I-Vietnam kanye ne-United States: Ukubuyisana Okuvela Empini Ekude Nebabayo

UBruce McKinney

I-Vietnam kanye ne-United States: Ukubuyisana Okuvela Empini Ekude Nebuhlungu ku-ICERM Radio yasakazwa ngoMgqibelo, Agasti 20, 2016 @ 2 PM Eastern Time (New York).

2016 Summer Lecture Series

Theme: "IVietnam ne-United States: Ukubuyisana Okuvela Empini Ekude Nebabayo"

UBruce McKinney

Umfundisi Oyisivakashi: UBruce C. McKinney, Ph.D., UProfesa, uMnyango Wezifundo Zokuxhumana, Inyuvesi yaseNorth Carolina Wilmington.

Isiqubulo:

Lapho ukubandakanyeka kweMelika eVietnam kuphela ngo-1975, womabili la mazwe aba namanxeba abuhlungu ngenxa yempi ende enezindleko ezilimaza abantu nezezezimali. Kwaze kwafika ngowe-1995 lapho la mazwe amabili aqala khona ubudlelwano bobunxusa, futhi ukusayinwa kweSivumelwano Sokuhwebelana Ngamazwe Amabili sowezi-2000 kwavula indlela yobudlelwano bomnotho. Kodwa-ke, amanxeba empi ayaqhubeka phakathi kwe-US neVietnam, okuhlanganisa imibuzo mayelana nokulahleka kwe-US MIA/POWs, kanye nokungcoliswa kwe-Agent Orange eVietnam. Ukwengeza, i-US ibona izinkinga eziningi zokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu eVietnam okusabangela ukungezwani ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwalezi zitha ezimbili zangaphambili. Ekugcineni, umbuzo wokubuyisana kweqiniso kwezindaba ezihlobene nempi mhlawumbe awukho phakathi kwe-US neVietnam, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yeVietnam-phakathi kwalabo abalwela abanqobi, nalabo abalwela isizathu esihlulekile futhi bagwetshwa kafushane. izimo ezinzima futhi ngokuvamile ezibulalayo amakamu okufundiswa kabusha.

Chofoza ukuze ufunde Okulotshiweyo Kwesifundo

UDkt. Bruce C. McKinney, UProfesa Wezifundo Zokuxhumana, waphothula esikoleni esiphakeme e-Ipswich, Massachusetts. Uthole i-BA yakhe ku-psychology e-University of New Hampshire kanye ne-MA yakhe kanye ne-Ph.D. ekukhulumeni ngenkulumo evela e-Pennsylvania State University. Ufundisa izifundo zemiqondo ezifundweni zokuxhumana, ukulamula, ithiyori yokuxhumana, nokuxoxisana. USolwazi McKinney uphinde afundise izifundo ezineziqu zokulawulwa kwezingxabano zohlelo lwe-MA loMnyango Wezindaba Zomphakathi Nezamazwe Ngamazwe ekulawuleni ukungqubuzana.

USolwazi McKinney ufundise eVietnam eCleverlearn, Royal Education, kanye naseVietnam National University eHanoi. Ufunde imibono yaseVietnam ngemfundo yezokuxhumana, ubudlelwano bomphakathi, nokulawulwa kwezingxabano. Ngaphezu kokufundisa, usebenze ne-United States Marine Corps Special Operation Command eStone Bay, eNorth Carolina. Njengamanje usebenzisana no-Wilmington, NC, Umnyango Wamaphoyisa kanye Nomnyango KaSheriff Wezwe WaseNew Hanover ekwakheni ubudlelwano obungcono bomphakathi phakathi kwezakhamizi kanye nabezomthetho e-Wilmington, NC. Izincwadi zakhe zihlanganisa izihloko ezikhuluma ngeVietnam kuphrofayela yase-Asia, Ubudlelwane Bomphakathi Ngekota, I-Canadian Journal of Peace Research kanye ne-Carolinas Communication Annual. Uphinde washicilela izindatshana kwethi Communication Quarterly, Imfundo Yezokuxhumana, Imibiko Yocwaningo Lwezokuxhumana, Ijenali Yebhizinisi Nokuxhumana Ngobuchwepheshe, I-Mediation Quarterly, kanye neJournal of Conflict Resolution. Incwadi yakhe yakamuva ithi “Vietnam and United States: Reconciliation From A Dest and Bitter War” eshicilelwe kumagazini wamazwe ngamazwe i-Asian Profile. UMcKinney ushade noLe Thi Hong Trang ahlangana naye ngesikhathi efundisa eHo Chi Minh City. Ubuye wafundisa eJames Madison University (Virginia) nase-Angelo State University (Texas). UMcKinney wafundisa e-UNCW kusukela ngo-1990-1999 futhi wabuyela e-UNCW ngo-2005.

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Izihloko ezihlobene Nalesi

Izinkolo e-Igboland: Ukuhlukahluka, Ukufaneleka kanye Nokufaneleka

Inkolo ingesinye sezimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho esinomthelela ongenakuphikwa esintwini noma kuphi emhlabeni. Njengoba kubukeka kungcwele, inkolo ayibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni ukuba khona kwanoma iyiphi isibalo sabantu bomdabu kodwa iphinde ibe nokuhambisana nenqubomgomo ezimweni ezihlukene nezokuthuthuka. Ubufakazi bomlando kanye ne-ethnographic mayelana nokubonakaliswa okuhlukene kanye nezigaba zamagama zesenzakalo senkolo buningi. Isizwe sama-Igbo eNingizimu neNigeria, ezinhlangothini zombili zoMfula iNiger, singelinye lamaqembu amasiko osomabhizinisi abamnyama abakhulu kunawo wonke e-Afrika, anentshiseko yezenkolo engenakuphikiswa ehlanganisa intuthuko esimeme kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezizwe phakathi kwemingcele yaso yendabuko. Kodwa isimo sezenkolo sase-Igboland sishintsha njalo. Kuze kube ngu-1840, inkolo/izinkolo ezivelele zama-Igbo kwakungezomdabu noma zendabuko. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwamashumi amabili eminyaka kamuva, lapho umsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli zobuKristu uqala endaweni, kwavulwa ibutho elisha elalizogcina lilungise kabusha inkolo yendabuko yendawo. UbuKristu bakhula baba mncane ukubusa kwakamuva. Ngaphambi kweminyaka eyikhulu yobuKristu e-Igboland, inkolo yobuSulumane kanye nezinye izinkolo ezingezona ezemvelo zavela ukuze ziqhudelane nezinkolo zomdabu zase-Igbo kanye nobuKristu. Leli phepha lilandelela ukuhlukahluka kwezenkolo kanye nokuhambisana kwakho nokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni okuvumelanayo e-Igboland. Idonsa idatha yayo emisebenzini eshicilelwe, izingxoxo, nezinto zobuciko. Iphikisana ngokuthi njengoba izinkolo ezintsha zivela, indawo yezenkolo yama-Igbo izoqhubeka nokuhlukahluka kanye/noma ukuzivumelanisa, noma ukuhlanganisa noma ukuhluka phakathi kwezinkolo ezikhona nezisafufusa, ukuze kuphile ama-Igbo.

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Ukuguqulelwa ku-Islam kanye ne-Ethnic Nationalism e-Malaysia

Leli phepha liyingxenye yephrojekthi enkulu yocwaningo egxile ekukhuleni kobuzwe baseMalay kanye nokuphakama eMalaysia. Nakuba ukwanda kobuzwe baseMalay kungabangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene, leli phepha ligxile ngokukhethekile emthethweni wokuguqulwa kwamaSulumane e-Malaysia kanye nokuthi ingabe uqinise noma cha imizwa yobukhulu bobuzwe baseMalay. IMalaysia iyizwe elinezinhlanga eziningi futhi elinezinkolo eziningi elathola inkululeko yalo ngo-1957 kumaBritish. Abantu baseMalay beyisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke bebelokhu bebheka inkolo yobuSulumane njengengxenye nengxenye yobuntu babo obubehlukanisa nezinye izizwe ezalethwa ezweni ngesikhathi sombuso wamakoloni wamaNgisi. Nakuba inkolo yobuSulumane iyinkolo esemthethweni, uMthethosisekelo uvumela ukuba ezinye izinkolo zenziwe ngokuthula abantu baseMalaysia okungewona amaMalay, okungamaShayina namaNdiya. Kodwa-ke, umthetho wamaSulumane olawula imishado yamaSulumane eMalaysia ugunyaze ukuthi abangewona amaSulumane kumele baguqukele ku-Islam uma befisa ukushada namaSulumane. Kuleli phepha, ngiphikisa ukuthi umthetho wokuguqulwa kwamaSulumane usetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokuqinisa imizwa yobuzwe baseMalay eMalaysia. Idatha yokuqala yaqoqwa ngokusekelwe ezingxoxweni namaSulumane aseMalay ashade nabangewona amaMalay. Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi iningi labantu okwaxoxwa nabo baseMalay babheka ukuguqukela ku-Islam njengokubalulekile njengoba kudingwa yinkolo yamaSulumane nomthetho wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi abasiboni isizathu sokuthi kungani abantu abangewona amaMalay bengafuni ukuguqukela enkolweni yobuSulumane, njengoba ngesikhathi somshado, izingane zizothathwa ngokuzenzakalelayo njengamaMalay njengokusho koMthethosisekelo, nawo oza nesimo namalungelo. Imibono yabangewona amaMalay abaguqukele ku-Islam yayisekelwe ezingxoxweni zesibili eziye zenziwa ezinye izazi. Njengoba ukuba umSulumane kuhlotshaniswa nokuba umMalay, abantu abaningi abangewona amaMalay abaguqukile bazizwa bephucwe umuzwa wabo wenkolo nobuzwe, futhi bazizwa becindezelwa ukuba bamukele isiko lamaMalay. Nakuba ukushintsha umthetho wokuguqulwa kungase kube nzima, izingxoxo ezivulekile zokuhlangana kwezinkolo ezikoleni nasezimbonini zomphakathi kungase kube isinyathelo sokuqala sokubhekana nale nkinga.

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