezibalelwa ku-200 ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwangaphambi kokuntwela kokusa (Uja, 2014). Isigodi sase-Imande Jem eGuma savakashelwa ngo-Ephreli 11, kwashiya abalimi abangu-4 abangabalimi beshonile. Ukuhlasela e-Owukpa, e-Ogbadibo LGA kanye nasezigodini zase-Ikpayongo, e-Agena, naseMbatsada esigcemeni somkhandlu uMbalom eGwer East LGA eBenue State kwenzeka ngoMeyi 2014 kwashona izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-20 (Isine no-Ugonna, 2014; Adoyi kanye no-Ameh, 2014) ).
Umvuthwandaba wokuhlaselwa kukaFulani nokuhlaselwa kwabalimi baseBenue kwabonakala e-Uikpam, esigodini sase-Tse-Akenyi Torkula, umuzi wokhokho bombusi omkhulu wase-Tiv eGuma, kanye nasekuqothulweni kwendawo yase-Ayilamo esedolobheni endaweni yase-Logo yohulumeni wendawo. Ukuhlaselwa kwesigodi sase-Uikpam kushiye abantu abangaphezu kuka-30 beshonile kwathi wonke umuzi washiswa. Abahlaseli baseFulani bahoxile futhi bakanisa ngemuva kokuhlasela ngaseGbajimba, ogwini lomfula iKatsina-Ala futhi base belungele ukuhlasela izakhamizi ezisele. Ngesikhathi umbusi wesifunda saseBenue esohambweni lokuthola iqiniso, elibangise eGbajimba, ekomkhulu lakwaGuma, wagasela kuFulani ababehlomile ngoMashi 18, 2014, futhi iqiniso lengxabano lagcina lihlasele uhulumeni. ngendlela engeke ilibaleke. Lokhu kuhlasela kwaqinisekisa izinga abelusi baseFulani ababeyimizulane ababehlome ngalo kahle futhi belungele ukuxoxisana nabalimi baseTiv emncintiswaneni wezinsiza ezisekelwe emhlabeni.
Umbango wokuthola amadlelo nemithombo yamanzi awugcini nje ngokucekela phansi izitshalo kodwa futhi ungcolisa amanzi angeke akwazi ukusetshenziswa yimiphakathi yendawo. Ukushintsha amalungelo okuthola izinsiza, kanye nokuntuleka kwezinsiza zamadlelo ngenxa yokwanda kokulinywa kwezitshalo, kwabeka inkundla yokungqubuzana (Iro, 1994; Adisa, 2012: Nakuba, Ega kanye no-Erhabor, 1999). Ukunyamalala kwamadlelo afuywayo kukhulisa lezi zingxabano. Nakuba inhlangano yabafuyi be-Nomadi phakathi kuka-1960 no-2000 yayingeyona inkinga, ukuthintana kwabelusi nabalimi kusukela ngo-2000 kuye kwanda udlame futhi, eminyakeni emine edlule, kubulala futhi kucekela phansi kakhulu. Kukhona umehluko ocacile phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili. Ukwenza isibonelo, ukunyakaza kukaFulani ohambahambayo esigabeni sangaphambili kwakuhilela amakhaya wonke. Ukufika kwabo kubalwe ukuthi kusebenze ukuxoxisana okusemthethweni nemiphakathi ezoba khona kanye nemvume efunwe ngaphambi kokuxazululwa. Ngenkathi kusemiphakathini esingethe, ubudlelwano babulawulwa yizinqubo zendabuko futhi, lapho kwakuvela khona ukungezwani, baxazululwa ngokuthula. Amadlelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi kwenziwa ngokuhlonipha amagugu endawo namasiko. Amadlelo ayenziwa emizileni ephawuliwe nasemasimini avunyelwe. Lo mthetho ocatshangwayo ubonakala ucasulwe yizinto ezine: ukushintshashintsha kwabantu, ukunaka kukahulumeni okwanele ezindabeni zabalimi abafuyayo, izimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo kanye nokwanda kwezikhali ezincane nezikhali ezincane.
I) Ukushintsha i-Population Dynamics
Njengoba ibalwa cishe ku-800,000 ngawo-1950, inani le-Tiv likhuphuke langaphezu kwezigidi ezine eBenue State kuphela. Ukubalwa kwabantu kwango-2006, okubuyekezwe ngo-2012, kulinganisela inani labantu baseTiv esifundazweni saseBenue cishe ezigidini ezine. AbakwaFulani, abahlala emazweni angu-4 e-Afrika, bagxile enyakatho yeNigeria, ikakhulukazi iKano, Sokoto, Katsina, Borno, Adamawa kanye neJigawa States. Baningi eGuinea kuphela, bakha cishe u-21% wabantu bezwe (Anter, 40). E-Nigeria, bakha cishe u-2011% wabantu bezwe, futhi bagcwele kakhulu eNyakatho Ntshonalanga naseNyakatho East. (Izibalo zezibalo zezinhlanga zinzima ngoba ukubalwa kwabantu kuzwelonke akuthathi imvelaphi yohlanga.) Iningi lamaFulani ahambahambayo lizinzile futhi, njengenani labantu elishintshashintshayo elinokunyakaza okubili kwesizini eNigeria ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwesibalo sabantu esilinganiselwa ku-9% (Iro, 2.8) , lokhu kunyakaza kwaminyaka yonke kube nomthelela ebudlelwaneni bokungqubuzana nabalimi be-Tiv abahlezi.
Uma kubhekwa ukwanda kwenani labantu, izindawo ezidlelwa amaFulani sezithathwe abalimi, kanti izinsalela zalezi zindlela zamadlelo azikuvumeli ukuhamba kwezinkomo ezidukile, okuholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezitshalo namapulazi. Ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labantu, indlela yokuhlala yase-Tiv ehlakazekile okuhloswe ngayo ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala komhlaba olinywayo iholele ekuthathweni komhlaba, kanye nendawo yamadlelo encishisiwe. Ngakho-ke ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesibalo sabantu kukhiqize imiphumela ebalulekile kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezifuywayo nezinganyakazi. Umphumela omkhulu kube izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu mayelana nokutholakala kwamadlelo nemithombo yamanzi.
II) Ukunganaki kukaHulumeni Okungenele Ezindabeni Zabelusi
U-Iro uveze ukuthi ohulumeni abahlukene baseNigeria bashaye indiva futhi babandlulula isizwe samaFulani ekubuseni, futhi baphatha izindaba zobufundisi ngokuzenzisa okusemthethweni (1994) naphezu kwegalelo labo elikhulu emnothweni wezwe (Abbas, 2011). Isibonelo nje, amaphesenti angama-80 abantu baseNigeria bathembele kuFulani emfundweni ukuze bathole inyama, ubisi, ushizi, izinwele, uju, ibhotela, umquba, impepho, igazi lezilwane, imikhiqizo yenkukhu, izikhumba nesikhumba (Iro, 1994:27). Nakuba izinkomo zamaFulani zithwala, zilima futhi zihudulwa, izinkulungwane zabantu baseNigeria nazo zithola imali yazo “ngokuthengisa, ukusenga nokuhlaba noma ukuthutha imihlambi,” futhi uhulumeni uthola imali ngokuhwebelana ngezinkomo. Naphezu kwalokhu, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zezenhlalakahle mayelana nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi, izibhedlela, izikole namadlelo azizange zivunyelwe maqondana namaFulani. Imizamo kahulumeni yokudala ama-boreholes azikayo, ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo, ukudala izindawo eziningi zamadlelo futhi kuvuselelwe imizila yamadlelo (Iro 1994, Nakuba, i-Ega kanye ne-Erhabor 1999) iyavunywa, kodwa ibonwa njengento encane kakhulu sekwephuzile.
Imizamo yokuqala ebonakalayo kazwelonke yokubhekana nezinselelo zamadlelo yavela ngo-1965 ngokuphasiswa koMthetho Wokulondolozwa Kwemfuyo. Lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukuvikela abelusi ekusatshisweni nasekuphucweni abalimi, abafuyi bezinkomo nabahlaseli ithuba lokungena emadlelweni (Uzondu, 2013). Kodwa-ke, lo mthetho awuzange usetshenziswe futhi imizila yemfuyo yabe isivinjwa, yanyamalala emapulazini. Uhulumeni waphinda wahlola umhlaba owawuphawulwe ukuthi uzoklama amadlelo ngo-1976. Ngo-1980, amahektha ayizigidi ezi-2.3 asungulwa ngokusemthethweni njengendawo yamadlelo, emele amaphesenti amabili nje kuphela endawo ebekelwe yona. Inhloso kahulumeni bekuwukuqhubeka nokudala amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-2, ezindaweni ezingama-28 ezihloliwe, njengendawo yokudlisa amadlelo. Kulawa angamahektha ayizi-300 kuphela, ahlanganisa izindawo ezingama-600,000 kuphela, anikezelwe. Ngaphezulu kwawo wonke amahektha ayi-45 ahlanganisa iziqiwi eziyisishiyagalombili asungulwa ngokugcwele nguhulumeni njengezindawo ezigcinelwe amadlelo (Uzondu, 225,000, Iro, 2013). Eziningi zalezi zindawo ezigodliwe sezingenelwe abalimi, ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni akakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa intuthuko yazo ukuze zisetshenziswe ngabafuyi. Ngakho-ke, ukuntuleka kokuthuthukiswa okuhlelekile kwama-akhawunti wohlelo lwamadlelo nguhulumeni kuyisici esibalulekile engxabanweni phakathi kwamaFulanis nabalimi.
III) Ukwanda Kwezikhali Ezincane Nezikhali Ezilula (SALWs)
Ngo-2011, kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakunezikhali ezincane eziyizigidi ezingu-640 ezizungeza umhlaba wonke; kulaba, abayizigidi eziyi-100 base-Afrika, abayizigidi ezingama-30 e-Sub-Saharan Africa, kanti abayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili baseNtshonalanga Afrika. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi u-59% walokhu ubesezandleni zabantu (Oji and Okeke 2014; Nte, 2011). I-Arab Spring, ikakhulukazi imibhikisho yaseLibya ngemuva kuka-2012, ibonakala ibhebhethekisa udaka lodlame. Lesi sikhathi siphinde saqondana nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kobufandamentali bamaSulumane okufakazelwa udlame lwaseNigeria lweBoko Haram enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNigeria kanye nesifiso samavukelambuso aseTurareg eMali sokusungula izwe lamaSulumane eMali. Ama-SALW kulula ukuwafihla, ukuwagcina, kushibhile ukuwathenga nokusebenzisa (UNP, 2008), kodwa ayingozi kakhulu.
Uhlangothi olubalulekile ezingxabanweni zamanje phakathi kwabelusi baseFulani nabalimi eNigeria, futhi ikakhulukazi maphakathi neNigeria, iqiniso lokuthi amaFulani ahililekile ezingxabanweni bebehlome bephelele lapho befika belindele inkinga, noma ngenhloso yokuyithungela ngomlilo. . Abafuyi beFulani abangama-Nomadic ngeminyaka yawo-1960-1980 babefika enkabeni yeNigeria nemindeni yabo, izinkomo, ocelemba, izibhamu ezakhiwe endaweni yokuzingela, nezinduku zokuqondisa imihlambi nokuzivikela okungajwayelekile. Kusukela ngo-2000, abelusi abayimizulane baye bafika bephethe izibhamu ze-AK-47 nezinye izikhali ezilula ezilenga ngaphansi kwezingalo zabo. Kulesi simo, imihlambi yabo ivame ukushayelwa ngamabomu emapulazini, futhi bayohlasela noma yibaphi abalimi abazama ukuyiphusha. Lokhu kuziphindiselela kungenzeka emahoreni ambalwa noma izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kokuhlangana kokuqala kanye namahora angajwayelekile emini noma ebusuku. Ukuhlaselwa kuvame ukuhlelwa lapho abalimi besemapulazini abo, noma lapho izakhamuzi zibona umngcwabo noma amalungelo okungcwaba ngokufika kanzima, nokho lapho ezinye izakhamuzi zilele (Odufowokan 2014). Ngaphezu kokuba behlome ngezikhali, kwakukhona izinkomba zokuthi abelusi basebenzise amakhemikhali abulalayo (izikhali) ngokumelene nabalimi nezakhamuzi zase-Anyiin nase-Ayilamo ku-Logo kuhulumeni wendawo ngo-March 2014: izidumbu zazingenakulimala noma izinkuni zesibhamu (Vande-Acka, 2014) .
Lokhu kuhlasela kuphinde kugqamise udaba lokuchema kwezenkolo. I-Fulani iningi lamaSulumane. Ukuhlasela kwabo emiphakathini egcwele amaKrestu eSouthern Kaduna, Plateau State, Nasarawa, Taraba naseBenue kuveze ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Ukuhlaselwa kwezakhamuzi zaseRiyom ePlateau State nase-Agatu eSifundazweni saseBenue—izindawo ezihlala amaKristu amaningi kakhulu—kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nenkolo yabahlaseli. Ngaphandle kwalokho, abelusi abahlomile bazinza nezinkomo zabo ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlasela futhi bayaqhubeka nokuhlukumeza izakhamuzi njengoba bezama ukubuyela emzini wokhokho babo osucekeleke phansi. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kufakazelwa eGuma naseGwer West, eSifundazweni sase-Benue kanye namaphakethe ezindawo ezisePlateau naseSouthern Kaduna (John, 2014).
Ukwanda kwezikhali ezincane nezikhali ezilula kuchazwa ukubusa okubuthakathaka, ukungavikeleki kanye nobumpofu (RP, 2008). Ezinye izici zihlobene nobugebengu obuhleliwe, ubushokobezi, ukuvukela umbuso, ipolitiki yokhetho, inkinga yezenkolo kanye nezingxabano zomphakathi kanye nempi (ngeSonto, 2011; RP, 2008; Vines, 2005). Indlela amaFulanis ayimizulane asebehlome ngayo manje phakathi nenqubo yokuguqula ubuntu, unya lwabo ekuhlaseleni abalimi, imizi kanye nezitshalo, kanye nokuhlala kwabo ngemva kokuba abalimi nezakhamuzi sebebalekile, kubonisa isici esisha sobudlelwane phakathi kwamaqembu ekuqhudelaneni kwezinsiza zomhlaba. Lokhu kudinga ukucabanga okusha kanye nesiqondiso senqubomgomo yomphakathi.
IV) Imikhawulo yemvelo
Ukukhiqizwa kokwalusa kugqugquzelwa kakhulu indawo lapho ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka khona. Ukuguquguquka okungenakugwemeka, okungokwemvelo kwemvelo kunquma okuqukethwe kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-pastor transhumance. Isibonelo, abafuyi abayimizulane abangamaFulani bayasebenza, bahlala futhi bazala endaweni enenselelo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukugetshengwa kwasogwadule, ukwehla kwamanzi kanye nezimo zezulu nezimo sezulu ezingalindelekile (Iro, 1994: John, 2014). Le nselelo ihambisana nemibono yodlame lwemvelo mayelana nezingxabano. Ezinye izimo zemvelo zihlanganisa ukwanda kwabantu, ukushoda kwamanzi kanye nokushabalala kwamahlathi. Ngobunye noma ngokuhlanganyela, lezi zimo zikhuthaza ukunyakaza kwamaqembu, futhi ikakhulukazi amaqembu abokufika, ngokuvamile abangela izingxabano zobuzwe lapho eqhubekela phambili ezindaweni ezintsha; ukunyakaza okungenzeka kuphazamise uhlelo olukhona njengokuncishwa okuthile (Homer-Dixon, 1999). Ukushoda kwamadlelo namanzi enyakatho yeNigeria ngenkathi eyomile kanye nokuhambela eningizimu kuya enkabeni yeNigeria bekulokhu kuqinisa ukushoda kwemvelo futhi kufaka nokuncintisana phakathi kwamaqembu, yingakho-ke, ukungqubuzana kwezikhali phakathi kwabalimi namaFulani (Blench, 2004) ; Atelhe and Al Chukwuma, 2014). Ukuncishiswa komhlaba ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, amadamu okunisela kanye neminye imisebenzi yangasese nekahulumeni, kanye nokufunwa kwezimila kanye namanzi atholakalayo okusetshenziswa kwezinkomo konke kusheshisa amathuba okuncintisana nokungqubuzana.
Indlela yokusebenzisa
Leli phepha lasebenzisa indlela yocwaningo locwaningo eyenza ucwaningo lube sezingeni eliphezulu. Kusetshenziswa imithombo eyinhloko neyesibili, idatha yenziwe ukuze kuhlaziywe okuchazayo. Idatha eyisisekelo yakhiqizwa kubafundisi abakhethiwe abanolwazi olusebenzayo nolujulile lwengxabano yezikhali phakathi kwamaqembu amabili. Izingxoxo zeqembu okugxilwe kuzo zabanjwa nezisulu zodweshu endaweni yocwaningo okugxilwe kuyo. Isethulo sokuhlaziya silandela imodeli enetimu yezindikimba nezindikimba ezikhethiwe ukuze kugqanyiswe izimbangela kanye nezindlela ezibonakalayo zokusebenzelana namaFulani ayimizulane kanye nabalimi abangazihlaleli eSifundazweni SaseBenue.
I-Benue State Njengendawo Yocwaningo
I-Benue State ingesinye sezifundazwe eziyisithupha enyakatho maphakathi neNigeria, esihambisana ne-Middle Belt. Lezi zifunda zifaka iKogi, iNasarawa, iNiger, iPlateau, iTaraba, neBenue. Ezinye izifunda ezakha isifunda seMiddle Belt yi-Adamawa, Kaduna (eningizimu) neKwara. E-Nigeria yangaleso sikhathi, lesi sifunda siqondana ne-Middle Belt kodwa asifani ncamashi nayo (Ayih, 2003; Atelhe & Al Chukwuma, 2014).
I-Benue state inezindawo zohulumeni wasekhaya ezingama-23 ezilingana nezifunda kwamanye amazwe. Idalwe ngo-1976, i-Benue ihlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yezolimo, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yabantu bayo abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4 bethola ukuziphilisa ngokulinywa kwabalimi. Ukulima ngemishini kusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Umbuso unesici esiyingqayizivele kakhulu sendawo; enoMfula iBenue, umfula wesibili ngobukhulu eNigeria. Njengoba kunemingenela eminingi emikhulu eya e-River Benue, umbuso uyakwazi ukuthola amanzi unyaka wonke. Ukutholakala kwamanzi avela ezifundeni zemvelo, ithafa elibanzi elinezindawo ezimbalwa eziphakeme kanye nesimo sezulu esipholile esihambisana nezinkathi zezulu ezimbili ezinkulu zenkathi yemvula nesomiso, kwenza i-Benue ifanelekele ukulima, okuhlanganisa nokukhiqiza imfuyo. Lapho i-tsetse fly free element ifakwa esithombeni, isimo singena kahle kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okunganyakazi. Izitshalo ezilinywa kakhulu esifundazweni zihlanganisa i-yam, ummbila, i-guinea corn, irayisi, ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi wesoya, amantongomane, nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nemifino yezihlahla.
I-Benue State ibhalisa ukuba khona okuqinile kobuningi bezinhlanga nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezenkolo. Amaqembu ezizwe agqamile ahlanganisa amaTiv, okuyiningi elisobala elisabalele ezindaweni zohulumeni basekhaya ezingu-14, kanti amanye amaqembu i-Idoma kanye ne-Igede. I-Idoma ithatha abayisikhombisa, kanti i-Igede idla izindawo ezimbili zohulumeni basekhaya ngokulandelana kwazo. Izindawo eziyisithupha zohulumeni basekhaya ezihamba phambili e-Tiv zinezindawo ezinkulu ezisebeni lomfula. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Logo, iBuruku, iKatsina-Ala, iMakurdi, iGuma neGwer West. Ezindaweni zokukhuluma i-Idoma, i-Agatu LGA ihlanganyela endaweni ebizayo ngasosebeni lomfula i-Benue.
Ukungqubuzana: Imvelo, Izimbangela kanye Nezindlela
Uma sibeka ngokucacile, izingxabano zeFulani zabalimi nezihambi zivela kumongo wokusebenzelana. Abafuyi uFulani bafika eBenue state ngobuningi babo nemihlambi yabo ngemuva nje kokuqala kwenkathi eyomile (November-March). Bahlala eduze nosebe lwemifula esifundazweni, beklaba eduze nosebe lomfula futhi bathola amanzi emifuleni nemifudlana noma emachibini. Imihlambi ingase iduke iye emapulazini, noma ilahlwe ngamabomu emapulazini ukuze idle izitshalo ezikhulayo noma lezo esezivuniwe kodwa ezisazohlolwa. AbakwaFulani babevame ukuzinza kulezi zindawo nomphakathi owawubambile ngokuthula, nokungaboni ngaso linye ngezikhathi ezithile okwakuxazululwa yiziphathimandla zendawo futhi kuxazululwe ngokuthula. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990, abafika beFulani abasha babehlome bephelele belungele ukubhekana nabalimi abahlala emapulazini noma ezindlini zabo. Ukulima imifino osebeni lomfula ngokuvamile kwakungokokuqala ukuthintwa izinkomo ngesikhathi zifika zizophuza amanzi.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, iFulani eyimizulane eyafika eBenue yaqala ukwenqaba ukubuyela enyakatho. Babehlome kanzima futhi belungele ukuhlala, futhi ukuqala kwemvula ngo-April kwabeka inkundla yokuxoxisana nabalimi. Phakathi kuka-April no-July, izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ziyaqhuma futhi zikhule, ziheha izinkomo zihamba. Utshani nezitshalo ezimila endaweni etshaliwe nezishiywe zingafusi kubonakala kukhanga futhi kunomsoco ezinkomo kunotshani obumila ngaphandle kwalezo zindawo. Ezikhathini eziningi izitshalo zitshalwa ngokuhlanganyela notshani obumila ezindaweni ezingalinyiwe. Izinselo zezinkomo zicindezela inhlabathi futhi zenza kube nzima ukutshala ngamageja, futhi zibhubhisa izitshalo ezikhulayo, zibangele ukumelana namaFulani futhi, ngokuphambene, nokuhlasela kubalimi abahlala khona. Ucwaningo lwezindawo lapho ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabalimi baseTiv kanye neFulani kwenzeka khona, njenge-Tse Torkula Village, Uikpam kanye neGbajimba semidolobhana kanye nezigodi ngokulandelana kwazo, zonke eziseGuma LGA, zikhombisa ukuthi amaFulani ahlomile nemihlambi yawo azinza ngokuqinile ngemva kokuxosha ama-Tiv framers. , futhi baye baqhubeka nokuhlasela nokucekela phansi amapulazi, ngisho nalapho kukhona ithimba lamasosha amiswe endaweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFulani owayehlome eyizingovolo wabopha ithimba labacwaningi balo msebenzi ngemva kokuba leli thimba liphethe ingxoxo yeqembu elaligxilile nabalimi ababebuyele ezindlini zabo ezazicekeleke phansi futhi ababezama ukuyakha kabusha.
Izimbangela
Enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zezingxabano ukungeniswa kwezinkomo emapulazini. Lokhu kuhilela izinto ezimbili: ukuminyanisa kwenhlabathi, okwenza ukulima kusetshenziswa izindlela zokulima (igeja) kube nzima kakhulu, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo nemikhiqizo yasepulazini. Ukudlondlobala kwengxabano ngesikhathi sokulima kwavimbela abalimi ukuthi balime noma basuse indawo bese kuvumela amadlelo angenamingcele. Izitshalo ezinjengama-yam, umdumbula nommbila zidliwa kakhulu njengezitshalo/amadlelo yizinkomo. Uma amaFulani esephoqeleke ukuba ahlale futhi athathe indawo, angawavikela ngempumelelo amadlelo, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izikhali. Bangakwazi-ke ukunciphisa imisebenzi yokulima futhi bathathe umhlabathi olinywayo. Labo okwaxoxwa nabo bavumelana ngazwi linye mayelana nalokhu kungena ngokungemthetho emasimini njengembangela eqhubekayo yokungqubuzana phakathi kwamaqembu. UNyiga Gogo esigodini saseMerkyen, (eGwer west LGA), uTerseer Tyondon (esigodini sase-Uvir, eGuma LGA) kanye no-Emmanuel Nyambo (esigodini saseMbadwen, eGuma LGA) bakhale ngokulahlekelwa amapulazi abo ngenxa yokunyathelwa kwezinkomo okungapheli kanye namadlelo. Imizamo yabalimi yokumelana nalokhu yahoxiswa, okwabaphoqa ukuba babaleke base bethuthela emakamu esikhashana eDaudu, eSt. Mary's Church, North Bank, naseCommunity Secondary Schools, eMakurdi.
Enye imbangela esheshayo yokungqubuzana umbuzo wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Abalimi baseBenue bahlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya ezingenawo amanzi amancane noma abangenawo nhlobo amanzi ahamba ngamapayipi kanye/noma ngisho ne-borehole. Abantu basemaphandleni basebenzisa amanzi aphuma emifudlaneni, emifuleni noma emachibini ukuze bawasebenzise kokubili ukuwasha nokuwasha. Izinkomo zeFulani zingcolisa le mithombo yamanzi ngokusetshenziswa ngokuqondile nangokukhipha indle ngenkathi zihamba emanzini, okwenza amanzi abe yingozi ekusetshenzisweni komuntu. Enye imbangela esheshayo yale ngxabano ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kwabesifazane baseTiv ngabesilisa baseFulani, nokudlwengulwa kwabalimi besifazane bodwa abelusi besilisa kuyilapho abesifazane bekha amanzi emfuleni noma emifudlaneni noma emachibini akude nemizi yabo. Isibonelo, uNkk. Mkurem Igbawua ushone ngemuva kokudlwengulwa yindoda engaziwa yakwaFulani, njengoba kubikwe unina uTabitha Suemo, ngesikhathi enenhlolokhono ebiseBaa village ngo-Agasti, 15, 2014. Kunenqwaba yamacala okudlwengula abikwe ngabesifazane amakamu kanye nababuyela emakhaya abhidlikile eGwer West naseGuma. Ukukhulelwa okungafunwa kuwubufakazi.
Le nkinga ngokwengxenye isaqhubeka ngenxa yamaqembu aqaphile azama ukubopha amaFulani avumele ngamabomu imihlambi yawo ukuba ibhubhise izitshalo. Abelusi baseFulani basuke bephikelela behlukunyezwa ngamaqembu aqaphile futhi, kule nqubo, abaqaphi abangenanembeza babaqola imali ngokwenza ihaba ngemibiko ebhekiswe kumaFulani. Bekhathele ukuqolwa ngokwezimali, abakwaFulani baphendukela ekuhlaseleni abahlukumezi babo. Ngokuhlanganisa ukwesekwa komphakathi ekuzivikeleni kwabo, abalimi babangela ukwanda kokuhlasela.
Okuhlobene kakhulu nalokhu kuqolwa ngabaqaphile ukuqolwa kwamakhosi endawo aqoqa imali kumaFulani njengenkokhelo yemvume yokuhlala nokudla endaweni yenkosi. Kubelusi, ukuhwebelana ngemali nababusi bendabuko kuhunyushwa njengenkokhelo yelungelo lokuklaba nokuklaba izinkomo zabo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngezitshalo noma utshani, futhi abelusi bathatha leli lungelo, futhi balivikele, lapho besolwa ngokucekela phansi izitshalo. Enye inhloko eyizihlobo, u-Ulekaa Bee, ichaze lokhu engxoxweni njengembangela eyinhloko yezingxabano zamanje namaFulanis. I-counter attack eyenziwa amaFulani kubahlali base-Agashi settlement ekuphenduleni ukubulawa kwabelusi abahlanu baseFulani kwakusekelwe phezu kwababusi bendabuko abathola imali yelungelo lokuklaba: kumaFulani, ilungelo lokudla lifana nobunikazi bomhlaba.
Umthelela wenhlalakahle yezomnotho wezingxabano emnothweni wakwaBenue mkhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kusuka ekusweleni kokudla okubangelwa abalimi abavela kuma-LGA amane (I-Logo, i-Guma, i-Makurdi, ne-Gwer West) abaphoqeleka ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo namapulazi ngesikhathi sonyaka wokutshala. Eminye imiphumela yezenhlalo nezomnotho ibandakanya ukucekelwa phansi kwezikole, amasonto, amakhaya, izikhungo zikahulumeni njengeziteshi zamaphoyisa, nokulahlekelwa kwemiphefumulo (bheka izithombe). Izakhamuzi eziningi zalahlekelwa ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa izithuthuthu (isithombe). Izimpawu ezimbili zegunya ezacekelwa phansi yizigebengu zabelusi baseFulani zihlanganisa isiteshi samaphoyisa kanye neGuma LG Secretariat. Inselele yayingendlela eqondiswe kuhulumeni, engakwazi ukunikeza ukuphepha okuyisisekelo kanye nokuvikela kubalimi. AbakwaFulanis bahlasela isiteshi samaphoyisa babulala amaphoyisa noma baphoqeleka ukuba bahambe, kanye nabalimi okwakudingeka babaleke emakhaya nasemapulazini okhokho babo lapho bebhekene nomsebenzi weFulani (bheka isithombe). Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, amaFulani akukho akulahlekelwa lutho ngaphandle kwezinkomo zawo, ezivame ukuhanjiswa endaweni ephephile ngaphambi kokuhlasela abalimi.
Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, abalimi baphakamise ukuthi kwakhiwe amapulazi ezinkomo, kusungulwe amadlelo kanye nokunqunywa kwemizila yamadlelo. Njengoba uPilakyaa Moses eGuma, iMiyelti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, Solomon Tyohemba eMakurdi kanye noJonathan Chaver waseTyougahatee eGwer West LGA bonke bephikisene, lezi zinyathelo zizohlangabezana nezidingo zawo womabili la maqembu futhi zikhuthaze izinhlelo zesimanje zokufuya nokunganyakazi.
Isiphetho
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabalimi be-Tiv abahlezi kanye nabelusi be-Fulani abayimizulane abenza transhumance kubangelwa umbango wemithombo esekelwe emhlabeni yamadlelo namanzi. Ipolitiki yalo mbango ithathwe yizimpikiswano nemisebenzi ye-Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association, emele amaFulani ahambahambayo kanye nabafuyi bemfuyo, kanye nokuhunyushwa kwengxabano ehlomile nabalimi abangahlali phansi ngokwezizwe nezenkolo. Izici zemvelo zokulinganiselwa kwemvelo njengokungena ogwadule, ukuqhuma kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuhlangene ukuze kwandise izingxabano, kanye nezindaba zobunikazi bomhlaba kanye nokusetshenziswa, kanye nokubhebhezelwa kwamadlelo nokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Ukumelana ne-Fulani kumathonya esimanje nakho kufanele kucatshangelwe. Uma kubhekwa izinselelo zemvelo, abakwaFulani kufanele bancengwe futhi basekelwe ukuze bamukele izinhlobo zesimanje zokukhiqiza imfuyo. Ukugebenga kwabo izinkomo ngokungemthetho, kanye nokuqolwa kwezimali yiziphathimandla zendawo, kubeka engcupheni ukungathathi hlangothi kwala maqembu amabili mayelana nokulamula izingxabano zamaqembu alolu hlobo. Ukwenziwa Kwesimanjemanje kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza zawo womabili la maqembu kuthembisa ukuqeda izici ezibonakala zingokwemvelo ezisekela umbango wesimanje wemithombo yomhlaba phakathi kwawo. Ukuguquguquka kwenani labantu kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo zikhomba enguqulweni yesimanje njengento ethembisayo kakhulu ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphilisana ngokuthula esimweni somthethosisekelo kanye nokuba yisakhamuzi ngokuhlanganyela.
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Isihloko: "Ubunikazi Bobuzwe Nabenkolo Babumba Umbango Wezinsiza Ezisekelwe Emhlabeni: Izingxabano Zabalimi Nabafuyi baseTiv Enkabeni yeNigeria"
Iphrezentheshini: George A. Genyi, Ph.D., Department of Political Science, Benue State University Makurdi, Nigeria.
