Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo Ezinsongweni Zokuthula Nokuvikeleka eNigeria

Prof. Ernest Uwazie

UProf. Ernest Uwazie, uMqondisi Omkhulu, Isikhungo Sokuthula Kwase-Afrika Nokuxazulula Izingxabano, eCalifornia State University, eSacramento, eCalifornia, ekhuluma engqungqutheleni ye-ICERMediation ngo-2018 eQueens College, eCity University of New York.

Ozakwethu Bokuthula eNigeria nabo bonke:

Ngezithombe eziphazamisayo nezindaba zodlame kanye nezinkulumo ezizwakalayo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana zokucasuka, futhi ngeshwa ukudideka okuthile noma amahemuhemu, kunesidingo sokuthi amazwi okuthula nemiyalezo eNigeria akhuphukele phezulu noma aphakame kakhulu:

  • Ukulahlwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lodlame nokuphindaphinda inani elilinganayo lempilo ngayinye nesintu sonke, kungakhathaliseki inkolo, uhlanga noma isifunda—ngoba kusasa kungaba yimina;
  • Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo zokunciphisa ukungqubuzana ezihlanganisa izici zokulondoloza ubuso nezokwakha ukuzethemba;
  • Ukubuyekeza ngokucophelela nokucutshungulwa kwemithetho yezempi yokuzibandakanya—evikela amalungelo abantu, evikela umphakathi, futhi elandisa ngokuphulwa okubi kakhulu;
  • Ukuhlinzekwa kosizo losizo kubantu abayizisulu zodlame kanye nezinsizakalo zenhlalakahle yengqondo emiphakathini ehlukumezekile;
  • Izikhalazo esintwini “samasosha ahamba ngezinyawo” kanye nabasebenzi bezokuphepha emigwaqweni–ukugcina umthetho nokuhleleka ngempela nokuvikela izimpilo nempahla;
  • Ukuzibandakanya kwentsha ngokuhlalisana ngokuthula, amalungelo abantu kanye nokubusa okunobulungiswa ngaphansi kwentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi izikhungo zemfundo kanye nama-NGO afanelekile;
  • Imizamo engapheli yokuthula ngokuxoxisana nokwakha, ukusebenzelana okunenhlonipho-emazingeni amakhulu namancane.

Singase singabuyiseli amakhulu ezimpilo ezivele zilahlekile noma ezisusiwe, kodwa singavimbela ukulahlekelwa kwezinkulungwane zezimpilo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ngamazwi ethu anamandla okuthula nokungabi nobudlova ngokusebenzisa imiyalezo yethu yokuthula.

Ukuthula,

Prof. Ernest Uwazie, uMqondisi Omkhulu, Centre for African Peace and Confliction Resolution, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA

Basil Ugorji, UMongameli kanye ne-CEO, Isikhungo Somhlaba Wonke Sokulamula Kwe-Ethno-Religious, eNew York, eU.SA

Futhi nezinye eziningi #RuntoNigeria nge-Olive Branch Movement Ozakwethu, Abahleli, Izishoshovu Zokuthula kanye Nabameli Bokuthula.

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Izihloko ezihlobene Nalesi

Izinkolo e-Igboland: Ukuhlukahluka, Ukufaneleka kanye Nokufaneleka

Inkolo ingesinye sezimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho esinomthelela ongenakuphikwa esintwini noma kuphi emhlabeni. Njengoba kubukeka kungcwele, inkolo ayibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni ukuba khona kwanoma iyiphi isibalo sabantu bomdabu kodwa iphinde ibe nokuhambisana nenqubomgomo ezimweni ezihlukene nezokuthuthuka. Ubufakazi bomlando kanye ne-ethnographic mayelana nokubonakaliswa okuhlukene kanye nezigaba zamagama zesenzakalo senkolo buningi. Isizwe sama-Igbo eNingizimu neNigeria, ezinhlangothini zombili zoMfula iNiger, singelinye lamaqembu amasiko osomabhizinisi abamnyama abakhulu kunawo wonke e-Afrika, anentshiseko yezenkolo engenakuphikiswa ehlanganisa intuthuko esimeme kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezizwe phakathi kwemingcele yaso yendabuko. Kodwa isimo sezenkolo sase-Igboland sishintsha njalo. Kuze kube ngu-1840, inkolo/izinkolo ezivelele zama-Igbo kwakungezomdabu noma zendabuko. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwamashumi amabili eminyaka kamuva, lapho umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli zobuKristu uqala endaweni, kwavulwa ibutho elisha elalizogcina lilungise kabusha inkolo yendabuko yendawo. UbuKristu bakhula baba mncane ukubusa kwakamuva. Ngaphambi kweminyaka eyikhulu yobuKristu e-Igboland, inkolo yobuSulumane kanye nezinye izinkolo ezingezona ezemvelo zavela ukuze ziqhudelane nezinkolo zomdabu zase-Igbo kanye nobuKristu. Leli phepha lilandelela ukuhlukahluka kwezenkolo kanye nokuhambisana kwakho nokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni okuvumelanayo e-Igboland. Idonsa idatha yayo emisebenzini eshicilelwe, izingxoxo, nezinto zobuciko. Iphikisana ngokuthi njengoba izinkolo ezintsha zivela, indawo yezenkolo yama-Igbo izoqhubeka nokuhlukahluka kanye/noma ukuzivumelanisa, noma ukuhlanganisa noma ukuhluka phakathi kwezinkolo ezikhona nezisafufusa, ukuze kuphile ama-Igbo.

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Ukuguqulelwa ku-Islam kanye ne-Ethnic Nationalism e-Malaysia

Leli phepha liyingxenye yephrojekthi enkulu yocwaningo egxile ekukhuleni kobuzwe baseMalay kanye nokuphakama eMalaysia. Nakuba ukwanda kobuzwe baseMalay kungabangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene, leli phepha ligxile ngokukhethekile emthethweni wokuguqulwa kwamaSulumane e-Malaysia kanye nokuthi ingabe uqinise noma cha imizwa yobukhulu bobuzwe baseMalay. IMalaysia iyizwe elinezinhlanga eziningi futhi elinezinkolo eziningi elathola inkululeko yalo ngo-1957 kumaBritish. Abantu baseMalay beyisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke bebelokhu bebheka inkolo yobuSulumane njengengxenye nengxenye yobuntu babo obubehlukanisa nezinye izizwe ezalethwa ezweni ngesikhathi sombuso wamakoloni wamaNgisi. Nakuba inkolo yobuSulumane iyinkolo esemthethweni, uMthethosisekelo uvumela ukuba ezinye izinkolo zenziwe ngokuthula abantu baseMalaysia okungewona amaMalay, okungamaShayina namaNdiya. Kodwa-ke, umthetho wamaSulumane olawula imishado yamaSulumane eMalaysia ugunyaze ukuthi abangewona amaSulumane kumele baguqukele ku-Islam uma befisa ukushada namaSulumane. Kuleli phepha, ngiphikisa ukuthi umthetho wokuguqulwa kwamaSulumane usetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokuqinisa imizwa yobuzwe baseMalay eMalaysia. Idatha yokuqala yaqoqwa ngokusekelwe ezingxoxweni namaSulumane aseMalay ashade nabangewona amaMalay. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi iningi labantu okwaxoxwa nabo baseMalay babheka ukuguqukela ku-Islam njengokubalulekile njengoba kudingwa yinkolo yamaSulumane nomthetho wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi abasiboni isizathu sokuthi kungani abantu abangewona amaMalay bengafuni ukuguqukela enkolweni yobuSulumane, njengoba ngesikhathi somshado, izingane zizothathwa ngokuzenzakalelayo njengamaMalay njengokusho koMthethosisekelo, nawo oza nesimo namalungelo. Imibono yabangewona amaMalay abaguqukele ku-Islam yayisekelwe ezingxoxweni zesibili eziye zenziwa ezinye izazi. Njengoba ukuba umSulumane kuhlotshaniswa nokuba umMalay, abantu abaningi abangewona amaMalay abaguqukile bazizwa bephucwe umuzwa wabo wenkolo nobuzwe, futhi bazizwa becindezelwa ukuba bamukele isiko lamaMalay. Nakuba ukushintsha umthetho wokuguqulwa kungase kube nzima, izingxoxo ezivulekile zokuhlangana kwezinkolo ezikoleni nasezimbonini zomphakathi kungase kube isinyathelo sokuqala sokubhekana nale nkinga.

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