Kusawirirana kweBiafra
Zvidzidzo zvekudzidza
- Chii: Tsvaga iyo Biafra Conflict.
- Who: Ziva mapato makuru mukukonana uku.
- Where: Kunzwisisa nzvimbo dzenharaunda dzinobatanidzwa.
- Sei: Nyatsotsanangura nyaya dziri mugakava iri.
- Apo: Nzwisisa nhoroondo yekukonana uku.
- sei: Nzwisisa maitiro ekunetsana, masimba, uye vatyairi.
- Ndeipi: Ziva kuti ndedzipi pfungwa dzakakodzera kugadzirisa gakava reBiafra.
Tsvaga iyo Biafra Conflict
Mifananidzo iri pazasi inopa rondedzero inooneka pamusoro pekupokana kweBiafra uye kuenderera mberi kwemhirizhonga yerusununguko rweBiafra.
Ziva Mapato Makuru Kukonana
- Hurumende yeBritain
- Iyo Federal Republic yeNigeria
- Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) nevazukuru vavo vasina kudyiwa muhondo pakati peNigeria neBiafra kubva (1967-1970)
Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB)
Zvisaririra zvevanhu vekuBiafra (IPOB) nevazukuru vavo vasina kudyiwa muhondo pakati peNigeria neBiafra kubva (1967-1970) vane zvikwata zvakawanda:
- The Oaneze Ndi Igbo
- Igbo Vatungamiriri Vepfungwa
- Biafra Zionist Federation (BZF)
- Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)
- Radio Biafra
- The Supreme Council of Elders of Indigenous People of Biafra (SCE)
Nyatsotsanangura Nyaya dziri muKukonana uku
Nharo dzeVaBiafran
- Biafra yaive nyika yaivepo yakazvimiririra isati yasvika maBritish muAfrica
- Kubatanidzwa kwa1914 kwakabatanidza Maodzanyemba neMaodzanyemba ndokugadzira nyika itsva inonzi Nigeria haisi pamutemo nekuti yakasarudzwa pasina mvumo yavo (yaive mubatanidzwa wekumanikidzwa)
- Uye iyo 100 makore mazwi ekuedza kwekubatanidza akapera muna 2014 izvo zvakabva zvangoparadza Union.
- Kusarudzika kwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika mukati meNigeria
- Kushaikwa kwezvirongwa zvebudiriro muBiafraland
- Zvinetso zvekuchengetedza: kuurayiwa kwevaBiafra kuchamhembe kweNigeria
- Kutya kutsakatika zvachose
Nharo dzeHurumende yeNigeria
- Mamwe matunhu ese anoumba chikamu cheNigeria aivepowo senyika dzinozvitonga kusati kwasvika maBritish
- Mamwe matunhu akamanikidzwawo kupinda mumubatanidzwa uyu, zvisinei, madzibaba vakavamba veNigeria vakabvumirana kuenderera mberi nemubatanidzwa mushure mekuzvitonga muna 1960.
- Pakupera kwemakore e100 ekubatanidzwa, hutungamiri hwekare hwakakoka National Dialogue uye mapoka ose emarudzi muNigeria akakurukura nyaya dzine chokuita nemubatanidzwa, kusanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwemubatanidzwa.
- Chero chipi nechipi chinoratidzwa chinangwa kana kuedza kupidigura hurumende kana hurumende yehurumende inoonekwa sehupanduki kana hutsotsi.
Zvinodiwa zveBiafrans
- Vazhinji vevaBiafra kusanganisira vakasara vavo vasina kudyiwa muhondo ye1967-1970 vanobvuma kuti Biafra inofanira kusununguka. “Asi nepo vamwe veBiafra vachida rusununguko mukati meNigeria sezvakangoita mubatanidzwa sezvinoitwa kuUK uko nyika ina dzeEngland, Scotland, Ireland, neWales inyika dzinozvitonga mukati meUnited Kingdom, kana kuCanada uko dunhu reQuebec zvakare. kuzvitonga, vamwe vanoda rusununguko kubva kuNigeria” (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 17).
Pazasi pane pfupiso yezvavanoda:
- Kuziviswa kwekodzero yavo yekuzvisarudzira: Kuzvimirira chaiko kubva kuNigeria; kana
- Kuzvisarudzira mukati meNigeria senge mumubatanidzwa sezvakabvumiranwa pamusangano weAburi muna 1967; kana
- Kuparara kweNigeria maererano nemadzinza pane kubvumira nyika kuti iparare mukuteura ropa. Izvi zvichadzosera kumashure kubatanidzwa kwa1914 kuti munhu wese adzokere kunyika yemadzitateguru avo sezvavaive vasati vasvika maBritish.
Dzidza nezve Historical Background yeKukonana uku
- Mamepu Ekare eAfrica, kunyanya mepu ye1662, inoratidza Humambo hutatu muWest Africa kubva uko nyika nyowani inonzi Nigeria yakagadzirwa nevatenzi vekoloni. Humambo hutatu hwaive hwakadai:
- Humambo hweZamfara Kuchamhembe;
- Humambo hweBiafra kuMabvazuva; uye
- Humambo hweBenin kumadokero.
- Humambo hutatu uhwu hwaivepo paMepu yeAfrica kwemakore anopfuura mazana mana Nigeria isati yasikwa muna 400.
- Humambo hwechina hunozivikanwa seOyo Empire hwakanga husiri muMepu yekare yeAfrica mu1662 asi yaivewo umambo hukuru muWest Africa (Hurumende yeIPOB, 2014, p. 2).
- Mepu yeAfrica yakagadzirwa nemaPutukezi kubva 1492 - 1729 inoratidza Biafra senzvimbo huru yakanyorwa se "Biafara", "Biafar" uye "Biafares" ine miganhu nehumambo hwakadai seEthiopia, Sudan, Bini, Kamerun, Congo, Gabon, uye vamwe.
- Maiva muna 1843 iyo Mepu yeAfrica yakaratidza nyika yakanyorwa se "Biafra" ine dzimwe nzvimbo dzemazuva ano Cameroon mukati memuganhu wayo, kusanganisira iyo yakapokana Bakassi Peninsula.
- Nzvimbo yepakutanga yeBiafra yaisangogumira kuMabvazuva eNigeria chete.
- Zvinoenderana nemepu, vafambi vechiPutukezi vakashandisa izwi rekuti "Biafara" kurondedzera dunhu rose reRwizi rweNiger rwezasi uye kumabvazuva kukwira kuGomo reCameroon uye kudzika kuMabvazuva madzinza emahombekombe, nekudaro kusanganisira zvikamu zveCameroon neGabon (Hurumende yeIPOB. , 2014, peji 2).
Biafra - British Relations
- MaBritish aive nekudyidzana neBiafrans Nigeria isati yasikwa. John Beecroft aive Mumiriri weBritish weBight yeBiafra kubva munaChikumi 30, 1849 kusvika Chikumi 10, 1854 aine muzinda wake muFernando Po muBight yeBiafra.
- Guta reFernando Po rava kunzi Bioko kuEquatorial Guinea.
- Zvakabva kuBight of Biafra apo John Beecroft, achida kudzora kutengeserana muchikamu chekuMadokero uye achitsigirwa nemamishinari echiKristu kuBadagry, akabhomba Lagos iyo yakava koloni yeBritish muna 1851 uye yakapihwa zviri pamutemo kuna Mambokadzi Victoria, Mambokadzi weEngland. 1861, mune kukudzwa kweVictoria Island Lagos yakatumidzwa.
- Naizvozvo, maBritish akange atanga kuvepo kwavo muBiafraland vasati vatora Lagos mu1861 (Hurumende yeIPOB, 2014).
Biafra rakanga riri Rudzi Rwachangamire
- Biafra rakanga riri sangano rinozvimiririra rine nharaunda yaro yenzvimbo yainyatsoratidzwa paMepu yeAfrica vanhu vekuEurope vasati vauya senyika dzekare dzeEthiopia, Egypt, Sudan, nezvimwe.
- Rudzi rweBiafra rwakaita hutongi hwejekerere pakati pemadzinza ayo sezvaiitwa pakati peIgbo nhasi.
- Chaizvoizvo, Republic of Biafra iyo yakaziviswa muna 1967 naGeneral Odumegwu Ojukwu yakanga isiri nyika itsva asi kuedza kudzorera Rudzi rwekare rweBiafra rwakanga rwuripo Nigeria isati yasikwa neBritish "( Emekeri, 2012, p. 18-19). .
Nzwisisa Matanho eKusawirirana, Masimba, uye Vatyairi
- Chinhu chakakosha mukukonana uku mutemo. Ko kodzero yekuzvitonga zviri pamutemo here kana kuti hazvisi pamutemo zvinoenderana nebumbiro remutemo?
- Mutemo unobvumira zvizvarwa zvemunyika kuti vachengetedze zvitupa zvavo kunyangwe vakapihwa hugari hwenyika yavo itsva kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwa1914.
- Asi mutemo unopa vanhu veko vemunyika kodzero yekuzvisarudzira here?
- Semuenzaniso, veScots vari kutsvaga kushandisa kodzero yavo yekuzvitonga uye kumisa Scotland senyika inozvitonga yakazvimirira kubva kuGreat Britain; uye maCatalans ari kumanikidza kupatsanurwa kubva kuSpain kuti vatange yakazvimirira Catalonia senyika inozvitonga. Nenzira imwecheteyo, Vanhu vekuBiafra vari kutsvaga kushandisa kodzero yavo yekuzvisarudzira nekugadzirisa zvakare, kudzorera nyika yavo yekare, yemadzitateguru eBiafra senyika inozvimiririra yakasununguka kubva kuNigeria (Government of IPOB, 2014).
Kupengereka kwekuzvisarudzira uye kuzvimiririra zviri pamutemo here kana kuti hazvisi pamutemo?
- Asi mubvunzo unokosha unoda kupindurwa ndewekuti: Ko kubvongodzwa kwekuzvisarudzira uye kuzvimiririra zviri pamutemo here kana kuti zvisiri pamutemo mukati mezviga zveBumbiro reMitemo reFederal Republic of Nigeria?
- Zviito zvebato repro-Biafra zvinogona kutorwa seKupandukira kana Treasonable Felonies?
Treason uye Treasonable Felonies
- Zvikamu 37, 38 uye 41 yeCriminal Code, Mitemo yeFederation yeNigeria, inotsanangura Treason uye Treasonable Felonies.
- Kupandukira: Chero munhu anotora hondo kurwisa Hurumende yeNigeria kana Hurumende yeDunhu (kana nyika) aine chinangwa chekutyisidzira, kupidigura kana kukurira Mutungamiriri kana Gavhuna, kana kurangana nemunhu chero ari mukati kana kunze kweNigeria kuti abvise hondo neNigeria kana kurwisa. Dunhu, kana kukurudzira mutorwa kuti apinde muNigeria kana Dunhu rine mauto ane mhosva yekupandukira uye anosungirwa chirango cherufu kana abatwa.
- Treasonable Felonies: Kune rimwe divi, chero munhu anoumba chinangwa chekupidigura Mutungamiriri kana Gavhuna, kana kubhadharisa hondo neNigeria kana Hurumende, kana kukurudzira mutorwa kuti apinde nechisimba kurwisa Nigeria kana States, uye anoratidza chinangwa chakadaro. nekuita pachena ane mhosva yehukukutu uye anosungirwa kugara mujeri kweupenyu hwose kana awanikwa aine mhosva.
Runyararo rusina kunaka uye Runyararo Rwakanaka
Negative Peace - Vakuru mukati Biafraland:
- Kutungamirira uye kufambisa nzira yekuwana rusununguko kuburikidza nenzira dzisiri dzechisimba, dzepamutemo, Vakuru muBiafraland vakaona hondo yevagari vemo ya1967-1970 vakagadzira Customary Law Government of Indigenous People of Biafra inotungamirirwa neSupreme Council of Elders (SCE).
- Kuratidza kusatendera kwavo mhirizhonga nehondo kuHurumende yeNigeria, uye kutsunga kwavo nechinangwa chekushanda mukati memitemo yeNigeria, Supreme Council of Elders yakadzinga Mr. kanu nevateveri vake neDisclaimer yakanyorwa 12th Chivabvu 2014 pasi peCustomary Law.
- Pamutemo weCustomary Law, kana munhu arambwa nevakuru, haakwanisi kugashirwa munharaunda zvakare kunze kwekunge apfidza nekuita dzimwe tsika dzechivanhu kufadza vakuru nenyika.
- Kana akatadza kutendeuka uye kufadza vakuru venyika uye akafa, kusarura kunoenderera mberi kune vazukuru vake (Hurumende yeIPOB, 2014, p. 5).
Rugare Rwakanaka - Biafra Vechidiki
- Mukupesana, vamwe pwere dzeBiafra dzinotungamirirwa naDirector weRadio Biafra, Nnamdi Kanu, vanoti vari kurwira ruramisiro vachishandisa nzira dzose uye havanei nazvo kana zvikaguma nechisimba nehondo. Kwavari, rugare neruramisiro hakusati kuchingova zvako kusavapo kwechisimba kana kuti hondo. Chinonyanya kuita kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu kusvikira hurongwa nemitemo yehudzvanyiriri zvaputswa, uye rusununguko rwadzorerwa kune vakadzvinyirirwa. Izvi vakatsunga kuzadzisa nenzira dzese kunyangwe zvichireva kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwechisimba, mhirizhonga nehondo.
- Kusimbaradza kuedza kwavo, boka iri rakazviunganidza mumamiriyoni, kumusha nekunze vachishandisa social media;
- gadzira maredhiyo nematerevhizheni epamhepo; yakagadzira Biafra Houses, Biafra Embassies kunze kwenyika, hurumende yeBiafra mukati meNigeria uye mukutapwa, yakagadzira mapasipoti eBiafra, mireza, zviratidzo, uye zvinyorwa zvakawanda; vakatyisidzira kuti vaizosiya mafuta muBiafraland kukambani yekunze; gadza chikwata chenhabvu chenyika cheBiafra, nezvimwe zvikwata zvemitambo zvinosanganisira makwikwi eBiafra Pageants; akaumba ndokugadzira rwiyo rwenyika rweBiafra, mimhanzi, zvichingodaro;
- akashandisa mashoko anoparadzirwa neruvengo; vakaronga kuratidzira uko dzimwe nguva kwakava nechisimba - kunyanya kuratidzira kwakatanga muna Gumiguru 2015 pakarepo mushure mekusungwa kweMutungamiriri weRadio Biafra uye anozviti Mutungamiriri uye Mutungamiriri-Mukuru weVanhu veBiafra (IPOB) kwaari. mamiriyoni evaBiafra anopa ruvimbiko rwakazara.
Ziva kuti ndeapi Mazano akakodzera Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana kweBiafra
- Irredentism
- Rugare kuchengetedza
- Kuita rugare
- Kuvaka runyararo
Irredentism
- Chii chinonzi irredentism?
Kudzoreredza, kudzoreredza, kana kugarazve kwenyika, dunhu kana nyika yekumusha yaimbova yevanhu. Kazhinji vanhu vakapararira kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda nekuda kwekolonialism, kumanikidzwa kana kusamanikidzwa kutama, uye hondo. Irredentism inotsvaga kudzosa vamwe vavo kunyika yemadzitateguru avo (ona Horowitz, 2000, p. 229, 281, 595).
- Irredentism inogona kuitika nenzira mbiri:
- Nechisimba kana hondo.
- Nemaitiro akakodzera emutemo kana kuburikidza nehurongwa hwemutemo.
Irredentism kuburikidza neChisimba kana Hondo
Supreme Council of Vakuru
- Hondo yeNigerian-Biafra ya1967-1970 muenzaniso wakanaka wehondo yakarwirwa kusunungurwa kwenyika kwevanhu kunyange zvazvo vaBiafra vaimanikidzwa kurwa mukuzvidzivirira. Zviripachena kubva muchiitiko cheNigerian-Biafra kuti hondo imhepo isina kunaka isingavhuridzi chero munhu.
- Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni matatu vakarasikirwa neupenyu muhondo iyi kusanganisira nhamba huru yevana nevakadzi nekuda kwemusanganiswa wezvikonzero: kuuraiwa zvakananga, kuvharirwa kwevanhu kwakakonzera chirwere chinouraya chinonzi kwashiorkor. “Nigeria yose pamwe chete nevakasarira veBiafra vasina kupedzwa muhondo iyi vachiri kutambura nemigumisiro yehondo.
- Sezvo vaine ruzivo, uye vakarwa munguva yehondo, Supreme Council of Elders of Indigenous People of Biafra haigamuchire pfungwa uye nzira yehondo nechisimba muBiafra kurwisana kwekusununguka (Hurumende yeIPOB, 2014, p. 15).
Radio Biafra
- Bato reBiafra rinotungamirwa neRadio Biafra London neMutungamiriri wayo, Nnamdi Kanu, ndivo vangangoita zvemhirizhonga nehondo sezvo ichi chave chikamu chekutaura kwavo uye pfungwa.
- Kuburikidza nenhepfenyuro yavo yepamhepo, boka iri rakaunganidza mamirioni evaBiafra nevanovanzwira tsitsi muNigeria nekunze, uye zvinonzi "vakadaidza maBiafra pasi rese kuti vape mamirioni emadhora nemapaundi kwavari kuti vatore zvombo nezvombo. kurwa hondo neNigeria, kunyanya maMuslim ekuChamhembe.
- Kubva pakuongorora kwavakaita kurwira, vanotenda kuti hazvigoneke kuwana rusununguko pasina mhirizhonga kana hondo.
- Uye panguva ino, vanofunga kuti vachakunda Nigeria muhondo kana pakupedzisira vachizofanira kuenda kuhondo kuti vawane rusununguko rwavo uye vasununguke.
- Ava vazhinji vechidiki vasina kupupurira kana kusangana nehondo yevagari vemo ya1967-1970.
Irredentism kuburikidza neLegal Process
Supreme Council of Elders
- Sezvo vakarasikirwa nehondo ye1967-1970, Supreme Council of Elders of Indigenous People of Biafra vanotenda kuti nzira yepamutemo ndiyo chete nzira iyo Biafra yaigona kuwana rusununguko rwayo.
- Musi wa13 Gunyana 2012, Supreme Council of Elders (SCE) yeIndigenous People of Biafra yakasaina Gwaro reMutemo ndokuriendesa kuFederal High Court Owerri vachipokana nehurumende yeNigeria.
- Nyaya ichiri mudare. Hwaro hwekupokana kwavo chikamu chemitemo yepasirese neyenyika inovimbisa kodzero yekuzvisarudzira kune vega "zvichienderana neUnited Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007 uye Zvinyorwa 19-22 Cap 10 Mitemo yeFederation. yeNigeria, 1990, iyo Article 20(1) (2) inoti:
- “Marudzi ose achava nekodzero yokuvapo. Vachava nekodzero isina kupokana uye isingachinjiki yekuzvitonga. Vachasarudza vakasununguka chimiro chavo chezvematongerwo enyika uye vachatsvaga budiriro yavo mune zveupfumi nemagariro maererano negwara ravakasarudza vakasununguka”
- "Marudzi akakomberedzwa kana akadzvinyirirwa achave nekodzero yekuzvisunungura kubva kuzvisungo zvehutongi nekushandisa chero nzira dzinozivikanwa nenyika dzepasirese."
Radio Biafra
- Kune rumwe rutivi, Nnamdi Kanu neboka rake reRadio Biafra vanopikisa kuti "kushandiswa kwemutemo kuti uwane rusununguko hakuna kumboitika" uye hazvizobudiriri.
- Vanoti "hazvibviri kuwana rusununguko pasina hondo nechisimba" (Government of IPOB, 2014, p. 15).
Rugare kuchengetedza
- Sekureva kwaRamsbotham, Woodhouse & Miall (2011), “kuchengeta runyararo kwakakodzera pamapoinzi matatu pachiyero chekuwedzera: kuve nemhirizhonga uye kudzivirira kuti isakwira kuenda kuhondo; kuderedza kusimba, kupararira kwenzvimbo uye nguva yehondo kana yatanga; uye kubatanidza kumisa kurwa uye kugadzira nzvimbo yekuvaka patsva mushure mekupera kwehondo” (p. 147).
- Kuti tisike nzvimbo yedzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana - kuyanana nenhaurirano semuenzaniso-, panofanirwa kuve ne, kudzikisira kana kuderedza kusimba nekukonzeresa kwemhirizhonga pasi kuburikidza nekuchengetedza runyararo uye mabasa erubatsiro.
- Neizvi, zvinotarisirwa kuti varindi verunyararo vanofanirwa kudzidziswa uye kutungamirwa neanetsika deontological codes kuitira kuti vasazokuvadza huwandu hwevanhu vavanotarisirwa kuchengetedza kana kuve chikamu chedambudziko ravatumwa kuzogadzirisa.
Kuita Runyararo & Kuvaka Runyararo
- Mushure mekutumirwa kwevarindi verunyararo, kuedza kunofanirwa kuitwa kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita runyararo - nhaurirano, kuyananisira, kugadzirisa, uye nzira dzedipiresi (Cheldelin et al., 2008, p. 43; Ramsbotham et al., 2011, p. 171; Pruitt naKim, 2004, p. 178, Diamond & McDonald, 2013) kugadzirisa gakava reBiafra.
- Matanho matatu ekuita runyararo anotsanangurwa pano:
- Intragroup Dialogue mukati meBiafra separatist movement uchishandisa track 2 diplomacy.
- Kugadzirisa gakava pakati pehurumende yeNigeria nebato re-pro-Biafra vachishandisa musanganiswa we track 1 uye kuteedzera madiplomacy maviri.
- Multi-Track diplomacy (kubva pa track 3 kusvika track 9) yakarongedzerwa zvakananga kune vagari vemarudzi akasiyana muNigeria, kunyanya pakati peChristian Igbos (kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva) neMuslim Hausa-Fulanis (kubva kuchamhembe)
mhedziso
- Ndinotenda kuti kushandisa simba rechiuto uye hurongwa hwekutonga chete kugadzirisa kusawirirana nemapoka emarudzi uye echitendero, kunyanya muNigeria, zvingaita kuti mhirizhonga iwedzere.
- Chikonzero ndechekuti kupindira kwemauto uye kururamisira kunotevera hakuna mukati mavo maturusi ekufumura ruvengo rwakavanzwa runokonzeresa kukakavara kana hunyanzvi, ruzivo uye moyo murefu unodiwa kushandura "kukonana kwakadzika midzi nekubvisa mhirizhonga yemaitiro uye zvimwe zvikonzero nemamiriro ezvinhu ekunetsana kwakadzika midzi” (Mitchell & Banks, 1996; Lederach, 1997, yakataurwa muCheldelin et al., 2008, p. 53).
- Nechikonzero ichi, a paradigm kuchinja kubva pakudzoreredza mutemo kuenda kukururamisira kwekudzoreredza uye kubva kumutemo wekumanikidza kusvika pakuyananisa uye nhaurirano inoda (Ugorji, 2012).
- Kuti izvi zviitike, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kuiswa muzvirongwa zvekuvaka runyararo, uye zvinofanirwa kutungamirwa nemasangano emasangano akazvimirira padanho reuswa.
References
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Munyori, Dr. Basil Ugorji, ndiye Mutungamiriri uye CEO weInternational Center for Ethno-Religious Mediation. Akawana Ph.D. muKuongorora Kukakavadzana uye Kugadzirisa kubva kuDhipatimendi reKugadzirisa Kugadzirisa Zvidzidzo, Koreji yeUnyanzvi, Hunhu uye Sayenzi Yemagariro, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
